Linda Eder (; born February 3, 1961) is an American singer and actress. She made her Broadway debut in the musical Jekyll & Hyde, originating the role of Lucy Harris, for which she was nominated for the Drama Desk Award. Eder has performed in concert halls across the country including Carnegie Hall and Radio City Musical Hall. She has released her 18th solo album in 2018.

Biography

Eder was born in Tucson, Arizona, on February 3, 1961, and raised in Brainerd, Minnesota. Her parents,  Georg (from Austria) and Laila (from Norway), exposed her to music at an early age. She cites Judy Garland, Barbra Streisand, and Eileen Farrell as her childhood inspiration. Eder cites Garland, specifically, as her greatest influence. Her first musical theater credit was as the Mother Abbess in a high school production The Sound of Music. Eder was 4th runner up in the 1980 Miss Minnesota Pageant.

Before her work on Broadway, Eder sang in clubs in Minneapolis and performed at Harrah's Casino in Atlantic City, New Jersey. In 1988 she won the talent show Star Search, where her performance caught the notice of Frank Wildhorn. She signed with RCA Records and starred in two 1991 stagings of Wildhorn's musical Svengali (the 1990 world premiere and 1995–96 national tour), the 1997 Broadway production of his Jekyll & Hyde, and the 2003 World Premiere of Camille Claudel. During those years, Eder recorded several CDs on Angel Records and Atlantic Records.  Wildhorn and Eder married in 1998  and divorced in 2004; they have one son, Jake. Eder won the Theater World Award (1996–97) for Best Broadway Debut in Jekyll & Hyde.

After her first solo concert at New York's famous Carnegie Hall she caught the attention of two talk show hosts who were in the audience that night: Rosie O'Donnell and Kathie Lee Gifford. She subsequently appeared on The Rosie O'Donnell Show and Live with Regis and Kathie Lee and the Late Show with David Letterman. She was invited to Gifford's final performance on Live... and sang the song "Anything Can Happen", which was written for the musical Wonderland: Alice's New Musical Adventure,

Broadway
Eder's major theatrical career began in 1987, when she auditioned in Florida in front of musical theater composer Frank Wildhorn for the leading role of Lucy in Jekyll & Hyde. Very impressed with her vocal skills, she was immediately cast, although no production was planned at that time.  Linda has also performed holiday concerts on Broadway at The Palace and Gershwin theaters.

Jekyll & Hyde
In 1990, the Alley Theatre in Houston agreed to host the world premiere of Jekyll & Hyde, the first musical ever performed there. The show was extended several times, and Eder received raves for her performance. Following this triumph, Wildhorn debuted the musical Svengali, starring his two leading performers from Jekyll: Linda and Chuck Wagner. The musical also eventually played at the Asolo Theatre in Sarasota, Florida in 1991. She then performed with several workshops for The Scarlet Pimpernel, as the leading lady Marguerite St. Just, as well as appearing on the concept recording.

In 1995, after several workshops with Jekyll & Hyde, she was once again Lucy; Robert Cuccioli and Christiane Noll starred opposite her. The show remounted at the Theatre Under the Stars in Houston, before moving to Seattle's 5th Avenue Theatre. Following these two successful runs, Eder's headlining stint as Lucy traveled across the nation from Fall 1995 until Spring 1996, with a hopeful Broadway mounting in Spring 1996. However, the show was delayed.

Finally beginning previews the following March 1997, new creative team members joined. Along with the transfer came the dismissal of Lucy's first big number, "Bring on the Men". Although several rumors have circulated as to why it was cut, Eder has said that it was director/choreographer/scenic designer Robin Phillips who cut the song, which was not only one of her favorite songs, but a fan favorite as well. She has, however, given him some praise, mostly due to the acting coaching he gave her.

In 1997, she was nominated for the Drama Desk Award and Outer Critics Circle Award and won the Theatre World Award for her debut performance. Television personalities such as Regis Philbin and Rosie O'Donnell considered Eder robbed of a Tony Award nomination, both of whom had featured her (and Frank Wildhorn and his other musicals) on their respective shows several times. Eder was married to Wildhorn whilst performing on Broadway, and officially left on August 30, 1998. Luba Mason replaced her.  Eder left Jekyll to start a family but agreed to be cast in the limited run of the world premiere of Wildhorn's musical tapestry, The Civil War for its Houston premiere.

Eder performed for several workshops and demo recordings for Wildhorn. Most importantly, she did several tracks for his Wonderland: Alice's New Musical Adventure (previously called Alice), which had its world premiere ten years after the first single ("Anything Can Happen") was released, Havana (for which she has released the title song and several others), Bonnie & Clyde: A New Musical (which was to recently star Brandi Burkhardt, but now Laura Osnes, having its world premiere in 2009), Dracula, the Musical as Mina, Cyrano de Bergerac - The musical as Roxanne (opposite Douglas Sills in the title role), and finally Camille Claudel, which was written for her, and she was able to perform at two runs.

Eder's next musical outing was in Camille Claudel in 2003. She performed the role at the Goodspeed Opera House. Although the show, presented in an entire chamber-style form, received mixed reviews, Eder gained much attention again. In 2004, it was performed at the New York Musical Theatre Festival. However, the show has yet to be produced on a major scale, although several European productions were planned and an eventual Japanese premiere in 2011.

The Other Side of Me

Released on September 30, 2008, her CD The Other Side of Me has a pop/country feel. This is a departure from the style she is known for, which is standards and ballads. Her official website has a posting where Eder says "It took a year and a half to make my new CD, the other side of me, but in reality, it has been a lifetime in the making."

She goes on to say:

Now
At a "Frank Wildhorn & Friends" concert in Vienna in 2010, Eder appeared with Wildhorn, and European musical theatre superstars Pia Douwes and Thomas Borchert to celebrate the music of Wildhorn. The two shared a song, "Living in the Shadows." Eder performed several numbers including "Vienna", a fitting ending to the concert.  A live audio recording was released of the concert, but a planned DVD release was put on hold.

In 2011, Eder reunited with former record producer and musical arranger Jeremy Roberts and Wildhorn to work on two pieces. First, on the musical Tears of Heaven, which was produced in South Korea.

Also in 2011, Eder debuted her first Wildhorn-composed solo album since 2003, entitled Now. The recording received much acclaim and featured the single "Now" as well as a blend of pop songs and musical selections, such as "The Mad Hatter" (from Wonderland), "What's Never Been Done Before" (Camille Claudel), and "Living in the Shadows" (Victor/Victoria), which was originally written for Julie Andrews in the Broadway production of that musical.

In 2013 Eder recorded her 15th solo CD, a holiday themed album called Christmas Where You Are, which features a duet with her son Jake, then 14 years old. She adapted the lyrics to make it a personal and humorous mother and son duet.

She is becoming increasingly sought after for her successful Master Classes and vocal lessons.

Her concert schedule continues to take her across the country. In 2013 she performed a series of concerts entitled Memory Lane, incorporating key songs from her earliest performing days to the present.

Linda Live - The Live Concert Recording
On June 21, 2014, Eder performed a concert at the Arthur Zankel Music Center on the campus of Skidmore College.  This performance was recorded and will become Eder's  15th solo album. The concert was performed to a crowd of nearly 500 people and contained Eder's signature songs which include, "Someone Like You" from Jekyll & Hyde, "Vienna" and "Man of La Mancha."  Other songs performed that evening were all songs Eder said she performed throughout her career, including "I'm Not Lisa," "I Dreamed a Dream" from Les Miserables, "Fernando" (by ABBA), "Don’t Cry for Me Argentina" from Evita and "Climb Ev’ry Mountain" from the only musical Eder said she performed in high school, The Sound of Music.  Linda Live was released on September 9, 2014 and is sold exclusively on Eder's website.

Personal life

Linda Eder married Frank Wildhorn on May 3, 1998. They have a son, Jake, born in 1999. They separated in fall 2003 and divorced in 2004.

Notable Theatre Roles

Discography

Solo albums
 1989 Vienna (Early UK release of the Linda Eder album)
 1991 Linda Eder
 1994 And So Much More
 1997 It's Time
 1999 It's No Secret Anymore
 2000 Christmas Stays the Same
 2002 Gold
 2003 Storybook
 2003 Broadway, My Way
 2005 By Myself: The Songs of Judy Garland
 2007 Greatest Hits
 2008 The Other Side of Me
 2009 Soundtrack
 2011 Now
 2013 Christmas Where You Are
 2014 Linda Live: The Concert Recording
 2015 Retro
 2018 If You See Me
 2020 Retro-Volume Two

Musical albums
 1990 Jekyll & Hyde: Romantic Highlights (Concept Album) - Lucy Harris & Lisa Carew
 1992 The Scarlet Pimpernel (Concept Recording) - Marguerite St. Just
 1995 Jekyll & Hyde: The Complete Work (Concept Album) - Lucy Harris
 1997 Jekyll & Hyde - The Musical: Original Broadway Cast - Lucy Harris
 1998 The Scarlet Pimpernel: Encore! (Second Broadway Cast) - Marguerite St. Just ("Only Love", "You Are My Home")
 1998 The Civil War: An American Musical (Concept Album)
 1998 The Civil War: The Nashville Sessions
 2003 Camille Claudel: A New Musical (Studio Demo Recording)* - Camille Claudel
 2004 Cyrano de Bergerac ~ The Musical (Concept Album)* - Roxanne
 2005 Peter Pan (Leonard Bernstein) World Premiere Recording of the complete Bernstein score - Wendy
 2010 Halleluiah Broadway - Herself ("What I Did For Love" (from A Chorus Line), "Electricity" (from Billy Elliot))
 2011 Tears of Heaven (Concept Album)

*- Although planned, final outcome was that it was not to be released.

Singles
"A Little Bit of Heaven"
"Something To Believe In"
"Vienna"
"Never Dance"
"The Christmas Song"
"Bells of St. Paul" (Christmas)
"Gold" (From Camille Claudel)
"I Am What I Am" (From La Cage Aux Folles)
"Lifted"
"The Other Side Of Me"

Video albums
 1999 In Concert  (Aired on PBS)
 2001 Christmas Stays The Same  (Aired on Bravo)
 2018 The Other Side: An Inside Look At My Life With Out The Audience

Awards

References

External links
 The Official Linda Eder Site

1961 births
Living people
American women pop singers
American people of Norwegian descent
People from Brainerd, Minnesota
American people of Austrian descent
American musical theatre actresses
Actresses from Minnesota
Singers from Minnesota
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
20th-century American singers
21st-century American singers
20th-century American women singers
21st-century American women singers
Theatre World Award winners

Linda Eder


General elections were held in South Africa on 7 May 2014, to elect a new National Assembly and new provincial legislatures in each province. It was the fifth election held in South Africa under conditions of universal adult suffrage since the end of the apartheid era in 1994, and also the first held since the death of Nelson Mandela. It was also the first time that South African expatriates were allowed to vote in a South African national election.

