German Admiral Raeder’s Navy Raiders
The German Navy’s surface raiders harried Allied shipping through much of World War II.
By Mark Carlson
On the nights of August 21 and 24, 1939, two dark ships slipped out of the German naval base at Wilhelmshaven and turned west toward the English Channel. Forty-eight hours later they were well out into the broad Atlantic Ocean, safe from prying British eyes. They were two of the Kriegsmarine’s most innovative warships, the compact but powerful pocket battleships Admiral Graf Spee and Deutschland. Each was armed with six 11-inch guns and could range for nearly 10,000 miles, prowling the seas for vulnerable prey.
A week before Hitler’s attack on Poland, Germany was already preparing to initiate Grand Admiral Erich Raeder’s Plan Z, the daring surface campaign to destroy Britain’s military and commercial sea trade.
The two ships were the vanguard of what Raeder hoped would eventually be dozens of fast and potent cruisers and battleships that would disrupt and destroy the Allies’ sea lanes and starve England into surrender.
At the war’s outset, Britain possessed about 2,000 merchant ships and another 1,000 coastal vessels of less than 2,000 tons each. This added up to around four million tons of cargo capacity. Another three million tons came from countries conquered by Germany, while another million tons were being launched each year. Britain required about 55 million tons of imports— consisting of food, oil, cotton, wool, and other industrial products—to sustain it. Raeder’s goal was to sink more tonnage than Britain could endure and force the capitulation. In essence, his raiders had to sink ships faster than Britain could replace them. As events proved, Raeder was doomed to fail before he even began.
Grand Admiral Erich Raeder led the Kriegsmarine until he fell out of favor with Hitler.
Erich Raeder, who had risen to command the Kriegsmarine after a career that went back to being a junior officer aboard Kaiser Wilhelm II’s yacht Hohenzollern to the post of chief of staff for Admiral Franz von Hipper’s battlecruiser force in the Great War, was a strong advocate of fast surface commerce raiders. They had proved successful during World War I, even if their impact on the outcome was negligible. The most successful surface raider was the light cruiser SMS Emden. In three months in the Indian Ocean, Emden sank two Allied warships and captured or sank 16 merchant vessels totaling 70,000 tons. Emden was undoubtedly Raeder’s inspiration for his vision of fast raiders running wild through Allied shipping. But he failed to give much credibility to the U-boat campaign of World War I. Although the U-boats were often hampered by the diplomatic need to appease neutral nations who violently opposed unrestricted submarine warfare, in 51 months the 371 U-boats sank 5,282 British, Allied, and neutral merchant ships totaling more than 11 million tons.
Ignoring this persuasive statistic, Raeder had convinced Adolf Hitler that a surface fleet was essential to victory at sea. In January 1939, he proposed his Plan Z, envisioning a huge fleet of battleships, heavy cruisers, and aircraft carriers that would roam and dominate the seas by 1948. Hitler had promised his fleet commander that there would be no war until at least 1944, giving Raeder a healthy margin of time to carry out his grand building program.
But in the summer of 1939, Raeder learned of the planned invasion of Poland. Even though there was little doubt that Britain would quickly become involved, Hitler forged ahead, disrupting Raeder’s carefully laid plans to build a huge surface fleet. Faced with a fait accompli, Raeder used what few large surface warships he possessed to support Hitler’s grand campaigns.
But Raeder was more of a tactician than a strategist, a remnant of his time with the battlecruisers under Hipper. He never developed a broad strategy, instead using his meager force in hit and run raids and attacks. Additionally, Raeder gave little thought to U-boats as a viable means of cutting the Allied sea lanes. But his greatest blunder was that he failed to recognize the nearly two decades of advances in aviation, marine technology, and radar that made a surface fleet more of a target than a threat.
His shortsighted dogmas condemned the Kriegsmarine to defeat.
Erich Raeder was not only up against the powerful Royal Navy, but the former First Lord of the Admiralty and later Prime Minister Winston Churchill, whose devotion to the Navy was close to reverence. Churchill gave the Navy all the support it needed to assure Britain’s survival.
The German battleship Bismarck posed a tremendous threat to Allied shipping with its main 15-inch gun batteries. Bismarck was hunted down and sunk by Royal Navy warships in 1941.
The last thing Churchill and the Admiralty wanted was for the distinctive shape of a huge German battleship to come out of the misty horizon and open fire with its heavy guns on a helpless convoy of tankers and transports. A salvo of heavy 8-inch or 11-inch high-explosive shells screaming out of the sky like angels of death could be devastating. The thin-skinned merchant ships could be sunk in minutes, leaving their crews to flounder and die in the freezing sea. Germany’s powerful ships would be wolves in the fold, unstoppable and deadly.
Raeder lacked the strength and time to make a significant contribution to the Third Reich’s war aims, but he doggedly followed a radically shrunken version of his original raiding plan. His only advantage was that the Royal Navy was largely equipped with vessels that had been launched during or shortly after the Great War. They were mostly older, slower battleships and battlecruisers with a leavening of light cruisers and destroyers.
However, Raeder’s ships were all new, having been launched since 1931 and fitted with the latest naval technology and engines. They were for the most part fast, heavily armed and armored and were the equal of their larger British counterparts. But there were too few of them.
The numbers leave little doubt as to the inevitable outcome. Even at a fraction of its former glory, the British Home Fleet consisted of seven battleships, two battlecruisers, four aircraft carriers, 21 cruisers, more than 50 destroyers, and 20 submarines. The navies of Canada, New Zealand, and Australia added their own strength to this huge armada. Against this Raeder never had more than 10 powerful warships. Three were the so-called “pocket battleships” Deutschland, Admiral Graf Spee, and Admiral Scheer. In Germany they were officially called Panzerschiffen, or “armored ships.” They carried two triple turrets with six 11-inch guns. They were registered as being 10,000 tons each but actually displaced over 12,000 tons. Three 14,500-ton Admiral Hipper-class cruisers, Hipper, Blucher, and Prinz Eugen, each carried eight 8-inch guns in four turrets. Formidable in themselves, they were soon superseded by two larger vessels, which were called heavy cruisers but were in fact battleships. Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, launched in 1936, each carried nine 11-inch guns in three turrets. While they were officially registered as displacing 19,000 tons, their registered gross tonnage was closer to 32,000. This made them larger than any German warship ever constructed up to that time, but Raeder was not finished. His planned armada was only partially complete.
The zenith of Raeder’s raider fleet were the huge new battleships Bismarck and Tirpitz, each of more than 50,000 tons and carrying eight 15-inch guns in four turrets. Launched in 1939 and 1940, respectively, the sisters were the largest and most heavily armed and armored warships ever built in Germany. But their very size and power made them the focus of Royal Navy attention even before they completed their sea trials. They were also the last capital ships built in Germany during World War II.
A large crowd gathered in June 1934 to watch the launching of the pocket battleship Graf Spee. Graf Spee came to grief in 1939, scuttled after the Battle of the River Plate.
In August 1939, Raeder initiated Plan Z by sending Graf Spee and Deutschland out to sea. Graf Spee, named for Count Maximillian von Spee, commander of the German East Asia squadron in 1914, went to the South Atlantic, while Deutschland headed for the North Atlantic.
From the moment Graf Spee received word that Great Britain and Germany were at war, her captain, Hans Langsdorff, who was above all a gentleman warrior, began his hunt for British merchant ships. German raiders were under the strict rules of cruiser warfare, where all ships stopped must be searched and their crews allowed to escape in lifeboats before the vessel was sunk. His crew was skilled and loyal to their mission. Langsdorff used his ship’s reconnaissance plane to scout for prey. When Graf Spee came upon a likely ship, the first thing Langsdorff did was to destroy the merchant ship’s radio room with direct fire, preventing a distress call. Then he ordered the captain to abandon the vessel before he opened fire. Graf Spee sank 16 ships in three months of raiding in the Indian Ocean and South Atlantic. Not one person was killed or injured. But time and circumstances were catching up with Langsdorff.
Three British cruisers, HMS Exeter, Achilles, and Ajax, none of which had the firepower of Graf Spee, were under the command of Admiral Henry Harwood, a brilliant tactician. Harwood deduced that Graf Spee would head for the port of Montevideo at the mouth of the River Plate in Uruguay where a convoy was expected. On the morning of December 13, 1939, Langsdorff found the three Royal Navy ships converging on him. With few options, he chose to fight. While the three British cruisers had less firepower than their foe, they split up and forced Langsdorff to either concentrate on a single ship or split his own limited firepower. Graf Spee’s main armament of six 11-inch guns were in two triple turrets.
