Monotheism is the belief that there is only one deity, an all-supreme being that is universally referred to as God. A distinction may be made between exclusive monotheism, in which the one God is a singular existence, and both inclusive and pluriform monotheism, in which multiple gods or godly forms are recognized, but each are postulated as extensions of the same God.

Monotheism is distinguished from henotheism, a religious system in which the believer worships one God without denying that others may worship different gods with equal validity, and monolatrism, the recognition of the existence of many gods but with the consistent worship of only one deity. The term monolatry was perhaps first used by Julius Wellhausen.

Monotheism characterizes the traditions of Bábism, the Baháʼí Faith, Cheondoism, Christianity, Deism, Druzism, Eckankar, Sikhism, some sects of Hinduism (such as Shaivism and Vaishnavism), Islam, Judaism, Mandaeism, Rastafari, Seicho-no-Ie, Tenrikyo, Yazidism, and Atenism. Elements of monotheistic thought are found in early religions such as Zoroastrianism, ancient Chinese religion, and Yahwism.

Etymology
The word monotheism comes from the Greek  (monos) meaning "single" and  (theos) meaning "god". The English term was first used by Henry More (1614–1687).

History

Quasi-monotheistic claims of the existence of a universal deity date to the Late Bronze Age, with Akhenaten's Great Hymn to the Aten from the 14th century BCE.

In the Iron-Age South Asian Vedic period, a possible inclination towards monotheism emerged. The Rigveda exhibits notions of monism of the Brahman, particularly in the comparatively late tenth book, which is dated to the early Iron Age, e.g. in the Nasadiya Sukta. Later, ancient Hindu theology was monist, but was not strictly monotheistic in worship because it still maintained the existence of many gods, who were envisioned as aspects of one supreme God, Brahman.

In China, the orthodox faith system held by most dynasties since at least the Shang Dynasty (1766 BCE) until the modern period centered on the worship of Shangdi (literally "Above Sovereign", generally translated as "God") or Heaven as an omnipotent force. However, this faith system was not truly monotheistic since other lesser gods and spirits, which varied with locality, were also worshiped along with Shangdi. Still, later variants such as Mohism (470 BCE–c.391 BCE) approached true monotheism, teaching that the function of lesser gods and ancestral spirits is merely to carry out the will of Shangdi, akin to the angels in Abrahamic religions which in turn counts as only one god.

Since the sixth century BCE, Zoroastrians have believed in the supremacy of one God above all: Ahura Mazda as the "Maker of All" and the first being before all others. While this is true, Zoroastrianism is not considered  monotheistic as it has a dualistic cosmology, with a pantheon of lesser "gods" or Yazats, such as Mithra, who are worshipped as lesser divinities alongside Ahura Mazda. Along with this, Ahura Mazda is not fully omnipotent engaged in a constant struggle with Angra Mainyu, the force of evil, although good will ultimately overcome evil.

Post-exilic Judaism, after the late 6th century BCE, was the first religion to conceive the notion of a personal monotheistic God within a monist context. The concept of ethical monotheism, which holds that morality stems from God alone and that its laws are unchanging, first occurred in Judaism, but is now a core tenet of most modern monotheistic religions, including Christianity, Islam, Sikhism, and Baháʼí Faith.

Also from the 6th century BCE, Thales (followed by other Monists, such as Anaximander, Anaximenes, Heraclitus, Parmenides) proposed that nature can be explained by reference to a single unitary principle that pervades everything. Numerous ancient Greek philosophers, including Xenophanes of Colophon and Antisthenes, believed in a similar polytheistic monism that bore some similarities to monotheism. The first known reference to a unitary God is Plato's Demiurge (divine Craftsman), followed by Aristotle's unmoved mover, both of which would profoundly influence Jewish and Christian theology.

According to Jewish, Christian and Islamic tradition, monotheism was the original religion of humanity; this original religion is sometimes referred to as "the Adamic religion", or, in the terms of Andrew Lang, the "Urreligion". Scholars of religion largely abandoned that view in the 19th century in favour of an evolutionary progression from animism via polytheism to monotheism, but by 1974, this theory was less widely held, and a modified view similar to Lang's became more prominent. Austrian anthropologist Wilhelm Schmidt had postulated an Urmonotheismus, "original" or "primitive monotheism" in the 1910s. It was objected that Judaism, Christianity, and Islam had grown up in opposition to polytheism as had Greek philosophical monotheism. More recently, Karen Armstrong and other authors have returned to the idea of an evolutionary progression beginning with animism, which developed into polytheism, which developed into henotheism, which developed into monolatry, which developed into true monotheism.

Africa

Indigenous African religion
The Tikar people of Cameroon have a traditional spirituality that emphasizes the worship of a single god, Nyuy.

The Himba people of Namibia practice a form of monotheistic panentheism, and worship the god Mukuru. The deceased ancestors of the Himba and Herero are subservient to him, acting as intermediaries.

The Igbo people practice a form of monotheism called Odinani. Odinani has monotheistic and panentheistic attributes, having a single God as the source of all things. Although a pantheon of spirits exists, these are lesser spirits prevalent in Odinani expressly serving as elements of Chineke (or Chukwu), the supreme being or high god.

Waaq is the name of a singular God in the traditional religion of many Cushitic people in the Horn of Africa, denoting an early monotheistic religion. However this religion was mostly replaced with the Abrahamic religions. Some (approximately 3%) of Oromo still follow this traditional monotheistic religion called Waaqeffanna in Oromo.

Ancient Egypt

Atenism

Amenhotep IV initially introduced Atenism in Year 5 of his reign (1348/1346 BCE) during the 18th dynasty of the New Kingdom. He raised Aten, once a relatively obscure Egyptian solar deity representing the disk of the sun, to the status of Supreme God in the Egyptian pantheon. To emphasise the change, Aten's name was written in the cartouche form normally reserved for Pharaohs, an innovation of Atenism. This religious reformation appears to coincide with the proclamation of a Sed festival, a sort of royal jubilee intended to reinforce the Pharaoh's divine powers of kingship. Traditionally held in the thirtieth year of the Pharaoh's reign, this possibly was a festival in honour of Amenhotep III, who some Egyptologists think had a coregency with his son Amenhotep IV of two to twelve years.

Year 5 is believed to mark the beginning of Amenhotep IV's construction of a new capital, Akhetaten (Horizon of the Aten), at the site known today as Amarna. Evidence of this appears on three of the boundary stelae used to mark the boundaries of this new capital. At this time, Amenhotep IV officially changed his name to Akhenaten (Agreeable to Aten) as evidence of his new worship. The date given for the event has been estimated to fall around January 2 of that year. In Year 7 of his reign (1346/1344 BCE), the capital was moved from Thebes to Akhetaten (near modern Amarna), though construction of the city seems to have continued for two more years. In shifting his court from the traditional ceremonial centres Akhenaten was signalling a dramatic transformation in the focus of religious and political power.

The move separated the Pharaoh and his court from the influence of the priesthood and from the traditional centres of worship, but his decree had deeper religious significance too—taken in conjunction with his name change, it is possible that the move to Amarna was also meant as a signal of Akhenaten's symbolic death and rebirth. It may also have coincided with the death of his father and the end of the coregency. In addition to constructing a new capital in honor of Aten, Akhenaten also oversaw the construction of some of the most massive temple complexes in ancient Egypt, including one at Karnak and one at Thebes, close to the old temple of Amun.

In Year 9 (1344/1342 BCE), Akhenaten declared a more radical version of his new religion, declaring Aten not merely the supreme god of the Egyptian pantheon, but the only God of Egypt, with himself as the sole intermediary between the Aten and the Egyptian people. Key features of Atenism included a ban on idols and other images of the Aten, with the exception of a rayed solar disc, in which the rays (commonly depicted ending in hands) appear to represent the unseen spirit of Aten. Akhenaten made it however clear that the image of the Aten only represented the god, but that the god transcended creation and so could not be fully understood or represented. Aten was addressed by Akhenaten in prayers, such as the Great Hymn to the Aten: "O Sole God beside whom there is none".

The details of Atenist theology are still unclear. The exclusion of all but one god and the prohibition of idols was a radical departure from Egyptian tradition, but scholars see Akhenaten as a practitioner of monolatry rather than monotheism, as he did not actively deny the existence of other gods; he simply refrained from worshiping any but Aten. Akhenaten associated Aten with Ra and put forward the eminence of Aten as the renewal of the kingship of Ra.

Under Akhenaten's successors, Egypt reverted to its traditional religion, and Akhenaten himself came to be reviled as a heretic.

Americas

Native American religion
Native American religions may be monotheistic, polytheistic, henotheistic, animistic, or some combination thereof. Cherokee religion, for example, is monotheist as well as pantheist.

The Great Spirit, called Wakan Tanka among the Sioux, and Gitche Manitou in Algonquian, is a conception of universal spiritual force, or supreme being prevalent among some Native American and First Nation cultures. According to Lakota activist Russell Means a better translation of Wakan Tanka is the Great Mystery.

Some researchers have interpreted Aztec philosophy as fundamentally monotheistic or panentheistic. While the populace at large believed in a polytheistic pantheon, Aztec priests and nobles might have come to an interpretation of Teotl as a single universal force with many facets. There has been criticism to this idea, however, most notably that many assertions of this supposed monotheism might actually come from post-Conquistador bias, imposing an Antiquity pagan model unto the Aztec.

Eastern Asia

Chinese religion

The orthodox faith system held by most dynasties of China since at least the Shang Dynasty (1766 BCE) until the modern period centered on the worship of Shangdi (literally "Above Sovereign", generally translated as "High-god") or Heaven as a supreme being, standing above other gods. This faith system pre-dated the development of Confucianism and Taoism and the introduction of Buddhism and Christianity. It has some features of monotheism in that Heaven is seen as an omnipotent entity, a noncorporeal force with a personality transcending the world. However, this faith system was not truly monotheistic since other lesser gods and spirits, which varied with locality, were also worshiped along with Shangdi. Still, later variants such as Mohism (470 BCE–c.391 BCE) approached true monotheism, teaching that the function of lesser gods and ancestral spirits is merely to carry out the will of Shangdi. In Mozi's Will of Heaven (天志), he writes:

Worship of Shangdi and Heaven in ancient China includes the erection of shrines, the last and greatest being the Temple of Heaven in Beijing, and the offering of prayers. The ruler of China in every Chinese dynasty would perform annual sacrificial rituals to Shangdi, usually by slaughtering a completely healthy bull as sacrifice. Although its popularity gradually diminished after the advent of Taoism and Buddhism, among other religions, its concepts remained in use throughout the pre-modern period and have been incorporated in later religions in China, including terminology used by early Christians in China. Despite the rising of non-theistic and pantheistic spirituality contributed by Taoism and Buddhism, Shangdi was still praised up until the end of the Qing Dynasty as the last ruler of the Qing declared himself son of heaven.

Tengrism

Tengrism or Tangrism (sometimes stylized as Tengriism), occasionally referred to as Tengrianism, is a modern term for a Central Asian religion characterized by features of shamanism, animism, totemism, both polytheism and monotheism, and ancestor worship. Historically, it was the prevailing religion of the Bulgars, Turks, Mongols, and Hungarians, as well as the Xiongnu and the Huns. It was the state religion of the six ancient Turkic states: Avar Khaganate, Old Great Bulgaria, First Bulgarian Empire, Göktürks Khaganate, Eastern Tourkia and Western Turkic Khaganate. In Irk Bitig, Tengri is mentioned as Türük Tängrisi (God of Turks). The term is perceived among Turkic peoples as a national religion.

In Chinese and Turco-Mongol traditions, the Supreme God is commonly referred to as the ruler of Heaven, or the Sky Lord granted with omnipotent powers, but it has largely diminished in those regions due to ancestor worship, Taoism's pantheistic views and Buddhism's rejection of a creator God. On some occasions in the mythology, the Sky Lord as identified as a male has been associated to mate with an Earth Mother, while some traditions kept the omnipotence of the Sky Lord unshared.

