What if the Iranians are people too?
Friday, April 3, 2015 Friday, April 3, 2015 ~ Adam Kotsko
I can’t claim to be an expert on the internal politics of Iran, but my meager efforts are surely better than the active anti-knowledge that is spreading around the Iran nuclear deal. I’ve ranted on Twitter a bit, and I thought I’d write down some longer-form thoughts here, in no particular order.
It was rational for Iran to seek a nuclear deterrent. The US had already toppled a democratically-elected Iranian government and replaced it with an autocrat. They were able to regain their independence, and since then they have been treated as a total pariah. Two neighboring countries were subsequently invaded by the US simultaneously, after the US had declared Iran to be part of the “Axis of Evil.” They could also see that the US helped to overthrow the government of Libya after Libya had given up its nuclear ambitions and become a “good citizen” in the “international community.” It would be insane for a country in that position not to seek the ultimate weapons trump card to prevent an invasion, because an invasion is literally the worst thing that can happen to a country.
Iran is not going to commit national suicide to destroy Israel. Everyone knows Israel has a nuclear deterrent. The very fact that Iran was seeking a nuclear deterrent shows them to be rational actors, and so we have to conclude that they would also be rationally deterred by a nuclear deterrent.
Negotiating an end to the nuclear program was also rational. Creating a nuclear bomb takes a long time and is difficult to hide. It was becoming increasingly clear that Iran could not get across the nuclear finish line before their very efforts to deter a future invasion directly caused a present invasion. Hence, quite rationally, they sat down to negotiate with the most reasonable US president they were likely to get. It’s also in their interest to quite unambiguously comply with the agreement, because again, they are rational people who care about their country and don’t want to see it overrun and destroyed.
It is legitimate for a country to seek to influence events in its own region. People act as though Iranian influence in the Middle East is some nefarious and illegitimate agenda all rational people should oppose. In reality, Iran is in the Middle East. It is actually physically located there. It would be ridiculous for it not to seek to influence events that directly impinge upon it in physically contiguous countries. What’s more, Iran is a relatively rich and powerful country with a long history of taking a leadership role in what is, just to review, its own part of the world.
Colonialism is a terrible historical evil. We in the West are inclined to view the 20th Century as the story of overcoming the two great evils of Nazism and Communism, but everyone else would add a third item to that list: colonialism. Resentment toward colonialism is especially great in the Middle East given that the US continually meddles in their affairs, usually in hugely destructive ways, and given that the Middle East includes the most recently-established settler colony, which is itself backed up by the meddling imperial power. We’re always on the lookout for the next Hitler, but in the Middle East, they don’t have to be vigilant against one of the great 20th century evils because it is constantly ongoing. And the US is responsible for maintaining that situation!
“Anti-American rhetoric” is thus not some kind of randomly chosen prejudice, but an understandable response to the US’s ongoing actions. Anti-Semitism is obviously more unfortunate as a reaction, but we should understand its context in colonialism and not imagine that it’s “religious” which makes it magically determinative of all their actions in a way that defies reason (hence their supposed willingness to commit national suicide). In reality, the only leader in history who was willing to risk national suicide to kill all the Jews was a Western leader named Adolf Hitler, whose rise was enabled by the bungling and vindictiveness of other Western leaders in very specific historical circumstances that are absolutely nothing like anything that is even remotely happening in the Middle East right now, you fucking ignorant fucks.
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16 thoughts on “What if the Iranians are people too?”
The incapacity of Americans to understand how deep and widespread anti-American views are among post-colonial peoples around world over never ceases to amaze me. They just don’t get it at all. Not the least clue. Here’s a little example that I like to cite, because it shocks everybody, especially white liberals. I’d been living in Abidjan, Ivory Coast (that’s an ex-French colony in West Africa, between Ghana and Liberia) for a year when 9/11 happened. I happened to be extremely pregnant at the time, and 11 days later, I had my last daughter in an Abidjan Catholic clinic. The day after she was born, I overheard a couple of Ivoirian nurses chatting in the hall – they were talking about 9/11, and one of them opened her nurse’s uniform to reveal to the other one the t-shirt she was wearing, which had a picture of Bin Laden on it. These were educated (obviously) Catholic nurses. But this wasn’t a bizarre one-off. Everybody and their mothers were wearing these t-shirts in the few weeks after 9/11 – in great West African entrepreneurial spirit, people all across the region (probably the continent) were printing and selling these t-shirts by the millions. I even know some French ex-pats who wore them in Senegal. I tell people here this story, and they’re appalled. And I’m like, why the fuck are you appalled?? It’s a miracle people are only wearing t-shirts! I have another good one – a LURD fighter (that’s one of the anti-Charles Taylor groups in the Liberian war) tells a colleague of mine, just before the final military push to try and take Monrovia before the US engineered peace-talks; he says to her, on our way to Monrovia we’re going to commit as many atrocities as possible, cos that way the US, the UN, and the whole world will pay attention, and we’ll get a better DDR package (demobilization, disarmament, re-integration). International interventions 101 – they’ve all taken the fucking course. A caveat – I will utterly lose my shit if anybody starts a philosophical debate about the rights and wrongs and meanings of these little anecdotes. I just told you because it’s what happens – time to get with the fucking picture.
sorry. got a bit carried away. ;) great post tho Adam.
Of course only an idiot would deny the massive shaping force (and the large-scale, widespread resentments, impacting directly on present-day international relations) of the colonial legacy. I sometimes think, though, that ‘colonialism’ is one of those words that obscures as much as it illuminates. I come from a country, Britain, that actually once had a global empire and I can see that the particular resentments this caused have left anger that can be directly linked back to colonial history. France likewise. But America is in a different category. It’s easy to forget, for instance, that one reason US policy makers thought the Vietnam war a viable proposition was precisely the belief (wrong, as it turned out) that the local population would look differently on US troops, that these troops would not be hated in the way the occupying troops of their colonial power, France, were, precisely because the US was not a colonial power. Hasn’t it always been part of the defining story of the USA that they led the world’s first great war of decolonisation? I know we all talk of ‘the US Empire’ as if it’s a real thing in the world, and of course the US has engaged in a great many foreign interventions using military force to try and shift the geopolitical balance in its favour rather like a colonial power would. But ‘the US Empire’ is a rhetorical rather than an actual entity. Pegging the widespread anti-Americanism (that Ruth rightly identifies) to colonialism seems to me a wrong step. Isn’t it more ideological, to do with Capitalism and liberalism, the spread of MacDonalds and sex and so on? Which is to say, doesn’t it relate back to and continue by other means the big ideological conflict of the 20th-century, Capitalism/anti-Capitalism?
I think it’s fair for those in post-colonial regions to view “the West” as such as the colonizing power rather than exclusively focusing on the individual nation-state that historically colonized them — this is sensible insofar as something like the “scramble for Africa” was a more or less pan-European effort even if only one particular power colonized any given place. And in Vietnam, it was clear that the US was assuming the “duties” of the French, so that there and in many other places, the US can be regarded as the successor entity of the previous specific representatives of “the West” that in fact colonized them. And while the legal organization of the US Empire is very different from something like the British Empire (which itself incorporated many different legal and organizational forms, both synchronously and diachronically), it does remain the case that US troops are stationed in dozens upon dozens of nations throughout the world. Hence the imperial presence is not entirely notional.
Also, I will point out again that Israel is quite literally a settler colony.
Adam R, you are totally incorrect. Firstly, it’s not about ‘resentment’ – which is a way of ascribing to postcolonials a sort of ‘slave mentality’.The anit-Westernism is about soveriengty, and nobody in Africa today takes Britain, or for that matter France who actually tried really hard to be a neo-colonial power, seriously from the point of view of power. Britain only matters as a puppet of the US… As Adam K says, US imperialism is anything but a notional entity. Lumumba, Mozambique, Angola, Haiti – these aren’t simply a few exceptions that prove the rule that the real enemy isn’t direct military or political intervention, but capital. Firstly, because it’s stupid to imagine you can separate soveriegn state power and capital – they relay one another, and nowhere more patently than in foriegn policy. It’s even more wrong-headed to think the anti-Americanism is about ‘culture’ – sex, consumption, decadence et al. Maybe that’s what ‘ISIS really wants’, but then again, I wouldn’t believe what you read in the Atlantic. It’s so fucking patronizing to think Africans are rejecting America for all the things WE think are fucked about it – why the fuck shouldn’t Africans want/get fridges and flat screens, just like everybody else? In French there’s an expression for ‘window shopping’ – leche vitrines’, which literally means, licking the windows. That’s what people are doing – licking the windows of globalization. So don’t fucking patronize them by thinking they hate the US because it’s the symbol of capital, or because it’s decadent etc. You don’t know shit about what people want or don’t want. Anti-Americanism is about political and economic domination, about American arrogance and ignorance. It’s about the structural violence that is relayed by acutal US policies that perpetuate on so many levels exclusion, inequity, and domination, and that ensures only a tiny group get what we’ve – you’ve- got.
