1. Commendation of Edward VI2. Thomas Dobbe3. Edward VI's injunctions4. Book of Common Prayer5. Reform in London6. 1549 Rebellions7. Edmund Bonner8. Ridley's reforms9. Mary Tudor10. Stephen Gardiner's letters11. Stephen Gardiner deprived12. John Redman13. William Gardiner14. Edward Seymour15. Disputation at Oxford16. Disputation at Cambridge17. Dialogue between Custom and Truth18. Death of Edward VI19. Mary Tudor's letters
View an Image of this PageCommentary on the Woodcuts
Edward VIHenry VIII
(1537 - 1553) [ODNB]
King of England and Ireland (1547 - 53); Henry VIII's only son
The young Prince Edward wrote letters in Latin to Thomas Cranmer, his godfather. 1570, p. 1564; 1576, p. 1334; 1583, p. 1395.
Edward VI agreed with Sir John Cheke that clemency should be shown towards heretics and was opposed to the burning of Joan Bocher. Cranmer had great difficulty in getting Edward to sign her death warrant. 1563, p. 884; 1570, p. 1484; 1576, p. 1258; 1583, p. 1295.
Cranmer praised the learning and wisdom of Edward VI to his tutor, Richard Coxe. 1563, p. 884; 1570, p. 1484; 1576, p. 1258; 1583, p. 1295.
Jerome Cardan gave written testimony of Edward VI's knowledge of the liberal sciences. 1563, p. 885; 1570, p. 1485; 1576, p. 1259; 1583, p. 1296.
Charles V requested of Edward VI that his cousin Mary Tudor be allowed to have the mass said in her house. The request was denied, in spite of the strong urgings of Thomas Cranmer and Nicholas Ridley. 1563, p. 884; 1570, p. 1484; 1576, p. 1258; 1583, p. 1295.
Edward issued a set of injunctions to further the reformation of the church in the realm. He called a parliament to repeal earlier statutes relating to religion, including the Six Articles. 1563, pp. 685-91; 1570, pp. 1486-90; 1576, pp. 1260-63; 1583, pp. 1297-1301.
Having knowledge of rebellions stirring in the realm and of slackness in religious reform in the city of London, Edward called Edmund Bonner to come before his council. 1570, p. 1495; 1576, p. 1267; 1583, p. 1304.
Edward replied to the articles raised by the rebels of Devonshire. 1570, pp. 1497-99; 1576, pp. 1268-70; 1583, pp. 1305-07.
The king and privy council sent out letters to bishops and clergy in late 1549 and 1550, directing that books of Latin service be withdrawn, that altars be removed and communion tables installed. 1563, pp. 726-28; 1570, pp. 1519-21; 1576, pp. 1288-90; 1583, pp. 1330-31.
Edward wrote letters to his sister, Lady Mary, urging her to obey the new laws concerning religion, and she replied. 1576, pp. 1290-96; 1583, pp. 1333-39.
He sent his own councillors to Mary after her servants, Rochester, Englefield and Waldegrave, had failed to prevent masses being said in her household. 1576, pp. 1296-97; 1583, pp. 1338-39.
King Edward said a private prayer on his deathbed which was overheard by his physician, George Owen. In his will, Edward excluded his sister Mary from the succession because of her religious views. 1563, p. 900; 1570, p. 1565; 1576, p. 1335; 1583, p. 1395.
Duke of York 1494; duke of Cornwall 1502; prince of Wales, earl of Chester 1503
King of England (1509 - 47)
After the death of Prince Arthur, his widow Catherine married his brother Henry. 1563, p. 456; 1570, p. 1192; 1576, p. 1021; 1583, p. 1049.
Henry issued a proclamation against the heresies of Luther. 1570, p. 1159; 1576, p. 991; 1583, p. 1019.
Through Thomas Wolsey, Henry received the title of defender of the faith from the pope. 1570, p. 1124; 1576, p. 962; 1583, p. 989.
After Clement VII had been taken prisoner by imperial forces, Wolsey urged Henry VIII to go to the pope's assistance. The king refused to send troops, but allowed Wolsey to take money out of the treasury to help. 1563, p. 439; 1570, pp. 1123; 1576, p. 961; 1583, p. 988.