The National Assembly election was won by the African National Congress (ANC), but with a reduced majority of 62.1%, down from 65.9% in the 2009 election. The official opposition Democratic Alliance (DA) increased its share of the vote from 16.7% to 22.2%, while the newly formed Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) obtained 6.4% of the vote.

Eight of the nine provincial legislatures were won by the ANC. The EFF obtained over 10% of the vote in Gauteng, Limpopo and North West, and beat the DA to second place in the last two. In the other six provinces won by the ANC, the DA obtained second place. This included KwaZulu-Natal, where the DA for the first time beat the Inkatha Freedom Party to second place. In the Western Cape, the only province not won by the ANC, the DA increased its majority from 51.5% to 59.4%.

Electoral system
South Africa has a parliamentary system of government; the National Assembly consists of 400 members elected by proportional representation with a closed list approach. Two hundred members are elected from national party lists; the other 200 are elected from provincial party lists in each of the nine provinces. The President of South Africa was chosen by the National Assembly after the election.

The provincial legislatures, which vary in size from 30 to 80 members, are also elected by proportional representation with closed lists. The premiers of each province will be chosen by the winning majority in each provincial legislature.

The National Council of Provinces (NCOP) consists of 90 members, ten elected by each provincial legislature. The NCOP members will be elected by the provincial legislatures in proportion to the party makeup of the legislatures.

Changes to electoral legislation
On 26 November 2013 the Electoral Amendment Act, 2013, came into force. It allows South African citizens resident outside South Africa to register and vote in the election of the National Assembly.

A new regulation added in 2013 that was enforced for the first time on 7 May 2014 is the prohibition of photographing marked ballot papers, which aims to inhibit voter intimidation.

Political parties

The governing African National Congress (ANC), supported by its Tripartite Alliance with the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) and the South African Communist Party (SACP), have held a majority of the seats in the National Assembly since 1994. They were re-elected with increasing majorities in 1999 and 2004, and with a slight fall in its majority from 69% to 65.9% in 2009. The ANC is led by Jacob Zuma. In 2012, Zuma was re-elected to a second five-year term as President of the African National Congress, beating his only rival and deputy, Kgalema Motlanthe, by a wide margin. Cyril Ramaphosa was elected as Deputy President of the ANC, succeeding Motlanthe who had declined a second term after losing to Zuma.

The official opposition Democratic Alliance (DA) received 16.7% of the vote in 2009, up from 12.4% in 2004. The DA is led by Helen Zille, who was re-elected unopposed as Leader of the Democratic Alliance at the party's Federal Congress in Gauteng in 2012, while Lindiwe Mazibuko continued as Leader of the Opposition in Parliament. At provincial level, the DA has been in power in the Western Cape province since 2009, and came to power in several Western Cape municipalities in the 2011 municipal election. Traditionally, the DA was seen as a party rallying against apartheid laws, especially in the 1980s. However, one of its larger following bases are the whites in the south, especially after it absorbed the New National Party in 2001 (although NNP was disbanded in 2004).

Congress of the People (COPE), is led by Mosiuoa Lekota, although the leadership is disputed by Mbhazima Shilowa who continues to battle for recognition in the High Court. The party has been riven by infighting, causing it to lose much of its support and resulting in the formation of a splinter group, the United Congress. COPE won three seats in the National Assembly in the 2014 elections.

Mangosuthu Buthelezi remains leader of the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) despite a challenge by former IFP chairperson Zanele kaMagwaza-Msibi, who formed the National Freedom Party (NFP) after her feud with Buthelezi. The NFP and IFP split the vote in the Zulu-dominated KwaZulu-Natal province in the previous local government elections, each getting an even share of the vote, while the ANC continued to dominate the former IFP stronghold.

The Electoral Commission of South Africa (IEC) announced on 17 March that a record number of 33 parties had registered candidates for the national parliamentary election. In the provincial legislature elections the number of parties registering candidates, including four parties which had not yet paid the required deposits subject to a 24 March deadline, were:
Western Cape – 26
Gauteng – 22
Limpopo – 20
Eastern Cape – 18
KwaZulu-Natal – 18
Free State – 17
Mpumalanga – 16
Northern Cape – 16
North West – 16

The electoral code of conduct was signed in Midrand, Gauteng on 19 March 2014. At the signing event, a draw was held in which the Freedom Front Plus won the right to appear at the top of the ballot paper.

New parties
Several parties contested the election for the first time and gained seats nationally and provincially:

Expelled former ANC Youth League leader Julius Malema launched the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF), taking a strong anti-ANC position within its ultra-left economic platform, such as calling for the expropriation of land without compensation and the nationalisation of South Africa's mines and the South African Reserve Bank. EFF won 25 seats in the assembly in the 2014 elections, taking the lead over older parties including COPE, FF+, and UDM.
The National Freedom Party (NFP) was formed by former IFP chairperson Zanele kaMagwaza-Msibi.
The African Independent Congress contested the election nationally for the first time.
Agang South Africa was formed by anti-apartheid movement leader Mamphela Ramphele in 2013.

Other new parties were formed but did not obtain seats nationally:

The Ubuntu Party is a South African political party founded by Michael Tellinger based on his principles of Ubuntu Contributionism. The party aims to introduce 100% employment by closing down the South African Reserve Bank and replacing it with a People's Bank that will grant interest-free home loans, fund massive public works campaign, and provide free electricity as Eskom is owned by the people of South Africa.
The Workers and Socialist Party (WASP) was launched on Human Rights Day 2013 by leaders of the independent mineworkers' strike committees that led the strikes in the mining industry in 2012, before and after the Marikana massacre, and the Democratic Socialist Movement (DSM).
As a result of the infighting in COPE, the United Congress splinter group was formed, led by Mluleki George.
The new right-wing Front National (FN) party formed in December 2013 promotes separatism and Afrikaner self-determination. Hannes Engelbrecht is their leader and Dan Roodt is their deputy leader and spokesperson.
The Patriotic Alliance was formed in 2013 by South African businessman, Kenny Kunene, and Kunene's former jail-mate, Gayton Mckenzie.

Alliances and defections
The Independent Democrats party, which won four seats and 0.9% of the national vote in 2009, merged with the Democratic Alliance before the 2014 general election.

On 17 December 2013, the South African Press Association reported that five opposition parties, namely COPE, the IFP, the African Christian Democratic Party, the United Christian Democratic Party and the Freedom Front Plus, had formed a coalition with 20 specific priorities. The parties in the coalition, named the Collective for Democracy (CD) and chaired by COPE leader Mosiuoa Lekota, will retain their own identity and contest the election individually. The IFP denied being part of the coalition, saying they were wary of forming such alliances given the confusion it had caused for their supporters in previous elections. Three days later, the 20th, COSATU's largest affiliate National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa (NUMSA) announced that they would not endorse the ANC or any other political party in 2014. NUMSA planned to establish a new working class collective along the lines of the defunct United Democratic Front, with the ultimate goal of forming a socialist party that will contest the 2019 general election. An opposing COSATU faction has obtained a legal opinion on removing NUMSA from COSATU, with significant implications for the country's labour and political landscape.

On 28 January 2014, the DA announced that Mamphela Ramphele had accepted an invitation to stand as its presidential candidate in the 2014 general election, and the DA and Agang South Africa were set to merge. On the 31st, Ramphele stated that she would not take up DA party membership and would remain the leader of Agang South Africa, resulting in confusion. On 2 February, Helen Zille stated that Ramphele had reneged on her agreement to stand as the DA's presidential candidate. Ramphele subsequently apologised for the reversal of her decision, saying that the timing was not right as the reaction to it had shown people were unable to overcome race-based party politics.

On 6 February, it was reported that COPE members who support Mbhazima Shilowa's planned to join the United Democratic Movement led by Bantu Holomisa which won four seats in the 2009 election. On 10 March, it was reported that COPE MP Nqaba Bhangu had joined the DA as an Eastern Cape parliamentary candidate, and three COPE MPs, namely Julie Kilian, Leonard Ramatlakane and Nick Koornhof were included on the ANC's list of national parliamentary candidates published on the 11th. On 28 April, it was reported that over 20 COPE MPs had defected to the ANC citing "poor political leadership". The only COPE member in the KwaZulu-Natal Legislature, Lucky Gabela, subsequently also defected to the ANC citing internal conflict.

On 11 March, Al Jama-ah and the Africa Muslim Party announced they would campaign together under the Al Jama-ah Community Party banner. The next day, it was reported that DA MP Beverley Abrahams had joined the ANC. On the 17th, Economic Freedom Fighters announced agreement to establish working relations with the Socialist Party of Azania (SOPA) and Black Consciousness Party (BCP), who would not independently stand for elections, but their candidates would be part of the EFF election 2014 candidates list as EFF members. EFF also had members of South Africa First (SAF) in the list who hold dual membership. Although SAF had not agreed to them being on the EFF list, its leadership collective endorsed the lists.

On the 20th, it was reported that DA MPs Lourie Bosman, Niekie van den Berg and Theo Coetzee were joining Freedom Front Plus on the party's national candidates list for the 2014 election. On the 30th, it was reported in the Sunday Times that DA MP Mpowele Swathe had joined the United Christian Democratic Party (UCDP) after his name appeared on election candidate lists for both parties.

Endorsements
On 2 May 2014, the Mail & Guardian newspaper "urged readers to oppose the ANC" for the first time, to dilute the ruling party's "overweening political power". The editorial cited the support of Cabinet ministers for the controversial proposed "secrecy law" and the ANC's "cynical response to the Nkandla scandal" among its reasons. A Financial Mail editorial published on the same day, cited unemployment and changes in the government's administration and policies which impacted business negatively. It stated "the ANC does not get our endorsement this time" and "our vote goes to the DA". An editorial published in The Economist the following day, cited unemployment and an increase in corruption under Zuma's leadership in particular and stated that the ANC and Zuma "no longer deserve to rule" and "The DA deserves to be endorsed." Also on the 2nd, Abahlali baseMjondolo, a social movement representing shack dwellers which previously supported the No Land! No House! No Vote! election boycott campaign, announced its provincial endorsement of the DA in KwaZulu-Natal for the election as a tactical vote against the ANC.