I’m amazed how everybody thinks they get to have an opinion about these issues – “colonialism obscures as much as it illuminates” bla bla bla – even though they’ve no fucking idea what they’re talking about. I mean, would any of us Adam up on his reading of Agamben’s Kingdom and the Glory, without first reading the book, or having a notion about who Agamben is, and what his intellectual project consists of? No! So do your fucking homework Adam R, and stop talking out your ass.
ok. i should clearly not post about this sort of thing. apologies (again) for the insults and expletives.
Ruth: ‘the real enemy isn’t direct military or political intervention, but capital’ … I’ll confess I thought that was the point I was making. But, then again, I’m a fucking ass, I don’t know shit about what people want or don’t want, I’m fucking patronising and so on, so I daresay I’d better just fuck off.
No, you’re not making the same point. You say they’re rejecting consumerism, while Ruth is saying they’re rejecting capitalist exploitation.
“US Empire” is not a rhetorical entity. What the hell.
the ridger says:
And let us not forget Hawaii and the Philippines. It’s convenient that most of our empire was constructed in our own hemisphere, but we are a colonial power. Or used to be, depending on how you define the term. Just because we weren’t the colonizers of Vietnam didn’t make us not colonizers.
Plus the US is literally structured as a union of settler colonies.
Hasn’t it always been part of the defining story of the USA that they led the world’s first great war of decolonisation?
To ourselves, yes, but this myth has vanishingly little power outside of the U.S. Walter Lefebre’s Inevitable Revolutions is an excellent (and enraging) read on just how quickly the American Revolution lost its rhetorical force for other revolutionaries in the face of the US’s emergence as a global power.
albertite says:
One might try to remember that the Revolting Colonies were formed and grew out of an expressed “colonial” identity. All the people who were there before the colonialists came were defined as “non-people” so that the colonialists could claim the whole thing for themselves (and, regardless of Jesus or the Ten Commandments, any dissenters were sought out and killed). One can still see this mentality in the puppet states of Central America, in the widespread fear and loathing of any form of independent thought in South America (Allende, anyone?) and in the religious domionism of certain right-wing church people within the US demanding to force a specific kind of theology on everyone from the Hopi through to the Ugandans (a theology that is not like anything found in any Holy Book, I might add)


Tag: The Red
Deadline Given for Community, Developer to Work Out Compromise on $25M Madisonville Project
Post author By Kevin LeMaster
16 Comments on Deadline Given for Community, Developer to Work Out Compromise on $25M Madisonville Project
Rendering of The Red [Provided]
Developers of The Red, a 246-unit apartment and restaurant development in Madisonville, will have to wait another two weeks to find out if they’ll get the city’s approval.
Cincinnati City Council’s Neighborhoods Committee on Monday tabled a proposal by Hyde Park Circle, LLC developer Ray Schneider to eliminate a planned 120,000 square feet of office space in favor of the residential development on 10 acres just south of its Madison Circle at Babson Place development, which is located on the southwest corner of Madison Road and Red Bank Expressway.
The project, estimated to cost more than $25 million, would include three residential buildings four to five stories in height – including 12 townhomes along Babson Place – and three restaurants of between 2,500 and 6,900 square feet. Garage parking would be spread between all three residential buildings and would provide 427 sheltered spaces, with an additional 51 surface parking spaces.
Site Layout for The Red [Provided]
The City Planning Commission approved the change on March 6, although the commission did not examine how the change meshed with neighborhood plans such as the Red Bank corridor industrial plan and GO Cincinnati, which considered office and industrial uses as the “highest and best uses” of those properties.
That left some on the Neighborhoods Committee wondering what compelled the developer to make the change.
“I’m just curious about creating another residential corridor in an area where I believe, because of the traffic that comes there, because of Medpace, because of some of the other additional retail that’s going down Red Bank Expressway, the highest and best use of that site would be actually supporting office and and/or commercial,” said Councilmember Yvette Simpson.
John Bishop, construction manager for development team, said that recent proposals by Medpace to add additional office, retail, and hotel development in the area caused Schneider to reevaluate the original plans, which were approved by City Council in December 2006.
“We feel like this is the best proposed use of the property that we have currently because of the changes that have taken place in Madisonville and surrounding the property in the nine years from the time we initially submitted the plan,” he said. “That, in conjunction with the success that the [Madison Circle] development has had with the senior housing, has helped guide us in this to be wanting to go down the multi-family path as opposed to competing with the commercial aspect of business development with what Medpace is proposing across the road.”
For several months, the development team has been unable to secure the endorsement of either the Madisonville Community Council or Madisonville Community Urban Redevelopment Corporation (MCURC).
“In my opinion, it’s a shame to utilize 10 developable acres for residential development,” said MCURC Executive Director Sara Sheets. “We would prefer that employees live in the neighborhood – in the heart of the neighborhood – and become involved in the fabric of the neighborhood.”
She added that Madisonville also needs jobs, and that neighborhood plans are right in calling for office and industrial uses.
“At MCURC we consistently receive calls from brokers looking for 15,000 to 30,000 square feet of office space,” Sheets said. “We’ll most likely never have that anywhere else than Red Bank.” Simpson agreed.
“One of the major challenges if you develop residential at this site and then you want to attract jobs, there is no other – you can’t go into the neighborhood and then make that commercial,” she said. “Once we develop this as a residential site, there’s nowhere else to go commercial, industrial, or office within the community of Madisonville.”
The next two weeks will give the development team additional time to work with the neighborhood on a possible compromise. City Council’s Neighborhoods Committee meets next on May 4 at 2pm at City Hall.
Tags Cincinnati, GO Cincinnati, John Bishop, madisonville, Madisonville Community Council, Madisonville Community Urban Redevelopment Corporation, Medpace, Ray Schneider, The Red, Yvette Simpson


St-Takla.org > books > en > church > synaxarium > 09-bashans
19 Pachans
(The Nineteenth Day of the Blessed Month of Bashans)
The Commemoration of the Departure of Abba Isaac, the Priest of El-Qalali (Cells)
On this day, the church commemorates the holy father Abba Isaac, the priest of El-Qalali (Cells). He was born in an Egyptian village from poor parents, but he was rich in his righteous works. He took the opportunity of the presence of the elders of the monks in the village to sell the works of their hands, and followed them to the wilderness. He served them under the yoke of obedience. When he became a monk, he excelled in asceticism and worship to the point that he never possessed two garments at the same time. They asked him once: "Why don't you possess two garments?" He answered: "Because when I was in the world before being a monk, I did not have two garments at the same time."
He wept very often during his prayers, and he mixed his bread with the ashes of the censer and ate it. Once he became sick of a grievous sickness, and some of the brethren brought him food, but he did not eat it. One of the brethren described to him the benefits of food and urged him again to eat some of it. He insisted on not eating anything of it, and said to him: "Believe me my brother that I desire to remain sick for thirty years."
When he became seasoned and everyone heard about his virtues, the fathers by consensus decided to ordain him a priest. He fled and disappeared among the fields. When they were looking for him, they passed by the field, where he was hiding in and sat to rest. They had with them a donkey, which went into the field and stood where the father was. When they went after the donkey to catch it, they found him, and they wanted to bind him so that he could not escape again. He said to them: "I will not escape now, for I know that this is the will of God." He went with them, and they ordained him a priest, and he increased in obedience to the elders and in teaching the beginners the virtues. When the time of his departure drew near, they asked him: "What can we do after you leave us?" He told them: "Do exactly as you have seen me do, if you wish to steadfast in the wilderness", then he departed in peace.
May his prayer be with us. Amen.
Days of the month of Pashons: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30
https://st-takla.org/books/en/church/synaxarium/09-bashans/19-pashans-isaac.html


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Dr. UweRothhaar
Designation: Director of SCHOTT
Company:	SCHOTT pharma services
Director of SCHOTT pharma services earned his doctorate in Physics at the University of Kaiserslautern in Germany. He joined SCHOTT in 2000 and focused his activities on analytical support around glass and glass surfaces. Over the last years he is responsible for SCHOTT pharma services providing analytical support of packaging material for pharmaceutical companies.
SCHOTT is a leading international technology group in the areas of specialty glass and glass-ceramics. The company has more than 130 years of outstanding development, materials and technology expertise and offers a broad portfolio of high-quality products and intelligent solutions. SCHOTT is an innovative enabler for many industries, including the home appliance, pharma, electronics, optics, life sciences, automotive and aviation industries. SCHOTT strives to play an important part of everyone’s life and is committed to innovation and sustainable success. The parent company, SCHOTT AG, has its headquarters in Mainz (Germany) and is solely owned by the Carl Zeiss Foundation. As a foundation company, SCHOTT assumes special responsibility for its employees, society and the environment.