Europe

Ancient proto-Indo-European religion

The head deity of the Proto-Indo-European religion was the god *Dyḗus Pḥatḗr . A number of words derived from the name of this prominent deity are used in various Indo-European languages to denote a monotheistic God. Nonetheless, in spite of this, Proto-Indo-European religion itself was not monotheistic.

In Eastern Europe, the ancient traditions of the Slavic religion contained elements of monotheism. In the sixth century AD, the Byzantine chronicler Procopius recorded that the Slavs "acknowledge that one god, creator of lightning, is the only lord of all: to him do they sacrifice an ox and all sacrificial animals." The deity to whom Procopius is referring is the storm god Perún, whose name is derived from *Perkwunos, the Proto-Indo-European god of lightning. The ancient Slavs syncretized him with the Germanic god Thor and the Biblical prophet Elijah.

Ancient Greek religion

Classical Greece

The surviving fragments of the poems of the classical Greek philosopher Xenophanes of Colophon suggest that he held views very similar to those of modern monotheists. His poems harshly criticize the traditional notion of anthropomorphic gods, commenting that "...if cattle and horses and lions had hands or could paint with their hands and create works such as men do,... [they] also would depict the gods' shapes and make their bodies of such a sort as the form they themselves have." Instead, Xenophanes declares that there is "...one god, greatest among gods and humans, like mortals neither in form nor in thought." Xenophanes's theology appears to have been monist, but not truly monotheistic in the strictest sense. Although some later philosophers, such as Antisthenes, believed in doctrines similar to those expounded by Xenophanes, his ideas do not appear to have become widely popular.

Although Plato himself was a polytheist, in his writings, he often presents Socrates as speaking of "the god" in the singular form. He does, however, often speak of the gods in the plural form as well. The Euthyphro dilemma, for example, is formulated as "Is that which is holy loved by the gods because it is holy, or is it holy because it is loved by the gods?"

Hellenistic religion

The development of pure (philosophical) monotheism is a product of the Late Antiquity. During the 2nd to 3rd centuries, early Christianity was just one of several competing religious movements advocating monotheism.

"The One" (Τὸ Ἕν) is a concept that is prominent in the writings of the Neoplatonists, especially those of the philosopher Plotinus. In the writings of Plotinus, "The One" is described as an inconceivable, transcendent, all-embodying, permanent, eternal, causative entity that permeates throughout all of existence.

A number of oracles of Apollo from Didyma and Clarus, the so-called "theological oracles", dated to the 2nd and 3rd century CE, proclaim that there is only one highest god, of whom the gods of polytheistic religions are mere manifestations or servants. 4th century CE Cyprus had, besides Christianity, an apparently monotheistic cult of Dionysus.

The Hypsistarians were a religious group who believed in a most high god, according to Greek documents. Later revisions of this Hellenic religion were adjusted towards monotheism as it gained consideration among a wider populace. The worship of Zeus as the head-god signaled a trend in the direction of monotheism, with less honour paid to the fragmented powers of the lesser gods.

Western Asia

Abrahamic religions

Judaism

Judaism is traditionally considered one of the oldest monotheistic religions in the world, although in the 8th century BCE the Israelites were polytheistic, with their worship including the gods El, Baal, Asherah, and Astarte. Yahweh was originally the national god of the Kingdom of Israel and the Kingdom of Judah. During the 8th century BCE, the worship of Yahweh in Israel was in competition with many other cults, described by the Yahwist faction collectively as Baals. The oldest books of the Hebrew Bible reflect this competition, as in the books of Hosea and Nahum, whose authors lament the "apostasy" of the people of Israel, threatening them with the wrath of God if they do not give up their polytheistic cults.

As time progressed, the henotheistic cult of Yahweh grew increasingly militant in its opposition to the worship of other gods. Later, the reforms of King Josiah imposed a form of strict monolatrism. After the fall of Judah and the beginning of the Babylonian captivity, a small circle of priests and scribes gathered around the exiled royal court, where they first developed the concept of Yahweh as the sole God of the world.

Second Temple Judaism and later Rabbinic Judaism became strictly monotheistic. The Babylonian Talmud references other, "foreign gods" as non-existent entities to whom humans mistakenly ascribe reality and power. One of the best-known statements of Rabbinic Judaism on monotheism is the Second of Maimonides' 13 Principles of faith:

Some in Judaism and Islam reject the Christian idea of monotheism. Modern Judaism uses the term shituf to refer to the worship of God in a manner which Judaism deems to be neither purely monotheistic (though still permissible for non-Jews) nor polytheistic (which would be prohibited).

Christianity

Among early Christians, there was considerable debate over the nature of the Godhead, with some denying the incarnation but not the deity of Jesus (Docetism) and others later calling for an Arian conception of God. Despite at least one earlier local synod rejecting the claim of Arius, this Christological issue was to be one of the items addressed at the First Council of Nicaea.

The First Council of Nicaea, held in Nicaea (in present-day Turkey), convoked by the Roman Emperor Constantine I in 325, was the first ecumenical council of bishops of the Roman Empire, and most significantly resulted in the first uniform Christian doctrine, called the Nicene Creed. With the creation of the creed, a precedent was established for subsequent general ecumenical councils of bishops (synods) to create statements of belief and canons of doctrinal orthodoxy— the intent being to define a common creed for the Church and address heretical ideas.

One purpose of the council was to resolve disagreements in Alexandria over the nature of Jesus in relationship to the Father; in particular, whether Jesus was of the same substance as God the Father or merely of similar substance. All but two bishops took the first position; while Arius' argument failed.

Christian orthodox traditions (Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and most Protestants) follow this decision, which was reaffirmed in 381 at the First Council of Constantinople and reached its full development through the work of the Cappadocian Fathers. They consider God to be a triune entity, called the Trinity, comprising three "persons", God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit. These three are described as being "of the same substance" ().

Christians overwhelmingly assert that monotheism is central to the Christian faith, as the Nicene Creed (and others), which gives the orthodox Christian definition of the Trinity, begins: "I believe in one God". From earlier than the times of the Nicene Creed, 325 CE, various Christian figures advocated the triune mystery-nature of God as a normative profession of faith. According to Roger E. Olson and Christopher Hall, through prayer, meditation, study and practice, the Christian community concluded "that God must exist as both a unity and trinity", codifying this in ecumenical council at the end of the 4th century.

Most modern Christians believe the Godhead is triune, meaning that the three persons of the Trinity are in one union in which each person is also wholly God. They also hold to the doctrine of a man-god Christ Jesus as God incarnate. These Christians also do not believe that one of the three divine figures is God alone and the other two are not but that all three are mysteriously God and one. Other Christian religions, including Unitarian Universalism, Jehovah's Witnesses, Mormonism and others, do not share those views on the Trinity.

Some Christian faiths, such as Mormonism, argue that the Godhead is in fact three separate individuals which include God the Father, His Son Jesus Christ, and the Holy Ghost. Each individual having a distinct purpose in the grand existence of human kind. Furthermore, Mormons believe that before the Council of Nicaea, the predominant belief among many early Christians was that the Godhead was three separate individuals. In support of this view, they cite early Christian examples of belief in subordinationism.

Unitarianism is a theological movement, named for its understanding of God as one person, in direct contrast to Trinitarianism.

Some in Judaism and some in Islam do not consider Trinitarian Christianity to be a pure form of monotheism due to the pluriform monotheistic Christian doctrine of the Trinity, classifying it as shituf in Judaism and as shirk in Islam. Trinitarian Christians, on the other hand, argue that the doctrine of the Trinity is a valid expression of monotheism, citing that the Trinity does not consist of three separate deities, but rather the three persons, who exist consubstantially (as one substance) within a single Godhead.

Islam

In Islam, God (Allāh) is all-powerful and all-knowing, the Creator, Sustainer, Ordainer and Judge of the universe. God in Islam is strictly singular (tawhid) unique (wahid) and inherently One (ahad), all-merciful and omnipotent. Allāh exists on the Al-'Arsh [Quran 7:54], but the Quran states that "No vision can grasp Him, but His grasp is over all vision. God is above all comprehension, yet is acquainted with all things" [Quran 6:103] Allāh is the only God and the same God worshiped in Christianity and Judaism.().

Islam emerged in the 7th century CE in the context of both Christianity and Judaism, with some thematic elements similar to Gnosticism. Islamic belief states that Muhammad did not bring a new religion from God, but rather the same religion as practiced by Abraham, Moses, David, Jesus and all the other prophets of God. The assertion of Islam is that the message of God had been corrupted, distorted or lost over time, and the Quran was sent to Muhammad in order to correct the lost message of the Tawrat (Torah), Injil (Gospel) and Zabur.

The Quran asserts the existence of a single and absolute truth that transcends the world; a unique and indivisible being who is independent of the creation. The Quran rejects binary modes of thinking such as the idea of a duality of God by arguing that both good and evil generate from God's creative act. God is a universal god rather than a local, tribal or parochial one; an absolute who integrates all affirmative values and brooks no evil. Ash'ari theology, which dominated Sunni Islam from the tenth to the nineteenth century, insists on ultimate divine transcendence and holds that divine unity is not accessible to human reason. Ash'arism teaches that human knowledge regarding it is limited to what has been revealed through the prophets, and on such paradoxes as God's creation of evil, revelation had to accept bila kayfa (without [asking] how).

Tawhid constitutes the foremost article of the Muslim profession of faith, "There is no god but God, Muhammad is the messenger of God. To attribute divinity to a created entity is the only unpardonable sin mentioned in the Quran. The entirety of the Islamic teaching rests on the principle of tawhid.

Medieval Islamic philosopher Al-Ghazali offered a proof of monotheism from omnipotence, asserting there can only be one omnipotent being. For if there were two omnipotent beings, the first would either have power over the second (meaning the second is not omnipotent) or not (meaning the first is not omnipotent); thus implying that there could only be one omnipotent being.

As they traditionally profess a concept of monotheism with a singular entity as God, Judaism and Islam reject the Christian idea of monotheism. Judaism uses the term Shituf to refer to non-monotheistic ways of worshiping God. Although Muslims venerate Jesus (Isa in Arabic) as a prophet, they do not accept the doctrine that he was a begotten son of God.

Mandaeism

Mandaeism or Mandaeanism ( ), sometimes also known as Sabianism, is a monotheistic, Gnostic, and ethnic religion. Mandaeans consider Adam, Seth, Noah, Shem and John the Baptist to be prophets, with Adam being the founder of the religion and John being the greatest and final prophet. The Mandaeans believe in one God commonly named Hayyi Rabbi meaning 'The Great Life' or 'The Great Living God'. The Mandaeans speak a dialect of Eastern Aramaic known as Mandaic. The name 'Mandaean' comes from the Aramaic manda meaning "knowledge", as does Greek gnosis. The term 'Sabianism' is derived from the Sabians (, ), a mysterious religious group mentioned three times in the Quran alongside the Jews, the Christians and the Zoroastrians as a 'people of the book', and whose name was historically claimed by the Mandaeans as well as by several other religious groups in order to gain the legal protection () offered by Islamic law. Mandaeans recognize God to be the eternal, creator of all, the one and only in domination who has no partner.

Baháʼí Faith

God in the Baháʼí Faith is taught to be the Imperishable, uncreated Being Who is the source of existence, too great for humans to fully comprehend. Human primitive understanding of God is achieved through his revelations via his divine intermediary Manifestations. In the Baháʼí faith, such Christian doctrines as the Trinity are seen as compromising the Baháʼí view that God is single and has no equal,
and the very existence of the Baháʼí Faith is a challenge to the Islamic doctrine of the finality of Muhammad's revelation.

God in the Baháʼí Faith communicates to humanity through divine intermediaries, known as Manifestations of God. These Manifestations establish religion in the world. It is through these divine intermediaries that humans can approach God, and through them God brings divine revelation and law.

The Oneness of God is one of the core teachings of the Baháʼí Faith. The obligatory prayers in the Baháʼí Faith involve explicit monotheistic testimony. God is the imperishable, uncreated being who is the source of all existence. He is described as "a personal God, unknowable, inaccessible, the source of all Revelation, eternal, omniscient, omnipresent and almighty". Although transcendent and inaccessible directly, his image is reflected in his creation. The purpose of creation is for the created to have the capacity to know and love its creator. God communicates his will and purpose to humanity through intermediaries, known as Manifestations of God, who are the prophets and messengers that have founded religions from prehistoric times up to the present day.