After only 20 minutes of battle, Langsdorff had severely damaged Exeter but suffered major damage to his own ship’s superstructure. The British guns could not penetrate his hull or turret armor. He chose to break off and attempt to make repairs in Montevideo. But the Uruguayan government would not allow him to stay long enough to make repairs, and in the end Langsdorff had to either face a more numerous and powerful foe or scuttle his ship. He stripped Graf Spee of all classified equipment and set off charges that sank her in the river.
Langsdorff and his crew then headed for Buenos Aries, where he later committed suicide.
Coincidentally Admiral Maximillian von Spee had died aboard his flagship SMS Scharnhorst only 1,000 miles from where his namesake would be scuttled almost exactly 25 years later.
The two forward 11-inch main batteries of the battlecruiser Scharnhorst loom as the ship lies at anchor in the port of Kiel in the winter of 1940. Scharnhorst sank the British aircraft carrier HMS Glorious but was destroyed in the Battle of the North Cape.
Graf Spee’s sister, Deutschland, had a longer but far less successful career. Commanded by Captain Paul Veneker, Deutschland was operating off southern Greenland and Nova Scotia to interdict British shipping. At first she was moderately successful with two ships taken, but then Venaker made an error that caused great embarrassment to the Third Reich by capturing the American steamer City of Flint less than 1,200 miles from New York. The ship was seized and the American crew taken prisoner. Evading prowling British warships, Venaker headed for Norway. This was a further outrage, as both America and Norway were still neutral. The United States sent a flood of protests to the Nazi government.
Veneker then tried to go to Murmansk, but the Soviets, also neutral, refused entry. This meant that Deutschland and her crew were, in effect, kidnappers. Returning to Norway, Deutschland was boarded by Norwegian officials and the Americans set free. Deutschland returned to Germany for refit. To avoid any connection with the highly embarrassing incident, the ship was renamed Lutzow. Lutzow was heavily damaged by gunfire and torpedoes during the invasion of Norway the following year and towed back to Germany. Her luck failed to improve when the ship was again torpedoed by a Bristol Beaufort of RAF Coastal Command in June 1941.
Repaired, the ship then went aground off the coast of Norway, thus missing the famous July 1942 attack that scattered convoy PQ-17. By 1944, Lutzow nee Deutschland was providing support to German troops retreating from the advancing Soviets on the Baltic coast. Then an RAF Avro Lancaster heavy bomber dropped a 12,000-pound Tallboy bomb on the deck, doing great internal damage. Repaired once again, her ignominious career was ended when she was deliberately blown up four days after Hitler committed suicide in 1945.
Yet, as ineffective as Deutschland’s raids had been, she had managed to stretch the Royal Navy’s assets to the breaking point. Dozens of cruisers and battleships were detailed to protect the convoys from German raids, making things easier for Raeder’s plans but also rendering his goals virtually impossible.
Worse was in store for Raeder’s reputation. In November 1939, even before Graf Spee’s death ride, the battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau found the armed merchant cruiser SS Rawalpindi in the region between the Faeroe Islands and the Denmark Strait. A small P&O liner of 16,700 tons, she was fitted with eight 6-inch and two 3-inch guns. Under the command of Royal Navy Captain E.C. Kennedy, the Rawalpindi savagely attacked the two big German battleships. Even while the small liner sank from dozens of heavy shell hits, her guns continued to fire. The action forced the two German raiders to leave the area before a heavier Royal Navy force arrived.
he heavy cruiser Lutzow lies at anchor in a Norwegian fjord in 1942. The warship was originally christened as the Deutschland, but its name was changed after the seizure of the American steamer City of Flint.
Almost exactly a year later, another converted liner, the 14,000-ton SS Jervis Bay, under Commander Edward Fegen, was escorting Convoy HX-84 from Bermuda to Britain. Admiral Scheer found the convoy off the coast of Iceland. Fegen charged at the German ship with her seven 6-inch and three 3-inch guns. Jervis Bay was sunk in 20 minutes. Fegen earned a posthumous Victoria Cross. The convoy escaped without loss.
Despite some victories, one factor Raeder could not ignore was that the German surface raiders needed fuel, ammunition, replacement parts, food, and other supplies as they roamed far and wide in their hunt for Allied ships. Tankers and freighters had to be stationed in neutral or friendly ports. The raiders could patrol no farther than a few thousand miles from a support vessel, further limiting their range and effectiveness. Raeder recognized that it would become increasingly difficult for any of his raiders to evade the Royal Navy and patrol aircraft.
The other factor was geographical. Germany has only one coastline in the Baltic and North Seas. The major ports on the two seas are connected by the Kiel Canal, built in 1895 and expanded in 1913 to allow rapid deployment of ships, avoiding the long and often treacherous route around Denmark. But the fact was Germany could not deploy any ships without passing England either via the North Sea or through the English Channel. Raeder began to urge Hitler to invade Norway. This would provide dozens of fjords and harbors far up the North Sea from which to send his ships out to the Atlantic. Hitler, who had always considered the Norwegians to be a racially kindred nation with Germany, and seeing both strategic and tactical advantages to taking Norway, agreed. Raeder’s ships and transports were used extensively in the campaign, which began in April 1940.
The heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper and four destroyers were escorting 1,700 troops to Trondheim when they were spotted and attacked by the British destroyer HMS Glowworm. Hipper’s captain first fired on the Glowworm and then attempted to ram, but the British ship turned the tables by ramming the larger ship, tearing a 100-foot rent in the hull. While Glowworm later exploded, Hipper needed extensive repairs. Another invasion unit consisting of the newly named Lutzow and Hipper’s sister Blucher was accompanied by the light cruiser Emden, namesake of the famous raider of World War I. They headed for Oslo, which was guarded by 40-year-old 11-inch guns purchased by the Norwegians from Krupp to defend the city. When the German ships were almost near enough to “see the whites of their eyes,” the heavy guns began firing. Blucher was so heavily damaged that she was easily finished off with torpedoes. More than 1,000 German seamen went down with her. Lutzow was also damaged but escaped. The big German surface ships had not played a major role in the Norwegian campaign.
The Royal Navy sent the carriers HMS Ark Royal and HMS Glorious, recently arrived from the Mediterranean, to support the defense of Norway. They were to recover the remaining RAF fighters and bombers that were now stranded in Norway. The captain of Glorious, a veteran of World War I, failed to have an air patrol watching for any attack as his ship landed the precious fighters and bombers. Then, vectored in by Luftwaffe reconnaissance planes, the battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau raced in and began firing their 16 8-inch guns at the helpless carrier. Even with a smokescreen laid down by the escorting British destroyers, Glorious went to the bottom an hour later. This was the only significant warship, other than the battlecruiser HMS Hood the following year, to be sunk by German surface raiders.
The heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper engaged the British destroyer Glowworm off the Norwegian coast in April 1940. Glowworm rammed Hipper, causing extensive damage, but was sunk in the unequal fight.
With the fall of Norway in June 1940, Raeder had his North Sea sanctuaries for the raider fleet. Germany now controlled 3,000 miles of coastline from northern Norway to the Bay of Biscay, 10 times more coastline than before the war.
By the spring of 1941, Raeder was scrutinizing the total number of ships sunk in the first full year of war. Graf Spee had sunk 16 ships, totaling 50,000 tons. Admiral Sheer did better in the less heavily patrolled Indian Ocean, sinking 17 ships totaling over 113,000 tons before sneaking back to Germany in March 1941. Scharnhorst and Gneisenau managed to send 122,000 tons of ships to the bottom before being forced to run for a safe base in France.
The totals were not nearly as high as Raeder had promised Hitler.
And things were only going to get worse. Using radio direction finding (RDF) and brilliant cryptanalysis, the British Admiralty was tracking the raiders with ever-increasing skill. Long-range patrol aircraft, such as the American-built Consolidated PBY Catalina and its Canadian-built counterpart, the Canso, were scouring the Atlantic Ocean over the convoy routes. Added to this must be the work at Bletchley Park, where the German radio traffic was analyzed and distributed to the fleet. The Royal Navy was able to deduce the location and operational orders for Raeder’s ships. Every tanker and supply ship that was found and sunk further limited Raeder’s ability to find and attack the convoys.