Contact Dr. UweRothhaar


60 acres of Flushing Waterfront to be revived
Photo Courtesy of FWCLDC
Flushing’s future will have a revitalized, accessible waterfront — bridging the downtown area and Willets Point — if early projections proposed by a local development group become finalized.
“Downtown Flushing, or the Flushing waterfront rather, is an area of enormous untapped potential,” said Nick Roberts, project manager at Flushing Willets Point Corona Local Development Corporation (FWCLDC) — the north-central Queens-based organization spearheading expansion efforts. “We believe that revitalizing Flushing’s waterfront is the next crucial step to furthering Flushing’s status as one of the city’s greatest neighborhoods.”
The FWCLDC received a grant through the state’s Department of State Brownfield Opportunity Areas (BOA) program to revive 60 acres of downtown Flushing by the waterfront. The site is bounded by Northern Boulevard to the north, Roosevelt Avenue to the south, Prince Street to the east and the Flushing River near the Van Wyck Expressway to the west, with College Point Boulevard running through the middle.
The team embarked on the BOA project in spring of 2011, and while the project is still in its early stages and await input from the community and final reviews from city and state agencies, the group presented two working concept models — neither of which are set in stone — to the Flushing community during a town hall meeting on June 21.
The first concept features a 130-foot wide waterfront edge corridor at Flushing River, which would be turned into an amenity, allowing residents to either meander along the river on walkways or possibly canoe and kayak on it. The second concept focuses more on “seamlessly” connecting the river to downtown Flushing with park-like, landscaped corridors running east to west. Small parks, officials said, would also be installed at the end of each street under this model.
With either proposal, developers expect the site to be parceled out between residential, retail, entertainment and other mixed uses within the next five to ten years. According to Peter Liebowitz, an environmental, planning and engineering consultant with the project, 75 percent of the land — totaling to 750,000 square feet — would go toward 600 units of affordable housing, based on market demand assessments. The total 1,005,000 square feet would be broken up between smaller percentages of retail, restaurants, office, hotel and entertainment options.
A more long term plan – over 10 years – calls for 1,600 residential units and only 6 percent entertainment, which officials said would largely make up of facility banquet halls.
The project is mildly restricted by the Federal Aviation Administration, said the project’s landscape architect Greg Leonard, since the development site is approximately 1.25 miles away from LaGuardia Airport.
Leonard said the maximum building height for the southeast portion of the site is capped at 170 feet before sea level subtractions. By the river, buildings could only be 145 feet.
Still, officials hope final recommendations will also feature a pedestrian bridge linking the waterfront to the future development site at Willets Point.
Last week, Mayor Michael Bloomberg detailed the city’s plans for the future of Willets Point, which includes the building of a 200-room hotel with 30,000-square-feet of retail and dining space and a portion of the Citi Field parking lot to become one-million square feet of space for retail, entertainment and dining.
The foot bridge will likely pass over the river at the lowest point of the Van Wyck Expressway, although officials said they still need to nail down the location, length and efficiency before designs are drawn.
“This is a very exciting area in terms of economics, despite the fact that some other areas of the country aren’t doing so well,” said former Queens Borough President Claire Shulman, who heads the FWCLDC. “Flushing is really on its way up.”
Plans to dredge the putrid-smelling Flushing River are not entirely part of the project, since the state-regulated wetland is under the jurisdiction of the city’s Department of Parks and Recreation. But Shulman said the group is already in talks with the agency to push the measure.
“The dredging is being very actively dealt with right now,” she said. “If we’re connecting to the river, we want the waterfront to be clean, attractive and usable.”
The project has already drawn fire from Willets Point United, a group of property owners battling the city to keep their land. Group leaders said in a statement that the brownfield project is “actually a thinly-disguised land grab” and predicted FWCLDC would use eminent domain in the future to acquire all land in the 60 acres — a move WPU is familiar with.
Developers, however, said properties owners maintain full control of their rights throughout the planning and implementation process. They said they are “respecting property boundaries” and made a note not to affect surrounding businesses.
FWCLDC hopes to have enough feedback from the community within 30 to 45 days before taking the information back to city agencies for review.
The agencies, developers said, have not put up any roadblocks yet. The project also got the thumbs up from Jack Friedman, executive director at the Queens Chamber of Commerce, who said the chamber is fully supportive of the plans.
“This new concept — this is exactly what we need for the area,” he said.


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New Star Wars: Episode IX Rumor Teases Rey And Rose Team-Up
David Pountain Dec 3, 2018 9:20 pm 2019-07-13T15:22:17-05:00
As a relatively late addition to the current Sequel Trilogy, Rose Tico’s significance in the upcoming Star Wars: Episode IX currently feels a little more ambiguous than those of her peers.
Since it was J.J. Abrams who first introduced the likes of Rey, Finn, and Kylo Ren back in The Force Awakens, you can imagine that the filmmaker has some distinct and long-held ideas for how he plans to wrap up their arcs, The Last Jedi’s subversive twists notwithstanding. Kelly Marie Tran’s character, on the other hand, was brought into the series by Rian Johnson in a subplot that even fans of this latest installment can usually agree was among the film’s weaker elements.
Nonetheless, it’s clear that audiences are expecting Rose’s story to go somewhere, and according to one new rumor, a pair-up with the saga’s other young heroine Rey could be on the cards.
New Star Wars: Episode IX Set Photos Place The Spotlight On Finn And Poe
This report comes by way of a Reddit post from a user who claims to have connections with “someone who has a small job in production.” According to this unverifiable piece, Episode IX will follow three distinct plotlines, much like we saw in The Last Jedi. One of these strands will see Finn and Poen on a mission – a development that’s been all but confirmed by set photos – and another will focus on Kylo Ren as he pushes forward with his plans for the First Order. Rey and Rose, meanwhile, are said to be going on an unspecified adventure of their own.
Obviously, it’s best not to take such hearsay too seriously, but a pair-up between Rose and Rey could make for an interesting combination, especially after The Last Jedi spawned theories of a love triangle between the two of them and Finn. In any case, we’ll find out what’s in store for the saga’s new generation of heroes when Star Wars: Episode IX hits theaters on December 20th, 2019.
Source: Express


Exploring the nature of models in science, philosophy of science, and science education
Belarmino, Jeremy J
BELARMINO-DISSERTATION-2017.pdf (617kB) (no description provided) PDF
Title: Exploring the nature of models in science, philosophy of science, and science education
Author(s): Belarmino, Jeremy J
Director of Research: Burbules, Nicholas
Doctoral Committee Chair(s): Burbules, Nicholas
Doctoral Committee Member(s): Higgins, Christopher R.; Brewer, William F.; Abd-El-Khalick, Fouad
Department / Program: Educ Policy, Orgzn & Leadrshp
Discipline: Educational Policy Studies
Subject(s): Model
Abstract: The term model is ubiquitous in science, philosophy of science, and science education. Although there is no general consensus regarding its definition, the traditional approach in all of these disciplines has always been to view models as some kind of representation of reality. Recently, however, there has been a move towards non-representational and deflationary accounts of modeling that eschew the notion that models must come equipped with both necessary and sufficient conditions. Following the philosophy of the later Wittgenstein, I develop my own narrative concerning modeling called the integration account. The integration account maintains that models are comprised of various elements that are organized in a distinctive way in order to solve scientific problems. Some of these elements include, but are not limited to: theories, laws, theory-ladenness of ideas, choice, funding availability, feasibility, social relationships, and even serendipity. The integration account encounters some difficulty when it is applied to the field of science education, in particular science teaching. The latter’s pedagogical project appears to run contrary to the integration account’s commitment to solving scientific problems. As a result, I propose that pedagogical models and scientific models be viewed as separate kinds of models, each replete with their own separate function. Scientific models should only be used by professional scientists to solve scientific problems and not used as teaching tools by science teachers. The reverse is also true. Pedagogical models can still be used by science teachers even if they have run their course when it comes to solving scientific problems.
Rights Information: Copyright 2017 Jeremy Belarmino
Date Deposited: 2017-12
Dissertations and Theses - Education
Dissertations and Theses from the College of Education


Wood River calendars available
Wood River Heritage Council calendars are now available.
WOOD RIVER — The Wood River Heritage Council’s 2022 calendar is now available.
The calendar features Wood River's past and the 2022 holidays and special events. The annual calendar is the primary revenue source for sustaining the Wood River Museum and Visitors Center, the Historic Wedding Chapel, the replica of Lewis and Clark's Camp Dubois and for providing artificial flowers and small American flags for graves at the Vaughn Hill Cemetery.