Rastafari
Rastafari, sometimes termed Rastafarianism, is classified as both a new religious movement and social movement. It developed in Jamaica during the 1930s. It lacks any centralised authority and there is much heterogeneity among practitioners, who are known as Rastafari, Rastafarians, or Rastas.

Rastafari refer to their beliefs, which are based on a specific interpretation of the Bible, as "Rastalogy". Central is a monotheistic belief in a single God—referred to as Jah—who partially resides within each individual. The former emperor of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie, is given central importance. Many Rastas regard him as an incarnation of Jah on Earth and as the Second Coming of Christ. Others regard him as a human prophet who fully recognised the inner divinity within every individual.

Zoroastrianism

Zoroastrianism combines cosmogonic dualism and eschatological monotheism which makes it unique among the religions of the world. It is contested whether they are monotheistic, due to the presence of Ahura Mainyu, and the existence of worshipped lesser divinities such as Aharaniyita.

By some Zoroastrianism is considered a monotheistic religion, but this is contested as both true and false by both scholars, and Zoroastrians themselves. Although Zoroastrianism is often regarded as dualistic, duotheistic or bitheistic, for its belief in the hypostasis of the ultimately good Ahura Mazda (Wise Lord) and the ultimately evil Angra Mainyu (destructive spirit). Zoroastrianism was once one of the largest religions on Earth, as the official religion of the Persian Empire. By some scholars, the Zoroastrians ("Parsis" or "Zartoshtis") are sometimes credited with being some of the first monotheists and having had influence on other world religions. Gathered statistics estimates the number of adherents at between 100,000 and 200,000, with adherents living in many regions, including South Asia.

Yazidism

God in Yazidism created the world and entrusted it into the care of seven Holy Beings, known as Angels. The Yazidis believe in a divine Triad. The original, hidden God of the Yazidis is considered to be remote and inactive in relation to his creation, except to contain and bind it together within his essence. His first emanation is the Angel Melek Taûs (), who functions as the ruler of the world and leader of the other Angels. The second hypostasis of the divine Triad is the Sheikh 'Adī ibn Musafir. The third is Sultan Ezid. These are the three hypostases of the one God. The identity of these three is sometimes blurred, with Sheikh 'Adī considered to be a manifestation of Tawûsê Melek and vice versa; the same also applies to Sultan Ezid. Yazidis are called  ("the nation of Tawûsê Melek").

God is referred to by Yazidis as , , , and  ('King'), and, less commonly,  and . According to some Yazidi hymns (known as Qewls), God has 1,001 names, or 3,003 names according to other Qewls.

Oceania

Aboriginal Australian religion
Aboriginal Australians are typically described as polytheistic in nature. Although some researchers shy from referring to Dreamtime figures as "gods" or "deities", they are broadly described as such for the sake of simplicity.

In Southeastern Australian cultures, the sky father Baiame is perceived as the creator of the universe (though this role is sometimes taken by other gods like Yhi or Bunjil) and at least among the Gamilaraay traditionally revered above other mythical figures. Equation between him and the Christian god is common among both missionaries and modern Christian Aboriginals.

The Yolngu had extensive contact with the Makassans and adopted religious practises inspired by those of Islam. The god Walitha'walitha is based on Allah (specifically, with the wa-Ta'ala suffix), but while this deity had a role in funerary practises it is unclear if it was "Allah-like" in terms of functions.

Andaman Islands
The religion of the Andamanese peoples has at times been described as "animistic monotheism", believing foremost in a single deity, Paluga, who created the universe. However, Paluga is not worshipped, and anthropomorphic personifications of natural phenomena are also known.

South Asia

Hinduism

As an old religion, Hinduism inherits religious concepts spanning monotheism, polytheism, panentheism, pantheism, monism, and atheism among others; and its concept of God is complex and depends upon each individual and the tradition and philosophy followed.

Hindu views are broad and range from monism, through pantheism and panentheism (alternatively called monistic theism by some scholars) to monotheism and even atheism. Hinduism cannot be said to be purely polytheistic. Hindu religious leaders have repeatedly stressed that while God's forms are many and the ways to communicate with him are many, God is one. The puja of the murti is a way to communicate with the abstract one god (Brahman) which creates, sustains and dissolves creation.

Rig Veda 1.164.46,

"They call him Indra, Mitra, Varuṇa, Agni, and he is heavenly nobly-winged Garuda.
To what is One, sages give many a title they call it Agni, Yama, Mātariśvan." (trans. Griffith)

Traditions of Gaudiya Vaishnavas, the Nimbarka Sampradaya and followers of Swaminarayan and Vallabha consider Krishna to be the source of all avatars, and the source of Vishnu himself, or to be the same as Narayana. As such, he is therefore regarded as Svayam Bhagavan.

When Krishna is recognized to be Svayam Bhagavan, it can be understood that this is the belief of Gaudiya Vaishnavism, the Vallabha Sampradaya, and the Nimbarka Sampradaya, where Krishna is accepted to be the source of all other avatars, and the source of Vishnu himself. This belief is drawn primarily "from the famous statement of the Bhagavatam" (1.3.28). A viewpoint differing from this theological concept is the concept of Krishna as an avatar of Narayana or Vishnu. It should be however noted that although it is usual to speak of Vishnu as the source of the avataras, this is only one of the names of the God of Vaishnavism, who is also known as Narayana, Vasudeva and Krishna and behind each of those names there is a divine figure with attributed supremacy in Vaishnavism.

The Rig Veda discusses monotheistic thought, as do the Atharva Veda and Yajur Veda:
"Devas are always looking to the supreme abode of Vishnu" (tad viṣṇoḥ paramaṁ padaṁ sadā paśyanti sṻrayaḥ Rig Veda 1.22.20)

"The One Truth, sages know by many names" (Rig Veda 1.164.46)

"When at first the unborn sprung into being, He won His own dominion beyond which nothing higher has been in existence" (Atharva Veda 10.7.31)

"There is none to compare with Him. There is no parallel to Him, whose glory, verily, is great." (Yajur Veda 32.3)

The number of auspicious qualities of God are countless, with the following six qualities (bhaga) being the most important:
 Jñāna (omniscience), defined as the power to know about all beings simultaneously
 Aishvarya (sovereignty, derived from the word Ishvara), which consists in unchallenged rule over all
 Shakti (energy), or power, which is the capacity to make the impossible possible
 Bala (strength), which is the capacity to support everything by will and without any fatigue
 Vīrya (vigor), which indicates the power to retain immateriality as the supreme being in spite of being the material cause of mutable creations
 Tejas (splendor), which expresses His self-sufficiency and the capacity to overpower everything by His spiritual effulgence

In the Shaivite tradition, the Shri Rudram (Sanskrit श्रि रुद्रम्), to which the Chamakam (चमकम्) is added by scriptural tradition, is a Hindu stotra dedicated to Rudra (an epithet of Shiva), taken from the Yajurveda (TS 4.5, 4.7). Shri Rudram is also known as Sri Rudraprasna, , and Rudradhyaya. The text is important in Vedanta where Shiva is equated to the Universal supreme God. The hymn is an early example of enumerating the names of a deity, a tradition developed extensively in the sahasranama literature of Hinduism.

The Nyaya school of Hinduism has made several arguments regarding a monotheistic view. The Naiyanikas have given an argument that such a god can only be one. In the Nyaya Kusumanjali, this is discussed against the proposition of the Mimamsa school that let us assume there were many demigods (devas) and sages (rishis) in the beginning, who wrote the Vedas and created the world. Nyaya says that:

In other words, Nyaya says that the polytheist would have to give elaborate proofs for the existence and origin of his several celestial spirits, none of which would be logical, and that it is more logical to assume one eternal, omniscient god.

Many other Hindus, however, view polytheism as far preferable to monotheism. The famous Hindu revitalist leader Ram Swarup, for example, points to the Vedas as being specifically polytheistic, and states that, "only some form of polytheism alone can do justice to this variety and richness."

Sita Ram Goel, another 20th-century Hindu historian, wrote:

Sikhism

Sikhi is a monotheistic and a revealed religion.
God in Sikhi is called Akal Purakh (which means "the true immortal") or Vāhigurū the Primal being. However, other names like Ram, Allah etc. are also used to refer to the same god, who is shapeless, timeless, and sightless: niraṅkār, akaal, and alakh. Sikhi presents a unique perspective where God is present (sarav viāpak) in all of its creation and does not exist outside of its creation. God must be seen from "the inward eye", or the "heart". Sikhs follow the Aad Guru Granth Sahib and are instructed to meditate on the Naam (Name of God - Vāhigurū) to progress towards enlightenment, as its rigorous application permits the existence of communication between God and human beings.

Sikhism is a monotheistic faith that arose in northern region of the Indian subcontinent during the 16th and 17th centuries. Sikhs believe in one, timeless, omnipresent, supreme creator. The opening verse of the Guru Granth Sahib, known as the Mul Mantra, signifies this:

Transliteration: ikk ōankār sat(i)-nām(u) karatā purakh(u) nirabha'u niravair(u) akāla mūrat(i) ajūnī saibhan(g) gur(a) prasād(i).
One Universal creator God, The supreme Unchangeable Truth, The Creator of the Universe, Beyond Fear, Beyond Hatred, Beyond Death, Beyond Birth, Self-Existent, by Guru's Grace.

The word "ੴ" ("Ik ōaṅkār") has two components. The first is ੧, the digit "1" in Gurmukhi signifying the singularity of the creator. Together the word means: "One Universal creator God".

It is often said that the 1430 pages of the Guru Granth Sahib are all expansions on the Mul Mantra. Although the Sikhs have many names for God, some derived from Islam and Hinduism, they all refer to the same Supreme Being.

The Sikh holy scriptures refer to the One God who pervades the whole of space and is the creator of all beings in the universe. The following quotation from the Guru Granth Sahib highlights this point:

However, there is a strong case for arguing that the Guru Granth Sahib teaches monism due to its non-dualistic tendencies:

Sikhs believe that God has been given many names, but they all refer to the One God, VāhiGurū. Sikh holy scripture (Guru Granth Sahib) speaks to all faiths and Sikhs believe that members of other religions such as Islam, Hinduism and Christianity all worship the same God, and the names Allah, Rahim, Karim, Hari, Raam and Paarbrahm are, therefore, frequently mentioned in the Sikh holy scripture (Guru Granth Sahib) . God in Sikhism is most commonly referred to as Akal Purakh (which means "the true immortal") or Waheguru, the Primal Being.

See also

References

Further reading

 William G. Dever, Who Were the Early Israelites?, Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans 2003.
 William G. Dever, Did God Have a Wife?: Archaeology and Folk Religion in Ancient Israel, Eerdmans, 2005, .
 Jonthan Kirsch, God Against The Gods: The History of the War Between Monotheism and Polytheism. Penguin Books. 2005.
 Hans Köchler. The Concept of Monotheism in Islam and Christianity. Vienna: Braumüller, 1982.  (Google Books).

 Silberman, Neil A. et al.; The Bible Unearthed, New York: Simon & Schuster 2001.

 Keith Whitelam, The Invention of Ancient Israel, Routledge, New York 1997.

External links

 About.com "What is Monolatry?" (Contains useful comparisons with henoteism etc.)
 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
 Christian Monotheism (biblical unitarians)
 Deism

Philosophy of religion
Religion in ancient Israel and Judah

Monotheism


Embraer EMB 120, »Brasília« är ett 2-motorigt propellerflygplan som byggdes i 354 exemplar av Embraer och flög första gången 1983, produktionen lades ner 2002. Många regionala flygbolag flyger med planet och år 2010 flög fortfarande 195 stycken EMB 120.

EMB 120
Passagerarflygplan

Embraer EMB 120


or  is a lake that lies in the southeastern part of the municipality of Bindal in Nordland county, Norway.  The lake is part of the river Åbjøra, about  east of the village of Åbygda.