Henry, encouraged by Cardinal Wolsey, began to question the validity of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. He sought the advice of universities and learned men, but needed the assent of the pope and the emperor to a divorce. 1570, p. 1192; 1576, p. 1021; 1583, p. 1049.
Stephen Gardiner was sent as ambassador to Rome by Henry VIII during the time of Clement VII to deal with the matter of the king's divorce and to promote Thomas Wolsey as pope. Both the king and Wolsey wrote letters to him. Nicholas Harvey was sent as ambassador to Emperor Charles V. 1570, pp. 1125-29, 1192; 1576, pp. 963-67, 1021; 1583, pp. 990-93, 1049.
Wolsey and Cardinal Campeggi had a legatine commission to consider the matter of the king's divorce. Henry began to suspect that Wolsey was not fully supportive. 1570, pp. 1129, 1193; 1576, pp. 967, 1021; 1583, pp. 994, 1049.
Henry gave an oration at Bridewell setting out his reasons for the divorce. 1563, pp. 456-57; 1570, p. 1193; 1576, pp. 1021-22; 1583, p. 1050.
Henry and Queen Catherine were summoned to appear before the papal legates, Cardinals Wolsey and Campeggi, who had a commission to judge the matter of the divorce. Henry sent two proxies; Catherine arrived in person, accompanied by ladies and counsellors, including four bishops. Finally the king himself appeared, delivering an oration to the legates. 1563, pp. 456-57; 1570, p. 1194; 1576, p. 1022; 1583, p. 1050.
Anne Boleyn was sent a copy of Simon Fish's Supplication for the Beggars and showed it to the king. He offered his protection to Fish, allowing him to return to England. 1563, p. 448; 1570, p. 1153; 1576, p. 986; 1583, p. 1014.
After Wolsey had been deprived of most of his offices and the associated lands and goods returned to the king, Henry allowed Cardinal College, Oxford, to continue, endowing it and renaming it King's College. 1570, p. 1129; 1576, p. 967; 1583, p. 994.
When the king heard of the exhumation and burning of William Tracy's corpse, he angrily sent for Sir Thomas More. More blamed the now deceased archbishop of Canterbury, but was fined three hundred pounds to have his pardon. 1570, p. 1186; 1576, p. 1015; 1583, p. 1042.
Henry, failing to get a positive response from the pope on the question of his divorce, associated the clergy in Wolsey's praemunire and demanded over £100,000 for their pardon. 1570, p. 1195; 1576, p. 1023; 1583, p. 1052.
Henry had published the opinions of the universities against his marriage to Catherine. 1570, p. 1196; 1576, p. 1024; 1583, p. 1052.
Parliament approved Thomas Cranmer's separation of Henry and Catherine and his marriage to Anne Boleyn. 1570, p. 1197; 1576, p. 1025; 1583, p. 1053.
Thomas Temys asked parliament to urge the king to take Queen Catherine back as his wife. The king replied via the Speaker, Sir Thomas Audeley. The king also had the Speaker read in the Commons the two oaths taken by clergy, one to the pope and one to the king, to demonstrate that they were irreconcilable. 1570, p. 1197; 1576, p. 1025; 1583, p. 1053.
Henry married Anne Boleyn. 1570, p. 1198; 1576, p. 1025; 1583, p. 1054.
The archbishop of Canterbury (Cranmer), along with the bishops of London (Stokesley), Winchester (Gardiner), Bath and Wells (Clerk) and Lincoln (Longland) and other clergy went to see Queen Catherine. She failed to attend when summoned over 15 days, and they pronounced that she and the king were divorced. 1570, p. 1200; 1576, p. 1027; 1583, p. 1055.
The king sent Edward Lee, under Cromwell, to visit the monasteries and nunneries to release all those in religious orders who wished to leave. 1570, p. 1218; 1576, p. 1043; 1583, p. 1070.
Henry VIII ordered a religious procession in London in 1535 because the French king was ill. 1570, p. 1218; 1576, p. 1043; 1583, p. 1070.