The calendar is $5 and may be bought at Wood River City Hall, the Wood River Museum and Visitors Center, the library, Busey Bank, Midwest Members Credit Union, First Mid Bank & Trust, Russell's Corner Cafe and Rustic Roots. The museum is open the first and third Friday and Saturday of each month.
People also may mail a check for $8 to the Wood River Heritage Council, P.O. Box 222, Wood River, IL 62095, and have a calendar mailed to them.


How the #METOO Movement Empowers Us
Emilia Wesolowski and Rachel Moy|June 20, 2018
Recently, the #METOO movement has exploded with more and more members. The number of women who have been impacted by sexual harassment through unnecessary and inappropriate comments, touching, or manipulation has skyrocketed. Every week another actor, politician, or celebrity is called out by a woman who has become willing to speak up and say, “ME TOO,” because she has been empowered by the movement.
With #METOO, we believe there is hope that our social interactions and society will change for the better during our lifetime and beyond to prevent these acts in the first place.
2006 Beginnings: breaking the silence
The #METOO movement, which began in 2006 by civil rights activist Tarana Burke, has become a well-known reference in the last two years. Burke began the Twitter movement to help women speak up and confront not only their harassers, but also the judicial system which created a blockade against women seeking justice. This early rise in women speaking out about their experiences inspired many more to speak out and others to become activists, just as we are doing in writing this column.
Ms. Burke knew that sexual harassment had long been treated as a taboo in American society — that women throughout the world have been silenced because of the opposition and negative attention they would receive by telling their stories and demanding action.
As high school students, we know there are already countless stories from girls who have been sexually harassed, and it is not just the heterosexual community — it’s LGBT, too. As it is especially difficult for high school students to come forward about sexual harassment, the idea of being stigmatized for it is a mindset that must be nipped at the bud. It is important for girls to understand at a young age that it is unacceptable to be shamed for being a victim to sexual harassment. We are fortunate that the Zone is on our campus to help with raising our voices.
A Safe Community for Girls
At a time when social media holds great influence on teenagers, the #METOO movement has created an accepting and supportive atmosphere that empowers females to fearlessly take action and speak up against their perpetrators. Although the hashtag has gained much popularity over the years, the seriousness of sexual harassment cannot be stressed enough. Creating a safe community in which girls (and boys) are empowered with choice in sexual relationships is a monumental change for our society.
It is because of Burke’s courage that millions of women worldwide have created a new reality, one in which they are able to speak up about sexual harassment and seek the help and justice they deserve.
Raising Your Voice
In recent months hundreds of women have stepped up to the mic and spoken up about past experience of sexual harassment in their lives and careers, and how they had been too uncomfortable to say so. We believe that you should speak out, too, if something has happened to you. The truth as we see is clear: a majority of women and girls have experienced some form of harassment. In fact, we believe that if you were to ask the women you know, most would have such a memory. And so society is finally beginning to recognize the magnitude of the problem that sexual harassment presents. #METOO created the platform and awareness for truth. We must all continue it with our voices to make a better world.
Emilia Wesolowski, Staff Reporter and Assistant Section Editor
Emilia Wesolowski, a junior in the Law and Public Safety Academy, has been a writer and assistant editor of the newspaper since the beginning of the 2017-18...
Rachel Moy, Staff Reporter and Columnist
Rachel Moy, who is currently a junior in the Finance Academy, is a first year writer and assistant editor on The Maroon Tribune. She loves to write creative...
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Hearing held for man accused of killing San Diego police Officer Jonathan De Guzman
Jonathan de Guzman died 3 years ago.
By: JASON KUROSU, City News Service
Posted at 10:08 AM, Jun 17, 2019
SAN DIEGO (CNS) - A San Diego police officer who survived a shooting that took the life of his partner testified today that the assailant shot him in the throat without provocation before turning the gun on his colleague, prompting him to return fire.
Officer Wade Irwin took the stand as preliminary hearing testimony got underway to determine whether there is enough evidence to warrant a trial for Jesse Michael Gomez, who is charged with murder and attempted murder, with a special circumstance allegation of murder of a police officer.
The 58-year-old defendant, who is being held without bail, could face the death penalty if convicted. Gomez is accused of shooting Irwin and fellow gang-unit Officer Jonathan "J.D.'' DeGuzman about 11 p.m. on July 28, 2016, when they tried to detain him in the 3700 block of Acacia Grove Way.
DeGuzman, a 16-year SDPD veteran, was pronounced dead after being rushed to a hospital. Gomez was taken into custody in a ravine off South 38th Street, a short distance from the scene, and was hospitalized with a gunshot wound to his upper body.
Irwin testified that as he and DeGuzman were patrolling the area, they saw two men split up and start walking along the north and south sidewalks of Acacia Grove Way. Irwin said he believed the man on the south side -- who he later learned was Gomez -- was someone else he had previously arrested. DeGuzman stopped the car and Irwin got out of the passenger side, leaving the door open, he said.
Irwin then asked Gomez, "Hey, do you live in the area?'' and Gomez "almost immediately'' shot him, the witness testified. The officer said Gomez then approached the open passenger door of the patrol car and fired into the vehicle, where DeGuzman was sitting.
After being shot, Irwin said he fell into the side of the patrol car and was sitting up near the rear tire. He said he had "a lot of blood'' in his throat and it was hard to breathe.
"I believed (Gomez) was going to execute me if he saw I was still alive,'' Irwin testified. He said that after Gomez shot his partner, he drew his gun and fired three to four times on the shooter, who was running eastbound.
Irwin testified that he was taken to UC San Diego Medical Center for treatment of a collapsed lung, paralysis to his right diaphragm and vocal cords, facial numbness and nerve damage.
Irwin said he remained in the hospital for 23 days and still suffers from the lingering effects of the injuries.
While in the hospital, he was shown photographic lineups that included Gomez and the man he originally believed Gomez to be. He testified that he identified Gomez as the shooter and that the other man was not at the scene or involved in the shooting.


The Deep Dive: A closer look at the Seventh Circuit’s sexual orientation decision
Client Bulletin #610
As we reported early this morning, the full U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit decided in Hively v. Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana that the prohibition in Title VII against discrimination based on “sex” encompasses discrimination based on sexual orientation. It is the first federal appellate court to do so, although recent decisions from other federal appeals courts – declining to expand Title VII this far – seem “conflicted” about the issue.
The Hively decision is 67 pages long, including the majority opinion (by Chief Justice Diane Wood), two concurring opinions (by Judge Richard Posner and Judge Joel Flaum) and one comprehensive dissent (by Judge Diane Sykes). The opinions in their entirety present what are probably the best arguments for and against extending Title VII to include sexual orientation discrimination.
In a nutshell, the expansive interpretation adopted by the majority and the two concurrences is based on evolving societal attitudes toward sexual orientation, gender identity, and same-sex marriage. They frankly acknowledge that Congress did not consider “sex” to include “sexual orientation” when Title VII was enacted in 1964. Nonetheless, they argue, the understanding of sex discrimination in 1964 was relatively limited – so limited, in fact, that Congress and society may have understood it primarily as a simple refusal to hire or promote women because they were viewed as less capable than men.
Society’s understanding of sex discrimination, and the scope of Title VII’s ban on “sex” discrimination, have obviously been expanded in a number of ways since 1964. Courts have subsequently interpreted “sex discrimination” to include stereotypes about traditional female roles (for example, not hiring women for sales positions on the assumption that women would not want to travel, or refusing to hire or promote women with young children based on the view that their maternal responsibilities would interfere with job performance). Beginning in the 1980s and 1990s, Title VII was interpreted to include sexual harassment. In that same general period, two Supreme Court decisions – Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins and Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc. – indicated that it would be unlawful to subject an employee to adverse action or treatment for failing to conform to sex stereotypes. (Simplistically stated, Price Waterhouse involved an “aggressive” woman who did not have a sufficiently “feminine” appearance, and Oncale involved a man with “effeminate” characteristics.)
More recently, society’s views of sexual orientation have changed. Most significantly, the Supreme Court decided in Obergefell v. Hodges that laws against same-sex marriage violated the Due Process and Equal Protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Thus, sexual orientation is now viewed as a protected category, making the Supreme Court’s 1967 decision in Loving v. Virginia (finding it unconstitutional for states to prohibit interracial marriage) relevant to this issue. In Loving, the State of Virginia unsuccessfully argued that it did not discriminate based on race because it treated the Caucasian spouse of an interracial marriage the same as the African-American spouse. The Supreme Court, however, found that “discrimination on the basis of the race with whom a person associates [sic] is a form of racial discrimination.” (Quote is from the majority opinion in Hiveley.) Although Loving did not involve Title VII, the Seventh Circuit says that the same reasoning should apply to discrimination based on the sex of the person with whom an individual associates in the context of a Title VII claim.