See also
 List of lakes in Norway
 Geography of Norway

References

Lakes of Nordland
Bindal

Åbjørvatnet


Аркадий Степанович Давыдович ( — ) — полковник Российской императорской армии, участник Первой мировой войны. Кавалер ордена Святого Георгия 4-й степени.

Биография
Аркадий Степанович Давыдович родился 14 февраля 1874 года. По вероисповеданию был православным. Окончил Александровский кадетский корпус.

31 августа 1891 года вступил на службу в Российскую императорскую армию. Окончил 2-е военное Константиновское училище, откуда был выпущен в 38-й пехотный Тобольский полк. 4 августа 1892 года получил старшинство в чине подпоручика, 7 августа 1893 года получил старшинство в чине подпоручика гвардии, 7 августа 1897 года получил старшинство в чине поручика, 7 августа 1901 года получил старшинство в чине штабс-капитана, 7 августа 1905 года получил старшинство в чине капитана, 21 февраля 1906 года получил старшинство в чине подполковника. С 8 апреля по 24 сентября 1910 года был в отставке. С 23 октября 1910 года служил в составе 200-го пехотного Кроншлатского полка. 6 мая 1914 года получил старшинство с присвоением в чине полковника.

Принимал участие в Первой мировой войне. Погиб во время боя 7 ноября 1914 года от рук немецкого офицера, который сделал вид, что сдаётся в плен. За захват деревни Высочайшим приказом от 28 июля 1915 года был удостоен ордена Святого Георгия 4-й степени:

Награды
Аркадий Степанович Давыдович был удостоен следующих наград:
 Орден Святого Георгия 4-й степени (Высочайший приказ от 27 июня 1915);
 Орден Святой Анны 3-й степени (6 декабря 1912);
 Орден Святого Станислава 3-й степени (1905).

Примечания

Литература

Ссылки

Участники Первой мировой войны (Россия)

Давыдович, Аркадий Степанович


– japońska siatkarka, złota medalistka igrzysk olimpijskich, mistrzostw świata, pucharu świata i igrzysk azjatyckich oraz działaczka sportowa.

Życiorys
Arakida wraz z reprezentacją Japonii zdobyła złote medale podczas igrzysk azjatyckich 1974 odbywających się w Teheranie oraz na mistrzostwach świata 1974 w Meksyku. Wystąpiła na igrzyskach olimpijskich 1976 w Montrealu. Zagrała wówczas we wszystkich meczach olimpijskiego turnieju, w tym we zwycięskim meczu finałowym ze reprezentacją Związku radzieckiego. Tryumfowała w pucharze świata 1977 rozgrywanym w jej ojczyźnie.

W latach 1972–1978 była zawodniczką klubu Hitachi Belle Fille, z którym pięciokrotnie zdobyła mistrzostwo ligi japońskiej pomiędzy 1974 i 1978.

W lutym 2012 została dyrektorką sportową komisji ubiegającej się organizację Letnich Igrzysk Olimpijskich 2020 i Letnich Igrzysk Paraolimpijskich 2020 w Tokio. Wcześniej pełniła funkcję przewodniczącej Azjatyckiej Rady Olimpijskiej.

Przypisy

Urodzeni w 1954
Japońskie siatkarki
Medaliści Igrzysk Azjatyckich 1974
Japońscy medaliści olimpijscy
Medaliści Letnich Igrzysk Olimpijskich 1976
Japońscy działacze sportowi

Yūko Arakida


Frank Peppiatt (March 19, 1927 – November 7, 2012) was a Canadian (naturalized American) television producer and screenwriter, considered a pioneer of the variety show genre. His credits included The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour. Most notably, co-created the variety show, Hee Haw, in 1969 with John Aylesworth.

Peppiatt was born to Frank and Sarah Peppiatt in Toronto, Ontario, on March 19, 1927. He attended the University of Toronto, where he earned a bachelor's degree in 1949. He took a job with his Toronto classmate, Norman Jewison, after college working on college stage productions. Peppiatt then worked as an advertising copywriter at MacLaren Advertising where he met and worked with John Aylesworth. Their work on television advertising led the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation to approach them to write comedy sketches for a variety show called After Hours. This led to a long professional partnership with Aylesworth. Peppiatt made the jump from Canadian to American television by the mid-1950s.

In addition to Hee Haw, Peppiatt and Aylesworth teamed up to write or produce Perry Como's Kraft Music Hall, The Judy Garland Show, Frank Sinatra: A Man and His Music, The ABC Comedy Hour, The Julie Andrews Hour, and Hullabaloo. They were known as one of the most prolific writing and producing teams in television variety show history.

Peppiatt died from bladder cancer in Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida, on November 7, 2012, at the age of 85. He was survived by his third wife, Caroline Peppiatt; from a previous marriage to Marilyn Peppiatt, his daughters Francesca Robyn and Marney Peppiatt, while youngest daughter, Melissa Peppiatt MacIsssac died in 2000; and four grandchildren. His autobiography, When Variety Was King: Memoir of a TV Pioneer, was published posthumously by ECW Press in April 2013.

References

External links

1927 births
2012 deaths
American television producers
American male screenwriters
University of Toronto alumni
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Writers from Toronto
CBC Television people
Deaths from cancer in Florida
Deaths from bladder cancer
Canadian television producers
Canadian male screenwriters

Frank Peppiatt


Віктор Миколайович Стасюк (м. Ланівці, 23 лютого 1967, Тернопільська область — 7 травня 2022, м. Сєвєродонецьк, Луганська область, Україна) — український учитель, військовослужбовець Збройних сил України, учасник російсько-української війни.

Життєпис
Віктор Стасюк народився 23 лютого 1967 року у місті Ланівцях на Тернопільщині.

Служив у Військах радіаційного, хімічного та біологічного захисту в Угорщині.

Закінчив Тернопільський педагогічний інститут. Працював учителював у школі м. Чорткова. Згодом певний час жив і працював за кордоном.

Служив оператором протитанкового відділення протитанкового взводу 3 механізованого батальйону 115-ї окремої бригади територіальної оборони. Загинув 7 травня 2022 року внаслідок мінометного обстрілу бойової позиції в м. Сєвєродонецьку на Луганщині.

Похований 21 травня 2022 року в родинному місті.

Примітки

Джерела
 Оксана Цвик, На Тернопільщині попрощалися із загиблим військовослужбовцем Віктором Стасюком // Суспільне Тернопіль. — 2022. — 21 травня.
 Ірина Белякова, У військкоматі сказали, що не той вік, і він пішов добровольцем. Ланівці прощаються із Віктором Стасюком // 20 хвилин. — 2022. — 20 травня.

Стасюк Віктор Миколайович


Анна Бугрен () — шведская ориентировщица, чемпионка мира по спортивному ориентированию.

Впервые стала чемпионкой мира в 1993 году, когда выиграла короткую дистанцию.

На следующем чемпионате мира в Германии в 1995 году разделила бронзу на короткой дистанции ( )
со своей соотечественницей Марленой Янссон (). Обе спортсменки показали одинаковый результат (29 мин 29 сек)
и им обеим были вручены бронзовые медали.

Два раза в составе шведской эстафетной команды выигрывала золотые медали чемпионатов мира (1993 и 1997),
а в 1995 году с эстафетной командой завоевала серебряные медали.

Примечания

Персоналии по алфавиту
Ориентировщики Швеции
Ориентировщики по алфавиту
Википедия:Персоналии, не категоризованные по месту рождения

Бугрен, Анна


The Juye is a large coal field located in the east of China in Shandong. Juye is one of the largest coal reserves in China, with estimated reserves of 28.1 billion tonnes of coal. It is home to the Zhaolou Coal Mine Coal Reserve.

See also

Coal in China
List of coalfields

References

Coal in China

Juye coalfield


Каланчак — селище міського типу, Херсонська область, Скадовський район
 Каланчак — село, Одеська область, Ізмаїльський район
 Каланчак — залізнична станція Херсонської дирекції Одеської залізниці
 Каланчак — річка у Сумській області
 Каланчак — річка у Херсонській області
 Каланчак — пункт пропуску через адміністративний кордон України на межі з анексованим Росією Кримом, Херсонська область, Скадовський район

 Каланчак — назва села Трактове Красноперекопського району Автономної Республіки Крим України (до 1945 року)

Каланчак


This is a list of churches, chapels and meeting halls in the Channel Islands

First millennium

Although there are indications that missionary efforts created small places of Christian worship in various places in the islands before 450 A.D. the first proper evidence of Christianity is recorded as coming to the Islands around 520 A.D. when Samson of Dol visited Guernsey and in
540 A.D. when Helier arrived in Jersey, living as a hermit until he was killed by pirates.

The "pirates" grew in strength. In 911 A.D., a group of "pirates", or Vikings led by Rollo besieged Paris and Chartres. After a victory near Chartres on 26 August, Charles the Simple decided to negotiate with Rollo, resulting in the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte. For the Vikings' loyalty, they were granted all the land between the river Epte and the sea, as well as Brittany, which at the time was an independent country which France had unsuccessfully tried to conquer. Rollo also agreed to be baptised and to marry Charles' daughter, Gisela. The land would become known as "Normandy", the land of the North Men and included "Les Îles d'la Manche" or the Channel Islands. Religion was strengthened with the arrival and conversion of the Normans to Christianity, in the 10th century.

Second millennium

There were many churches built by the Normans in the 11th and 12th centuries, many on top of previous chapels which were themselves alongside pagan places of worship, the islands being divided up into parishes in the 11th century and land areas granted by endowment to French-based religious centres, Mont Saint Michel Abbey received four and Marmoutier Abbey, Tours six from Guernsey, Cerisy-la-Forêt acquired two in Jersey, but most other Jersey parishes were scattered amongst other people and institutions.

The Islands embraced the French Calvinist form of Protestantism during the Reformation Roman Catholicism continued until orders were received to remove all signs of Catholicism in 1547. A brief return to Catholicism saw the three women turned into martyrs before another turn, back to the Protestant faith and a fear of France and Catholics. Methodism took a stronghold at the end of the 18th century.

The Little Chapel in Guernsey has been said that it "is the smallest functioning chapel in Europe, if not the world", and it is "believed to be the world’s smallest consecrated church."

At least three churches in Guernsey have pre-history carved stones, the most famous being La Gran'mère du Chimquière. In Jersey, at La Hougue Bie a 12th-century chapel was built on a Neolithic ritual site which was in use around 3500 BC. In Western Europe, it is one of the largest and best preserved passage graves. Several churches, including Castel Church, Guernsey, have been built using materials dating back to the Roman Empire. St Saviour Church in Guernsey has a number of tunnels running underneath, built by the Organisation Todt for Nazi Germany in the 1940s.

The historic toleration of religious minorities has led to many persecuted minorities seeking refuge in the Islands, such as Huguenots from 1548. The influx of the Protestant refugees led to Calvinism becoming the main religion, forcing a break from the Roman Catholic Diocese of Coutances in 1568 to the Bishop of Winchester. Religion became strictly enforced with physical punishments (whippings, stocks, imprisonment) and torture to get confessions for Channel Islands Witch Trials for 100 years, ending only with the Act of Uniformity 1662 of Charles II of England. In the English Civil War Guernsey, with stronger puritanical sympathies supported Parliament whereas Jersey was happy to restore episcopalian constitutions, siding with the Royalists.

A famous refugee Guernsey in 1855 was Victor Hugo who increasingly expressed anti-Catholic and anti-clerical views. Hugo counted 740 attacks on a book he wrote whilst in Guernsey, Les Misérables in the Catholic press. The last major act of non-toleration goes back to 1556, with the Guernsey Martyrs who died for their Protestant faith. The Island's toleration has left a rich legacy of churches, chapels and places of worship.

The maintenance of parish churches was, before the Reformation, the responsibility of the Catholic Church. To avoid the English Crown taking over responsibility as successor, Charles II in 1677 instructed the Guernsey churchwardens to raise monies from the parishioners.