After the Act of Supremacy, Henry VIII attempted to improve relations with other monarchs by sending ambassadors. 1570, p. 1218; 1576, p. 1043; 1583, p. 1070.
Messages were sent between Henry and François I about the pope's refusal of Henry's divorce from Catherine and his supremacy over the English church. 1570, pp. 1218-22; 1576, pp. 1043-46; 1583, pp. 1070-73.
Henry VIII wrote to Bonner commanding that excess holy days be abolished. 1563, p. 682; 1570, p. 1441; 1576, p. 1229; 1583, p. 1259.
Henry had Queen Anne imprisoned in the Tower with her brother and others. She was then beheaded. 1563, p. 526; 1570, p. 1233; 1576, p. 1055; 1583, p. 1082.
Stephen Gardiner was suspected of involvement in the downfall of Anne Boleyn, and urged the king to disinherit Elizabeth. 1570, pp. 1233, 1243; 1576, p. 1056; 1583, pp. 1082, 1083.
Henry married Jane Seymour shortly after the execution of Anne Boleyn. 1570, p. 1234; 1576, p. 1056; 1583, p. 1083.
Cromwell urged King Henry to destroy the monastic houses and to grant the lands to the nobility and gentlemen. 1570, p. 1350; 1576, p. 1153; 1583, p. 1181.
The king answered the rebels in Lincolnshire and sent the dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk, the marquess of Exeter and the earl of Shrewsbury into Yorkshire to put down the Pilgrimage of Grace. 1570, pp. 1237-38; 1576, pp. 1059-60; 1583, pp. 1086-87.
Along with the protestant German princes, Henry refused to send delegates to the council in Mantua called by Pope Paul III. 1570, p. 1234; 1576, p. 1056; 1583, p. 1083.
The emperor and other princes requested Henry to attend the council or to send delegates. He again refused, sending a protestation. 1570, pp. 1293-94; 1576, pp. 1106-08; 1583, pp. 1132-33.
François I of France and Emperor Charles V retained Robert Granceter, a condemned traitor, and refused to hand him over to Henry VIII. 1570, p. 1239; 1576, p. 1061; 1583, p. 1087.
Francis I had allied himself with Pope Clement VII in marrying his son to Clement's niece. He also married his daughter to James V of Scotland, breaking an agreement with Henry VIII. 1570, p. 1239; 1576, p. 1061; 1583, p. 1088.
Stephen Gardiner urged Henry to withdraw his defence of religious reform in order to ensure peace within the realm and to restore good relations with foreign rulers. 1570, p. 1296; 1576, p. 1109; 1583, p. 1135.
Stephen Gardiner urged Henry VIII to use the case against John Lambert as a means of displaying the king's willingness to deal harshly with heresy. The king himself would sit in judgement. 1563, pp. 533-34; 1570, p. 1281; 1576, p. 1095; 1583, pp. 1121-22.
At the end of Lambert's trial, the king had Cromwell read the sentence of condemnation. 1563, p. 537; 1570, p. 1283; 1576, p. 1097; 1583, p. 1123.
Cromwell was instrumental in getting Edmund Bonner's nomination to the bishopric of London. He procured letters from King Henry to François I that resulted in a licence being granted to print bibles in English at the University of Paris. 1570, p. 1362; 1576, p. 1162; 1583, p. 1191.
Although Edmund Bonner performed his ambassadorial duties well as far as Henry VIII was concerned, he displeased the king of France, who asked for him to be recalled. Henry recalled him, giving him the bishopric of London, and sent Sir John Wallop to replace him. 1570, p. 1245; 1576, p. 1066; 1583, p. 1093.
The king sent Thomas Cromwell and the dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk to dine with Thomas Cranmer to reassure him after his opposition to the Six Articles. 1570, p. 1298; 1576, p. 1111; 1583, p. 1136.
Henry asked for a summary of Cranmer's objections to the Six Articles. 1570, p. 1355; 1576, p. 1157; 1583, p. 1185.
Philip Melancthon wrote a letter to Henry VIII against the Six Articles. 1570, pp. 1340-44; 1576, pp. 1144-47; 1583, pp. 1172-76.