Voter registration

Local voters
On the weekends of 9–10 November 2013 and 8–9 February 2014 all voting stations were opened for new voters to register and for those who moved residence to re-register in their new voting district. The presidency of South Africa urged voters who had missed the voting station registration weekends to register at an IEC office during office hours. Presidential spokesperson, Mac Maharaj, said that voters were allowed to register to vote until the election date is published in a government gazette, after which the voters' roll is closed. Approximately 5.5 million people in total visited voting stations, including between 1 and 2 million new voters. This increased the number of registered voters to 25.3 million, representing 80.5% of the 31.4 million people eligible to vote in the country. South Africans who were born after the 1994 general election, known as the born-free generation, and are aged 18 or older were eligible to vote for the first time.

International voters
South Africans living abroad could register to vote at any South African Embassy, High Commission or Consulate-General from 9 January 2014 to 7 February 2014. South Africans living abroad who wished to vote had to notify the IEC of their intention to vote by 12 March 2014. The weekends of 18–19 January and 25–26 January were made registration weekends to accommodate voters who were unable to register during business hours. Over 26,000 voters were registered to vote abroad by the time of the election.

A total of 26,701 voters were registered to vote abroad, with the highest numbers of voters being registered to vote in London (9,863), Dubai (1,539) and Canberra (1,243) with other stations totalling 14,056 registered voters.

Opinion polling

National ballot

According to an internal poll conducted by the DA with American pollster Stan Greenberg in March–April 2014, the ANC would get 59% of the vote, the DA 26% and the EFF 8%.

In an Ipsos survey of 1,000 registered ANC members conducted for the Sunday Times in December 2013, 55% of respondents said they will vote for the ANC again, 5% said they will vote for the DA, 6% said they will vote for other parties, and the remaining 34% said they did not know or preferred not to answer.

According to the results of an Ipsos Pulse of the People survey published in February 2014, the DA is the most multi-racial party while the ANC has 96% black supporters and the EFF has 99% black supporters, relative to 76% black survey respondents. The age profile of ANC supporters closely resembles the age profile of voters, while DA supporters are slightly older overall and EFF supporters are significantly younger overall.

Africa Check, a non-profit organisation that checks facts in claims made about Africa, and the Centre for the Study of Democracy have criticised polls by market research companies as unscientific. Africa Check warned that some polls are intentionally misleading and some are essentially conjecture.

Provincial ballot
The Ipsos Pulse of the People survey undertaken in October and November 2013 showed that a number of provinces would be closely contested. The ANC will continue to dominate in the Eastern Cape, Limpopo, North West, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal and Free State. The DA will keep the Western Cape while control of the Northern Cape and Gauteng will be contested between the ANC and DA, with other parties holding the balance of power, so coalitions may be decisive. In Limpopo and North West the EFF could become the official opposition.

The Ipsos/Sunday Times survey undertaken in February and March 2014 showed that the ANC enjoyed majority support in all provinces except the Western Cape, where the DA retains majority support. DA support followed that of the ANC in all other provinces except for the North West, where the EFF came in second place.

Campaign

Debates
The South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) broadcast weekly election debates from February to May 2014. They were broadcast between 6pm and 7pm on SABC 1 and streamed live on the SABC's YouTube channel.

The following debates took place:

Controversies
In January 2014, Helen Zille announced that the DA would be marching to Luthuli House, the ANC's headquarters, saying, "We are taking the fight to Luthuli House to highlight the failure of (President) Jacob Zuma's ANC to cut corruption and create jobs". Zille said that 6000 people would be marching, each one representing 1000 South Africans who would benefit from the 6 million jobs that the DA promised to create if it came to power. The planned date of the march was 4 February 2014, but this was later changed to the 12th due to logistical problems. The Johannesburg Metro Police Department (JMPD) initially denied the DA's application to march but the decision was overturned on 3 February 2014 when the DA took the matter to the Johannesburg High Court. On the 11th, it was reported that the JMPD had set the march perimeters to prevent the DA from marching to Luthuli House. JMPD spokesperson, Chief Superintendent Wayne Minnaar said, "The protest march by the DA... has been prohibited on the grounds that there would be a security risk to protesters." The DA announced that the march would now end at Beyers Naude Square. On the day of the march, an application to stop the DA march filed by the ANC to the South Gauteng High Court was dismissed.

The march ended early after the DA was confronted by ANC supporters 40 minutes into the march. Stones and petrol bombs were thrown by ANC supporters at police trying to calm the situation.

On 13 March, violence erupted in the Bekkersdal township in Gauteng, the scene of violent service delivery protests in 2013. Residents staged a protest over a planned ANC campaign in the area, barricading the streets with rocks and burning tyres and pelting ANC officials and police vehicles with stones. Police responded to the volatile situation by firing rubber bullets at residents.

Shortly after Public Protector Thuli Madonsela's final report on security upgrades to President Jacob Zuma's private residence at Nkandla was published on 19 March, the DA sent a bulk text message to Gauteng voters which reads: "The Nkandla report shows how Zuma stole your money to build his R246m home. Vote DA on 7 May to beat corruption. Together for change." The ANC submitted an urgent application to the South Gauteng High Court to stop distribution of the text message on the grounds that it violated the Electoral Act. On 4 April, the court ruled that the wording of the message was fair comment and dismissed the ANC's application with costs. The ANC was granted leave to appeal the decision. On 6 May, the Electoral Court ruled that the DA must retract the text message, finding that it wrongly targeted Zuma personally instead of the systematic failures highlighted in Madonsela's report. The court case was ultimately won by the DA when the Constitutional Court set aside the Electoral Court ruling on 19 January 2015.

On 5 April, a marquee, a stage, a sound system and chairs set up for an EFF rally in Thokoza were petrol bombed in the early hours of the morning. EFF spokesperson, Mbuyiseni Mdlozi said that the EFF suspected ANC members were responsible for the sabotage. ANC spokesperson Jackson Mthembu denied the allegations, saying "We don't do such things."

The following day, the DA accused the ANC of abusing state resources after the South African Social Security Agency (SASSA) was seen giving out blankets and toiletries at an ANC rally in Parys. ANC spokesperson Khusela Sangoni-Khawe denied the accusation, saying that the ANC did not know SASSA would be at the rally.

Four days later, the DA submitted a complaint to the Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA) about censorship by the public broadcaster after the SABC informed the DA it would not continue broadcasting a DA television advert titled "ANC Ayisafani", meaning "the ANC's not the same", and five DA radio adverts aired on 8 and 9 April 2014. According to the DA's Mmusi Maimane, who appears in the television advert, the SABC banned all DA adverts from 11 public radio stations as well as the television advert. ICASA announced that it would hold public hearings on the matter on Thursday the 17th, 6 days after the DA lodged their complaint. Following the DA's announcement that it would submit an urgent application to the South Gauteng High Court requesting a ruling on the adverts before the long Easter weekend commencing Good Friday, the day after ICASA's proposed public hearing date, the ICASA hearings commenced 2 days earlier than originally scheduled. On the day after the hearing, the ban was lifted temporarily as the SABC had failed to provide reasons for the ban during the ICASA hearings and requested more time to prepare a response. The DA also objected to the SABC not allowing the national official opposition party to participate in a televised election debate on land reform on SABC in the first 2 weeks of April. On 25 April, ICASA upheld the SABC's ban on the television advert finding that it contravened ICASA's regulations on party election broadcasts. ICASA ordered that a photograph taken by The Citizen photographer Alaister Russell of a police officer firing rubber bullets at unarmed residents during the March 2014 Bekkersdal protest be removed from the advert as "the police should not be seen as a threat to the community". In the advert, Maimane says "We've seen a police force killing our own people" while the photograph is shown on the screen. The South African Police Service had earlier submitted a complaint to ICASA that this footage would incite violence against police officers.

On 15 April 2014, a protest campaign against corruption with the slogan "Vukani! Sidikwe! (Wake up! We are Fed up!) Vote No", supported by over 100 ANC veterans, was launched by former government ministers Ronnie Kasrils and Nozizwe Madlala-Routledge. The IEC has requested a legal opinion on whether the campaign contravenes the Electoral Act. The campaign urges ANC supporters to either spoil their votes or vote for a smaller party. Archbishop Emeritus Desmond Tutu welcomed the campaign, and human rights activist and cleric Barney Pityana describes it as "a campaign to bring rationality, order, morality and decency back into our electoral system" in a Mail & Guardian opinion piece.

On the same day, United Democratic Movement leader Bantu Holomisa announced that lawyers acting on behalf of several opposition parties concerned about the credibility of the general election would approach the Electoral Court following the IEC chairperson Pansy Tlakula's refusal to agree to their call for her resignation. Public Protector Thuli Madonsela found Tlakula had been involved in building procurement irregularities in a report published in August 2013, and a subsequent National Treasury review published in March 2014 supported her findings. Five days before the election, the Electoral Court postponed the inquiry into her conduct until 2 June 2014, as it would not be able to rule on the matter before the 7 May election date. On 18 June, the Electoral Court recommended Tlakula's removal from office due to financial misconduct. Tlakula resigned as IEC chairperson on 1 September after an unsuccessful application to the Constitutional Court for leave to appeal the Electoral Court ruling.

On 22 April, the EFF also lodged a complaint with ICASA after the SABC banned an EFF election campaign television advert titled "Now is the time for economic freedom" that was due to be aired on 2 occasions, 2 days before the complaint was lodged and on the day the complaint was lodged. Four days after the complaint was lodged, ICASA upheld the SABC's ban on the advert. ICASA found that wording in the advert about physically destroying contentious e-tolls in Gauteng could incite violence and therefore contravened ICASA's regulations on party election broadcasts. The EFF advert had also highlighted police brutality, using interviews and photographs related to the Marikana massacre and the same photograph of the March 2014 Bekkersdal protest that ICASA ordered removed from the DA advert.

Nine days before the election, a Parliamentary committee set up to consider Zuma's response to Madonsela's final Nkandla report was referred to the next Parliament to be formed after the election, citing insufficient time available before the 7 May election date.

Two days before the election, Zuma spoke about the Nkandla scandal at a media briefing, saying it was only an issue with the media and the opposition, "the bright people ... very clever people", and not an issue with ANC voters.

On the day before the election, it was reported that the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (NSPCA) had ambushed election campaign posters by attaching matching NSPCA posters to the bottom of them. NSPCA spokesperson, Christine Kuch said that the NSPCA campaign hoped to get more political parties to include animal rights in their manifestos.

Cost
Due to the secretive nature of political funding in South Africa generally little public information exists on both sources of political funding of South African political parties and the nature of their expenses however the ruling ANC did declare the 2014 elections to be the "most expensive election" it had ever fought to date.  According to leaked sources within the ANC the 2014 elections cost the ANC over R429-million.  Some of the ANC's expenses include R118 million on campaign T-shirts, R17-million for the manifesto launch in Mbombela, R83.7-million in advertising (including R27-million for posters and billboards), R21 million for the victory rally, and R67-million on volunteers.