The dissent
In a dissent joined by Judges William Bauer and Michael Kanne, Judge Diane Sykes criticized the majority for legislating from the bench: “The result is a statutory amendment courtesy of unelected judges.” Using terminology from Judge Posner’s concurrence, she argued that the Court is not authorized “to engage in ‘judicial interpretive updating.’”
Judge Sykes argued that, in interpreting a statute like Title VII, the Court is supposed to be guided by the statutory language as it would have been understood by a reasonable person at the time of enactment, and she contended (correctly, no doubt) that it was not “remotely plausible” that a reasonable person at the time of enactment would have understood “sex” to encompass “sexual orientation.” She also noted that in subsequent state and federal legislation, “sexual orientation” is expressly enumerated as a protected category, indicating that Congress and state legislatures consider “sex” and “sexual orientation” to be two different things.
Judge Sykes also argued that discrimination based on sexual orientation is a separate category from discrimination based on sex. She argued that Loving did not apply because it was not a Title VII case and because anti-miscegenation statutes were based on the philosophy of “white superiority.” By contrast, she argued, “sexual-orientation discrimination . . . is not inherently sexist.” (Emphasis in original.) Finally, she contended that Price Waterhouse, Oncale, and Obergefell and the other “sexual orientation” Supreme Court decisions did not apply because they involved different legal issues.
Applicability of Hively, predictions, and caveats
The Hiveley decision will be binding legal authority for employers with operations in the Seventh Circuit states of Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin. It is likely to be very influential in other parts of the country, but courts outside the Seventh Circuit will not be obligated to follow it. It should be noted that panels of two federal Courts of Appeal – the Second Circuit and the Eleventh Circuit – have recently declined to extend Title VII to include sexual orientation discrimination.
In any event, federal contractors are already required to prohibit discrimination or harassment based on sexual orientation or gender identity, many state laws and local ordinances prohibit such discrimination or harassment, and even in jurisdictions that have no such legislation in place, we recommend that employers prohibit such discrimination or harassment as a matter of company policy. We also recommend that it be included in companies’ regular EEO and harassment training.
With a split in the circuits, it is possible that this issue will reach the U.S. Supreme Court. Assuming Judge Neil Gorsuch is confirmed to replace the late Justice Antonin Scalia, our best prediction would be a 5-4 split: Justice Anthony Kennedy may join Justices Breyer, Ginsburg, Kagan, and Sotomayor in affirming the Seventh Circuit decision, with Chief Justice Roberts, and Justices Alito, Gorsuch, and Thomas dissenting – probably for many of the reasons articulated in Judge Sykes’ dissent.
Hively was the outcome of Ivy Tech’s motion to dismiss for failure to state claims for which relief can be granted. This is a motion filed at the very outset of the case, before discovery has begun. At this early stage, the Court is required to assume that the allegations in the lawsuit are true, and can dismiss the lawsuit only if – based on that assumption – it appears that the plaintiff has not made a valid legal claim. Thus, after discovery, Ivy Tech may ultimately be able to prevail on summary judgment or at trial.
A three-judge panel of the Seventh Circuit found in August 2016 that Title VII did not prohibit sexual orientation discrimination. The panel majority opinion was written by Judge Ilana Rovner. Last fall, the Seventh Circuit voted to vacate the panel decision and rehear the case. Interestingly, Judge Rovner joined the majority in yesterday’s en banc decision.
Finally, it should be noted that the Seventh Circuit majority opinion points out that no religious exemption was at issue in Hively, nor was there any issue related to “the provision of social or public services.”


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PAP blasts AU over Libya, covering it´s own Failures.
Posted on October 29, 2011 by nsnbc international
A.U. Chairperson C. P. Obiang
The African Union (AU) has been seriously criticized by the Pan African Parliament (PAP). After the AU assisted in passing the UN resolutions that were abused by NATO and allied countries like Qatar to initiate the war that has devastated Libya under humanitarian pretexts, it also utterly failed to stop NATO´s aggression. After being criticized by the PAP earlier this months the AU is increasingly being blasted by PAP members for it´s failure to represent African and Libyan interests. The PAP critizism of the AU how ever, looks most like an attempt to cover it´s own failure to act on behalf of Africa. By Dr. Christof Lehmann
At a meeting of the Pan African Parliament (PAP) on 11 October (1), Hon Charumba informed the PAP that a fact finding mission for Tunisia and Libya had noticed that thousands of civilians had been killed as a result of NATO´s bombings, and that the report of the fact finding mission strongly indicates that NATO deviated from the original objective of the United Nations Security Counsel to protect civilians.
The fact finding team also observed that NATO blocked shipments of food, medicine, fuel, and other items exempt from the UN embargo. Charumba emphasized that UNSC Resolutions 1970 and 1973/2011 exempted basic food items, medicines, medical equipment, material for local education institutions and financial grants for students abroad. The fact finding team also observed that there was an acute shortage of fuel, that infrastructure had been destroyed, and that a large number of refugees were fleeing the country. The report noted that the food shortages had worsened during the crisis and that telecommunications have been seriously damaged. The report also noted that several pupils and students were suffering from psychological distress caused by the conflict. Charumbira noted that blacks were being targeted and subject to torture, after being mistaken for mercenaries hired by the ousted Muammar Ghadafi.
Considering the fact that tens of thousands of black Africans have been massacred in Libya, and given the fact that entire cities like Sirte have been utterly devastated, given the fact that NATO has criminally abused a UNSC Resolution for implementing colonial ambitions by war, the language of the report was very restrained, but could be understood within the context of normal diplomatic language. When Charumbira, who lead the fact finding mission, follows up on the critique by saying that “the team further noticed that although Ghadafi supporters had lost control of all major towns, they still pose a threat” he is dancing a diplomatic tip toe, that is symptomatic for a lack of African Unity and Solidarity.
The report stated also, that the delegation had observed that the fall of the Libyan Government had created conditions for the emergence of divisions on the basis of religious ideology, and cited the influence of groups like the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group and Al Qaeda in the Islamic Mahgreb region. Charumbira warned that failure to establish an all inclusive government, that would include Ghadafi loyalists could lead to revenge attacks.
The PAP delegation recommended an immediate cessation of hostilities in conformity with the African Union Road Map and called on the NTC to begin negotiations to form an inclusive government so Libyans could decide their own future. The mission also proposed that the PAP should be involved in national reconstruction and in fostering national unity, preserving the integrity of Libyan citizens, and co-operate with relevant organizations to ensure the protection of migrant workers.
Finally, in a hint of much needed self critique, the missions report suggested that the PAP should, in future, respond in a timely manner to events and conflicts on the continent, stating that the PAP mission arrived in Tripoli three months after the conflict escalated, yet missions from the United States had arrived within days of the conflict. Particularly the last point of self critique is one of the best diplomatic lingual artistries heard for a long time. If US missions were in Tripoli days after the conflict began it is most likely so, because both the PAP and AU failed to identify or stop the USA´s and NATO´s colonial project in Libya.
PAP Vice Pres Gumbo Joram
The fact that PAP Vice President Joram Gumbo begins to “blast” the African Union for it´s failures (2) can hardly mask the fact that both the African Union and the Pan African parliament have failed to represent principles of African Unity, failed to protect a fellow African Nation from colonial aggression.
Neither the AU nor the PAP lobbied Russia and China sufficiently to achieve a veto against the UNSC Resolutions that where but interference into Libyan and African Affairs. Neither the AU nor the PAP put forward viable plans to help the Libyan government to cope with the NATO led, commanded, financed and armed “rebels” as well as NATO and Qatari special forces. Neither the AU or PAP demanded an immediate UNSC Resolution to halt NATO´s aggression. Neither the AU nor the PAP responded urgently and persistently when reports of massacres on tens of thousands of black Africans became impossible to ignore. The massacres on black Africans in Libya, one could say, did not even escape the attention of the PAP fact finding mission. Neither the AU nor the PAP have demanded a full war crimes investigation about the total destruction of Sirte. neither the AU nor the PAP have yet demanded that NATO war criminals should be charged, and both failed to demand an immediate and full investigation and autopsy reports concerning Muammar Ghadafi. Neither the AU nor the PAP have protested against the colonialist proxy governments invitation of troops from 13 countries, including the USA, the UK, France and Qatar to continue the mass murder of Libyans. Were the AU and PAP representative of African Sentiment and Interests, would they not have asked how it can be, that the first African American President of the USA has been responsible for the murder of more black Africans than most of his Caucasian predecessors.
When the Pan African Parliament and it´s members “blast” the African Union is is a syndrome that cripples both; years of Inter-African rivalry and failure to work towards a United Africa that stands in solidarity against all forms of colonialism.
Christof Lehmann
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Afghan Air Force Pounds IS Targets In Eastern Province
May 08, 2017 11:17 GMT
The Afghan Interior Ministry says that the air strikes killed at least 34 Islamic State fighters. (file photo)
Afghanistan's air force has pounded Islamic State (IS) targets in the eastern province of Nangarhar, where the extremist group's top commander was killed in a raid last month, Afghan authorities said.