But Raeder’s delusion that his few remaining ships could still do what he had envisioned in 1939 refused to die. He sent word to the newly operational Bismarck in April 1941, that she and her escort, the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen, should move out of southern Norway and head to the Atlantic. His ultimate plan was to have the two ships join with the newer Tirpitz and the sisters Scharnhorst and Gneisenau to break into the Atlantic and hit the big convoys. His theory was that the two biggest warships could temporarily control and extend into regions of the North Atlantic with their speed and heavy guns. Bismarck, being the most dangerous, was to fight and distract the Royal Navy escort ships while the other German raiders sank the helpless merchant ships. But Raeder’s grand plan was never to materialize. Tirpitz was not yet fully operational, Scharnhorst was having her engines overhauled, and Gneisenau had been torpedoed in the harbor at Brest, France. All Raeder had left were Bismarck and Prinz Eugen. No destroyer escorts could accompany them on their sortie as their range was too limited.
Raeder had little choice. The British convoys were carrying the weapons and troops for the invasion of Crete in the Mediterranean. They had to be destroyed or disrupted. This was pure folly on Raeder’s part. The Royal Navy was well aware of Bismarck’s location and was keeping a close eye on her. Norwegians, resisting their conquerors, reported any movement of German warships and planes to their British allies. Raeder assumed, with some justification in light of Rawalpindi and Jervis Bay, that the Royal Navy was defending convoys with as few as one warship or converted liner.
Yet the Royal Navy was more than willing to strip protection from other convoys to provide extra firepower to destroy Bismarck. In all, the British force consisted of six battleships, four battlecruisers, two carriers, 13 cruisers, 33 destroyers, and dozens of patrol aircraft. This was the largest force ever tasked with the destruction of a single ship.
Even without the additional support of three other large warships, Bismarck was to sail in mid-May and wreak havoc on the convoys no matter what.
There is little need to detail the chase and sinking of Bismarck as it has been covered many times over the years. But it serves as an excellent example of bad planning, bad leadership, and bad judgment by both Raeder and the fleet commander, Admiral Guenther Leutjens, who commanded Bismarck and Prinz Eugen on their ill-fated attempt to break out to the Atlantic. Leutjens made some very poor decisions that not only sealed Bismarck’s fate but condemned nearly his entire crew to death without any hope of success.
The crew of the battleship Tirpitz busily camouflages the warship, which lies at anchor in Flehke Fjord, Norway, in 1942.
By the summer of 1941, Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, Admiral Scheer, and Admiral Hipper were all being repaired or under constant air attack. They were unable to find a way to escape their French and Baltic Sea prisons. Then there was the last big raider, Tirpitz. She was what Raeder called a “fleet in being,” a term for a single powerful ship dominating an entire region. That might have had some validity at the start of the war, but by late 1942 it was pure madness. But Tirpitz’s fearsome presence did reap some unexpected benefits for Raeder. When the Soviet Union joined the Allied cause, Churchill promised Josef Stalin that he would begin sending convoys carrying vital war material to the Russian arctic ports of Murmansk and Archangel.
By the end of 1941, the first seven of these, designated PQ and JW, made it through to their destinations unscathed, but soon the Kriegsmarine was able to take action. More surface raiders and U-boats were sent to northern Norway, and long-range Focke-Wulf FW-200 Condor planes were sent out to find the convoys. Then the Royal Navy received word that the huge Tirpitz, along with the pocket battleship Admiral Scheer and the cruiser Prinz Eugen, were being sent to Norway. This was ominous news, as they could only have one objective: the Murmansk convoys.
Prinz Eugen was spotted and torpedoed, forcing her into a port for repairs.
In March 1942, Tirpitz was sent out to interdict PQ-12, but bad weather made finding the convoy impossible. The battleship returned to the safety of the Norwegian fjord. The Royal Navy conducted several air raids against the ship, but none were able to get close due to heavy antiaircraft fire.
Convoy PQ-17 was assembled in Iceland. It consisted of 35 merchant ships, 22 of which were American. Their cargoes were composed of hundreds of tanks, aircraft, and trucks, as well as fuel, ammunition, and supplies badly needed by the hard-pressed Red Army in its desperate battle to stop the Germans. The escort was six destroyers and a covering force of four cruisers, two British and two American. Several Royal Navy battleships were sent out in case Tirpitz emerged from her Norwegian redoubt.
On June 27, PQ-17 set a course into the Arctic Ocean, well aware of the threat that could come from the many fjords and harbors along the enemy coast. The convoy was spotted by a Condor on July 1, and the U-boats closed in to sink two ships. Then the Admiralty received word via Bletchley Park that Tirpitz was refueling in a northern Norway port. This could only mean one thing: she was going to attack PQ-17. There was no way for the heavy battleships of the Royal Navy to get there in time to stop a bloodbath. Near panic ensued, and in a series of badly conceived orders, the covering cruiser force was to head west and the convoy was to scatter, each ship to make a run for Murmansk on its own.
The last transmission from the convoy escort commander was, “Sorry to leave you like this. Good luck. Looks like bloody business.” Convoy PQ-17 was now at the mercy of Doenitz’s U-boats and the Luftwaffe. Day after day they charged in with a savage fury. By the time the remains of PQ-17 reached Murmansk, only 11 of the original 35 ships were left. It was a costly debacle. It was also the German Navy’s greatest single victory against an Allied convoy. The truth was, Tirpitz was never sent out to the convoy, but merely fueling and shifting its berth. The scattering of PQ-17 served to show how much the Admiralty feared the power of heavy guns on a convoy. Yet neither Tirpitz nor any of the other surface raiders fired a single shot at the unprotected ships.
In April 1944 the battleship Tirpitz was attacked by British Fairey Barracuda bombers. Tirpitz took multiple hits, and 300 crewmen were killed or wounded. Still, the battleship sustained only minor damage to its superstructure. The ship was finally sunk by British bombers in November 1944.
The turning point in the debate over the effectiveness of U-boats versus surface raiders was decided in favor of the former at the end of 1942. Early on, at Hitler’s insistence, Raeder had issued standing orders for the raider fleet. It stated that they engage at whatever cost, as long as they did not endanger or lose their ships. Even a casual reading of this order reveals its obvious contradiction. It ultimately led to Raeder’s fall from power.
In December 1942, Hipper, Lutzow, and six destroyers were sent from Norway to attack convoy JW-51B. The convoy consisted of 15 ships moving through the Arctic Ocean to Kola. The force was heavily escorted by seven destroyers and two light cruisers. Corvettes and air support from Murmansk were at the ready. When the German ships hove into view on December 31, they attacked the outer escort screen, sinking one minesweeper and a destroyer. But it was apparent that many more British warships were coming and further reinforcements had been called in.
The German commander broke off the action. Raeder’s order had also made it plain that if the German force was confronted with ships of equal strength they were to disengage. Not one freighter had been sunk. Worse, Hipper received three hits from 8-inch shells. The BBC announced the incident, and Adolf Hitler, never one to accept or recognize his culpability, went into a rage and ordered that all the remaining surface raiders be scrapped, their guns turned into coastal fortifications and their crews transferred to the U-boat fleet. In light of how poorly the surface raiders had so far served the Third Reich, this might have been a good tactical move.
Raeder resigned on January 30, 1943. The new grand admiral of the fleet was Karl Dönitz. The U-boats finally had the high command’s full support.
As for Tirpitz, she remained under heavy air and shore protection in Trondheim throughout much of the war, being subjected to numerous and costly air attacks by Royal Navy torpedo planes and land-based bombers. The only time Tirpitz, the last and most powerful battleship in the Kriegsmarine, ever fired her huge guns at the enemy was a shore bombardment of a British weather station on the island of Spitzbergen in September 1943. Fuel shortages prevented her from any further sorties, and the ship spent months sheltered in antiaircraft and antitorpedo defenses.
More Royal Navy torpedo planes and land-based bombers made attacks on Tirpitz through the summer and fall of 1944. The end finally came in November 1944, when Lancasters of No. 617 Squadron, the same group that had bombed the Ruhr Valley dams in March 1943, attacked Tirpitz with huge 12,000-pound Tallboys. Even though most bombs missed, there were enough hits to assure that the last German battleship would never leave port.
In the end, the mighty Tirpitz rolled over and sank in Tromso, Norway. No more surface raiders emerged from the Baltic or North Sea to threaten Allied shipping lanes.
After February 1943, the U-boats were the primary German naval weapon of the war. Altogether U-boats sank 2,779 ships for a total of 14.1 million tons, or 70 percent of all Allied shipping losses in all theaters of the war. The most successful year was 1942, when more than six million tons of shipping were sunk in the Atlantic.
As for the surface raiders, the total tonnage sunk by their guns was just short of 800,000. Considering the expense and the number of men needed to operate them, the results were dismal. The irony is that Raeder, who oversaw all new construction, was undoubtedly aware that for the cost, materials, and manpower of building just one battleship like Bismarck the Kriegsmarine could have launched at least 10 U-boats. If he had turned the Navy’s efforts to constructing submarines as far back as 1935, there could have been as many as 100 more U-boats manned and in service by 1940.