Voting

International special votes
Over 26,000 South Africans registered to participate in the national election in the international voting phase, which took place at 116 international voting stations on 30 April 2014. The last international voting station in Los Angeles closed at 6am SAST on 1 May 2014. All international votes were couriered to South Africa, combined into a single voting district and counted on 7 May 2014.

The IEC had budgeted R2 million to cover the cost of couriering the ballot papers from overseas.

Local special votes
The local special vote phase of the election took place on 5–6 May 2014, accommodating who are physically infirm, disabled or pregnant or were unable to vote at their voting station on the polling day. Former President Thabo Mbeki cast a special vote as he was attending a World Economic Forum meeting in Nigeria on polling day.

Voting day
Voting took place relatively smoothly at 22,264 voting stations in South Africa. It was reported that 2,449, or 11%, of the voting stations opened later than the scheduled opening time of 7am. All voting stations were operational by 11am. Voting stations closed and counting began at 9pm.

A newly designed braille template was used for the first time in a National election, allowing blind voters to vote independently for the first time. In previous elections, blind voters had to communicate their choice of party to a voting official, who then filled in a ballot sheet on their behalf.

Incidents
On voting day 97 people were arrested for election-related offences, primarily voter intimidation. A number of voters ignored the new legislation prohibiting photographs of marked ballot papers, including local celebrity DJ Sbu and footballer Andile Jali.

The chair of the Independent Electoral Commission, Pansy Tlakula, made it plain that electioneering was forbidden on the day of the election itself. 'No political events can take place on voting day,’ she told reporters. 'Campaigning finished at midnight last night.' In the townships surrounding Cape Town it was evident that this ruling was extensively and openly flouted. As the day drew to a close, cavalcades of cars, with loudspeakers blaring out party songs and supporters waving flags from the windows, could be seen touring up and down the streets. Outside polling stations crowds, some more than a hundred strong, dressed in party colours and waving ANC flags, could be seen dancing less than a metre from the long lines of men and women waiting patiently to cast their votes. When this was drawn to the attention of the police and the representatives of the Electoral Commission at the stations they either shrugged their shoulders or said they did not have the resources to deal with these violations of the regulations.

A voting station in Alexandra, Gauteng was temporarily closed after an argument broke out between ANC and EFF members when the EFF accused the ANC of vote-rigging. The voting station was opened later that afternoon.

An ANC supporter was fatally shot in KwaZulu-Natal by an IFP supporter near a voting station. Dumisani Nxumalo, a 28-year-old from KwaDukuza was charged with the murder. The Durban Regional Court saw his bail application on 26 June 2014 where it was alleged that the shooting took place while IFP supporters were walking past an ANC tent. The case was set to continue in July.

Results

The Electoral Commission decided to exclude the votes from one voting station in Tickeyline, near Tzaneen in Limpopo, because staff at the voting station were attacked at the close of voting and the security of the ballot could not be assured. The final results were announced on 10 May.

Parliament

National Assembly

National Council of Provinces
The National Council of Provinces (NCOP) consists of 90 members, ten nominated by each provincial legislature, in proportion to the party membership of the provincial legislature. Each provincial delegation consists of six permanent delegates, who are nominated for a term that lasts until a new provincial legislature is elected, and four special delegates. One of the special delegates is the province's Premier, or another member of the provincial legislature designated by the Premier, while the other three special delegates are designated ad hoc by the provincial legislature.

Provincial legislatures
In the provincial results of the election, the ANC won a majority in all the provincial legislatures except for the Western Cape, in which it came second to the DA. The DA came second in all other provinces except for Limpopo and the North West, in which it came third after the EFF.

Eastern Cape

Free State

Gauteng

KwaZulu-Natal

Limpopo

Mpumalanga

North West

Northern Cape

Western Cape

Notes

Reactions

Domestic

Political
African National Congress supporters gathered in Johannesburg to celebrate the party's results. Jacob Zuma dedicated the ANC's victory to Nelson Mandela. The ANC requested an in-depth analysis of election results from its provincial election team in Gauteng. ANC spokesperson Nkenke Kekana said the ANC was concerned about its drop in support in the 2014 elections. Democratic Alliance leader, Helen Zille, published a press release thanking every South African who voted for the DA. She said that voters had responded positively to the DA's campaign, saying, "We can look back proudly on what was undoubtedly the biggest and best campaign the DA has ever run." Economic Freedom Fighters commander-in-chief Julius Malema dedicated the EFF's result to the girls kidnapped in the Chibok schoolgirl kidnapping, saying, "It looks impossible, but we have proved what looks impossible is possible." EFF supporters gathered at Innes Free Park in Sandton to celebrate the results. Inkatha Freedom Party leader Mangosuthu Buthelezi said in a statement that despite low estimations in the Ipsos polls, the IFP managed to retain its fourth-place position in the elections. Buthelezi thanked all South Africans who voted for the IFP and stated that he was proud to serve South Africa. Agang SA: Mamphela Ramphele congratulate all parties and candidates who contested the election. She expressed disappointment at Agang SA's poor performance, but stated that she was proud that her party achieved parliamentary representation despite it only being formed several months prior to the election. African Christian Democratic Party MP Steve Swart expressed disappointment that the ACDP did not grow its share of the vote, but was grateful that they were able to retain their support compared to other parties in the election.

International

Recognised states

Africa
Angolan President José Eduardo dos Santos congratulated President Jacob Zuma and said that the election results reaffirmed the wish of South Africans to maintain the status quo. President of Botswana, Ian Khama said "We extend our congratulations to President Jacob Zuma and his party the ANC for their re-election." Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan congratulated President Zuma and the ANC on their "resounding victory", describing it as a well-deserved tribute to Nelson Mandela. President of Seychelles, James Michel congratulated Jacob Zuma on his re-election, saying, "It is a mark of confidence, in the leadership that you have provided the people of South Africa and the undeniable strong determination and conviction in making South Africa a beacon of hope and success in Africa and in the world." He also stated he was proud of the partnership between their two countries and he hoped that they would continue to improve. Swaziland's ambassador to South Africa Senzangakhona Dlamini told President Zuma "Swaziland agrees that South Africa has a good story to tell as you celebrate 20 years of democracy". Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe congratulated President Jacob Zuma on the ANC's "resounding victory" and commended South Africans for their "peaceful and exemplary conduct" during the election.

Americas
United States Secretary of State, John Kerry, congratulated South Africa on the elections in a press release when the voting had concluded. Once the results had been released, President Barack Obama congratulated Jacob Zuma in a telephone conversation.

Europe
The President of Belarus, Alexander Lukashenko sent a congratulatory message to Zuma congratulating him on his re-election. It read, "I hope that joint efforts will help us enhance bilateral cooperation for the benefit of the two countries." United Kingdom Foreign Secretary William Hague congratulated South Africa for successful elections and stated that the UK would continue to have good relations with South Africa.

Middle East and Asia
King of Bahrain, Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa congratulated Zuma on his re-election for a second term of governance. Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson, Hua Chunying, congratulated South Africa on the elections at a press briefing. She said that China had paid great attention to these elections and that "China will continue to view relations with South Africa as a priority in its foreign policy." Indian president, Pranab Mukherjee congratulated Jacob Zuma on his re-election and said that he hoped bilateral relations between India and South Africa would grow from "strength to strength." King Abdullah of Jordan congratulated Zuma and expressed his commitment to improve relations between Jordan and South Africa. Kazakhstan ambassador to South Africa Talgat Kaliyev congratulated President Zuma on "the successful elections". President of Nepal, Ram Baran Yadav congratulated Zuma on his re-elections and wished peace and prosperity for South Africans under Zuma's leadership. Sri Lankan president Mahinda Rajapaksa congratulated the ANC on their victory, saying this showed the popularity of "the party of Nelson Mandela, Oliver Tambo and others."

States with limited recognition
Barotseland Administrator General, Afumba Mombotwa congratulated Zuma for his victory, saying the result of the election showed that South African citizens had "spoken their minds." President of the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic, Mohamed Abdelaziz conveyed his best wishes to Zuma and the ANC on behalf of his people and government.

Supranational organisations
United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki Moon applauded the high voter turnout at the elections and South African citizens' willingness to participate in the democratic system their country fought for. African Union observer mission Deputy Head Ibrahim Fall reported that the elections were fair and all parties obeyed electoral rules. He said, "The general political and electoral environment was generally peaceful across the country, with voters being able to exercise their right to vote." Southern African Development Community Electoral Observation Mission said in a statement "Guided by the SADC Principles and Guidelines Governing Democratic Elections, SEOM concludes that the 2014 National and Provincial Elections were peaceful, free, fair, transparent and credible, reflecting the will of the people of South Africa." Commonwealth of Nations Election Observer Mission chairperson, Nana Akufo-Addo said that the South African elections should be an example for the continent of Africa, saying, "So when we see a process like this which seems to have been a commendable process taking place in South Africa, we see there is a tremendous boost to the spread of democracy in the rest of the continent."

Media
BBC's Andrew Harding said that there was no massive change in the elections compared to previous years and Voice of America said that the increase in representation for opposition parties will provide "great political entertainment".

Aftermath

Economic
On 8 May 2014, the South African Rand grew 1.2% against the US dollar, reaching its highest level in four months. The following day, the Rand was still trading strongly as preliminary results showed that the ANC would defeat the EFF, whose left-wing policies worried investors.

Political
On 7 June 2014, the Presidency issued a statement saying that Jacob Zuma had been admitted to hospital for tests following "a demanding election and transition programme," and that doctors were satisfied with his condition. Zuma was advised to rest for the next few days. Following internal conflict within Agang SA, party leader Mamphela Ramphele announced her withdrawal from politics on the next day.

Controversies

Dumped votes
On 8 May, it was reported that dumped ballots from the Lynnwood voting district in Pretoria had been found. According to reports, a majority of the dumped votes were for the Democratic Alliance. Helen Zille expressed her concerns over the incident to reporters at the IEC national operations centre, saying, "This is certainly not conducive to public confidence in a free and fair election." However, DA party agents from the voting station confirmed that the votes had already been counted. Party agent for the DA, Jordan Griffith tweeted, "I was the party agent there, those votes were counted and recorded. .signed off. The IEC in their laziness dumped them" The IEC stated that it was looking into the incident.

Violence in Alexandra
On 8 May violence broke out in Alexandra, Gauteng after residents found two ballot boxes dumped in the area. An IEC office was damaged.

IFP officials stormed an ANC office in Alexandra and held ANC members hostage after the IFP had realised that they had lost all previous IFP voting districts to the ANC. The ANC office was situated in a multi-purpose centre along with IEC and IFP offices.

Rubber bullets and stun grenades were used on 9 May to disperse a violent protest by 300 to 400 people demanding the release of the suspects arrested the previous day. Members of the South African National Defence Force were called in to bring the situation under control. 44 People were arrested for public violence during the protest.