The Interior Ministry said on May 8 that the air strikes killed at least 34 IS fighters over the past 24 hours and destroyed an IS radio station that had been illegally broadcasting the militant group's messages across the province.
The ministry said the air strikes targeted IS hideouts in the Nazyan and Achin districts.
The statement came after U.S. and Afghan officials announced on May 7 that a joint military operation last month killed Abdul Hasib, the IS chief in Nangarhar.
Hasib, who was appointed last year following the death of his predecessor Hafiz Saeed in a U.S drone strike, was killed in a raid by 50 U.S. Special Forces and 40 Afghan commandos, according to a joint statement by U.S. and Afghan armed forces.
A statement released by Afghan President Ashraf Ghani's office also confirmed Hasib's death, adding that he was "responsible for ordering the attack on the military hospital in Kabul that took place in March in which around 50 people were killed and many more wounded."
Meanwhile, in a separate development, at least six militants were killed by a U.S. drone strike in central Wardak Province on May 8, Afghan media reported, citing local officials.
Abdul Rahman Mangal, a spokesman for the provincial governor said "local Taliban commanders" were among those killed in the attack that targeted the militants in the provincial capital, Maidan Shahr.Mangal did not provide further details.
Based on reporting by AP and tolonews.com


Lasiocampidae » Lasiocampinae
Oak Eggar Lasiocampa quercus
Pair • Banffshire, ssp. callunae • © Roy Leverton
The Oak Eggar, despite its name, does not feed on Oak, but is so-called because the shape of its cocoon is acorn-like. The foodplants are mainly heather (Calluna) and bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), but also include bramble (Rubus), Sallows (Salix), broom (Cytisus scoparius), sloe (Prunus spinosa), hawthorn (Crataegus), hazel (Corylus) and Sea-buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides).
The red-brown males fly during the day, especially in sunshine, whereas the larger, paler females are nocturnal and can be attracted to light. The normal flight period in lowland southern Britain is July to August, and in the north from late May to early July. Adults from northern moors, and some dunes and southern heaths, are often larger and darker than most southern forms.
In the north of Britain, development takes two years, in the south one year, with a zone in the Midlands and Welsh borders where it varies, probably with variation in the climate from year to year. Formerly, northern populations with a two-year cycle were given sub-specific status as the Northern eggar (Lasiocampa quercus callunae), but the situation is not as clear-cut as previously thought.
The larvae change considerably in appearance during development, and care should be taken not to confuse early instars with the larvae of other eggars (Trichiura, Eriogaster and Lasiocampa species). Fox moth (Macrothylacia rubi) and the Drinker (Euthrix potatoria) should be checked when identifying last instar larvae. Early instar larvae from moorlands are often duller, especially on the dorsum, than larvae from other habitats.
When the two-year cycle is followed, larvae usually live from July to the September of the following year, and pupae overwinter from September to May. One-year cycle larvae usually live from September to May, with pupae in June. Rearing larvae indoors can accelerate development.


Battersea urges action on five-year sentences after Welsh man jailed for killing his dog
Battersea Dogs & Cats Home has today renewed its call for tougher sentences for horrific cases of animal abuse and cruelty, after a Welsh farmer was jailed for 18 weeks for killing his sheepdog.
Tredegar man Graham Thomas was convicted of causing unnecessary suffering to Welsh Border Collie Prince after the dog failed to round up his flock of sheep correctly. Thomas reportedly hanged Prince from a large tree on his farm after witnesses saw him shouting and swearing at the dog. The RSPCA investigated and took him to court.
At the sentencing hearing yesterday (21 March), which followed Thomas's conviction on 12 March, Newport Magistrates' Court heard the offence was so serious that only a custodial sentence could be a suitable punishment and he was jailed for 18 weeks. He was also banned from keeping dogs and sheep for life and ordered to pay £750 prosecution costs and a £15 victim surcharge.
The news comes weeks after Westminster drafted a proposed amendment to the law on new legislation to increase the maximum sentence for animal cruelty in England and Wales to five years in prison. Battersea research shows England and Wales' current six-month maximum sentence for animal cruelty is the lowest in Europe.
Battersea's Chief Executive, Claire Horton, said: “Shocking cases like this show how important it is to increase sentences for the most serious cases of animal cruelty.
“Had this man been convicted of fly tipping, he could have been jailed for up to five years. Instead, he has escaped with just a few months in prison. We urge Westminster not to lose sight of this vital issue and to tighten up our laws as soon as possible."
To find out more about Battersea's sentencing campaign, visit www.battersea.org.uk/NotFunny.


Are Emotions Universal?
Medically reviewed by Scientific Advisory Board — Written by Rick Nauert, PhD on January 27, 2018
A new research study investigates whether basic emotions are influenced by the environment or are genetically hardwired into all human beings.
The study, conducted from the University of London, compared people from Britain and Namibia. Findings suggest basic emotions such as amusement, anger, fear and sadness are shared by all humans.
Everybody shares the vast majority of their genetic makeup with each other, meaning that most of our physical characteristics are similar. We all share other attributes, too, such as having complex systems of communication to convey our thoughts, feelings and the intentions of those around us, and we are all able to express a wide range of emotions through language, sounds, facial expressions and posture.
However, the way that we communicate is not always the same – for example, people from different cultures may not understand the same words and phrases or body language.
In an attempt to find out if certain emotions are universal, researchers led by Professor Sophie Scott from University College London have studied whether the sounds associated with emotions such as happiness, anger, fear, sadness, disgust and surprise are shared among different cultures.
The results of their study, funded by the Wellcome Trust, Economic and Social Research Council, University of London Central Research Fund and UCL, are published today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. They provide further evidence that such emotions form a set of basic, evolved functions that are shared by all humans.
Dr. Disa Sauter studied people from Britain and from the Himba, a group of over 20,000 people living in small settlements in northern Namibia as part of her PhD research at UCL. In the very remote settlements, where the data for the present study were collected, the individuals live completely traditional lives, with no electricity, running water, formal education, or any contact with people from other groups.
Participants in the study listened to a short story based around a particular emotion, for example, how a person is very sad because a relative of theirs had died recently. At the end of the story they heard two sounds – such as crying and of laughter – and were asked to identify which of the two sounds reflected the emotion being expressed in the story. The British group heard sounds from the Himba and vice versa.
“People from both groups seemed to find the basic emotions – anger, fear, disgust, amusement, sadness and surprise – the most easily recognizable,” says Professor Scott, a Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellow.
“This suggests that these emotions – and their vocalizations – are similar across all human cultures.”
The findings support previous research which showed that facial expressions of these basic emotions are recognized across a wide range of cultures. Despite the considerable variation in human facial musculature, the facial muscles that are essential to produce the basic emotions are constant across individuals, suggesting that specific facial muscle structures have likely evolved to allow individuals to produce universally recognizable emotional expressions.
One positive sound was particularly well recognized by both groups of participants: laughter. Listeners from both cultures agreed that laughter signified amusement, exemplified as the feeling of being tickled.
“Tickling makes everyone laugh – and not just humans,” says Dr. Disa Sauter, who tested the Himba and English participants.
“We see this happen in other primates such as chimpanzees, as well as other mammals. This suggests that laughter has deep evolutionary roots, possibly originating as part of playful communication between young infants and mothers.
“Our study supports the idea that laughter is universally associated with being tickled and reflects the feeling of enjoyment of physical play.”
Previous studies have shown that smiling is universally recognized as a signal of happiness, raising the possibility that laughter is the auditory equivalent of smiles, both communicating a state of enjoyment.
However, explains Professor Scott, it is possible that laughter and smiles are in fact quite different types of signals, with smiles functioning as a signal of generally positive social intent, whereas laughter may be a more specific emotional signal, originating in play.
Not all positive sounds were easily recognizable to both cultures, however. Some, such as the sound of pleasure or achievement appear not to be shared across cultures, but are instead specific to a particular group or region.
The researchers believe this may be due to the function of positive emotions, which facilitate social cohesion between group members. Such bonding behavior may be restricted to in-group members with whom social connections are built and maintained.
However, it may not be desirable to share such signals with individuals who are not members of one’s own cultural group.