Thomas Cromwell arranged the marriage between the king and Anne of Cleeves. 1570, p. 1295; 1576, p. 1109; 1583, p. 1134.
Henry had Thomas Cromwell arrested on charges of heresy and treason. Shortly after Cromwell's execution, the king lamented his death. 1563, p. 598; 1570, p. 1360; 1576, p. 1157; 1583, p. 1185.
Henry VIII repudiated Anne of Cleves, divorced her and married Katherine Howard at the time of the execution of Cromwell. 1570, pp. 1361, 1385; 1576, pp. 1161, 1181; 1583, pp. 1190, 1210.
After Cromwell's death, the king was persuaded against the Great Bible and had sales stopped. 1570, p. 1363; 1576, p. 1163; 1583, p. 1191.
King Henry commanded that Robert Barnes, Thomas Garrard and William Jerome recant the doctrine they had been preaching. 1570, p. 1371; 1576, p. 1170; 1583, p. 1198.
King Henry wrote to Archbishop Cranmer, ordering that idolatrous images be removed from churches. 1563, p. 625; 1570, p. 1385; 1576, p. 1181; 1583, p. 1210.
For a long period, Henry VIII denied his daughter Mary the title of princess. Thomas Cranmer urged a reconciliation. 1570, p. 1565; 1576, p. 1335; 1583, p. 1396.
Katherine Parr read and studied the scriptures and discussed them with her chaplains. The king was aware of this and approved, so she began to debate matters of religion with him. When the king became more ill-tempered because of his sore leg, her enemies, especially Stephen Gardiner and Thomas Wriothesley, took the opportunity to turn the king against her. 1570, pp. 1422-23; 1576, pp. 1212-13; 1583, pp. 1242-43.
Henry gave a warrant for the gathering of articles against Katherine. 1570, pp. 1422-23; 1576, pp. 1212-13; 1583, pp. 1242-43.
Henry told one of his physicians of the charges against Katherine; the physician was then sent to treat her when she fell ill, and he divulged the charges to her. 1570, p. 1423; 1576, p. 1213; 1583, p. 1243.
The king then visited Katherine, who explained that she was ill because she feared she had displeased him. She submitted humbly to him and was forgiven. 1570, p. 1423; 1576, p. 1213; 1583, p. 1243.
When Thomas Wriothesley with 40 of the king's guard came to arrest the queen and her ladies-in-waiting, he found them walking happily in the garden with the king. The king sent him away. 1570, p. 1425; 1576, p. 1214; 1583, p. 1244.
Henry gave an oration to parliament in 1545. 1570, pp. 1412-13; 1576, pp. 1203-04; 1583, pp. 1233-34.
When Claude d'Annebault, the French ambassador, went to see Henry VIII at Hampton Court, lavish entertainment was laid on for him, but he was recalled before he had received half of it. During the course of the banquet, he had private conversation with the king and Archbishop Cranmer about the reform of religion in the two countries. 1570, p. 1426; 1576, p. 1215; 1583, p. 1245.
As long as Henry had good advisers, like Anne Boleyn, Thomas Cromwell, Thomas Cranmer, Anthony Denny and William Buttes around him, he did much to foster religious reform. 1563, p. 682; 1570, p. 1441; 1576, p. 1229; 1583, p. 1259.
During Henry VIII's final illness, Sir Anthony Browne tried unsuccessfully to get Stephen Gardiner reinstated in the king's will. 1570, p. 1478; 1576, p. 1253; 1583, p. 1291.
When Henry was on his deathbed, Anthony Denny asked him if he wished a spiritual adviser, and he asked for Thomas Cranmer. Before Cranmer could arrive, however, the king had lost the power of speech. He clasped Cranmer's hand, and shortly after died. 1570, p. 1477; 1576, p. 1253; 1583, p. 1290.
K. Edward 6. The raigne of king Edward with his rare commendations and vertues.
MarginaliaAnno 154.7
MarginaliaK. Edward deliuering the Bible to the Prelats.
¶ The Ninth Booke containing the Actes and thinges done in the Reigne of King EDWARD the sixt.