In 1893 a religious census was undertaken in Guernsey showing around 50% of the population attended:

 Anglican – 17 places – 5,998 attendants
 French Wesleyan – 17 places – 2,989 attendants
 Salvation Army – 4 places – 1,941 attendants
 English Wesleyan – 6 places – 1,783 attendants
 English R.C. – 2 places – 1,021 attendants
 Baptist – 6 places – 663 attendants

 French R.C. – 2 places – 588 attendants
 Independent – 5 places – 533 attendants
 Brethren – 6 places – 507 attendants
 New Connexion – 1 place – 452 attendants
 Primitive Methodist – 2 places – 315 attendants
 Other – 7 places – 800 attendants

Third millennium
The 2010 breakdown of followers in the Channel Islands:

 Christians 84%

 Agnostics 14%

 Atheists 1%

 Other religions 1%

In 2022 the Anglican churches moved from under Winchester, where they had been for 500 years, to the Diocese of Salisbury.

Religions

 Anglicanism – The Deanery of Guernsey of the Church of England comes under the Diocese of Salisbury, but until 2015 was under the Diocese of Winchester.
 Baptists – The Baptist Christian faith has been practised in Guernsey for over 200 years.
 Church of Scotland – The Church has very few churches outside Scotland, but both Guernsey and Jersey have kirks. They were established, partly to cater for the Scottish soldiers who regularly provided garrison duties.
 Elim Pentecostal Church – For over 100 years there has been a Pentecostal Church in the Islands, with Elim expanding in the 1930s.
 Evangelicalism – Auxiliary Associations existed in Gernsey and Jersey in 1814
 Greater World Christian Spiritualism – held its first service in Jersey in 1935.
 Islam – There are no mosques or meeting places in Guernsey, Jersey has a meeting house.
 Judaism – Jews first established a synagogue in Saint Helier in 1843.
 Jehovah's Witnesses – Two English congregations and one Portuguese group in Guernsey. Three English congregations and one Portuguese congregation in Jersey.
 Methodism – Methodism reached Jersey in 1774. The first Methodist minister in Jersey was appointed in 1783, and John Wesley preached in Guernsey in 1787 and in Jersey in August 1789. The first Wesleyan chapel was built in Guernsey in 1788 opposite the Royal Court. Channel Islands District of the Methodist Church
 Newfrontiers – A network of evangelical charismatic churches. Represented in Guernsey.
 Portuguese Christian Mission – Established in Jersey in 2009 to cater for the Portuguese Protestant community.
 Quakers – The Religious Society of Friends believed to have been active in Jersey around 1660. Recognised in the Island in 1742. In Guernsey they formed a society in 1782.
 Roman Catholic – The Catholic parishes in the Channel Islands, along with the Isle of Wight, are part of the English Diocese of Portsmouth.
 Salvation Army – Founded in Jersey in 1879 and in Guernsey in 1881 and in Alderney in 1882. The Army's founders, Catherine and William Booth, had visited Guernsey in 1855 shortly after their marriage and preached. Marie Ozanne died for her beliefs in Guernsey in 1943.
 United Reformed Church was formed in 1972 when the Presbyterian Church of England and the Congregational Church of England came together. Presbyterian churches have served the Islands for over 100 years.
 Zion Christian Fellowship – Founded in Guernsey in 1988.

List of buildings
This list is incomplete. Please feel free to expand it.

See also

 Religion in Jersey
 History of the Jews in Jersey
 History of the Jews in Guernsey
 Channel Islands

References

Religion in Guernsey
Religious buildings and structures in Guernsey
Religion in Jersey
C

List of churches, chapels and meeting halls in the Channel Islands


La Coppa del Mondo femminile di pallanuoto 1999 è stata la 12ª edizione della manifestazione che a partire dal 1989 veniva organizzata ogni due anni dalla FINA, per poi passare a cadenza quadriennale a partire dal 2002. Le nazioni partecipanti venivano scelte fra le 8 prime classificate del campionato mondiale precedente.

Tale manifestazione servì anche per stabilire quali squadre si sarebbero qualificate per i Giochi Olimpici 2000 di Sydney (Australia). Della classifica finale si sarebbero qualificate la prima europea e la prima americana, mentre le altre (ad eccezione dell'Australia, qualificata di diritto come paese ospitante) avrebbero dovuto svolgere un torneo di qualificazione.

Squadre partecipanti
Le squadre sono elencate secondo l'ordine di classifica del campionato mondiale 1998.

Formula
Le 8 squadre partecipanti vengono suddivise in due gironi da quattro squadre ciascuno. Ciascuna squadra affronta le altre tre incluse nel proprio girone una sola volta, per un totale di tre partite per ciascuna squadra. Alla fine di tale fase le prime due di ciascun girone disputano le semifinali ad incrocio (1ª del gruppo A vs. 2ª del gruppo B e viceversa). Terze e quarte si sfidano per i posti dal 5º all'8º.

Turno preliminare

Gruppo A

24 maggio

25 maggio

26 maggio

Gruppo B

24 maggio

25 maggio

26 maggio

Fase finale

Semifinali
28 maggio

Finale 7º-8º posto
29 maggio

Finale 5º-6º posto
29 maggio

Finale 3º-4º posto
29 maggio

Finale
29 maggio

Classifica finale

Paesi Bassi e Canada qualificate ai Giochi Olimpici 2000.

Voci correlate
FINA Water Polo World Cup 1999 (maschile)

Collegamenti esterni

Sport acquatici nel 1999
Edizioni della FINA Water Polo World Cup femminile
Competizioni sportive a Winnipeg

FINA Water Polo World Cup 1999 (femminile)


Carl Heinrich Christian Jäde (* 24. Juli 1815 in Weimar; † 16. Januar 1873 ebenda), auch Jaede oder Gäde, war ein deutscher Kinderbuchautor bzw. Journalist.

Jäde war Sohn des Hofschreibers und Schneidermeisters Johann Siegfried Jäde (1782–1830). Sein Bruder war der Maler und Zeichner Franz Jäde. Jäde bewohnte in der Windischenstraße 8 dasselbe Haus wie lange vor ihm einst Friedrich Schiller. Hauptsächlich gab er Sammlungen von Märchen, Kurzgeschichten und Gedichten heraus, verfasste aber auch zahlreiche Kinder- und Jugendbücher, die viel gelesen wurden. Nach der dort angebrachten Tafel war er Freiheitskämpfer. In den Revolutionsjahren 1849/49 gab er das Weimarische Volksblatt und Der Demokrat heraus. Jäde war Republikaner und vertrat die Interessen des demokratischen Kleinbürgertums und war von 1861/64 Abgeordneter für Weimar-Stadt und 13 Jahre Mitglied des Gemeinderates.

Auf ihn geht das Zitat zurück:

„Treibe doch nur recht das Deine, Frag' nicht, was der Nachbar thut; Macht ein jeder gut das Seine, Steht es mit dem Ganzen gut.“

Franz und Heinrich Jäde waren auch in der Weimarer Sportbewegung aktiv. Sie begründeten den Weimarer Turnverein.

In Weimar ist seit 1949 die Heinrich-Jäde-Straße nach ihm benannt. Sein Grab befindet sich auf dem Historischen Friedhof in Weimar.

Weblinks

 http://www.thueringer-literaturrat.de/autorenlexikon/jaede-karl-heinrich-christian/
 Heinrich  Jäde auf Weimar-Lese.

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Deutscher
Geboren 1815
Gestorben 1873
Mann
Kinder- und Jugendliteratur

Heinrich Jäde


K.u.k. Sappeure – oddziały saperów c. i k. Armii, sformowane w 1912 na bazie pododdziałów wyłączonych z formacji c. i k. Pionierów.

Bataliony saperskie w 1914
Batalion Saperów Nr 1
 ()
Sformowany w 1912 z 1., 2. i 3. kompanii Batalionu Pionierów Nr 9
Podległość taktyczna: 24 Brygada Piechoty w Tarnowie należąca do 12 Dywizji Piechoty
Narodowości: 50% Polacy - 23% Niemcy - 23% Czesi - 4% Inni
Garnizon Kraków na terytorium 1 Korpusu, koszary () przy ul. Montelupich (18 listopada 1918 przemianowane na koszary Stefana Batorego)
Komendant: mjr Vinzenz Reimer
por. rez. Zdzisław Józef Groele

Batalion Saperów Nr 2
 ()
Sformowany: 1912 - II Korpus Armijny - 50 Brygada Piechoty
Narodowości: 82% Niemcy - 18% Inni
Garnizon: Krems an der Donau
Komendant: Major Rudolf Herkner
Oficerowie:
por. rez. Bronisław Teodor Emil Czyżek
por. rez. Julius Raab

 Batalion Saperów Nr 3 w Gorycji
Narodowości: 48% Niemcy - 45% Słoweńcy - 7% Inni

Sappeurbataillon Nr. 4
Sformowany: 1912 - III Korpus Armijny – 12 Brygada Piechoty
Narodowości: 20% Niemcy - 74% Węgrzy - 6% Inni
Garnizon: Villach
Komendant: Major Franz Wagner

Sappeurbataillon Nr. 5
Sformowany: 1912 - V Korpus Armijny - 66 Brygada Piechoty
Narodowości: 40% Niemcy - 32% Węgrzy - 23% Słoweńcy - 5% Inni
Garnizon: Komaróm
Komendant: Major Friedrich Jobst von Ruprecht

Sappeurbataillon Nr. 6
Sformowany: 1912 - III Korpus Armijny – 55 Brygada Piechoty
Narodowości: 72% Węgrzy - 28% Inni
Garnizon: Pula
Komendant: Major Carl Müller

Sappeurbataillon Nr. 7
Sformowany: 1912 – VII / XIII / XV Korpus Armijny
Narodowości: 53% Węgrzy - 25% Niemcy - 22% Inni
Garnizon: Sarajewo
Komendant: Major Rudolf Conrad

Sappeurbataillon Nr. 8
Sformowany: 1912 – XIV Korpus Armijny – 96 Brygada Piechoty
Narodowości: 73% Czesi - 26% Niemcy - 1% Inni
Garnizon: Rovereto
Kommandeur: Oberstleutnant Franz Schmidt

Sappeurbataillon Nr. 9
Sformowany: 1912 - XIV Korpus Armijny - 96 Brygada Piechoty
Narodowości: 66% Czesi - 31% Niemcy - 3% Inni
Garnizon: Riva del Garda
Komendant: Major Joseph Lichtblau

 Batalion Saperów Nr 10 w Przemyślu

Sappeurbataillon Nr. 11
Sformowany: 1912 – XI Korpus Armijny – 21 Brygada Piechoty
Narodowości: 32% Polacy - 48% Rusini - 20% Inni
Garnizon: Lwów
Komendant: Oberstleutnant Hugo Haluska

Batalion Saperów Nr 12
 ()
Sformowany: 1912 - XII Korpus Armijny – 69 Brygada Piechoty
Narodowości: 50% Węgrzy - 36% Rumuni - 14% Inni
Garnizon: Alba Iulia (Gyulafehérvár)
Komendant: Major Zdenko Dvořák
Oficerowie:
 kpt. Antoni Lukas
 kpt. Bolesław Siwiec
 kpt. Zdzisław Zahaczewski

Sappeurbataillon Nr. 13
Sformowany: 1912 - XIII Korpus Armijny - 13 Brygada Piechoty
Narodowości: 86% Serbowie/Chorwaci - 14% Inni
Garnizon: Osijek (Esseg)
Komendant: Major Otto Jenker

Sappeurbataillon Nr. 14
Sformowany: 1912 - XIV Korpus Armijny – 121 Brygada Piechoty
Narodowości: 98% Niemcy - 2% Inni
Garnizon: Twierdza Trydent (Trient)
Komendant: Major Ferdinand Korb

Przypisy

Bibliografia

 Oberstleutnant Artur Ritter Müller von Elblein: Die Sappeurtruppe. Aufsatz in Moderne Illustrierte Zeitung, Doppelnummer 10/11, Wien 1. Juni 1914, Siegmund Bergmann (Hrsg.).

Pionierzy i saperzy cesarskiej i królewskiej Armii

K.u.k. Sappeure


Umm Hakim Al-Baydaa bint Abdul Muttalib (arabsky: أم حكيم البيضاء بنت عبد المطلب) byla teta islámského proroka Mohameda.