Source: Wellcome Trust


FODDER YEAST GROWN ON RUM DISTILLERY STILLAGE AS A PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT FOR LAYER HENS
Vol. 69 No. 3 (1985), Research Notes
Marelita Sosa
Sosa, M., & Randel, P. F. (1985). FODDER YEAST GROWN ON RUM DISTILLERY STILLAGE AS A PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT FOR LAYER HENS. The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico, 69(3), 435-437. https://doi.org/10.46429/jaupr.v69i3.7372
Moisés Díaz-Medina, Paul F. Randel, Dried Rum Distillery Stillage in Laying Rations , The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico: Vol. 62 No. 2 (1978): Vol. 62, No. 2, April 1978
José Pantoja, Angel A. Custodio, Paul F. Randel, Silvia Cianzio, Bernardino Rodríguez, Milk production and somatic ceil count in complete lactations in dairy herds in Puerto Rico , The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico: Vol. 80 No. 3 (1996): Vol. 80, No. 3, July 1996
Paul F. Randel, Comparison of concentrate feeds with different levels of SynerMax® inclusion for dairy cows , The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico: Vol. 89 No. 1-2 (2005): Vol. 89, No. 1-2, January - April 2005
Paul F. Randel, Complete rations containing coarsely chopped or ground hay for dairy cows in confinement vs. conventional grazing , The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico: Vol. 75 No. 3 (1991): Vol. 75, No. 3, July 1991
Isamari Soto, Teodoro M. Ruiz, Paul F. Randel, SUPLEMENTACIÓN A VACAS LECHERAS DE TRANSICIÓN CON CALCIO EN FORMA DE GEL PARA PREVENIR LA HIPOCALCEMIA , The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico: Vol. 102 No. 1-2 (2018): Vol. 102, No. 1-2, 2018
Paul F. Randel, SUPLEMENTACIÓN CON LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA Y CONSUMO VOLUNTARIO DE HENO DE GRAMÍNEAS TROPICALES POR VACUNOS LECHEROS , The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico: Vol. 91 No. 3-4 (2007): Vol. 91, No. 3-4, July - October 2007
Paul F. Randel, John Fernández-Van Cleve, Confinement Feeding of Dairy Cows Based on Stargrass as Green Chopped Fodder or Hay , The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico: Vol. 72 No. 2 (1988): Vol. 72, No. 2, April 1988
Paul F. Randel, Ad Libitum Feeding of Either a Complete Ration Based on Sugarcane Bagasse or a Conventional Concentrates Mixture to Dairy Cows , The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico: Vol. 54 No. 3 (1970): Vol. 54, No. 3, July 1970
Paul F. Randel, LEVADURA TORULA CULTIVADA EN MOSTO DE DESTILERÍA DE RON COMO PUENTE PROTEICA PARA GALLINAS PONEDORAS , The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico: Vol. 81 No. 1-2 (1997): Vol. 81, No. 1-2, January - April 1997
Paul F. Randel, Adam M. Christman, AROMA AND FLAVOR ENHANCERS IN A LIQUID FEED SUPPLEMENT CONTAINING 90% OF LIQUID STREPTOMYCES SOLUBLES , The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico: Vol. 86 No. 3-4 (2002): Vol. 86, No. 3-4, July - October 2002
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I Became the Young Villain’s Sister-In-Law
Translated by Translated by lipzoldyck
Ah, the lunch was fantastic.
It’s a little hard to say that with my own mouth, but it was dope anyway. There was no smell of meat, and the fish was not fishy. Calib was dozing off with a relaxed face, also completely satisfied.
I cleared the table and handed him a warm herbal tea. It was there when I was cleaning out the cupboard earlier. Unfortunately, the cocoa couldn’t be seen anywhere whether I ran out of it yesterday or not.
“It’s chamomile.”
However, Calib didn’t care as if he was more familiar with herbal tea.
To think that he’s a kid who’s more familiar with herbal tea than cocoa…
Somehow, something felt odd.
Moments later, Calib was sipping chamomile tea and cautiously opened his mouth. “Why didn’t Ellia… aren’t you going to ask me anything?”
“Why am I here alone, am I really the Grand Young Lord, aren’t there any other people around… You can even ask questions.” Calib grabbed his warm mug and gazed upon me.
Ah, right.
Yesterday passed like a storm and I completely forgot about it. I pondered for a moment on what to answer, and then I decided to just look around. “Well, I’m curious, but… before that, it was more necessary to calm down first.”
“Calm down… You say?”
“Yep. You’d be very shocked too. And when you get a little bit better, I wondered if you could tell me vaguely.”
“So you’re waiting for me to be okay… Well, um, thanks.” He shut his lips as he tried to say thank you.
I think I remember I said he didn’t have to thank each and every one of them. Phew, it would’ve hurt my conscience if I had been greeted with words of thanks.
With that thought in mind, I flashed my smile at Calib once.
Calib, who stared blankly at my face, said as if he was bewitched.
“Ellia is… fascinating.”
“Hm? Fascinating, you say?”
“Yeah. It’s as if you’ve known me for a long time. Is it because of a child named… Yoonie? I wish I were.”
I was speechless for a moment.
Obviously, the part where I feel more familiar with him because of Yoonie is correct. But his words aren’t wrong. I read the original novel, that’s why I know the past as well as the future of Calib.
“In contrast to Ellia, I keep getting curious about Ellia for some reason.”
“You’re curious about me?”
“Yes. But if it’s that way, I’ll have to… tell you my story first, right?” Calib looked confused.
To be honest, after knowing the young villain’s story, I don’t want to get involved anymore. But now it seems to me that Calib wants to step out and tell his story. Being curious about me is moderately a good excuse.
Then I looked at Calib quietly, gave him a friendly gaze.
Perhaps he had gained courage, Calib licked his tiny lips. “Maybe I… It would’ve been better for me to die by the wolf like that yesterday.”
“What? What kind of nonsense…”
“Because I have an older brother, you know.”
I shut my mouth and looked down, mad at Calib’s words.
Calib’s older brother, Cedric Kedyssel Indigentia. I knew him too.
“Even though my brother is adopted and has not even a drop of family blood mixed… Even so, he’s family.”
In the midst of the fact that brothers would pay no mind to each other, they had an unrivaled relationship.
“And I like him very much. I respect him because he’s a very talented genius.”
He was so outstanding that he was called an ‘adopter’ and was given full support by his vassals. So much that he was mentioned as the next Grand Duke.
“He’s a very bold person, incomparable to anyone like me. But he keeps trying to make me the Grand Duke.”
“Isn’t that good? He acknowledges you.” To comfort Calib, who had low self-esteem, I deliberately pretended not to know.
But Calib shook his head with a gloomy face. “Actually… Brother is cursed.”
“Curse, you say?”
“Last year. He happened to be cursed by a bad fairy. It’s a dreadful curse that will make him slowly fall into an eternal sleep and never wake up again.”
I swallowed dry saliva, nervous.
Because this curse was the trigger for Calib to become a villain.
Cedric’s curse was the curse that Daphne, the female lead of [I Won’t Put You To Sleep This Time], threw out in order to protect the male lead, Renoir.
The bad fairy put a curse on him to sleep forever in revenge for not being invited on his birthday. And the regressed female lead repelled this curse to protect the male lead. The two of them fell in love. That was the story of [I Won’t Put You To Sleep This Time].
After hearing Calib’s story, I realized the timeline of when I possessed this body.
Before the female lead saved the male lead, Cedric got cursed…
Later, his brother slept forever due to the curse. Then Calib…
I got dizzy.
Sooner or later, the world will be in chaos because of the villain Calib. He took a hand in the forbidden black magic and combined it with his gravity magic, the most powerful magic in the worldview. He became the strongest and worst villain, driving the imperial family to the brink of destruction.
Calib continued in a gloomy voice, “This curse… It is said that only the caster can solve it. But we still haven’t been able to figure out where the bad fairy is.”
I gulped again.
Calib was cursed last year and Calib is 7 now…
The bad fairy will soon reappear because they need to kidnap the female lead. The problem is, however, even after the caster bad fairy appeared, it didn’t lift Cedric’s curse.
The bad guy kidnapped the female lead, and what happened after that?
Death penalty.
Of course, after the bad fairy was caught, Calib went to the male lead and begged to please give some time for Cedric’s curse to be lifted. Even so, the male lead’s brain had already whirled. He didn’t grant Calib’s plea and ordered execution.
The only being who would remove Cedric’s curse disappeared with the dew of death.
I was thinking of the original story when Calib muttered. “There is a place called the ‘Sanctuary of Knowledge’. It’s where all the knowledge of the world is.”
I knew it.
Whenever the female lead ran into troubles, she drew hints from it and eventually worked out the case.
“In the Epricent Empire, only the imperial family and three chosen families can enter.”
The family of villains, Indigentia; the family of the female lead, Marinest; and another family were the central figures.
“But no matter how many families are allowed to enter, the ‘Sanctuary of Knowledge’ is not a place that anyone can go to.”
If my memory is correct, you can only go if you inherit the family lineage or become the head of the household.
Or if you can prove your loyalty to your family.
“The fastest way for my adoptive brother to get to the ‘Sanctuary of Knowledge’ is to become the head of the family.”
Still, in the original story, Cedric eventually put Calib on the throne and fell into an eternal sleep.