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Commentary on the Woodcuts Close
Like the imposing image at the beginning of the reign of Henry VIII, the woodcut prefacing the reign of Edward VI at the start of Book IX presents pictorial witness to the reforming achievements of the young Josiah. This is a programmatic enactment of the most important 'actes and thinges done' in Edward's reign. It celebrates, in a neat tripartite formula, the most important reforms achieved by a prince 'tender in yeares' but mature in godliness. At the top of the page in a deft compression (helped by its inserted tags) we see how churches were cleared of 'popish trumpery' by burning images, while crosses, chalices, candlesticks, mass books and other discarded ceremonial objects are being transported to banishment in the the 'ship of the Romish Church' by Catholics fleeing into exile. In the lower portion of the woodcut the young king, seated in state before his lords spiritual and temporal, hands the holy book of the word to the divines on his right, as his father had before him. On the other side, in a masterpiece of compression, a reformed church is depicted, furnished for only the two sacraments of baptism and communion. The communion table (labelled as such) is free-standing and not placed against the wall. Meanwhile the preacher (with book) in his pulpit, and the crammed congregation listening below, tell us that the service of the word is the be all and end all. The seated woman with the book is present here, just as in the scene of Latimer preaching, and the role of women in this new world is also indicated by the mother and child mounting the step nearly offstage to the right.
MarginaliaAnno 1547.
The raigne & tyme of K. Edward.NExt after the death of K. Henry succeded king Edwarde his sonne, being of the age of 9. yeres. He began his raigne the 28. day of Ianuary, and raygned 6. yeares and 8. monethes, and 8. dayes, and deceased, ann. 1553. the 6. day of Iulye.
Of whose excellente vertues & singuler graces wrought in him by the gift of God, although nothing canne be sayde enough to his commendation: yet because the renowmed fame of such a worthye prince shall not vtterlye passe our story without some gratefull remembraunce, I thought in few wordes to touch some litle portion of his prayse, taken out of great heapes of matter, which might be infer-red. For to stand vppon all that might be sayde of him, it would be to long: and yet to say nothing, it were to much vnkinde. If kinges and Princes which haue wisely and vertuously gouerned, haue foūd in all ages writers to solemnise and celebrate theyr Actes and memory, such as neuer knew them, nor were subiect vnto thē, how much thē are we English men bound not to forget our duety to K. Edward, MarginaliaCommendation of K. Edward.a prince although but tender in yeres, yet for his sage and mature rypenes in witte and all Princely ornamentes, as I see but few, to whom he may not be equal, so agayne I see not many, to whom he may not iustly be preferred.
And here to vse the example of Plutarch in comparing kings and rulers, the Latines with the Greekes together if I should seek with whom to match this noble Edward, I finde not with whom to make my match more aptly, thē with good Iosias. For as the one began his raigne at eight yeares of his age, so the other beganne at 9. Neyther were their acts and zelous procedings in Gods cause much discrepant. For, as milde Iosias pluckt downe the hil altars,
AAAa.j.


Advertising, Behavioral Targeting, Big Data, Business Intelligence, Commerce, Content Marketing, Conversational Marketing, Conversion Optimization, Customer, Customer Experience, Inbound Marketing, Influencer, Interactive Marketing, Lead Generation, Lead Nurturing, Leadership, Online Advertising, Online Testing, Optimization, Strategy, Thought Leadership
CMOs Win When High-Value Customers Are Treated Personally Online
With constant access to a growing list of channels and devices, today’s connected customers are no longer satisfied with vanilla, one-size-fits-all experiences and offers. To stand out in the increasingly crowded and competitive marketplace, many C-level executives from the world’s most iconic brands are not content with just “Keeping Up With the Joneses.” Instead, they are actively seeking opportunities to better understand their high-value customers across every channel and device.
The reason for this is simple: These customers are more often than not brand loyalists and willing to persuade others to become regular brand purchasers if they’re kept happy and engaged consistently in every single place they are interactive with brands. But the task of keeping brands happy and engaged beyond one big “win” isn’t easy. It requires CMOs and the entire business, for that matter, to combine their internal resources with technology that’s both powerful and agile enough to boost customer engagement and revenue long term. And a brand’s success today, in this hyperconnected and digitally dependent environment we live in, depends heavily on leveraging digital to reward high-value customers. Rather than spout out a to-do list of tactics that show high-value customers they’re appreciated, here are some specific benefits instead that can be derived from deep and sophisticated forms of segmentation:
Don’t confuse high-value customers for high-volume customers.