Churchill had openly stated that the thing that most frightened him during the war was the U-boat menace. Fortunately for the Allies, Raeder followed his own doomed plan. Of all the German surface raiders that put to sea in World War II, only one survived the war. The heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen, whose sole claim to fame was accompanying Bismarck on part of her death ride, was captured by the Allies and ended up in the Pacific.
Prinz Eugen was made into a target in the Operation Crossroads atomic bomb tests at Bikini Atoll in July 1946. While Prinz Eugen survived the two blasts, the sturdy cruiser was so totally irradiated that she had to be towed to Kwajalein Atoll and left as a derelict. She later turned over and sank. Her stern is still visible today.
This was the final blow to Admiral Erich Raeder’s fleet of surface raiders.
Author Mark Carlson has written on numerous topics related to World War II and the history of aviation. His book Flying on Film—A Century of Aviation in the Movies 1912-2012 was recently released. He resides in San Diego, California.
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PAPA ROACH Was 'A Little Bit Surprised' By Overwhelmingly Positive Response To New Songs
Kaaos TV conducted an interview with PAPA ROACH guitarist Jerry Horton before the band's June 23 performance at The Circus in Helsinki, Finland. You can now watch the chat below. A couple of excerpts follow (transcribed by BLABBERMOUTH.NET).
On the fan response to PAPA ROACH's eighth studio album, "F.E.A.R." (Face Everything And Rise), which was released on January 27:
"[We've had] lots of good feedback, which is… You know, it's a little bit surprising, because [the album] is different, and it sounds different from the last record. But even people that are not die-hard PAPA ROACH fans — like on the festivals that we've been doing — people are jumping up and down. Just at the end of the song, they're showing that they like that one. And it's good. We're excited about it."
On having IN THIS MOMENT's Maria Brink as a guest on "F.E.A.R.":
"It seems like with every record that we do, when we talk about doing it and what our goals are, the idea of having a collaboration comes up. And we've talked about having a female vocalist for quite a few years, but we could never agree on anything… on anyone between us. And then we were on tour with SHINEDOWN and IN THIS MOMENT a couple of years ago, and decided that we were gonna work with the producer [Kevin Churko] that did IN THIS MOMENT's previous albums and learned that we would be in the studio at the same time. So we said, 'Okay, are you down for this? Do you wanna do a song with us?' And she said, 'Of course.' So immediately we all said, 'Okay. Cool. We just have to find the right song for her to sing on.'"
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"F.E.A.R." followed up 2012's "The Connection", which was made as Shaddix was going through personal turmoil, including problems in his marriage and a struggle to stay sober.
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Museums in Cape Cod, MA
Find museums in Cape Cod, MA and other fun things to do. View our list of attractions, activities, events, restaurants and visitor information.
French Cable Station Museum
Museum in Orleans, MA USA
A collection of old Marine Telegraph Equipment. The station closed in 1959 and reopened as a museum in 1972. Most of the equipment remains in the building and some can be demonstrated. Tours generally have a section for the history of the Transatlantic Cable and the Station.
Heritage Museums & Gardens
Museum in Cape Cod, MA USA
One hundred acres of gardens, exhibits & family fun. Heritage Museums & Gardens--the largest public garden in Southern New England--offers a multi-generational experience of exploration, discovery, learning, and fun.


HomeUncategorizedMobile Phones
I would like everyone to have a modern and stylish mobile phones. But as you know, the best phones are quite expensive. We will not go into details as to why exactly a certain way, and move on. In our society there are so-called price categories, focused on one or the other social strata of the population. For example, there are facilities for people wealthy, but there are similar but simpler. Machinery, appliances, clothing and, of course – mobile phones. Speaking about the cost of cell phones, we should note that their value depends on the assembly.
That is, the phone Nokia, made from original parts anywhere in Hong Kong and Romania, will cost slightly less than the same cell of the original assembly. However, the question now is not about the difference in cost. As mentioned above, there are phones for different segments of the population. After all, man, let him not rich, I want to have the same Vertu or iPhone. But it is unlikely whether an ordinary citizen, will lay out tens of thousands of rubles for a phone. Here and come "to rescue" a copy of phones. And these copies exist as much as the original model.
Maybe be even greater. Copies and especially vip phones are all the same functionality and appearance. Quality and durability – that's practically the only difference between the original models of copies, or as commonly called – replicas. Good replica phone can last for several years. So do not assume that if the phone is worth ten thousand, rather than sixty thousand (cost of Vertu, on average), then they are bad and must be broken the next day. No, it's The situation is quite different. Sometimes it is so annoying mobile phone that you think you would probably have broken down, or started a "fail" to have a reason to replace you. But it was not there! Phone continues to work, despite the fact that it is not original model. For some reason, people are more inclined to think about the bad and expect this. But why, exactly, needs to happen is something bad? By purchasing a Nokia N95 TV a few years ago (I urgently needed a modem), and I do not think he should break down. Well, the Chinese, so what? I have a general, almost all Chinese. And this phone runs on this day, despite the fact that he does not even have a complete Russification. That says that my phone is not collected from original spare parts. So, dear friends, think about the good! And then it's good, is sure to be present in your life.
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Short Cuts – Prêt-à-Porter – Kansas City – The Gingerbread Man – Cookie's Fortune – Dr T and the Women
Altman on Altman
...Short Cuts DAVID THOMPSON: How did you come to think of Raymond Carver's short stories as material for a film?. ROBERT ALTMAN: I was on an airplane, flying back from Europe in 1990 after a project in Italy had collapsed,Altman and his son...
Early Years – The Calvin Company – First Features – Television
...Altman as a young boy, already expressing himself with a pencil Early Years Robert Bernard Altman was born on 20 February 1925 in Kansas City, Missouri. His ancestors were German in origin; his great-grandfather Clement, born...
Gosford Park – The Company – Tanner on Tanner
...Gosford Park DAVID THOMPSON: What brought you to England to do a period film? ROBERT ALTMAN: Bob BalabanBob Balaban (b. 1945) has had an extensive career on stage, television and film, both as an actor and director, notably of Parents...
Auteurism in the 1990s
NÖEl King
Toby Miller
The Cinema Book
British Film Institute, 2007
...In the Afterword to the 1998 edition of Signs and Meaning in the Cinema, Peter Wollen wrote: ‘I am still an auteurist’. It is tempting to see the coincidence of auteurism and millennialism contained in the notion ‘auteurism in the 1990s...
Robert Altman and the New Hollywood Musical
Gayle Sherwood Magee
The Sound of Musicals
...Between 1975 and 1980, director Robert Altman (1925–2006) made eight films, of which three are unquestionably musicals. These three musicals were filmed during one of the most productive and volatile periods in Altman’s career, and amid...
Dan Mirvish
Dan Mirvish　is a director, screenwriter, producer, inventor and author. Mentored by Robert Altman on his first film, Omaha (the movie), Dan co-founded the Slamdance Film Festival. Dan's film Open House forced the Academy Awards® to rewrite their rules, and he also co-wrote the critically-acclaimed novel I Am Martin Eisenstadt. His award-winning film　Between Us played in 23 festivals and sold to 144 countries.　Dan’s latest film is Bernard and Huey, written by the legendary Jules Feiffer.　He’s also written for Filmmaker Magazine, Indiewire and The Huffington Post. Dan has a master’s degree in film from USC and has　guest lectured at UCLA, NYU, USC, CalArts and many other film schools. Once　labelled a "cheerful subversive" by The New York Times, Mirvish was named one of Variety's Top 50 Creatives to Watch. Author affiliation details are correct at time of print publication.
The Cheerful Subversive’s Guide to Independent Filmmaking
... Write a Brilliant Script! Do you have something important to say that can only be expressed as a series of moving images and sound? Did you have a peyote-dosed fever dream at Burning Man that you absolutely must share with the rest...
More Television – Countdown – That Cold Day in the Park
...More Television DAVID THOMPSON: In spite of your dismissal from Alfred Hitchcock Presents, you went on to work solidly in television for ten years before breaking into feature films. ROBERT ALTMAN: I decided that television was the world...