Narodila se v Mekce okolo roku 546. Byla dcerou Abdula Muttaliba ibn Hašima a jeho ženy Fatimy bint Amr al-Makhzumiy. Byla dvojčetem Abdullaha, otce proroka Mohameda. Umm Hakim byla známá pod přezdívkou Al-Baydaa (ta bílá), jelikož byla Abdullahova jediná dcera se světlou kůží.

Provdala se Kurayzu ibn Rabiu z klanu Abšams z kmene Kurajšovců. Jejich dětmi byli Amir, Arwa (matka chalífy Uthmana), Talha a Umm Talha.

Umm Hakim zemřela před rokem 610.

Reference

Narození v 6. století
Úmrtí v 7. století
Mohamedova rodina

Umm Hakim bint Abdul Muttalib


Кики () — село в Польщі, у гміні Водзеради Ласького повіту Лодзинського воєводства.
Населення —   (2011).

У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Серадзького воєводства.

Демографія
Демографічна структура станом на 31 березня 2011 року:

Примітки
.

Села Ласького повіту

Кики (Ласький повіт)


Bulbophyllum ligulifolium is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum.

References
The Bulbophyllum-Checklist
The Internet Orchid Species Photo Encyclopedia

ligulifolium

Bulbophyllum ligulifolium


Републикански път IIІ-2306 е третокласен път, част от Републиканската пътна мрежа на България, преминаващ изцяло по територията на Разградска област, Община Исперих. Дължината му е 6,3 km.

Пътят се отклонява надясно при 92,2 km на Републикански път II-23 в центъра на село Тодорово и се насочва на юг през Лудогорското плато. Минава през селата Печеница и Средоселци и в центъра на село Къпиновци се свързва с Републикански път III-702 при неговия 15 km.

Вижте също
Републиканска пътна мрежа на България

Източници

 Карта на републиканската пътна мрежа.
 Пътен атлас на България М 1:200000.
 Списък на републиканската пътна мрежа на България .

Републикански пътища в България
Област Разград

Републикански път III-2306


The 2017 US Open was the 137th edition of tennis' US Open and the fourth and final Grand Slam event of the year. It was held on outdoor hard courts at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in New York City. Experimental rules featured in qualifying for the main draw as well as in the junior, wheelchair and exhibition events.

Stan Wawrinka and Angelique Kerber were the previous year's men's and women's singles champions. Neither managed to defend their title as Wawrinka withdrew before the start of the tournament due to a knee injury that ended his season, while Kerber lost in the first round to Naomi Osaka.

The men's singles tournament concluded with Rafael Nadal defeating Kevin Anderson in the final, while the women's singles tournament concluded with Sloane Stephens defeating Madison Keys in the final.

Tournament

The 2017 US Open was the 137th edition of the tournament and took place at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park of Queens in New York City, New York, United States. The tournament was held on 15 DecoTurf hard courts.

The tournament was an event run by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and was part of the 2017 ATP World Tour and the 2017 WTA Tour calendars under the Grand Slam category. The tournament consisted of both men's and women's singles and doubles draws as well as a mixed doubles event. There were also singles and doubles events for both boys and girls (players under 18), which were part of the Grade A category of tournaments. Additionally, there were singles and doubles wheelchair tennis events for men, women and quads.

The 2017 tournament saw the USTA try out two experimental rules. Firstly, the USTA introduced a shot clock to combat slow play and to address players going over the allotted time for warm ups and medical time outs. Secondly, coaching was allowed from the side of the court. Whilst a player was at the same end as their box they could verbally communicate, if they were at the opposite end then sign language would be allowed. This meant that coaching incidents involving Victoria Azarenka and Caroline Garcia at Wimbledon would have been allowed. The rules only applied in qualifying matches for the main draw, junior, wheelchair and legends matches.

The tournament was played on hard courts and took place over a series of 15 courts with DecoTurf surface, including the two existing main showcourts – Arthur Ashe Stadium and the new Grandstand. Louis Armstrong Stadium, one of the main stadiums used in the previous tournament, was demolished after the 2016 tournament and was replaced for the 2017 edition by a temporary stadium located next to parking lot B near the construction of the previous Louis Armstrong Stadium site.

Broadcast
In the United States, the 2017 US Open will be the third year in a row under an 11-year, $825 million contract with ESPN, in which the broadcaster holds exclusive rights to the entire tournament and the US Open Series. This means that the tournament is not available on broadcast television. This also makes ESPN the exclusive U.S. broadcaster for three of the four tennis majors. In Australia, SBS won the rights to broadcast the US Open with the free to air coverage starting from the quarter finals.

Américas

 Latin America: ESPN
 : ESPN and TyC Sports
 : ESPN and SporTV
 : ESPN and Tigo Sports
 : ESPN and

Point and prize money distribution

Point distribution
Below is a series of tables for each of the competitions showing the ranking points on offer for each event.

Senior

Wheelchair

Junior

Prize money
The total prize-money compensation for the 2017 US Open is $50.4 million, a 3.7% increase on the same total last year. Of that total, a record $3.7 million goes to both the men's and women's singles champions, which is increased to 7.5 percent from last year. This made the US Open the most lucrative and highest paying tennis grand slam in the world, leapfrogging Wimbledon in total prize money fund. Prize money for the US Open qualifying tournament is also up 49.2 percent, to $2.9 million. The total prize money for the wheelchair tennis events was $200,000.

Singles players
Men's singles

Women's singles

Day-by-day summaries

Doubles seeds

Men's doubles

1Rankings as of August 21, 2017.

Women's doubles

1Rankings as of August 21, 2017.

Mixed doubles

1Rankings as of August 21, 2017.

Events

Men's singles

 Rafael Nadal def.  Kevin Anderson, 6–3, 6–3, 6–4

Women's singles

  Sloane Stephens def.  Madison Keys, 6–3, 6–0

Men's doubles

  Jean-Julien Rojer /  Horia Tecău def.  Feliciano López /  Marc López, 6–4, 6–3

Women's doubles

  Chan Yung-jan /  Martina Hingis def.  Lucie Hradecká /  Kateřina Siniaková, 6–3, 6–2

Mixed doubles

  Martina Hingis /  Jamie Murray def.  Chan Hao-ching /  Michael Venus, 6–1, 4–6, [10–8]

Junior boys' singles

  Wu Yibing def.  Axel Geller, 6–4, 6–4

Junior girls' singles

  Amanda Anisimova def.  Coco Gauff, 6–0, 6–2

Junior boys' doubles

  Hsu Yu-hsiou /  Wu Yibing def.  Toru Horie /  Yuta Shimizu, 6–4, 5–7, [11–9]

Junior girls' doubles

  Olga Danilović /  Marta Kostyuk def.  Lea Bošković /  Wang Xiyu, 6–1, 7–5

Men's champions doubles

  John McEnroe /  Patrick McEnroe def.  Pat Cash /  Henri Leconte, 6–2, 6–4

Women's champions doubles

  Kim Clijsters /  Martina Navratilova def.  Lindsay Davenport /  Mary Joe Fernández, 4–6, 6–2, [10–4]

Wheelchair men's singles

  Stéphane Houdet def.  Alfie Hewett, 6–2, 4–6, 6–3

Wheelchair women's singles

  Yui Kamiji def.  Diede de Groot, 7–5, 6–2

Wheelchair quad singles

  David Wagner def.  Andrew Lapthorne, 7–5, 3–6, 6–4

Wheelchair men's doubles

  Alfie Hewett /  Gordon Reid def.  Stéphane Houdet /  Nicolas Peifer, 7–5, 6–4

Wheelchair women's doubles

  Marjolein Buis /  Diede de Groot def.  Dana Mathewson /  Aniek van Koot, 6–4, 6–3

Wheelchair quad doubles

  Andrew Lapthorne /  David Wagner def.  Dylan Alcott /  Bryan Barten, 7–5, 6–2

Wild card entries
The following players were given wildcards to the main draw based on internal selection and recent performances.

Men's doubles
  William Blumberg /  Spencer Papa
  Christopher Eubanks /  Christian Harrison
  Taylor Fritz /  Reilly Opelka
  Steve Johnson /  Tommy Paul
  Vasil Kirkov /  Danny Thomas
  Bradley Klahn /  Scott Lipsky
  Austin Krajicek /  Jackson Withrow

Women's doubles
  Kristie Ahn /  Irina Falconi
  Amanda Anisimova /  Emina Bektas
  Julia Boserup /  Nicole Gibbs
  Jacqueline Cako /  Sachia Vickery
  Kayla Day /  Caroline Dolehide
  Francesca Di Lorenzo /  Allie Kiick
  Taylor Johnson /  Claire Liu

Mixed doubles
  Kristie Ahn /  Tennys Sandgren
  Amanda Anisimova /  Christian Harrison
  Jennifer Brady /  Bjorn Fratangelo
  Louisa Chirico /  Bradley Klahn
  Liezel Huber /  Danny Thomas
  Sofia Kenin /  Michael Mmoh
  Jamie Loeb /  Mitchell Krueger
  Nicole Melichar /  Jackson Withrow

References

External links

2017 ATP World Tour
2017 in tennis
2017 US Open (tennis)
2017 WTA Tour
2017
August 2017 sports events in the United States
September 2017 sports events in the United States
2017 in American tennis
2017 in sports in New York City

2017 US Open (tennis)


Black Hawk is een plaats (city) in de Amerikaanse staat Colorado, en valt bestuurlijk gezien onder Gilpin County.

Demografie
Bij de volkstelling in 2000 werd het aantal inwoners vastgesteld op 118.
In 2006 is het aantal inwoners door het United States Census Bureau geschat op 107, een daling van 11 (-9,3%).

Geografie
Volgens het United States Census Bureau beslaat de plaats een oppervlakte van
3,8 km², geheel bestaande uit land. Black Hawk ligt op ongeveer 2602 m boven zeeniveau.

Plaatsen in de nabije omgeving
De onderstaande figuur toont nabijgelegen plaatsen in een straal van 20 km rond Black Hawk.

Externe link

Plaats in Colorado

Black Hawk (Colorado)


Anhelli is a prose poem written by Polish Romantic-era poet and dramatist Juliusz Słowacki in 1837 and published the following year in Paris.

History
The poem was written in the spring of 1837 in an Armenian monastery known as Betcheszban (Resting Place of the Dead) in the mountains of Lebanon. Słowacki wrote that he created the poem "full of those feelings and thoughts, which were freshly inspired in me by the Holy Land and a night spent by the tomb of Jesus".  The poem was edited in Florence and published in Paris in 1838 in the Polish Library and Printing Press located at Marais Saint-Germain No 17. The print on the 108 pages of the poem was produced by Bourgogne et Martinet printing house. Słowacki dedicated his work to Stefan Hołyński.

The poem conveys a pessimistic vision of the future of Polish emigration and the fight for the country's independence. It directly alludes to Adam Mickiewicz's Books of the Polish Nation and Polish Pilgrimage by employing stylized biblical prose. It portrays antagonized Polish exiles who are destined for destruction in the realities of Siberia, a place strongly associated with the martyrology of the Polish nation. It sends a messianistic message and poses the question whether the whole nation can ever be saved by an individual or an entire generation of emigrants.

Anhelli served as inspiration for the symphonic poem of the same name by Ludomir Różycki composed in 1909. The poem is also the basis of Anhelli. The Calling, the last part of a theatrical triptych Gospels of Childhood produced by Wrocław-based ZAR Theatre.

Plot
The main plot of the work revolves around the journey through Siberia undertaken by the titular character, a youth named Anhelli, and his guide Shaman, leader of a Siberian tribe. Anhelli was chosen by Shaman from Polish exiles as the redeemer because of his "purity and sinlessness" and he was to be subjected to an initiation by taking part in a journey to see the suffering of the nation. Siberia is portrayed in Słowacki's poem as "white hell" for Polish exiles, a place of execution and spiritual downfall. The main characters wander through various places from deserts and abandoned graveyards through forests to the dark mines of Siberia. Their journey is reminiscent of Dante's journey through hell where the main protagonist, accompanied by Virgil, crosses the circles of hell meeting the damned along the way. Polish exiles are depicted as travelling across a deserted, hostile and hellish country, working hard in mines, suffering in cold dungeons with shackles on their legs and enduring beatings and humiliation. Their children are starving and are subjected to forced Russification.