See also
List of political parties in South Africa

Footnotes

References

External links

Independent Electoral Commission of South Africa

2014 elections in South Africa
General elections in South Africa
May 2014 events in Africa
South Africa

2014 South African general election


«Oh What a Circus» es una canción interpretada por el cantante inglés David Essex y compuesta por Tim Rice y Andrew Lloyd Webber para el musical Evita (1976), que se basa en la vida de la política argentina Eva Perón. La compañía Mercury Records la publicó como el primer sencillo del musical y como el tercero del álbum conceptual del mismo nombre el 4 de agosto de 1978, en algunos países europeos, y el 19 de ese mes en Reino Unido. Essex interpretó el personaje del Che —basado en el Che Guevara— en la producción original del musical en Londres y canta el tema desde su punto de vista. Con producción y arreglos de Mike Batt, es una canción de tempo rápido cuya letra compara la vida de Eva Perón, el personaje principal, con un circo y califica sus acciones de fraudulentas. Se caracteriza por ser un contrafactum y comparte la melodía con «Don't Cry for Me Argentina», de la misma obra.

«Oh What a Circus» significó un éxito comercial para el cantante, luego de que su anterior compañía cancelara su contrato discográfico debido a las bajas ventas de sus anteriores trabajos. Alcanzó el tercer puesto en la lista oficial de Reino Unido y estuvo entre los treinta primeros lugares en Bélgica, Irlanda y Países Bajos. En producciones posteriores del musical numerosos artistas realizaron una versión de la canción, entre ellos Mandy Patinkin, Ricky Martin y Marti Pellow. Para la adaptación cinematográfica, dirigida por Alan Parker y estrenada en 1996, fue interpretada por el actor español Antonio Banderas y por la cantante estadounidense Madonna; la crítica elogió el arreglo con influencias del flamenco en la composición.

Antecedentes y publicación

«Oh What a Circus» fue compuesta por Tim Rice y Andrew Lloyd Webber mientras desarrollaban el musical Evita entre 1974 y 1976. Ambos estaban muy intrigados por las historias que rodeaban la vida de Eva Perón cuando empezaron a investigar sobre ella a mediados de los años 1970. A su vez buscaban varios actores que interpretaran el papel del narrador de Evita, personaje inspirado en el Che Guevara.

Por otra parte, el cantante inglés David Essex había terminado su trabajo en el álbum conceptual Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds y estaba interesado en producciones teatrales. Recibió una llamada de Rice y Webber para el papel del Che e inmediatamente aceptó la oferta. El musical ya había generado interés anteriormente con el álbum conceptual del mismo nombre, editado en 1976, así como con el éxito comercial del sencillo «Don't Cry for Me Argentina», interpretado por Julie Covington. Essex se reunió con el director Harold Prince y discutieron temas relacionados con su personaje, incluido la visión que Rice y Webber tenían sobre él. Debido a su ascendencia romaní, el cantante tenía la «característica» naturaleza lacónica y la apariencia «ideal» necesaria para el rol.

Evita tuvo éxito desde su noche de estreno: Derek Jewell del Sunday Times elogió la música de Webber y la actuación de Essex como un personaje «melancólico y enigmático». Mientras tanto, el artista había publicado antes una versión de «Stay with Me» (1966), original de Lorraine Ellison, que alcanzó el puesto número 45 en la lista oficial de Reino Unido, hecho que provocó que CBS Records cancelara su contrato discográfico debido a la baja recepción. Por consiguiente, su representante comenzó a buscar contratos nuevos y al final firmó uno con Phonogram, quien sugirió que se pusiera a la venta como sencillo una de las canciones del álbum. La discográfica eligió entonces «Oh What a Circus», con «High Flying, Adored» como el lado B del vinilo de 7". De esta manera, salió a la venta como el tercer sencillo del álbum y como el primero del musical el 4 de agosto de 1978, en algunos países europeos, y el 19 de ese mes en Reino Unido a través de la subsidiaria de Phonogram, Mercury Records.

Composición y recepción
«Oh What a Circus» es un contrafactum y comparte la composición con «Don't Cry for Me Argentina», de la misma obra, pero tiene un tempo más rápido y letras completamente diferentes. La canción incluye un canto coral en latín, basado en el himno católico «Salve Regina». Una estrofa alternativa de «Don't Cry for Me Argentina» aparece como un preludio de la canción en el Acto , cantada por una joven que caracteriza a Eva. Colm Wilkinson fue quien interpretó la primera versión del tema en el álbum conceptual de Evita antes de Essex, quien este último grabó una nueva con producción y arreglos de Mike Batt y masterización de Tony Bridge. Se filmó un videoclip en la Catedral de San Pedro y San Pablo, ubicada en la ciudad de Brístol (Inglaterra), y muestra a Essex cantando mientras una multitud que lleva velas circula dentro de un edificio.

Según la partitura publicada en Sheet Music Direct, se establece en un compás de 4/4 con un tempo de 128 pulsaciones por minuto y el registro vocal de Essex se extiende desde las notas do sostenido3 a mi5. La letra trata sobre la noticia de la muerte de Eva y su funeral, así como la creencia del Che de que el duelo por ella no era apropiado y que su vida y predicación eran fraudulentas. Además compara su vida con la de un circo y un coro aparece durante la parte central. La letra cuestiona la santidad de la política y su reconocimiento como un personaje piadoso entre los argentinos, a la vez que se burla al haberle fallado a su gente al no ser inmortal. Las palabras riman en versos como los de show/go y town/down; Rice explicó que se hizo de manera intencional para hacer que la canción pareciera asimétrica.
Oh what a circus, oh what a show, Argentina has gone to town
Over the death of an actress called Eva Perón
Oh what an exit, that's how to go, when they're ringing your curtain down
Demand to be buried like Eva Perón

Luego de su publicación, el sencillo debutó en el puesto número 36 de la lista UK Singles Chart el 19 de agosto de 1978. Logró un ascenso con el paso de las semanas y finalmente alcanzó el tercer lugar un mes después, el 17 de septiembre. Fue la canción más exitosa de Essex en el país desde «Hold Me Close», que lideró la lista en 1975, y estuvo presente un total de once semanas. En los demás mercados europeos se ubicó en la posición ocho en Irlanda y en la veintiséis en Bélgica, e ingresó a los conteos Dutch Top 40 y Single Top 100 de Países Bajos, en los lugares dieciocho y veinte, respectivamente. Por último, en el ranking Kent Music Report de Australia, ocupó el número 72.

Versiones de otros artistas

Mandy Patinkin encarnó al Che en la producción estadounidense del musical y realizó una versión del tema. El autor William A. Everett, en su libro The A to Z of the Broadway Musical, escribió que su canto e interpretación «interactuaron a nivel psicológico con el personaje principal (interpretado por Patti LuPone) y desafiaron las acciones y motivaciones de ella». El actor español Antonio Banderas y la cantante estadounidense Madonna cantan la canción en la película Evita (1996), dirigida por Alan Parker. Durante el filme, el Che reflexiona en un bar vacío, tras el ostentoso cortejo fúnebre de Eva Perón, y luego en las calles de Buenos Aires mientras la comunidad llora y se rebela. Las estrofas de Eva aparecen durante la escena de su funeral, aunque no la canta directamente. Inicia con una guitarra española cuando Banderas toma la voz principal y luego aparece un coro cambiante a lo largo de la canción.

En el puente se produce un ritmo y un tempo diferentes donde la composición principal tiene influencias del rock y el piano, mientras Banderas pronuncia la frase She didn't say much, but she said it loud. El coro regresa cerca del final, seguido de un pasaje orquestal que consiste en el tema principal acompañado de sonidos de gong y timbales. Madonna recita los últimos versos share my glory, so share my coffin. J. Randy Taraborrelli, autor de Madonna: An Intimate Biography, elogió la voz de la cantante y la describió como «flexible y fuerte». De manera similar, Lucy O'Brien, en su libro Madonna: Like an Icon, comentó que la «dulzura y el poder de [su] voz aparecen como nunca antes en estas pistas». Paul Verna, de la revista Billboard, también otorgó una reseña favorable y consideró el arreglo «enérgico con sabor a flamenco» como uno de los momentos más destacados de la banda sonora de la película. El músico inglés Hank Marvin grabó una versión instrumental para su álbum de 1997 Hank Marvin and the Shadows Play the Music of Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice.

En 2006, para la primera reposición de Evita en los teatros del West End, el actor Matt Rawle personificó al Che y realizó una versión de la pista, que Michael Billington de The Guardian criticó al «no tener una idea coherente». En la producción de Broadway de 2012, el personaje, interpretado en esta ocasión por el cantante puertorriqueño Ricky Martin, fue modificado y en su lugar representó un hombre de clase trabajadora que narraba todos los eventos. Según Joe Dziemianowicz del New York Daily News, su actuación «atrayente» le dio «un gran toque de calidad de estrella». En 2014, Marti Pellow, de la banda escocesa Wet Wet Wet, lo representó en la segunda reposición de la obra en West End. Del periódico Bristol Post, Natalie Banyard aprobó la elección de Pellow y destacó «su presencia ardiente, su físico audaz y su hermosa voz [que] evoca de manera brillante al inquietante Che». Agregó que no hubo señales del brogue escocés del artista mientras «detenía el espectáculo con sus interpretaciones de "Oh What a Circus" y "The Lady's Got Potencial"».

Lista de canciones y formatos

Posicionamiento en listas

Créditos y personal
 David Essex: voz.
 Tim Rice: composición.
 Andrew Lloyd Webber: composición.
 Mike Batt: producción, arreglo.
 Tony Bridge: masterización.

Créditos adaptados de las notas del sencillo en vinilo de 7".

Referencias

Bibliografía
En inglés

Enlaces externos
 Evita en el sitio web oficial de David Essex
 Portada de «Oh What a Circus» en Wikimedia
 Muestra de audio de «Oh What a Circus» en Wikimedia

Canciones de 1976
Sencillos de 1978
Sencillos de pop
Canciones de David Essex
Canciones de Madonna
Canciones de Evita
Canciones con letras de Tim Rice
Canciones compuestas por Andrew Lloyd Webber
Sencillos de Mercury Records
Canciones multilingüísticas

Oh What a Circus


Willem Stumpff (Amsterdam, 22 augustus 1826 – Amsterdam, 16 januari 1912) was een Nederlands musicus, meest bekend als dirigent.