Where White Men Dream Out Loud: Robert Altman’s West
Cynthia J. Miller
Cynthia J. Miller is a Scholar-in-Residence at Emerson College, USA, and a cultural anthropologist specializing in popular culture and visual media. She serves on the board of the National Popular Culture/American Culture Association, and is Treasurer and Governing Board member of the International Association for Media and History, as well as Director of Communication for the Center for the Study of Film and History. She also serves on the editorial board of the Journal of Popular Television. She is the winner of the James Welsh Prize for lifetime achievement in adaptation studies and the Peter C. Rollins prize for a book-length work in popular culture. Author affiliation details are correct at time of print publication.
Reframing Cult Westerns : From The Magnificent Seven to The Hateful Eight
...Introduction Robert Altman’s West can be overwhelming at first glance. Sweeping landscapes full of vibrant color and gritty grays are animated by icons and antiheroes, strangers, and stereotypes, all struggling to negotiate...
You Don’t Have to Call Us Home, but Please Stay Here: The City Film Commission
Nathan Koob
The City in American Cinema : Film and Postindustrial Culture
...Many have argued that the development of film commissions in the United States followed the economic development strategies of municipal powers within postindustrial cities to move to a more service-based economy.For example, Lawrence Webb...
Recursive Self-Reflection in The Player
Randy Laist
Randy Laist is Associate Professor of English at Goodwin College, US. He is the author of Technology and Postmodern Subjectivity in Don DeLillo’s Novels and the editor of Plants and Literature: Essays in Critical Plant Studies and Looking for Lost: Critical Essays on the Enigmatic Series. Author affiliation details are correct at time of print publication.
Cinema of Simulation : Hyperreal Hollywood in the Long 1990s
...Several of Robert Altman’s early films, including McCabe and Mrs. Miller (1971), M*A*S*H (1972), and The Long Goodbye (1973), were adaptations of novels, as was his “come-back” film, 1992’s The Player. After more than a decade of being...


Canary Watch now legally tracks secret NSA and FBI national security data requests
By Justin Kahn	 on February 4, 2015, 16:00
Most major internet services and social networks claim to be as transparent as possible regarding user privacy, but there are times when legal issues prevent them from doing so. Data requests from the likes of the NSA and FBI in many cases come along with stipulations that stop sites from disclosing details about what and when information is given to the government. But now a new site known as Canary Watch claims to have figured some of that out.
While it is in most cases illegal for a site to say it is receiving a national security data request from the government, it is not illegal for it to say it has not received one. This is how Canary Watch works. By tracking a constant flow of statements from sites saying they have not received a request, it will be able to reveal when a site has received one.
An example of a transparency statement or “canary” can be found here for Reddit, and includes information like when a site was last checked (2015-01-30 in this case) among other things. While Canary Watch can know when a service has received a data request, it does not appear to receive any details on what that information is.
The service, which was created by the NYU Technology Law & Policy Clinic group known as the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), is currently tracking a series of cloud based services as well as better known sites like Reddit, Pinterest and Tumblr. The EFF was recently quoted as saying canaries help companies to be honest with the public in a legal way, as well as acting as an advocate for user privacy transparency industry wide.
A new widespread malware attack targets Chrome, Firefox, Edge, and Yandex users


Home » Journalism
Category Archives: Journalism
“The Post”, A Tribute to the Fourth Estate
The Post. What a fantastic movie on so many levels!
I saw it recently with my family and, except for someone who kept falling asleep and snoring behind us, we really enjoyed this truly inspiring movie. The actual events surrounding the Pentagon Papers and the Vietnam conflicts here at home all flooded back to mind (yes, I am that old). But the movie brought in more detail and information than I ever knew. It filled the theater with suspense despite knowing the ultimate outcome. It reminded me again of just how vulnerable our First Amendment rights are, and how easy it is for an administration of government to take them away.
The U.S. Constitution doesn’t actually grant us our rights, it is just a slip of paper. Rather, it challenges us to physically inhabit those rights for ourselves. It lays the framework for an active civic process. Each generation must secure their rights anew under our Constitutional framework.
It was twice said in the movie that the right to publish the news is secured by publishing it, not by arguing about it. Our rights can wither in debate but can only strengthen when exercised. That is a lesson we must pass along to every generation.
Two present day examples of this principle come to mind. NFL players kneeling during the National Anthem is an actual exercise of our First Amendment rights, while the ensuing debate did little to strengthen our right to protest. A second example comes from a local news story of a lawyer who was stopped in her car by a police officer. The officer asked her if she knew why he had stopped her. She said she refused to answer the question, but otherwise cooperated and gave him her documents. The officer was so upset that she wouldn’t answer his question that he arrested her for not following a “legal” command. As he put her in the back of his police car he read her that familiar Miranda warning, which says in part, “You have a right to remain silent…” She remained under arrest for hours before being released. She later won a modest settlement in a suit brought against the Department for her unlawful arrest. The story generated a lot of debate while her actions helped secure our actual rights.
But back to the movie. I also came away with a profound appreciation for the incredible heroine depicted so well by Meryl Streep.
Katharine Graham was a socialite and heiress to the Washington Post, which was a local newspaper at that time. Her father founded the paper and left her husband in charge. Then her husband died suddenly leaving all of this crushing responsibility for the newspaper on her.
Ms. Graham was ill prepared for her role as publisher in most aspects. But she had an incredibly noble character and somehow managed to summon enormous strength to do the right thing under threats of disaster. She was a woman alone in a man’s world, yet she rose to meet the challenges. Her courage saved the Post and helped save the First Amendment for a generation to come. Her decision to publish the stolen, top secret Pentagon Papers exposed decades of government lies about Vietnam and helped bring that war to an end. The Supreme Court’s decision to uphold the freedom of the press in publishing that information set the stage for journalism’s victory in holding the Nixon administration accountable to the rule of law following the Watergate break in.
Contrast that with how the government is acting in the Edward Snowden matter today, for example, consider the public good Snowden has done in exposing illegal, unconstitutional government activities. His decision to selectively reveal classified information to the press has lead to strong government reforms designed to protect our privacy rights, yet he is considered a criminal, just as Daniel Ellsberg was a generation ago.
At a time when our current President openly lies to us, disparages the free press, calls it “fake news” and encourages citizens to distrust not only legitimate journalism but many trusted government institutions, this story about Publisher Katharine Graham, her Editor-in-Chief, Ben Bradley and the Washington Post is a timely tale of caution and inspiration for us all.
It all began with a conversation on Facebook with a conservative friend of mine and ardent Trump supporter. I had posted an article about Erik Prince. He is the founder of Blackwater, a solders for hire firm that is also providing very militarized training programs for our domestic police departments. I was surprised to learn that Betsy DeVos was his sister. The story is about him being a quiet Trump advisor.
My friend immediate responded with a link to FakeNewsChecker.com that lists Democracy Now as a fake news site. I went to the FakeNewsChecker site for myself and saw that it lists perhaps hundreds of new sites as “fake news” sites. I was suspicious about this site as I am confident that Democracy Now, while progressive in its editorial decisions, present fully accurate, verifiable information.
Also overdue, is a discussion of what makes news “fake” news. In my view it is willfully false information presented as news either for profit or propaganda. It isn’t mistakes in reporting or accurate reporting, but selective reporting. It isn’t obviously intended satire either.
What follows it our Facebook discussion and my findings about the rise of fake, fake news checker sites here and abroad.
ME: WOW!!! This a really scary. I didn’t know
Scahill: Blackwater Founder Erik Prince, the Brother of Betsy DeVos, Is Secretly Advising Trump
The Intercept’s Jeremy Scahill has revealed Betsy DeVos’s brother, Erik Prince, the founder of the mercenary firm Blackwater, has been quietly advising Trump’s…
DEMOCRACYNOW.ORG
Friend: Don’t believe it: http://www.fakenewschecker.com/fake-news…/democracy-now
Democracy Now has been added to the growing list of untrustworthy and fake news sources.
FAKENEWSCHECKER.COM
Me: Thank you for sharing this. I. Was unaware until now that there was a fake, fake news reporting site. Democracy now is Progressive in terms of its editorial content but it is one of the most respected news sites on the web for its accuracy in reporting.
Friend : Again, We have to agree to disagree.
ME: your discovery of the Fakenewschecker site and it’s obvious flaws lead me to do some checking of my own.
First you will notice that there is no ownership information or “about us” menu on the Fakenewschecker.com website. This is a sure sign that the owners want to remain anonymous, not a good thing for a site that claims to check facts. There are no links or statements or any other evidence of an attempt at transparency. There is no discussion of what criteria or process the site uses to make hits findings. There are no references to source material used.
Next I learned that fake news checker sites are popping up in other countries lately. There is growing concern around the world that this may be a coordinated attempt to undermine confidence in news gathering. There is some evidence in Europe linking these sites to Russia (See a portion of an article below).