In the less digitally savvy days, brands and their teams of analytics “experts” would navigate through Excel spreadsheets with massive amounts of data. In those days, there was sometimes confusion and lack of knowledge as to what constitutes a high-value customer. As a result, high-volume customers would often be mistakenly categorized, and subsequently treated, as high-value customers. But the reality was, and still is today, that people who interact with a brand frequently aren’t necessarily going to be the ones that have the most value from the perspective of consistent engagement, conversions and sales across multiple channels – from being inside a physical store to making a last-minute purchase on their mobile devices or shopping from their PCs. So it was common for those brands to see a huge surge in traffic for a short burst of time, but after the excitement faded, so did the engagement and ROI.
Marketers today need to adopt a more realistic and accurate definition of value that’s based on “the combination of opportunities to convert and increase potential order value, and maximizes both, while at the same time, yields your highest value customers.” But identifying the best customers online and serving them the content they need is easier said than done. The key to obtaining a 360-degree view of high-value customers means personalizing and differentiating every message by offering an array of online content to drive maximum conversion and revenue uplifts.
To get there, the modern brands of today must, and I repeat must, push beyond the basic forms of personalization – think product recommendations or ads that chase you around on the Web. Instead, these brands are likely to be best served by leveraging the power of technology, real-time data and automated segmentation to effectively profile individuals who are in actuality high-value customers. That identification is the first hurdle that brands need to overcome. From there, it’s all about extending personalization across every device and channel to delight and please consumers with the most humanly relevant, easy-to-navigate and engaging offers.
Tap into the beauty of data to boost cross-channel ROI.
The urgency to identify high-value customers online is being fueled by a number of factors. First, the online channel represents the biggest growth opportunity for most brands. According to a new Forrester Research global eCommerce report, e-commerce revenues are going to continue to grow in 2014 as customers’ online buying habits evolve. Meanwhile, a new study released by IBM in 2014 reveals that brands stand to lose $83 billion due to poor customer experiences.
When you think about it, that’s a lot of revenue that could be left on the table if brands don’t put every segment of their customers first. For example, brands are able to gather intelligence on channels shopped — including Web, tablet, mobile phone or store — and then integrate data from a CRM system, POS, DPM or other source to help augment customer profiles. By combining intelligence on shopping history, search history and Web behavior, this combined intelligence can help brands identify when to offer an in-store promotion, extend a seasonal offer or make a product recommendation. If brands are able to identify their high-value customers, then they can scale the business more efficiently and ensure that every decision and action they make is focused on delivering the right actions defined by the right data.
Discover unique attributes of unique markets.
One common challenge that today’s brands face is a tendency to make decisions based on data points as opposed to data profiles. In these instances, it’s not that uncommon for brands to use pre-existing data models to identify their buyer personas as well as the content and offers they deliver on their websites and mobile sites.
By using automated segmentation and targeting, brands should be able to detect segments unique to their brands and industries. This process turns traditional targeting on its head because buyer profiles and offers are all determined by real-time intelligence gathered against real-time customer behavior. One example of such a data profile could be a “weekend shopper” persona. Based on their digital behavior and purchase activity, these shoppers may spend significantly more money (at multiple channels) than mid-week shoppers. So it’s more than likely these shoppers would be frustrated and intolerant of being shown irrelevant and mismatched offers that would better suit mid-week shoppers. That is where many brands today realize that even with all the benefits of technology, they have made shoppers that much less tolerant and patient with poor experiences.
Move away from campaign analysis; bring it back to the customer.
One of the ways brands have traditionally gathered intelligence on customer behaviors is through basic A/B testing of different content and offers. Building on the quantifiable value of testing, many innovative brands are now shifting from campaign-driven analysis to a more holistic and accurate customer-driven analysis. By doing so, marketers can get a more robust and humanistic view of every single customer segment, as well as being able to identify which segments are performing better than others. With businesses – across all teams – being challenged to consistently demonstrate ROI, this ability to gauge the value of high-value customers and appropriately target them with the best content on the best devices at the best times and places, is especially critical to success.