“That’s why I… I don’t want to be the Grand Duke.”
“Because your brother needs to become the Grand Duke so that he can go to the ‘Sanctuary of Knowledge’?”
“Yes.” Calib shook his head, replied softly.
It was a pitiful look that made my heart ache.
He mumbled, “If I can’t lift Brother’s curse, I… What will happen to me?”
‘You.. You won’t be able to overcome the sadness of losing your only brother who cared for you in the family and you will turn into a villain.’
The obvious future swelled up to the tip of my neck.
“Can I really endure it alone?”
‘No, you can’t stand it.’
A sense of helplessness, knowing how to break the curse but letting his brother fall into an eternal sleep. He felt guilty that he couldn’t even go to the ‘Sanctuary of Knowledge’ because he had surpassed his older brother and became the Grand Duke.
The glares of the greedy vassals trying to purify the mixed-blood…
Calib, who became the Grand Duke at the age of only 8, was completely broken and crumbling.
And in order to revive his older brother who only cared for him in Calib’s whole life, he even touched the forbidden black magic and fell.
I’m fully aware of Calib’s future.
So, to get away from him as soon as possible, I promised to send him back when the wounds are healed.
“I… I’m afraid that I will lose my brother like this, or that I should let him go.” I saw Calib putting his mug down and burying his face in his small palm. “It’s so scary.”
When I first met him, I saw Calib who was mentally preoccupied enough to confide in me.
“I would rather have been cursed.”
The promise I had been struggling with was overshadowed and I wanted to comfort him. Calib’s shoulders were shaking uncontrollably.
This child is a character in the story, the young villain. There’s nothing good about him being involved with an extra.
He’s not Yoonie. He’s someone else.
No matter how hard I tried to think about that, I couldn’t stand watching his small shoulders tremble. I hugged his small body tightly and muttered. “…There must be a way. Your brother will be fine. He can live with Calib for a long, long time.”
“I’ll help you too.”
The original story is already destined.
As an extra, I know I can’t change the plot.
But still… For now, I just wanted to comfort Calib.
A week has passed since then.
Late in the morning, Calib woke up to a heavy feeling on his chest.
It was none other than Ellia’s arm that was pressing on his chest.
For the past week, every night, Ellia fell asleep holding Calib tightly as if she was hugging someone dear to her.
‘…Today is warm too.’
There were no heating magic tools in the bed, but the night breeze flew in through the window. Even though the tip of his nose was tinged by the cold air, Calib’s heart was warmer than ever.
‘I never knew that sleeping in someone’s arms is so warm.’
Of course, in comparison, it’s more uncomfortable than sleeping alone.
Nevertheless, it’s…
‘It feels stable.’
Ellia, whom he looked up at, was still asleep. And she still looked friendly. This gentle face not even once got angry with Calib.
‘Rather, as if spring has come, she has become warmer and more affectionate.’
The expressions Calib saw in the Grand Duke’s Castle were cold and sharp. It was impossible to even dream of talking with someone with such a friendly expression like recently.
He knew why the vassals hated him so much.
‘A child who killed his parents.’
Whenever Cedric was absent, the vassals united and slandered Calib. As a result, he himself felt as if he was the culprit behind everything.
‘Actually, they didn’t have to come to find me. I already had an older brother who was an excellent successor…’
Obviously, Cedric told Calib all the time that he’d never be the successor.
‘Brother is really kind. He always comforts me with kindness.’
Cedric was the only reason Calib could hold out this much. If he thinks about how Cedric is cursed and one day, he’ll fall into an eternal sleep…
Calib shuddered at his thoughts.
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Murderers Decorated With Medals
Politics / US Politics Feb 21, 2013 - 10:31 AM GMT
Laurence M. Vance writes: "Murder decorated with a ribbon is still murder." ~ Emmanuel Charles McCarthy
In my previous article ("Hero or Murderer?") I said that a soldier from a country thousands of miles away who travels to the United States and kills Americans is a murderer. But I also said that American soldiers who do the same thing are not heroes but murderers. I said that foreign soldiers should not be excused no matter who told them to go or why they went. But I also said that American soldiers should not be excused either.
Aside from a few comments that said I was "filled with hate" or "a totally f**ked up anti-American," I received a few sincere inquiries about my statement that we shouldn’t excuse foreign soldiers because they were drafted.
So, what if a soldier is drafted? Should we hold draftees to the same standard as those who voluntarily enlist? Are conscripts not accountable or less accountable than those who sent them to war? Can we hold soldiers responsible for actions done under fear of punishment, imprisonment, or death? A few brief thoughts.
First of all, when people raise the issue of soldiers being drafted, it is usually in the context of excusing American soldiers from killing in unjust wars. Conscripted foreign fighters are rarely accorded the same consideration. And no wonder, for no one wants to be seen as excusing Nazi atrocities. But murder is still murder. If it is murder when foreign soldiers do it, then it is murder when American soldiers do it.
Second, the draft ended in the United States in 1973. Since murder is still murder, hypothetical questions about the draft are irrelevant when U.S. troops have been fighting in Afghanistan longer than they fought in World War II. The chances of the draft being reinstituted are next to nothing, despite the efforts of Rep. Charles Rangel, who wants to not only reinstate the draft, but include women in it as well. And besides, no draft is needed. All the branches of the armed forces have met their enlistment quotas for several years now. There is no shortage of Americans willing to invade, occupy, and kill for the state should they be told to do so once in the military.
Third, I certainly agree with those who say we should blame the president, the politicians, the ruling class, the neoconservatives, the Joint Chiefs, the military brass, the defense contractors, and the Congress for sending U.S. soldiers to fight unjust foreign wars, as if a foreign war could be just. But draft or no draft, I have nothing but contempt for the architects of U.S. foreign wars, the presidents who instigate or continue these wars, the neocons who welcome these wars, the liberals who defend these wars (when a Democratic president is conducting them), the conservatives who defend these wars (when a Republican president is conducting them), the military officers who use these wars to advance their careers while not actually doing any fighting themselves, the Congressmen who vote to fund these wars, the defense contractors who profit from these wars, and the Christians who pray for the troops in these wars. They are all moral monsters, and are accomplices to murder. But that doesn’t change that fact that since murder is still murder, soldiers who do the actual killing are still murderers.
Fourth, if your family were on the receiving end of foreign troops bombing, shooting, maiming, and killing, would it matter to you if they were drafted? Does it make the death of your family less horrible? Would it be comforting to know that the killers of your family were drafted? I don’t think so. Murder is still murder. The question, then, is why are Americans so quick to excuse U.S. soldiers should they be drafted? How do you think foreigners feel that lose family members because of U.S. bombs and bullets?
Fifth, if the U.S. government drafted someone into the military, told him to kill your father, and he did it, would you feel sorry for him because he was drafted? Would you try to find excuses for his actions? Again, I don’t think so. Murder is still murder. And again, why are Americans so quick to excuse U.S. soldiers should they travel overseas to kill someone else’s father just because they were drafted?
Sixth, consider the following scenarios? What would your response be if representatives of the U.S. government, members of the Bloods or the Crips, a policeman, or just some individual puts a gun in your hand and tells you to kill a member of your family? I can’t imagine anyone who would do it. But what if one of the same groups or individuals puts a gun in your hand and tells you to kill some other American that you didn’t know? I still have a hard time imagining anyone actually doing it. But what if in each instance you had a gun to your head and were told to kill or be killed? I would like to think that most everyone would take a bullet to the head rather than kill a member of his own family. I’m not so sure, however, what would happen in the latter case. But since murder is still murder, the proper moral response would be to do what was right and suffer the consequences; that is, to take the bullet. Now, I said all that to say this. What would the proper moral response be if someone were to be drafted, given a uniform, handed a gun, sent to fight in an unjust conflict, and put in a situation where he must kill or be killed? I say to take the bullet. But really, it doesn’t have to go this far. The draft can be opposed. The uniform can be torn up. The gun can be thrown away. The trip overseas can be refused. But if all of this resistance comes to naught, then the proper moral response is, again, to take the bullet. Does wearing a uniform, traveling to another country, killing someone you don’t know, or committing murder because you are threatened with death make murder not murder?
And seventh, if murder is still murder and fighting in an unjust war is criminal, then soldiers who participate in it are war criminals and murderers. The real military heroes are those who refuse to kill for the state in immoral, unjust wars, not those who become decorated war heroes. As Emmanuel Charles McCarthy has also said: "There is no such thing as heroism in the execution of evil."
Murder is still murder.
Laurence M. Vance [send him mail] writes from central Florida. He is the author of Christianity and War and Other Essays Against the Warfare State, The Revolution that Wasn't, and Rethinking the Good War. His latest book is The Quatercentenary of the King James Bible. Visit his website.
http://www.lewrockwell.com
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