Hij was zoon van fagottist en concertorganisator Jacob Stumpff en Helena Petronella van den Hoff, wonende in de Utrechtsedwarsstraat. Ook grootvader Christian Stumpff en oom Johann Eduard Stumpff waren musici. Willem Stumpff zou het bekendst worden. Zelf was Willem sinds 1849 getrouwd met Elize Stuky, zijn beroep was even later tapper. In 1858 hertrouwde hij als weduwnaar en muziekmeester  met Anna Catharina Margaretha Klinkert. Drie kinderen uit dat laatste huwelijk werden redelijk bekend in Amsterdam. Johann Eduard Stumpff werd directeur-geneeskundige van het Binnengasthuis; zoon Willem werd muziekhandelaar, dochter kunstschilder Johanna Stumpff trouwde met Marius Bauer en werd bekend onder de naam Jo Bauer-Stumpff.

Hij kreeg zijn opleiding in eerste instantie binnen de familie, waarop een opleiding volgde aan de stedelijk muziekschool, een verre voorloper van het Conservatorium van Amsterdam. Hij kreeg er les van Jan George Bertelman. Hij studeerde in 1849 af in de vakken dwarsfluit, piano en compositieleer. Hij zal ongetwijfeld hebben gespeeld in de orkesten van zijn familie, die bedrijf voerde in onder meer Theater Frascati en het orkest van de Franse Opera, want hij was van 1853 tot 1868 onderdirecteur van het Parkorkest van de Parkschouwburg, dat onder bestuurlijke leiding stond van Johan Eduard Stumpff. Toen die in 1868 volslagen blind werd volgde Willem Stumpff hem op. In diezelfde periode had vader Jacob Stumpff pensioenfonds Maatschappij Caecilia opgericht, waarbij Willem aanschoof als vicepresident (1858) en president (1876); hij zou er tot 1909 bij betrokken blijven. In 1859 was hij met Richard Hol, Gustaaf Adolf Heinze, Willem Nicolaï en Hendrik Arnoldus Meijroos betrokken bij de oprichting van de Nederlandsche Toonkunstenaarsvereeniging (NTV); hij werd er penningmeester. Ook was hij tussen 1876 en 1906 betrokken bij Het Nederlands Toneel (directeur-gerant en lid Raad van Toezicht) van Schimmel en Abraham Carel Wertheim. De Parkschouwburg werd rond 1882 verkocht en Willem Stumpff werd leider van een combinatie van twee orkesten (Parkorkest en Paleisorkest) onder de noemer van Amsterdamsche Orkest Vereeniging. Deze combinatie viel weer uit elkaar door de komst van het Concertgebouworkest) in 1888. Willem was er in aanloop vanaf 1884 de eerste administratief directeur van de nog te bouwen concertzaal. Met name zijn uitvoeringen met het Parkorkest in de schouwburg en/of bijbehorend park trokken veel publiek maar ook beroemde solisten aan; het orkest verzorgde veel premières, alhoewel het publiek de concerten nog meestentijds tijdens diners aan tafels bijwoonde.

Op latere leeftijd ging zijn gezondheid dermate achteruit dat hij langdurig door familie verzorgd moest worden; hij verbleef bij dochter Wilhelmina Antonette Stumpff en haar man arts Antoni Kouwernaar in Bennebroek.

Vanwege zijn werkzaamheden was hij benoemd tot ridder in de Orde van Oranje Nassau

Nederlands dirigent

Willem Stumpff


Маэлсехнайлл мак Домнайлл (также Маэл Сехнайлл Мор, Мэл Сехнайлл Большой, Маэл Сехнайлл II, Малахия Большой, Малахия II; ; 948— 2 сентября 1022) — король Миде в 975/976—1022 годах и верховный король Ирландии в 980—1002 и 1014—1022 годах.

В 980 году победил дублинского короля Олава Кварана в битве при Таре. В результате этой блестящей победы викинги, правители Дублина, признали себя вассалами верховного короля Ирландии. Эта битва и победы имели не меньшее значение для истории Ирландии и сохранения её независимости, чем знаменитая битва при Клонтарфе в 1014 году.

Биография

Происхождение
Маэлсехнайлл принадлежал к роду Кланн Холмайн, ветви Южных Уи Нейлов. Сын Домналла Донна мак Доннхады (? — 952). Был внуком Доннхада Донна (ум. 944), короля Миде (919—944) и верховного короля Ирландии (919—944), правнуком Фланна Синны (847/848 — 919), верховного короля Ирландии (877—916), праправнуком Маэлсехнайлла мак Маэла Руанайда (ум. 862), короля Миде (843/845 — 862) и верховного короля Ирландии (846—862).

В течение многих веков (более 600 лет) королями Тары — верховными королями Ирландии — были представители разных кланов Уи Нейлов, потомков верховного короля Ирландии Ниалла Девять Заложников. Преимущественно на троне верховных королей Ирландии были поочередно представители двух ветвей, южной и северной, Уи Нейлов — Кланн Холмайн и Кенел Эогайн, иногда других частей рода Уи Нейлов — Сил Аэдо Слане и Кенел Конайлл. Эта система, базировавшаяся на обычаях и неписаных ирландских законах, оставляла в стороне, на уровне вассалов, королей и вождей других кланов — таких как королевства Мунстер, Лейнстер, Ульстер, Брейфне, Осрайге, Айргиалла и др. Это вызывало периодическое недовольство мелких королевств Ирландии, бесконечные войны между королевствами и верховного короля с непокорными вассалами. Угрозой Ирландии в то время было нашествие викингов, которые захватили обширные территории в Ирландии и образовали свои королевства на территории Ирландии. Конец этой системе положил Бриан Бору (Бриан Боройме), принадлежавший к совсем иному клану, но с согласия Маэлсехнайлла мак Домнайлла стал верховным королём Ирландии и сумел на короткое время объединить страну и разгромить викингов.

Битва при Таре и разгром викингов

В 980 году король дублинских викингов Олав Кваран, который стремился завоевать всю Ирландию, собрал вспомогательные силы викингов с их колоний из Шотландии, Норвегии, островов Атлантики, начав войну за покорение Ирландии. Битва состоялась на холмах Тары, под которыми была руины древней столицы Ирландии. Маэлсехнайлл мак Домнайлл, который возглавлял ирландское войско, наголову разбил викингов. Регинальд (норв. — Reginald) — наследник Олафа — был убит в битве. Маэлсехнайлл мак Домнайлл после победы выступил в поход на Дублин, за стенами которого укрылись остатки викингов. После трех дней осады гарнизон викингов сдался.

Битва под Гленмама
В 997 году состоялся съезд вождей и королей Ирландии под Клонфертом. На съезде был и Бриан Бору — на то время король Мунстера, что претендовал на роль лидера Ирландии и стремился объединить Ирландию в единое централизованное государство. Во время переговоров Бриан Бору и Маэлсехнайлл мак Домнайлл договорились, что Бриан Бору будет властвовать над южной частью Ирландии, а Маэлсехнайлл над северной. Титул верховного короля остался за Маэлсехнайллом. В честь этой договоренности состоялся обмен заложниками, которые должны были быть казнены в случае нарушения соглашения. В том числе заложники были взяты из королевства Лейнстер и из королевства Дублин, где жили викинги, которые теперь были вассалами ирландских королей. В 998 году Бриан Бору и Маэлсехнайлл заключили союз для борьбы с викингами, которые продолжали угрожать Ирландии и объединяли силы за морем с целью захвата острова.

В 999 году королевство Лейнстер, которое веками враждовало и воевало с Уи Нейллами и королевством Мунстер, объединилось с дублинскими викингами и восстало против Бриана Бору и Маэлсехнайлла.

Битва состоялась у Гленмама в горах Виклоу зимой. «Анналы Ульстера» и «Анналы четырёх мастеров» сообщают, что силы Бриана Бору и Маэлсехнайлла объединились и встретили армию Лейнстера и армию викингов у Гленмама 30 декабря 999 года недалеко от Дунлавина на земле Виклоу, где была старинная крепость королевства Лейнстер. Войска Ленстера и викингов были разбиты. Хотя английские источники сообщают об этом событии как о «подавлении бунта лейнстерцев». Поражение викингов и королевства Лейнстер освободила дорогу на Дублин для войск ирландских королей.

Повторное правление
В 1002 году Маэлсехнайлл мак Домнайлл передал власть и корону верховного короля Ирландии Бриану Бору как человеку, который смог бы окончательно победить викингов и объединить Ирландию. Однако Бриан Бору погиб во время решающей битвы с викингами в 1014 году под Клонтарфом. Власть снова вернулась к Маэлсехнайллу мак Домнайллу. Он сумел укрепить и утвердить власть верховных королей Ирландии, в том числе с помощью своих родственников из клана Флайбертах Уа Нейлл (ирл. — Flaithbertach Ua Néill). Его противниками в то время были Диармайт мак Маэл-на-м-Бо и короли Лейнстера. После его смерти на трон верховных королей, кроме традиционных претендентов из Кланн Холмайн и Кенел Эогайн, стали претендовать кланы О’Лохлайнн и О’Бриайн.

Семья
Маэлсехнайлл мак Домнайлл был дважды женат и имел многочисленное потомство:

1) Гормлет инген Мурхада (ирл. — Gormflaith ingen Murchada) (ок. 960—1030), дочь Мурхада мак Финна (? — 972), короля Лейнстера (966—972), сначала супруга короля Дублина Олава III Кварана, затем жена Бриана Бору. Дети:
 Конхобар (ум. 1030)

2) Маэл Муйре инген Амлайб (ирл. — Máel Muire ingen Amlaíb) (? — 1021), дочь короля Дублина Олава III Кварана (945—947, 952—980). Дети:
 Доннхад (? — 1012), убит во время набега на Уэстмит
 Домналл (? — 1030), король Миде (1027—1030)
 Фланн (? — 1013)
 Конгалах (? — 1017)
 Домналл (? — 1019), аббат
 Мурхад Руаг (ум. 1049)
 Муйрхертах (ум. 1049)

Примечания

Литература
 Brady John: Kingdom and County of Meath, 6-13. Ríocht na Mídhe I, 2, (1956)
 Jaski Bart (2005). «Máel-Sechnaill II (949/950-1022)». In Seán Duffy. Medieval Ireland. An Encyclopedia. — Abingdon and New York. pp. 310—312.
 Moran W. The hereditary lands and Royal Tuath of the O’Melaghlins, 33-44.Ríocht na Mídhe I, 4, (1958)
 Moran W. Uisneagh, Tara and the rise of monarchy, 3-17.Ríocht na Mídhe II, 1, (1959)

Короли Миде
Верховные короли Ирландии
Правители Европы X века
Правители Европы XI века
Персоналии Ирландии X века
Персоналии Ирландии XI века