Anhelli and Shaman's journey starts from the House of Exiles and was supposed to end there as well. However, Shaman's death resulting from a fight among the exiles forces Anhelli to embark on another journey to a faraway desert in the north where he dwells in a hut carved out from ice. Upon the death of Ellenai, a penitent and Anhelli's exiled companion, he is visited by two angels heralding the end of the world as well as his own death. Soon after, he also passes away and is not awakened by the call of the armoured Knight to resurrect and take revenge on the oppressors.

Gallery

See also
Polish poets
Three Bards
Kordian

References

1837 poems
Polish poems
Works by Juliusz Słowacki
Works set in Siberia

Anhelli


Daniel O’Connell Griffin (born 15 July 1967) is an American infectious disease specialist. He is president of the nonprofit organization Parasites Without Borders.

Co-director of Life Science podcast network Microbe.TV, Griffin broadcasts a weekly COVID Clinical Update as part of This Week in Virology (TWiV) podcasts.

Griffin co-authored the textbook Parasitic Diseases (7th edition 2019), available in more than 100 countries. In 2017, he published the paper Human B1 cells in umbilical cord and adult peripheral blood express the novel phenotype CD20+CD27+CD43+CD70 in the Journal of Experimental Medicine. He is senior fellow in infectious disease at United Health Group, Instructor in Clinical Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Centre, and Infectious Disease Clinician Chief, Pro Health Care.

Education
Griffin earned his BA in Philosophy from the University of Colorado Boulder in 1989. He received his MD degree from New York University School of Medicine and completed an internal medicine residency at the University of Utah. He completed a PhD in Molecular medicine from the Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, New York in 2012. In 2014, he completed a fellowship in infectious diseases from North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System-Hofstra University in Manhasset.

Research and career
Griffin's work includes investigating the potential role of human B1 cells and natural antibodies in the development of HIV-associated malignancies. He has a special focus on HIV and tropical medicine. His research interests are broad and include studies on infectious disease and immunology, molecular medicine, and tropical medicine. As of 2021, his research focused on HIV-1, stem cell latency, stem cell gene therapy using retroviral vectors, and COVID-19.

Griffin has volunteered with the nonprofit Foundation for International Medical Relief of Children, including conducting mandatory health education sessions for its staff. He joined the biomedical research community of the Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University. He is an associate research scientist in Columbia's Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, instructor of clinical medicine, and a member of the division of infectious diseases.

Science communication
Griffin co-authored at least two editions of a textbox on parasitology, Parasitic Diseases, with Dickson Despommier. The two men decided to found the nonprofit organization Parasites Without Borders to disseminate clinical information about parasitic disease, including the textbook. As of June 2021, 40,000 copies had been distributed to over 100 countries.

Since episode 80 of the monthly podcast This Week in Parasitism (TWiP), Griffin has been its co-host with Racaniello and Despommier.

In early March 2020 as the COVID-19 pandemic began to seriously affect the New York City area, Griffin began providing clinical updates about the virus based on his practice and correspondence with medical colleagues around the world on another podcast hosted by Racaniello, This Week in Virology (TWiV). Eventually the popularity of the clinical updates resulted in Racaniello publishing them in standalone episodes of TWiV. As of May 2022, Griffin had provided 112 such clinical updates on TWiV.

Affiliations
Griffin is a member in the following scientific societies or associations:
 American Society for Microbiology (ASM)
 American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA)
 American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH)
 International Society for Travel Medicine (ISTM)
 American Society of Parasitologists (ASP)

Patents
 Human B1 cells and uses thereof.

Awards
 Ruth and Leonard Litwin Fellowship Award in 2011
 Davies Award in 2006 (An international award given by HIMSS, the largest health IT organization in the world)

Selected publications
Human B1 cells in umbilical cord and adult peripheral blood express the novel phenotype CD20+CD27+CD43+CD70−
Identifying Optimal COVID-19 Testing Strategies for School and Businesses: Balancing testing frequency, individual test technology, and cost
Human B-1 cells take the stage
A small CD11b+ human B1 cell subpopulation stimulates T cells and is expanded in lupus.
Human “orchestrator” CD11b+ B1 cells spontaneously secrete interleukin-10 and regulate T-cell activity.
Human B1 cell frequency: isolation and analysis of human B1 cells
Human B1 cells are CD3−: A reply to “A human equivalent of mouse B-1 cells?” and “The nature of circulating CD27+CD43+ B cells”

External links
 Parasites Without Borders
 Google Scholar - Daniel O'Connell Griffin

References

Living people
American immunologists
American physicians
American writers
1967 births
New York University Grossman School of Medicine alumni
University of Colorado alumni
American podcasters

Daniel O. Griffin


Bulolia ocellata är en spindelart som beskrevs av Zabka 1996. Bulolia ocellata ingår i släktet Bulolia och familjen hoppspindlar. Inga underarter finns listade.

Källor

Hoppspindlar
ocellata

Bulolia ocellata


Layachi Hamidouche est un artiste plasticien algérien né le  à Annaba, Algérie.

Biographie
Dès son plus jeune âge, Layachi manifeste des prédispositions pour le dessin ; en 1965, il obtient le baccalauréat et fréquente la classe préparatoire de mathématiques supérieures à Alger (1965-1966 ) ; dans son entourage familial, on le prédestinait à des études supérieures. Mais l'univers de rêve propre au dessin et à la peinture en décida autrement. Dès , il commence sa carrière d'enseignant de mathématiques et il se consacrera à l'enseignement et à ... la peinture.

Son inscription au cours de peinture (1968-1969) à l'École Universelle par correspondance de Paris lui permet de parfaire ses connaissances artistiques. Les grands maîtres du clair obscur le fascinent. Les premières œuvres s'en inspireront. Au fil du temps et de la pratique, son style propre va prendre forme : une perpétuelle oscillation entre un symbolisme et un surréalismequi se côtoient ou s'alternent et souvent se complètent .

La pratique du jeu d'échecs interfère dans son œuvre picturale. Les pièces du jeu, les échiquiers, les pendules, les noms de variantes et de positions apparaissent et accompagnent longuement son cheminement pictural. Au-delà des règles imperturbables qui régissent le jeu, les œuvres peintes durant cette période semblent mettre en évidence l'existence d'une sorte de mécanisme mystérieux qu'il extrapole dans le domaine de la peinture. Cette démarche d'ordre philosophique est probablement un questionnement métaphysique. Le temps qui passe, facteur essentiel du jeu, symbolisé par des pendules, est aussi le côté le plus énigmatique de la condition humaine.

L'autre source d'inspiration qui influença sa peinture est, sans aucun doute, la matière qu'il enseigna .La rigueur dans la construction de l'œuvre, l'agencement précis des éléments du tableau en sont la manifestation la plus évidente . Malgré la densité de certaines œuvres, chaque personnage, chaque objet, chaque élément du décor semble avoir une présence indispensable .

Il reçoit l'hommage de l'Office pour la Culture de la ville d'Annaba en .

La rencontre avec la peinture numérique se fait en 1999. Les possibilités prodigieuses qu'offre l'ordinateur dans le domaine de la création de formes et de manipulations de textures le subjuguent. Le peintre entre de plain-pied dans ce nouveau domaine de l'art contemporain : l'art digital ou numérique . Ses travaux s'orientent vers le mixage des techniques numériques et traditionnelles . L'une des œuvres les plus représentatives de cette période est celle qu'il conçut pour la participation de son pays à 2010-FineArt en Afrique du Sud en 2010. C'est Hocine Ziani qui eut la responsabilité de constituer le groupe des cinq peintres algériens pour le 2010-Fine Art : Hocine Ziani , Layachi Hamidouche , Noureddine Zekara , Rachid Djemaï et Tahar Ouamane.

2007 fut l'année des premières expositions de Layachi sur Second Life . Dès ses premières visites dans ce monde , il remarque ses multiples dimensions. Les avatars qui y évoluent ont une relation sans équivoque avec le monde réel . Le peintre a rapidement constaté que Second Life , considéré comme un univers virtuel, emprunte cependant à la réalité tous les rituels qui lui sont spécifiques .Il s'ensuit une longue série d'expositions.

En 2007, l'émission « Une toile, un peintre », diffusée à la télévision algérienne et animée par Mohamed Boukerche, est consacrée à Layachi Hamidouche.

L'œuvre du peintre est imprégnée de son obsession  de comprendre la relation entre l'homme et l'univers , et , de son impuissance à trouver des réponses aux questions qui le poursuivent  depuis des millénaires . Les œuvres de Layachi sont comme des regards furtifs vers cet océan immense qui est l'intérieur de l'âme . Sa démarche n'est pas fondée sur un raisonnement , elle est essentiellement subjective et proche du rêve . Il  semble avoir entrepris son voyage dans la peinture , le domaine du langage  des formes et des couleurs , afin d'apporter sa modeste contribution à la quête sans fin et peut-être sans espoir du chemin qui conduira les hommes à entrevoir une infime parcelle de vérité au-delà du voile qui la recouvre . En face de certaines de ses œuvres  , on devine cette invitation à l'accompagner , le temps d'un regard .

Expositions

Expositions individuelles
 Théâtre Régional - Annaba,  ;
 Maison de la culture - Annaba,  ;
 Maison de la culture - Annaba,  ;
 Maison de la culture - Annaba,  ;
 Cercle de la culture et des arts - Annaba,  ;
 Cinémathèque - Annaba, mai- ;
 Théâtre Régional - Annaba,  ;
 Maison de la culture - Annaba,  ;
 Hôtel Seybouse International, Annaba,  ;
 Théâtre Régional - Annaba, .

Expositions collectives
 Maison de la culture - Annaba,  ;
 Mois des arts plastiques à la Maison de la culture - Annaba,  ;
 Mois des arts plastiques à la Maison de la culture - Annaba,  ;
 Mois des arts plastiques à la Maison de la culture - Annaba,  ;
 Mois des arts plastiques à la Maison de la culture - Annaba,  ;
  Salon National des Arts plastiques au Théâtre Régional - Annaba,  ;
 Théâtre Régional - Annaba,  ;
  Salon National des Arts plastiques à la Maison de la Culture - Annaba,  ;
 Alger, Capitale de la culture arabe à la Cité des Arts et des Sciences - Alger,  ;
 Semaine culturelle de la ville de Annaba au Complexe culturel - Bordj Bou-Arreridj,  ;
  Salon National des Arts plastiques à la Maison de la Culture - Annaba,  ;
 Rencontre Maghrébine des Arts Plastiques - Tunisie-Libye-Maroc-Mauritanie-France-Algérie à la Maison de la Culture - Annaba,  ;
 2010 Fine Art - Melrose Arch - Johannesburg (Afrique du Sud), avril- ;
 Rencontre Maghrébine des Arts Plastiques - Maison de la Culture - Annaba , .
 Exposition Nationale des Arts Plastiques - Maison de la culture - Annaba ''',

Expositions sur Second Life
 2007-2015. Exposition virtuelle permanente sur le site internet de l'artiste.

Pour en savoir plus

Bibliographie
 .
 .

Articles connexes
Peinture algérienne contemporaine
Peinture numérique
Musée national des beaux-arts d'Alger

Liens externes
Le site de Layachi Hamidouche
Parc des Arts
Algérie Confluences , Histoire de l’art pictural algérien : La figuration contemporaine
Djazairess , La peinture algérienne, témoin de l'histoire

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Peintre algérien
Artiste contemporain algérien

Layachi Hamidouche


Mulia Jaya is een bestuurslaag in het regentschap Bungo van de provincie Jambi, Indonesië. Mulia Jaya telt 1607 inwoners (volkstelling 2010).

Plaats in Jambi

Mulia Jaya


Ultrafiltrering är en kolloidkemisk separationsmetod som innebär att man skiljer kolloidala partiklar från varandra eller från dispergeringsmedlet med filtrering genom speciella, mycket finporiga membran. Beroende på porernas kaliber kan kolloidala partiklar över en viss storlek hållas kvar i membranet, medan mindre kolloidalpartiklar, dispergeringsmedlet och däri lösta ämnen passerar obehindrat.