Then I looked the domain up on WhoIs.com. The site was only created on November 17, 2016. This is very recent. The time it would take to thoroughly vet the content of so many “fake news” sights far exceeds the three month window that the website has been active.
Finally, you will notice that the registrar for “FAKENEWSCHECKER.COM” is 1&1 INTERNET SE. When you go to this registrar’s website (http://registrar.1and1.info) you discover that the site is registered in Germany or Austria. Check out the flags below for 1&1 Internet SE. The first is Germany and the second is Austria. When you go to these sites the writing is all German. This is odd in my opinion because the owners are both secret and foreign based. I don’t have the skills or resources to track this suspicions that this is a Russian cyber-op, but I wouldn’t put much faith in the veracity of this site.
Below is a clip from an article on the recent appearance of fake, fake news checker sites.


Home/News/Motion at Ankara’s parliament to extend Turkey’s troops deployment in Libya
Motion at Ankara’s parliament to extend Turkey’s troops deployment in Libya
Turkey’s presidency submitted Saturday a motion to parliament to extend troop deployment in Libya for 18 months, according to Anadolu Agency.
“The risks and threats are coming from Libya to Turkey and the whole region. In the case of restart of the so-called Libyan National Army attacks and the clashes, Turkey’s interests both in the Mediterranean basin and North Africa will be adversely affected,” the motion said.
The Turkish motion noted that the permanent peace, ceasefire and political dialogue process in Libya bears great importance for Turkey.
“Turkey, within the Memorandum of Security and Military Cooperation signed with Libya, will continue to contribute to the training and consultancy support to Libya,” it added.
The motion will be debated in parliament after the budget debate set to end on December 18, Anadolu Agency reported.
In November 2019, Turkey and Libya’s UN-recognized Government of National Accord (GNA) signed an MoU on military cooperation, as well as an MoU on maritime boundaries in the Eastern Mediterranean.
The deal involves technical information, support, development, maintenance, repair, planning and material support as well as training and consultancy services regarding the use of weapons system and equipment.
GNA Libya Main News Military MoU Turkey Turkish Parliament Turkish Troops


Picasso’s Muse Portrait Created in the Same Year as Guernica to Be Exhibited in Hong Kong
15 Jan, 2018 | Mon | 19:22
Sotheby’s announces its coming Impressionist and Modern Art Evening Sale, scheduled to be held in London on 28 February, will be led by a powerful portrait of Picasso’s golden muse.
The star lot of the sale, Femme au béret et à la robe quadrillée (Marie-Thérèse Walter), has been kept in private hands since the artist’s death in 1973. It is the first time the painting being offered at auction. It has been out of the public eye for a long time, except being lent for a 2013 show in Málaga and a 1986 exhibition in Basel.
Pablo Picasso's Guernica
The work was painted in 1937, a pivotal moment of Picasso’s career. It was the same year he created 'Guernica', the artist's famous anti-war work representing the horror of Nazi's bombing during the Spanish Civil War.
Picasso and Dora Maar
Femme au béret et à la robe quadrillée (Marie-Thérèse Walter) charts Picasso's evolving relationship with his muse Marie-Thérèse Walter, whom he was ostensibly still devoted at the time, and the increasingly dominant presence of his new lover Dora Maar.
Femme Ecrivant (Marie-Therese)
Le Rêve (Marie-Therese)
In Picasso’s paintings, Marie-Thérèse is typically portrayed with curved lines whereas Maar is often depicted in an angular and diamond-shaped face.
This present lot appears to have been used as a means for exploring his feelings for the two women. There is a conscious blurring of styles inspired by the two muses, reaching its pinnacle in the silhouetted 'other' that emerges from behind the main subject. Whether the shadow represents Maar or indeed a self-portrait, the implication is that of duality and conflict. Picasso is quoted: "It must be painful for a girl to see in a painting that she is on the way out".
The travelling exhibition of the sale highlights will make the first stop in Hong Kong, before heading to Taipei, New York and London. The art industry has seen strong appetite for big names of 20th century in Asian region, with Picasso ranking top on the wishlist of Asian collectors. The estimate of the painting is upon request but it is reported to be around £36.5m (US$50m).
Pablo Picasso (1881-1973). Femme au béret et à la robe quadrillée (Marie-Thérèse Walter).
Sale: Impressionist & Modern Art Evening Sale
Auction date: 2018/2/28｜7pm
Travelling exhibition:
Hong Kong｜ 2018/1/30 - 2/2
Taipei｜2018/2/6-7
New York｜2018/2/12-14
Created in: 4 December 1937
Property from a Distinguished Private Collection


LUCIA HERRERO
TRIBUTE TO LA BATA
The planet is experiencing a problem of a huge magnitude. The economic system is damaged and everyone is at home.
At the end of March 2020 photographing people all over the world inside their homes. I am traveling around the world from my own living room. My photographs, taken through and with computer screens is my logbook, my way of trying to understand what is happening globally. It is a great puzzle made up complex mini pieces. This is history in the making, gathering little stories from around the world, in a unique way.
I am confined in my Barcelona flat with my 6-year-old daughter. We play a game on our balcony. We use a mirror to reflect sunlight into our neighbors’ apartments. This gave me the idea to document this great event.
How do I enter someone else’s home during a quarantine? How do I do it technically? First, I make a video call with someone who has agreed to participate in my project. I direct the shoot as if it was a movie and it ends with a screenshot. The pixilated image reflects the times in which we live. The composition is delicate, cinematographic. All this happens with the cooperation of the models using an improvised language. It is not easy, but it is working.
This is a philosophical and experimental approach to photography storytelling. I´ve set a teleworking challenge: How much control over one´s work and vision can a documentary photographer have when she can´t even be on site or touch a camera? The photos are taken remotely, through the most popular means of communicating with each other in this period of social isolation: The screen and the internet.
The virus has reached every corner of the planet using globalization as a means of transportation. As a globalized person, how far can I go by jumping from contact to contact (without using social networks)? So far I have collected over 120 stories on 5 continents and the project continues to grow. I cover all social classes and races: Inuits in Canada; frontline doctors and essential workers; refugees, middle and upper classes; activists, artists, Olympic athletes, loners; people living in skyscrapers, caves, and circuses. I exponentially meet them in my way.
I also include some essential workers (new concept) in their work places.
Next to each portrait, I show the view from the person’s window (streets in Florida, market in Ghana, skyscrapers in Singapore, town in Mexico, the jungle in Colombia, the sea around a Pacific island, the broken streets of Yemen, empty Madrid, or the mountains of the Pyrenees…). There are interviews, photos and videos of the houses that people show previous to the session.
This is a documentary-poetic work made up of many eclectic pieces. It is the story of my own confinement and my need to understand the mechanisms shaping the world, now truly perceived as our home.
Each country has been affected in a different way and the measures taken have been adapted to the circumstances. This story just started. This moment is an inflection point. The consequences are difficult to predict.
I want to continue telling this global narrative this time through concatenated stories. Like in a domino game where one piece affects the nextone.
Luis Maria is a priest in San Gabriel Archangel’s church, Madrid, Spain.
He is alone in the church these days because people are not allowed to go to church. He is taking care of his people by takingcalls, listening and giving advice. The day of the picture was Sacred Friday. That’s a big day for Christianity and the churchwas empty. He is also responsible for visiting the patients from a psychiatric hospital. He is still going there but he can’tapproach or talk to the patients. He just walks around the place so they perceive that they matter and that gives them the feeling of a certain normality. He is very disappointed with the governments. He hopes that this leads us to discover theessentials in life and makes us be more human.
Adrián is an actor and theatre director living in Barcelona, Spain. Public events have been cancelled and so have his theatrecompany´s performances for the next 6 months. The future of artists like him is in danger. These days of confinement he dresses as Dragon Ball and Spiderman for the children in the neighborhood when he goes out to the balcony to entertain them. Balcony life is now more active than ever in Barcelona.
He lives with his mother and sister. His mom, Laura, is an essential worker. She takes the metro every day to go to work. Shemakes medicines for a pharmaceutical company. And his sister, Marta, is a school helper who is now unemployed becauseof quarantining and school closure. Next year, she wants to study to become a nurse.
Pablo is a first line doctor in a hospital in Madrid, Spain.
At the beginning of the crisis, it was even more horrible. Hospitals were not prepared. Seven hundred people per day weredying at the hospitals in Spain because of covid19.
Hospitals didn´t have good equipment and protocols. There were overloads.
The window in the photo is the one from where the doctors wave to the neighborhood people who clap for them and theother emergency workers every day at 8 pm. This is done all over Spain.