Маэлсехнайлл мак Домнайлл


Fengcheng ist mehrdeutig. Es bezeichnet:

 die Stadt Fengcheng (凤城市 Fèngchéng Shì) der bezirksfreien Stadt Dandong in der chinesischen Provinz Liaoning, siehe Fengcheng (Dandong);
 die Stadt Fengcheng (丰城市 Fēngchéng Shì) der bezirksfreien Stadt Yichun in der chinesischen Provinz Jiangxi, siehe Fengcheng (Yichun);
 die Großgemeinde Fengcheng (凤城镇) im Kreis Anxi der Provinz Fujian, siehe Fengcheng (Anxi);
 die Großgemeinde Fengcheng (凤城镇) im Kreis Lianjiang der Provinz Fujian, siehe Fengcheng (Lianjiang);
 die Großgemeinde Fengcheng (凤城镇) im Kreis Yongding der Provinz Fujian, siehe Fengcheng (Yongding);
 die Großgemeinde Fengcheng (凤城镇) im Kreis Fengshan des Autonomen Gebiets Guangxi der Zhuang, siehe Fengcheng (Fengshan);
 die Großgemeinde Fengcheng (凤城镇) im Kreis Tianzhu der Provinz Guizhou, siehe Fengcheng (Tianzhu);
 die Großgemeinde Fengcheng (凤城镇) im Kreis Feng der Provinz Jiangsu, siehe Fengcheng (Feng);
 die Großgemeinde Fengcheng (丰城镇) in der Stadt Jimo in der chinesischen Provinz Shandong, siehe Fengcheng (Jimo);
 die Großgemeinde Fengcheng (凤城镇) im Kreis Wenshui der chinesischen Provinz Shanxi, siehe Fengcheng (Wenshui);
 die Großgemeinde Fengcheng (奉城镇) im Stadtbezirk Fengxian der Stadt Shanghai, siehe Fengcheng (Fengxian);
 die Gemeinde Fengcheng (凤城乡) der Stadt Houma in der Provinz Shanxi, siehe Fengcheng (Houma);
 das Straßenviertel Fengcheng (凤城街道) im Stadtbezirk Changshou von Chongching, siehe Fengcheng (Changshou);
 das Straßenviertel Fengcheng (凤城街道) im Stadtbezirk Yongding von Longyan in der Provinz Fujian, siehe Fengcheng (Yongding);
 das Straßenviertel Fengcheng (凤城街道) im Stadtbezirk Qingcheng von Qingyuan in der Provinz Guangdong, siehe Fengcheng (Qingcheng);
 das Straßenviertel Fengcheng (丰城街道) im Kreis Xinfeng der Provinz Guangdong, siehe Fengcheng (Xinfeng);
 das Straßenviertel Fengcheng (凤城街道) in der Stadt Haiyang in der Provinz Shandong, siehe Fengcheng (Haiyang);
 das Straßenviertel Fengcheng (凤城街道) im Stadtbezirk Laicheng von Laiwu in der Provinz Shandong, siehe Fengcheng (Laicheng).

Fengcheng


Центральный банк — главный регулирующий орган кредитной системы страны или группы стран. В данной статье приводится список всех центральных банков стран Океании.{| class="wikitable"
|+ Государства
|- bgcolor="#ececec"
|Валюта || Страна || Центральный банк || Наднациональный орган
|-
| rowspan=4 | AUD || Австралия || Резервный банк Австралии (Reserve Bank of Australia) ||
|-
| Кирибати ||rowspan =3 | Центральный банк отсутствует || rowspan =3 | Резервный банк Австралии
|-
| Науру
|-
| Тувалу
|-
| FJD || Фиджи || Резервный банк Фиджи (Reserve Bank of Fiji) ||
|-
| NZD || Новая Зеландия || Резервный банк Новой Зеландии (Reserve Bank of New Zealand) ||
|-
|rowspan=2 | PGK || Папуа Новая Гвинея || Банк Папуа — Новой Гвинеи (Bank of Papua New Guinea) ||
|-
| Бугенвиль || Центральный банк Бугенвиля и Мекамуи ||
|-
|-
| SBD || Соломоновы Острова || Центральный банк Соломоновых Островов (Central Bank of Solomon Islands) ||
|-
| TOP || Тонга || Национальный резервный банк Тонги (National Reserve Bank of Tonga) ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | USD || Маршалловы Острова ||rowspan =3 | Центральный банк отсутствует || rowspan=3| Федеральная резервная система США
|-
| Федеративные Штаты Микронезии
|-
| Палау
|-
| VUV || Вануату || Резервный банк Вануату (Reserve Bank of Vanuatu) ||
|-
| WST || Самоа || Центральный банк Самоа (Central Bank of Samoa) ||
|}

См. также
 Океания
 Центральный банк

Примечания

Экономика Океании

Центральные банки и валюты Океании


Децембарске или просиначке жртве 1918. године је назив за оружани инцидент који се догодио 5. децембра 1918. године у Загребу, на Тргу Бана Јелачића. У инциденту су учествовали побуњени припадници бившег Краљевског хрватско-угарског домобранства (25. и 53. пука) и морнари из Далмације, бивши припадници Аустроугарске ратне морнарице. На челу загребачке полиције је био др. Грга Будислав Ангјелиновић.

До инцидента је дошло неколико дана након што је делегација Народног већа Државе СХС отпутовала у Београд и регенту Александру предала адресу којом је тражила безусловно уједињење Државе СХС и Краљевине Србије. Инцидент је резултат несугласица међу различитим политичким струјама у Хрватској.

Циљ побуне је била успостава независне хрватске републике. Један од вођа побуне је био бивши аустроугаски капетан Јосип Мецгер (Josip Metzger), каснији организатор усташког логора у Јанка Пусти, генерал НДХ и ратни злочинац.

Према тврдњама др. Ивана Пернара, који је са прозора посматрао сукоб, у побуни је учествовало најмање 600 наоружаних војника са 2 митраљеза, а поворци су се прикључили и грађани. Пошто су војници на силу покушали да разоружају морнаре, дошло је до пушкарања. Побуњеници су отворили ватру из митраљеза, а морнари су им узвратили. Погинуло је 13, а рањено 17 учесника побуне, углавном војника. За разлику од побуњеника, који су се налазили на отвореном простору, међу морнарима није било повређених, јер су се налазили у заклонима.

Хрватски сепаратисти су касније покушавали да прикажу овај инцидент као сукоб хрватских родољуба са српском војском и жандармеријом, што се и данас ради иако је то био унутрашњи хрватском сукоб везан за уједињење у новоформирану државу.

Референце

Историја Загреба
1918.
Стварање Краљевине СХС

Децембарске жртве 1918


Слеза:

 Слеза — жидкость, вырабатываемая слёзной железой.
 Слёзы —  деревня в Пушкиногорском районе Псковской области.

См. также
 Сленза

Слеза (значения)


Płytki parsing (inaczej powierzchniowy parsing lub częściowy parsing) – rodzaj analizy składniowej, której celem jest uzyskanie częściowej struktury składniowej analizowanego zdania. W zdaniu wejściowym rozpoznawane są pewne wybrane struktury np. grupy rzeczownikowe, czy grupy czasownikowe, jednak nie jest rozpoznawana pełna ich struktura wewnętrzna ani nie są też analizowane role, jakie grupy te pełnią w zdaniu. W przeciwieństwie do parsingu głębokiego (parsingu pełnego) celem analizy nie jest rozpoznanie całej struktury składniowej zdania.

Strukturę rozpoznaną w wyniku parsingu można przedstawić w postaci drzewa. Dla takich samych zdań, drzewa struktury otrzymanej jako wynik parsingu płytkiego są mniej złożone od pełnych drzew struktury składniowej. Można zauważyć, że drzewo parsingu płytkiego to drzewo zbudowane z kilku najbliższych liściom (najbardziej szczegółowych) poziomów drzewa pełnego parsingu.

Poniżej przedstawione jest drzewo struktury płytkiej zdania:
 "Moja młodsza siostra idzie do kina z najlepszą koleżanką."

Płytki parsing jest problemem mniej złożonym od parsingu głębokiego pod względem obliczeniowym. Stosowany jest więc szczególnie w sytuacji, gdy istotna jest szybkość działania.

Zobacz też
 parser
 analiza składniowa

Języki formalne
Składnia

Płytki parsing


Ludu – wieś w Rumunii, w okręgu Mehedinți, w gminie Ponoarele. W 2011 roku liczyła 89 mieszkańców.

Przypisy

Wsie w okręgu Mehedinți

Ludu


Jack Benjamin Olson (* 29. August 1920 in Kilbourn, Wisconsin; † 3. Juli 2003 ebenda) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker und Diplomat. Zwischen 1963 und 1965 sowie von 1967 bis 1971 war er Vizegouverneur des Bundesstaates Wisconsin.

Werdegang
Jack Olson wurde in Kilbourn geboren. Der Ort heißt heute Wisconsin Dells. Nach der High School studierte er an der Western Michigan University in Kalamazoo. Während des Zweiten Weltkrieges diente er in der United States Navy. Dabei war er im Nordatlantik eingesetzt. Nach seiner Heimkehr nach Wisconsin Dells wurde er Eigentümer und Präsident der Firma Dells Boat Tours and Amphibious Duck Rides. Diese war in der Tourismusbranche tätig. Er setzte sich auch ganz allgemein für die Förderung der Tourismusindustrie ein. Außerdem war er Mitglied der amerikanischen Veteranenorganisation American Legion.

Politisch schloss sich Olson der  Republikanischen Partei an. Zwischen 1957 und 1960 war er deren Bezirksvorsitzender im Columbia County. In den Jahren 1960, 1964 und 1972 nahm er als Delegierter an den jeweiligen Republican National Conventions teil. 1960 leitete er den dann erfolglosen Präsidentschaftswahlkampf von Richard Nixon für Wisconsin. Im Jahr 1962 wurde Olson an der Seite von John W. Reynolds zum Vizegouverneur von Wisconsin gewählt. Dieses Amt bekleidete er zwischen 1963 und 1965. Dabei war er Stellvertreter des Gouverneurs und Vorsitzender des Staatssenats. Zwischen 1967 und 1971 übte er dieses Amt unter dem neuen Gouverneur Warren P. Knowles erneut aus. 1970 kandidierte er erfolglos für das Amt des Gouverneurs. Zwischen dem 22. Dezember 1976 und dem 30. April 1977 war Olson als Nachfolger von Seymour Weiss US-Botschafter auf den Bahamas. Er starb am 3. Juli 2003.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Vizegouverneur (Wisconsin)
Mitglied der Republikanischen Partei
Botschafter der Vereinigten Staaten auf den Bahamas
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1920
Gestorben 2003
Mann

Jack B. Olson


Подразделения канонических церквей
 Архиепископия западноевропейских приходов русской традиции — епархия с особым статусом Московского патриархата.
 Западно- и Среднеевропейская епархия — епархия Болгарской православной церкви.
 Западноевропейская епархия (Грузинский патриархат) — епархия Грузинской православной церкви.
 Западноевропейская епархия (Сербский патриархат) — епархия Сербской православной церкви.
 Лондонская и Западно-Европейская епархия — епархия Русской православной церкви заграницей.
 Западно-Европейская архиепископия — епархия Румынской православной церкви.