Ultrafilter är mindre genomsläppliga än mikrofilter, men mer genomsläppliga än nanofilter och omvänd osmos. Ultrafilter avskiljer bl.a. bakterier, små kolloider och virus, och har en porstorlek på ungefär 0,01 - 0,1 µm. Membranens genomsläpplighet kan anges som Molecular Weight Cutoff (MWCO) i enheten Dalton (Da). För ultrafilter är MWCO ungefär 1000 Da - 500 000 Da.

Principer
Grundprincipen för ultrafiltrering är en tryckinducerad separation av lösta ämnen från lösningsmedel genom ett semipermeabelt membran. Förhållandet mellan det pålagda trycket på lösningen som skall separeras och flödet genom membranet beskrivs ofta av Darcy-ekvationen:

där J är flödet (flödeshastighet per membranarea), TMP är transmembrantrycket (tryckskillnad mellan tillförsel- och permeatströmmen), μ är lösningens
medelviskositet, och R t är det totala motståndet (summan av membran- och nedsmutsningsmotstånd).

Användning
Industrier som kemisk och farmaceutisk tillverkning, behandling av mat och dryck samt rening av avloppsvatten använder ultrafiltrering för att återvinna flöden och/eller höja värdet på senare produkter. Även bloddialys utnyttjar ultrafiltrering.

Dricksvatten

Ultrafiltrering kan användas för att avlägsna partiklar och makromolekyler från råvatten för att producera drickbart vatten. Metoden har använts både för att ersätta sekundär (koagulering, flockning, sedimentering) och tertiär filtrering (sandfiltrering och klorering) i vattenreningsverk, och som fristående system i isolerade områden med växande befolkning. Vid behandling av vatten med höggradigt suspenderade ämnen är ultrafiltrering ofta integrerad i processen som då utnyttjar primär (screening, flotation, filtrering) och någon sekundär behandling som förbehandlingssteg. Ultrafiltrering används främst av följande skäl:

 Inga kemikalier krävs (förutom för regelbunden tvätt av membranen)
 Konstant produktkvalitet oavsett inflödets kvalitet
 Kompakt apparatstorlek
 Kapabel att överskrida reglerande normer för vattenkvalitet och uppnå 90-100 % borttagning av patogener

Proteinkoncentration
Ultrafiltrering används i mejeriindustrin och särskilt vid bearbetning av ostvassle för att erhålla vassleproteinkoncentrat (WPC) och laktosrikt permeat. I ett enda steg kan ultrafiltrering koncentrera vasslen 10-30 gånger.

Tidigare alternativ till membranfiltrering av vassle var användning av ånguppvärmning följd av trumtorkning eller spraytorkning. Produkten från dessa metoder hade begränsade tillämpningar på grund av sin granulerade konsistens och olöslighet. Befintliga metoder medförde också inkonsekvent produktsammansättning, hade höga kapital- och driftkostnader och medförde på grund av den höga värmen som används vid torkning, ofta till denaturering av en del av proteinerna.

Andra tillämpningar
 Filtrering av avloppsvatten vid pappersmassatillverkning
 Rening av avloppsvatten, exempelvis i processen som kallas Membranbioreaktor (MBR)
 Osttillverkning
 Borttagning av patogener från mjölk
 Återvinning av enzym
 Koncentration och klarning av fruktjuice
 Dialys och annan blodbehandling
 Avsaltning och lösningsmedelsbyte för proteiner (via diafiltrering)
 Laboratoriekvalitetstillverkning

Källor

Bra Böckers lexikon, 1980.

Externa länkar
http://www.mtfd.se/media/3051/Membranteknik.pdf
http://www.foodandnutrition.lth.se/fileadmin/foodnutrition/Utbildning/BLT010/Delprov0403/Ultrafiltrering_gr_A.pdf

Filtrering

Ultrafiltrering


Навилод је насеље у Италији у округу Долина Аосте, региону Долина Аосте.

Према процени из 2011. у насељу је живело 13 становника. Насеље се налази на надморској висини од 1133 м.

Партнерски градови

Види још
 Покрајине Италије
 Италијани

Референце

Литература

Спољашње везе

Насеља у округу Долина Аосте
Википројект географија/Насеља у Италији

Навилод (Долина Аосте)


Coronița de Advent (în ) este o coroană din ramuri de brad, prevăzută cu patru lumânări, care sunt aprinse succesiv în cele patru duminici din timpul Adventului (timpul dinaintea Crăciunului). Obiceiul provine din Biserica Evanghelică și a fost preluat în Biserica Catolică din spațiul de limbă germană și din restul spațiului central-european.

Vezi și
 Advent
 Crăciun
 Weihnachten

Legături externe

 Coroana de Advent -  Familia creștină" - 04/2005
 Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland - Ursprünglich 28 Kerzen: vier weiße und 24 rote
 Ce este Adventul si de ce este cea mai frumoasa perioada din an

Practici creștine

Coroniță de Advent


Andrew Rayel (ur. 21 lipca 1992 w Kiszyniowie) – mołdawski DJ i producent muzyki trance. Student wychowania fizycznego. W plebiscycie DJ Mag Top 100 na rok 2013 został sklasyfikowany na 28 miejscu.

Życiorys
Andrew Rayel w wieku 13 lat zaczął produkować swoje pierwsze utwory. Inspirował się twórczością Tiesto i Armina van Buurena. Zadebiutował w 2010 roku utworem "Always In Your Dreams". Jednak produkcja ta przeszła niemal niezauważona, mimo swojej premiery w Tiësto's Club Life. Rok 2011 okazał się przełomowy. Utwór "Aether" został wydany na kompilacji A State of Trance 2011, otwierając drogę ku karierze młodemu producentowi. Kolejny singiel "550 Senta" okazał się wielkim sukcesem. Armin van Buuren umieścił go na swojej kompilacji A State of Trance 2012. Z kolei jesienią "How Do I Know" i "Aeon of Revenge" znalazły się na ekskluzywnej kompilacji Universal Religion Chapter 6.
Ogromne zainteresowanie produkcjami Rayela pozwoliło mu zadebiutować w prestiżowym zestawieniu DJ MAG Top 100 DJs na 77 miejscu.
Ponadto w zestawieniu dwudziestu najpopularniejszych utworów 2012 roku według słuchaczy A State of Trance znalazły się aż cztery produkcje Andrew Rayela, czyniąc go odkryciem roku.

Andrew pod koniec maja wydał swój debiutancki album "Find Your Harmony".

Bibliografia
 http://andrewrayel.com/pages/5.jsp

Dyskografia

Albumy
2014 Find Your Harmony

2017 Moments

Kompilacje
2013 Mystery of Aether

2015 Find Your Harmony 2015

Single
2011 Aether

2011 Opera

2011 Drapchi / Deflageration

2011 550 Senta / Believe

2012 Aeon of Revenge / Source Code

2012 How Do I Know (feat. Jano)

2012 Coriolis / Exponential

2013 Musa / Zeus

2013 Sacramentum (with Bobina)

2013 We Are Not Afraid Of 138 (with Alexandre Bergheau)

2013 Until the End (with Jwaydan)

2013 Dark Warrior

2014 EIFORYA (with Armin van Buuren)

2014 Goodbye (feat. Alexandra Badoi)

2014 One In A Million (feat. Jonathan Mendelsohn)

2015 Miracles (feat. Christian Burns)

2015 We Bring The Love (feat. Sylvia Tosun)

2015 Daylight (feat. Jonny Rose)

2015 Chased (with Mark Sixma)

2015 Mimesis (with Alexander Popov)

2016 Winterburn (with Digital X feat. Sylvia Tosun)

2016 Once In A Lifetime Love (feat. Kristina Antuna)

2016 Epiphany

2016 All Systems Down (with KhoMha)

2016 Take It All (with Jochen Miller feat. Hansen Tomas)

2017 I'll Be There (feat. Eric Lumiere)

2017 Connected (with ATB)

2017 Tacadum

2017 My Reflection (feat. Emma Hewitt)

2017 Lighthouse (feat. Christina Novelli)

2017 Heavy Love (& Max Vangeli feat. Kye Sones)

2017 Never Let Me Go (feat. Angelika Vee)

2017 Home (feat. Jonathan Mendelsohn)

2017 Mass Effect

2017 Soul On The Run (& Bogdan Vix & KeyPlayer feat. Roxana Constantin)

2018 Horizon (feat. Lola Blanc)

2018 Tambores (& Graham Bell)

2018 Trance Reborn (Find Your Harmony 100 Anthem) (& David Gravell)

2018 Dark Resistance

2018 In The Dark (feat. Haliene)

2018 New Dawn (& Corti Organ and Max Cameron)

2018 Last Summer (& Garibay feat. Jake Torrey)

2019 The Melody (& NWYR)

2019 Originem (Find Your Harmony 150 Anthem)

2019 Take All Of Me (feat. Haliene)

2019 Kick, Bass & Trance (& Chukiess & Whackboi)

Remiksy
2011 Karybde & Scilla – Tokyo

2011 Ruben de Ronde – Timide

2011 Faruk Sabanci – Maidens Tower 2011

2011 W&W vs Jonas Stenberg – Alligator Fuckhouse

2011 Tiësto feat. Kay – Work Hard, Play Hard

2012  Luke Terry – Tales From The Forest

2012  Craig Connelly – Robot Wars

2012  Roger Shah feat. Carla Werner – One Love

2012  Fabio XB & Wach vs. Roman Sokolovsky – Eternal

2012  Fady & Mina – Kepler 22

2012  Bobina – The Space Track

2012  Tenishia – Where Do We Begin

2012  Armin van Buuren feat. Jan Vayne – Serenity

2013  Armin van Buuren & Markus Schulz – The Expedition (ASOT 600 Anthem)

2013  Andy Moor & Betsie Larkin – Love Again

2013  Kyau & Albert – All Your Colours

2013  Zedd feat. Foxes – Clarity

2013  Jamaster A feat. Bi Bi Zhou- I Miss You Missing Me

2013  Dash Berlin feat. Sarah Howells – Go It Alone

2013  Alex M.O.R.P.H. feat. Silvia Tosun – An Angel's Love

2013  Faithless – Insomnia

2013  Armin van Buuren feat. Miri Ben-Ari – Intense

2014  Hardwell feat. Matthew Koma – Dare You

2014 Dash Berlin – Till The Sky Falls Down

2014  Ivan Gough & Feenixpawl feat. Georgi Kai – In My Mind

2014 Sick Individuals – Wasting Moonlight

2015 Armin van Buuren – Save My Night

2015 Cosmic Gate feat. Kristina Antuna – Alone

2015 Tommy Trash feat. JHart – Wake The Giant

2015 Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike feat. Ne-Yo – Higher Place

2016 Armin van Buuren feat. Eric Vloeimans – Embrace

2016 Armin van Buuren pres. Rising Star feat. Betsie Larkin – Again

2016 The Chainsmokers feat. Halsey – Closer

2017 Armin van Buuren & Garibay feat. Olaf Blackwood – I Need You

2017 Mark Sixma & Emma Hewitt – Missing (Mark Sixma & Andrew Rayel Remix)

2018 Andrew Rayel – Let It Be Forever (Andrew Rayel & DRYM Remix)

2018 Andrew Rayel – Moments (Andrew Rayel & Alexander Popov Remix)

2018 Andrew Rayel & Garibay feat. Jake Torrey – Last Summer (Andrew Rayel & DRYM Club Mix)

2018 Andrew Rayel feat. Lola Blanc – Horizon (Aether Mix)

2019 Armin van Buuren – Lifting You Higher (ASOT 900 Anthem)

2019 The Chainsmokers & Illenium feat. Lennon Stella – Takeaway

Linki zewnętrzne
 Oficjalna strona Andrew Rayela

Didżeje
Mołdawscy muzycy
Trance
Ludzie urodzeni w Kiszyniowie
Urodzeni w 1992

Andrew Rayel


Protapanteles pyrogrammae är en stekelart som först beskrevs av Nixon 1965.  Protapanteles pyrogrammae ingår i släktet Protapanteles och familjen bracksteklar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Bracksteklar
pyrogrammae

Protapanteles pyrogrammae