His wife is also a doctor. They have a 1 year old son. The babysitter, a 55 year old woman, decided to continue working withthem assuming the risk because she considers it a social responsibility to be able to allow two doctors to work and not onlyone.
Ruth lives with her husband Edu and their two children in 3 room flat in a residential area on the outskirts of Madrid, Spain. Ruth works in the pharmaceutical industry. At this time both can telework. “Every day we exercise at home, much more thanusual, I am getting stronger.”
Seeing so many paralyzed countries creates moments of great anguish and concern about the world economy. It changesthe way of seeing life, but in the end, we adapt. It is our characteristic as humans.
I am glad to see how nature has been quickly reborn when we have stopped bothering it.
Eric lives in an apartment in Harlem, New York. He is the organist and choir director at the historic Saint Phillip’sEpiscopal Church in New York City. All services were suspended until mid-May. He lives with his partner. He loves to be athome, surrounded by his music and books.
He is not worried, "We New Yorkers passed through a terrorist attack, so… this is just one more thing. New Yorkers movequickly. In a year, this period will be behind us and business will be fast and furious like it has always been here”.
Tanya and Terry posing with their 3 children in front of their house.
Leaning on the facade is the skin of the polar bear that they hunted a few days ago. They are Inuits living in Igloolik, a smallcommunity in the Artic, Canada. Nunavut is the only jurisdiction in Canada with no confirmed cases of covid19 yet. But theirgovernments have taken precautionary measures very seriously.
Both are now working from home and finally spending good quality time together.
Terry has also the time to hunt, something that he adores. He hunted a polar bear during his 9 days expedition with his10 dogs. When he came back, they skinned and cleaned the bear skin, a process that took two days. Now the skin is dryingoutside the house. They are proud.
The meat was distributed among the community members. The skin will be used as an isolation surface to put the tent onwhen they go camping and hunting in the Artic.
The nearest hospital is hundreds of Kms away and there are no respirators. Since a covid19 breakout would be a disaster in the region, they take so much responsibility and practice social isolation voluntarily.
Tanji is a video camera operator living in Turkey. He is a third-generation refugee. No passport, no nation. His grandparentsbecame refugees in Syria from Palestine in 1948. He was born in Syria as a refugee 28 years ago. He managed to go to Iran tostudy art. His grandmother is still in Syria. His mother and sister escaped from war in Syria by crossing the Mediterranean Sea ina little boat.
Now they are refugees in Germany. His father is stuck in Lebanon. It’s been 6 years ago that he hasn´t seen any of them. Forhim, covid19 is not his biggest problem. It has already been 6 years that he is communicating with his family only throughvideo conferencing, something we all have been doing just for 2 months. He dreams to get his family together.
Sonia is 32 years old. She works in a supermarket in Salamanca, Spain. She said she lived in "a horror movie" during thefirst few days of the pandemic. There was a rush on the supermarket by people running scared, emptying shelves andpanicking.
Her grandmother died of coronavirus. Sonia couldn´t go to the hospital to help her or say goodbye or even attend the burial.There was no ceremony because of the state of emergency and the social distancing policy.
She pays tribute to her grandmother with this photo. She didn’t have a portrait of her in the provisional house where shelives so she shows the face of her grandma in the computer. There is no place to buy a flower so, instead, she used abamboo branch that she had at home.
When the lockdown ends she is going to rush to see her parents who she misses so much.
Maggie lives in Singapore with her husband, their two kids and two helpers. They live in a penthouse of an apartmentbuilding on the 35th floor.
She is a tv producer and runs a social-conscious e-comerce business. He works in the finance world. “We are safe. InSingapore, the people suffering from the pandemic are the immigrants coming from other places in Asia and providing cheap labor: they live crowded with other immigrants in small spaces. The government is taking care of them now”.
This pandemic time is good for Maggie and her family. They are spending time together and have stopped rushing around.
“Nature is happy without our interference but after this ends, humans will start doing what they do best: destroy”.
Roser is the finance coordinator at Doctors Without Borders/Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF)
In Yemen. War started in 2014. Roser has been there since August 2019 and should have left in April 2020 but she couldn´t because of the travel restrictions. Independently from the pandemic and because of the conflict in Yemen she lives in aperpetual lock down, only relating with 30 other people from the MSF team. She needs to wear the women’s traditionalclothes just to cross the street to reach the office.
Yemen is suffering the world's worst humanitarian crisis. Diseases including cholera, dengue, diphtheria and malaria arerife and only half of the hospitals are fully functional. Covid19 is now there as well.
Rose lives with her husband Stefano and their teenage son Teo in an 85 sq. meter flat in the lovely historic centre of Foligno, Umbria, Italy.
Rose and Stefano are performers. They have toured the world together.
Their shows have been cancelled for the upcoming months.
They are extremely worried for their future as they know that the measures taken for social distancing will naturally prevent them from working.
Despite this disturbing scenario, Rose is much more concerned for her family which comes from a very poor environment atthe favelas in Brazil. Social distancing and proper hygiene are not realistic options there. People in Brazil are not taking thepandemic seriously.
“I’ve learned that it is not so bad to be at home despite I am a hyper social person who likes to be outside all the time. I havelearnt to control anguish. I am happy to see that nature is vibrating in full splendor without us. The planet needed that time. I find it difficult for the world to really change. Humans beings have a short memory”.
Mounkaila Harouna lives with his wife and children in his home in Niamey, Niger. At that very moment, they break the fast atthe end of the day during Ramadan.
He is a geographer, specialized in migrations. He researches and teaches at the university. “There is no confinement inNiger, but a state of emergency. Public places like schools and universities are closed, although places of worship reopen in mid-May. The mosques were closed, but people kept gatheringto pray every day around the mosques.
This is being difficult for the poorest people. Land borders are closed.
Surely something positive will come out of all this, but I have the feeling that there will be a permanent change in the world.”
Govind is 25 years old and lives in Himatgar Gjrat, India, in a house with other 8 members of the same family. In the photo,he appears with his cousin, grandmother, father and grandfather.
In the morning, he studies to be an administrative police officer and in the afternoons he works as a private driver for awealthy family. His family works in agriculture and now they are having a hard time since they cannot sell their products atthe market due to the lock down. Since the watermelons they are collecting this season will not be sold, they will keep themfor themselves. They also have a cow and a calf. "During this crisis we, humans, have realized that we are not gods."
Masayuki, Akane and their 5-year-old son pose in the livingroom of the the Shooting Star, a hostel they run in Fukoaka City,Japan. It is a traditional Japanese construction surrounded by nature.
They live in an attached house. The hostel is closed now.
In Japán they are living an emergency situation, not a lock down.
International travel will take time to occur. They don't know when the hostel will reopen. Right now they are still selling theEthiopian coffee that they roast themselves and also hammocks of exquisite manufacture. They value more now the timespent with other humans and they will reconsider consumerism.
Kris works as an administrator in a meat processing company in Bilbao, the Basque Country, Spain. During the first days ofcrisis and social panic the company worked harder than ever. Sales skyrocketed as if it were Christmas.
She is an essential worker. Food production and processing has not stopped functioning. Thanks to it, the rest of us can eat.
They take uniform and distancing precautions. Even so, several of her companions have become ill during this time.
Her husband, who lost his job due to the crisis, waits for her at home. He is very afraid of a contagion and demands Kris to do a total disinfection before entering the house and getting comfortable.
Karmele Llano is founder and director of IAR Indonesia, an orangutan rescue and recovery center in Kalimatán, Borneo. They reintroduce orangutans into the wild. They have environmental educational and forest protection projects. Three hundred people work there.
Since there is evidence that covid19 can pass from humans to primates, we are taking extreme precautions. In Indonesia, the most disadvantaged people find themselves in need to exploit natural resources. The tourism industry hasfallen. The companies that clear the forests will find an excuse to continue doing so.
Here many people do not have access to the health system. Still, confinement in a society like this can be more damagingthan the pandemic itself.
Scientists were warning about new diseases of zoonotic origin. Deforestation and illegal animal trafficking are the reasons. Welive disconnected from the natural world, crowded into cities. The pandemic was going to happen. it will come back if we don't change something from the base.
Dorothy, 65, is living with her husband Donald, 75, in Port SaintLucie, Florida, USA. They own a private house in a Gated Community with 650 houses.
They moved from New York to Southern Florida after they got retiredin order to “Live the dream”, having continual Summer weatheroutdoors, year-round beaches, & no snow!
Retiring in Florida is the ultimate American dream.