Подразделения неканонических церквей
 Лионская и Западно-Европейская епархия — епархия РПЦЗ (Агафангела).
 Сионская и Западноевропейская епархия — епархия Русской древлеправославной церкви.

См. также
 Экзархат приходов русской традиции в Западной Европе (Западноевропейский экзархат) — упразднённый экзархат Константинопольского патриархата.
 Митрополия Западной и Южной Европы — автономная митрополия Румынской православной церкви.
 Патриарший экзархат в Западной Европе — экзархат Московского патриархата.

Западноевропейская епархия


Мате́ево — деревня в Сясьстройском городском поселении Волховского района Ленинградской области.

История
На карте Санкт-Петербургской губернии Ф. Ф. Шуберта 1834 года упоминается деревня Матвеева, а к югу от неё усадьба помещика Петрушеского.

МАТИЕВО — деревня принадлежит Казённому ведомству, число жителей по ревизии: 19 м. п., 25 ж. п. (1838 год)

Деревня Матвеева отмечена и на карте Ф. Ф. Шуберта 1844 года.

МАТИЕВО — деревня Ведомства государственного имущества, по просёлочной дороге, число дворов — 9, число душ — 20 м. п. (1856 год)

МАТИЕВО (МАТВЕЕВО) — деревня казённая при реке Сяси, число дворов — 11, число жителей: 20 м. п., 30 ж. п.; Часовня православная. (1862 год)

В XIX — начале XX века деревня административно относилась к Иссадской волости 2-го стана Новоладожского уезда Санкт-Петербургской губернии.

По данным «Памятной книжки Санкт-Петербургской губернии» за 1905 год, деревня называлась Матиево и входила в состав Подрябинского сельского общества.

Согласно карте Петроградской и Новгородской губерний издания 1915 года деревня называлась Матвеева, к югу от неё находилась мыза.

С 1917 по 1923 год деревня Матвеево входила в состав Перевозского сельсовета Иссадской волости Новоладожского уезда.

С 1923 года, в составе Пульницкого сельсовета Колчановской волости Волховского уезда.

С 1924 года, в составе Ребровского сельсовета.

С 1926 года, вновь в составе Пульницкого сельсовета.

С 1927 года, в составе Волховского района.

По данным 1933 года деревня называлась Матеево и входила в состав Пульницкого сельсовета Волховского района.

В 1939 году население деревни составляло 130 человек.

С 1946 года, в составе Новоладожского района.

В 1958 году население деревни составляло 107 человек.

С 1963 года, вновь в составе Волховского района.

По данным 1966 и 1990 годов деревня Матеево также входила в состав Пульницкого сельсовета.

По данным 1973 года деревня также входила в состав Пульницкого сельсовета, однако называлась Матвеево.

В 1997 году в деревне Матеево Пульницкой волости проживали 10 человек, в 2002 году — 31 человек (русские — 94 %).

В 2007 году в деревне Матеево Сясьстройского ГП — 7.

География
Деревня расположена в северной части района на автодороге  (Колчаново — Сясьстрой).

Расстояние до административного центра поселения — 18 км.

Расстояние до ближайшей железнодорожной станции Колчаново — 8 км.

Деревня находится на левом берегу реки Сясь.

Демография

Примечания

Населённые пункты Волховского района

Матеево (Ленинградская область)


Marqués de la Ensenada, puede referirse a uno de los siguientes buques de la Armada Española, nombrados así en memoria de Zenón de Somodevilla y Bengoechea, I Marqués de la Ensenada (1702 - 1781), político ilustrado español.

, crucero de clase Velasco de la Armada Española activo entre 1894 y 1900.
, destructor de clase Oquendo de la Armada Española  activo entre 1970 y 1988.
, petrolero de flota de la Armada Española activo desde 1991 y dado de baja el 31 de enero de 2012.

Nombres de buques de la Armada de España

Marqués de la Ensenada (desambiguación)


Barry David Keim (born September 9, 1963, in New Orleans, Louisiana) is the Richard J. Russell Professor in the Department of Geography & Anthropology at Louisiana State University (LSU), as well as the state climatologist for the state of Louisiana. He was previously on the faculty of the University of New Hampshire, and was the New Hampshire state climatologist, from 1994 to 2003. He is known for researching extreme weather, such as hurricanes and heavy rainfall.

References

External links
Faculty page

People from Chalmette, Louisiana
1963 births
Living people
Louisiana State University faculty
American climatologists
University of New Orleans alumni
Louisiana State University alumni

Barry Keim


Річард В. Гейтс III (, нар. 1971 або 1972) — американський політичний консультант і лобіст. Давній діловий партнер Пола Манафорта. Займав посаду заступника Манафорта, коли той працював менеджером виборчого штабу під час президентської кампанії Дональда Трампа 2016 року. Йому і Манафорту в жовтні 2017 пред'явлено звинувачення, пов'язані з їх роботою консультантами політичних діячів в Україні.

Раннє життя та освіта
Рік Гейтс — син Річард В. Гейтса молодшого, відставного підполковника армії США, який є засновником і головним виконавчим директором Gates Group International, компанії з управління та інформаційних технологій, яка базується в Принц-Джордж (штат Вірджинія). У дитинстві Гейтс жив на багатьох базах армії США як всередині країни так і за кордоном. 1994 року закінчив коледж Вільяма і Мері зі ступенем у галузі управління. Пізніше він здобув ступінь  в Університеті Джорджа Вашингтона.

Кар'єра
На початку своєї кар'єри Гейтс проходив стажування у Вашингтоні в консалтинговій фірмі Black, Manafort, Stone and Kelly (BMSK). Там він працював з лобістом республіканців Ріком Девісом, зрештою 2006 року почавши працювати на нього і Манафорта у новій консалтинговій фірмі Davis Manafort, з офісом у Києві (Україна). Серед клієнтів Гейтса були такі люди, як президент України Віктор Янукович і російський олігарх Олег Дерипаска, взявши на себе цю роботу, коли Девіс залишив фірму в 2008 році для роботи в президентській кампанії Джона Маккейна. Разом, вони відіграли важливу роль в організації зустрічі між Маккейном і Дерипаскою в 2006 році.

У червні 2016 року Дональд Трамп найняв Манафорта керувати своєю передвиборчою кампанією на пост президента, і Гейтс послідував за своїм діловим партнером. Гейтс проробляв щоденні заходи кампанії. Він взяв на себе відповідальність за явний плагіат у промові Меланії Трамп на Національному з'їзді республіканців 2016. Гейтс залишився продовжувати кампанію після того, як Манафорта відсторонили, а потім перейшов працювати збирачем коштів для Національного комітету республіканців та Інавгураційного Комітету Дональда Трампа. Потім він допоміг створити протрампівську неприбуткову групу під назвою «America First Policies», але його виключили з організації в зв'язку з причетністю до зарубіжних фірм Манафорта.

Звинувачення і арешт

27 жовтня 2017 року Велике федеральне журі пред'явило Гейтсу і Манафорту звинувачення в рамках Спеціального прокурорського розслідування під керівництвом Роберта Мюллера щодо російського втручання в американські вибори 2016 і пов'язані з цим питання. Цих двох чоловіків звинувачено за дванадцятьма пунктами в змові проти Сполучених Штатів, неправдивих свідченнях, відмиванні грошей в розмірі «десятків мільйонів доларів», і відсутності реєстрації як іноземних агентів в Україні, як того вимагає Закон про реєстрацію іноземних агентів. Звинувачення стосуються лише їхньої роботи консультантами на користь проросійського уряду в Україні і не мають жодного стосунку до передвиборчої кампанії Трампа.

Манафорт і Гейтс обидва здалися ФБР 30 жовтня 2017 року, і на судовому засіданні подали заяву про невизнання себе винними. В очікуванні суду Манафорта і Гейтса випущено під заставу відповідно 10 і 5 мільйонів доларів США. Прокуратура кваліфікувала їх як людей, які здатні на втечу, і як запобіжний захід вони здали свої паспорти і були поміщені під домашній арешт.

Примітки

Американські лобісти
Незавершені статті про осіб США
Американські політичні консультанти

Рік Гейтс (політичний консультант)


Жуко́вка () — село Куликовского района Черниговской области Украины, центр сельского совета. Население 1 251 человек.

Код КОАТУУ: 7422784501. Почтовый индекс: 16340. Телефонный код: +380 4643.

Власть
Орган местного самоуправления — Жуковский сельский совет. Почтовый адрес: 16340, Черниговская обл., Куликовский р-н, с. Жуковка, ул. Центральная, 83, тел. 2-75-48, 2-71-82.

Примечания

Ссылки
 Жуковка на сайте «foto-planeta.com»

Жуковка (Черниговская область)


16 Samodzielny Pułk Czołgów  – oddział pancerny ludowego Wojska Polskiego.

Sformowany wiosną 1951 na podstawie "Planu zamierzeń organizacyjnych na lata 1951-1952". Stacjonował w Szczecinie.

Struktura pułku
 dowództwo i sztab
 sześć kompanii czołgów średnich
 batalion artylerii pancernej
 dwie kompanie dział pancernych
 kompanię technicznego zaopatrzenia
 plutony: łączności i saperów.
Uzbrojenie pułku stanowiły: 63 czołgi średnie T-34/85 i 18 dział pancernych

W grudniu 1952 zmieniono etat. W pułku zmniejszono ilość kompanii czołgów średnich do trzech i jednej kompanii dział pancernych. Ogólna liczba podstawowego sprzętu bojowego wynosiła wtedy 30 czołgów i 5 dział pancernych

W składzie 12 Dywizji
Pod koniec 1954 zmieniono jego nazwę na 16 pułk czołgów i artylerii pancernej i włączono go w struktury 12 Dywizji Piechoty.

W 1967 przemianowano go na 25 Drezdeński pułku czołgów średnich. Rozformowano 31 grudnia 1990.

Przeformowania
16 samodzielny pułk czołgów → 16 pułk czołgów → 16 pułk czołgów i artylerii pancernej → 25 Drezdeński pułku czołgów średnich

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Ludowe Wojsko Polskie w Szczecinie
Pułki czołgów średnich ludowego Wojska Polskiego
Samodzielne pułki czołgów Wojska Polskiego
Pułki czołgów i artylerii pancernej

16 Samodzielny Pułk Czołgów