Donald was a self-employed voice/data cable contractor and Dorothy retired after working 37 years in a New York Public School.
“We believe the President of the United States has taken action in our best interests. We believe we should respect our government.
The governor of Florida should have banned northerners traveling toFlorida weeks earlier. There are many living in our community who are “snow-birds”. They spend Winters in Florida, Summers up North. Most returned quickly when virus arrived, bringing the virus with them”.
“This Global Pandemic has changed our mental, emotional state much more than physical. We are blessed to be able to go outdoors; bicycling, walking, seeing neighbors outside for conversation. We are able to preorder takeout meals. Local food markets offer early senior shopping hours to try to keep seniors safe. Covid-19 postponed Donald’s Robotic Lung Surgery scheduled for March 28th.”
“We do not believe life will ever be the same as before Covid-19. Thephysical distancing, we see now will become the new way of life.
Wearing face masks, standing 6+ more feet away from others, nohand shaking, no warm friendly hugs, no large group events for who knows how long, the fear of catching illness from strangers, will become common place. Unfortunately, that fear causes selfishness, unkind actions towards others, which upsets us greatly. Our friendly,outgoing personalities might not be accepted as freely as it had been welcomed before”.
Arriel lives in the Pyrenees, the mountains between Spain and France, with his wife Maca. They raise sheep and makecheese that they sell in their own store. Their clients are mostly travelers and tourists who visit the mountains. Now there is no one traveling so they can't sell their products. They bought their milk from a producer in France but now they can’t because the frontiers are closed. They assume they are going to lose money during these months.
It has become evident that cities are traps when an emergency like this pandemic happens. Many people will escape to the rural life, especially now that tele work has been tested.
They think things will change forever. The pandemic will affect their capacity to relate and approach others and they worry therewill be more control over their lives.
Sabrina and Tom are a German couple. They were traveling in Indiawhen the crisis started. For them it was too late to travel back to Germany. They are in a hotel in Pushkar, India.
They are the only guests apart from another couple from Argentina.The family who owns the hotel treat them very well and the landscape is beautiful. They are now in calm but were deep in fear. At that moment, the Europeans were not welcome in India or anywhere else as they were considered guilty of spreading thedisease. They are unsure of what will happen in India; it will be a huge problem if the economic and health system collapse. Sabrina and Tom are learning to enjoy every minute and control fear.
They are an example of so many people who have had to live through the pandemic somewhere outside their home because they were traveling in that moment. Flights stopped, so they were trapped.
Lauren Gibbs is a 2018 USA Olympic medalist competing as a bobsledder.
During the pandemic, she is living in San Francisco, USA, with her parents who are both tele working.
They had to do without the house assistant so she is cleaning and cooking for her parents. What a high-performanceprofessional athlete does when not being able to practice and take her body to the highest level required? She is training at home because she can’t go to sport facilities. New weights that she ordered by mail just arrived. This year the Olympicgames were delayed. She feels lucky during this global pandemic because she has a family, an education, a house andaccess to a health system. Not everybody can say this now. Poor people and poor countries will suffer the most.
Rosa and Rafael are 94 and 95 years old. They live in La Hoz de La Vieja, a small village in Teruel, Spain, with only 60inhabitants. It is a simple country house that belonged to Rosa's great- grandparents.
They have worked very hard in the fields all their lives. Now they only have chickens and a vegetable garden that they arevery proud of.
Regarding the pandemic, they are very scared and say with resignation "Let it be what God wants." They feel isolated as they can´t be helped or visited by their sons or grandchildren to avoid a potential contagion.
Winter is spent in an apartment in the city of Zaragoza. They feel very fortunate that this has caught them in their beloved town.
Fabiana and Giacomo are the creators of Circo el Grito, they live in Italy with their 6-year-old daughter, Nina. They werewith the technician and a trapeze artist from the company preparing his new creation in his tent when the pandemic arrivedto Italy.
They are in the countryside; they have space to breathe and move and every day they use their time to create the new show.His entire tour in the coming months has been canceled due to the state of emergency and the impossibility of traveling andgathering people in the same place.
They are worried like all the show workers. “Things are going to change. Live shows cannot be passed to the onlineworld. They need presence, glances, human warmth. You can’t play with masks in front of a masked audience. To whatextent can one reinvent themselves?
Artists from all over the world have suffered greatly from this global crisis. They are in great uncertainty.
Art makes life more livable. It is what makes us human immediately after having food and shelter needs covered. Duringthis crisis everyone has seen movies, read books and listened to music, all made by artists”
Samir lives in Lagos city, Nigeria. He lives in a rented room in a house with 3 other men.
He worked at the airport as a baggage handler. But since there are no more flights, he has no job. During the first 3 weeks of the lockdown he had already consumed 90% of his savings. He is extremely worried for himself and for the people inNigeria. He believes that a lock down could bring hunger to the poorest. He blames the government for not caring about itspeople.
Baba lives in Ghana. He is 25 years old. He rents a room in a building with a shared bathroom. He doesn’t have a window. He takes me to see the streets outside his home. The market is not crowded as it is normally. The lockdown is not strict there. The governments places small water deposits in the market so people can wash their hands. He just finished hisnursing studies and is just waiting for the government’s permission to be able to work in a hospital. So, he is using his time now to study and not forget anything. “People need to go out to work every day; they don’t have savings. A lockdown can represent a big danger for survival”. But he ends saying with a smile: “Economy is not important. Its life that matters”.
They are a Quiche Mayan Family. They live in Chichicastenango, El Quiché, Guatemala. They have worked in commerceand the services sector.
They are currently working on a 100% self-sustainable project on issues of food sovereignty, renewable energy andthe construction of a collection of modern and native art that has 230 pieces.
They had a restaurant for 30 years. Their main clientele was European and Asian. They had to close the restaurant due to the pandemic crisis because they suspect that the travel industry will not start to recover until at least two years from now.They do food delivery service now.
Diego believes that in Latin America they are already used to living a life of semi-confinement due to security problems andconflicts.
“People here are still not fully aware of the danger of this pandemic”. Diego lives with his mother (Carmen), father (Diego) andAnny (sister).
Marcos Guevara is his stage name. He chose the last name in honor of Che. He is a former FARC guerrilla soldier.
He went to university to study philosophy. There he became a member of the Colombian Clandestine Communist Party (PC3). In 2013, when the peace talks with the government began, he entered the ranks of the organization. He never had to shoot, his main function was to teach to read, to draw drawing, mapping and photography.
He lives in the Tierra Grata village, in the Perijá mountain range, in Cesar, Colombia. It is a place founded by 162 men and women who laid down their arms. Today they are more than 200 people.
Here he poses with an orthopedic leg of a former combatant. Marco is doing a photographic work about the wounds of the conflict.
Behind it appears the map of the land that the community has recently bought. There they will settle permanently. He proudly shows me his piece of land where he will build his house and the place where the graphic arts office will be settled. Hi is the responsible for the image and communication. He has the illusion of mounting, among other things, a cinema.
During the pandemic, he, his wife and other comrades dedicate themselves to distributing boxes of food to the neediest families in neighboring communities.
He shows great love for simple and in need people from Colombia.
“The profession of documentary photographer is of great importance during the post-agreement period that we are experiencing. I like to show forgotten- and-lost Colombia”.


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New York : How much money does Sebastián Zurita have?
Sebastián Zurita Bach made his acting debut in 1996 in the telenovela ‘Cañaveral de Pasiones’.
Photo: Jonathan Leibson / .
Sebastián Zurita is a Mexican actor who has a fortune of $ 5 million dollars, according to Celebrity Net Worth estimates. His full name is Sebastián Zurita Bach and he was born on November 22, 1986 in Mexico City. He is the eldest son of popular actors Humberto Zurita and Christian Bach.
Sebastián Zurita Bach made his acting debut as a child, appearing in the soap opera ‘Cañaveral de Pasiones’ in 1996, playing the character of Pablo Montero. After several years, in 2008 when he was 21 years old, he made his television comeback in the production ‘En Nombre del Amor’, where he played Emiliano Saenz.
One year later, Zurita joined the cast of the 2009 remake of the telenovela ‘Corazón Salvaje’, inspired by the original 1956 novel written by Caridad Bravo Adams. He also starred in the 2009 film ‘Fallen Angel’, along with his father and younger brother Emiliano Zurita, as well as the film ‘An elephant in a band’ (1990).
His other television credits include “When I Fall in Love” (as Rafael Gutiérrez’s character); ‘Mujeres Asesinas’ (as Franco’s character) and ‘La Impostora’ (as Eduardo Altamira’s character).
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