March 13, 2014by Paul Dunay


Hello Health, Goodbye Hassle
Brooklyn’s innovative, insurance-free medical service is a model to follow.
Paul Howard
In the heart of Hipsterville, New York (that’s Williamsburg, Brooklyn) you’d expect to find microbreweries like the Brooklyn Brewery and trendy children’s clothing stores like Smoochie Baby. Within walking distance of both, however, you can also find Hello Health, a cutting-edge medical practice that doesn’t accept insurance but does offer instant messaging, email, video conferencing, and secure electronic medical records to its members.
Hello Health reflects the antiestablishment ethos that pervades Williamsburg. Dr. Sean Khozin, one of its founding doctors, explains that the practice was built on a conscious decision to drop out of the existing health-care payment system, which he believes drives up costs and strangles innovation.
“A lot of the stuff that physicians do today has nothing to do with delivering quality care,” he says. “It’s just paperwork to satisfy the needs of third parties—mainly insurers—that are outside the doctor-patient relationship. There isn’t any other profession where ‘third parties’ dictate so much what you can and cannot do. Most practicing physicians spend over 30 percent of their administrative costs just dealing with insurance companies—and that’s outside of any other costs they may have, like medical malpractice insurance.”
After graduating from medical school, Khozin quickly became discouraged by the depressing reality of day-to-day clinical practice. Primary-care physicians face low reimbursements from insurers and must navigate reams of red tape just to get paid. To compensate, they see dozens of patients every day, spending just a few minutes with each. Given the poor working conditions, many doctors opt for early retirement or more lucrative specialties, generating a national shortage of primary-care doctors. That shortage is bound to get worse, thanks to the millions of uninsured patients who will enter the system if, as seems likely, Congress passes legislation mandating that individuals buy health insurance.
Doctors aren’t the only ones feeling frustrated. It’s not uncommon for patients to wait weeks for an appointment with their physician, sit for hours in the doctor’s lobby, and then stutter out a few symptoms before the doctor disappears again, a blur in a lab coat.
Khozin turned to research and medical communications after completing his post-medical-school residency (he also has a degree in public health). He never lost his interest in helping patients or finding a better way to practice medicine. Eventually, he developed a partnership with Myca, a Canadian technology company, and launched Hello Health as a demonstration project. He aimed to create a new business model for medicine, “direct care,” that uses the Internet and social networking tools like email and instant messaging (IM) to connect doctors with patients while bypassing insurers and bureaucrats. Patients can search for doctors, find services and fees, and make appointments on the Hello Health website. Because they don’t accept insurance and use technology to streamline processes, Hello Health physicians have much lower overhead and can pass the savings on to patients. For instance, Khozin charges $35 a month for membership and $125 for office and video visits. Quick emails, texts, and IMs are free, as are some simple lab tests and up to two months’ worth of prescriptions for generic drugs. Other physicians using Hello Health can set their own patient-friendly fee schedules.
Hello Health appeals to patients who are uninsured or underinsured and need access to basic, affordable health care, or who have Health Savings Accounts coupled with a high-deductible health plan that covers catastrophic costs. HSAs allow patients to pay for routine costs out-of-pocket, encouraging them to shop for the best health-care values. Khozin is a big fan of the HSA model. “I think everyone should have catastrophic insurance, but let the market take care of routine care, which can be very cheap.”
The current system’s perverse incentives can lead to overutilization of expensive (and well-reimbursed) services that don’t lead to better outcomes and may even hurt some patients by exposing them to needless risks and side effects. “One of the main problems driving U.S. health care costs out of control is the fragmentation of care,” Khozin says. “Doctors are paid on a fee-for-service basis, not for diagnosing or managing illnesses to achieve better outcomes at lower cost.” Because Khozin and his colleagues get paid for their services in full at every session, they have no incentive to do anything more—or less—than what they think is in the best interest of their patients.
President Obama and many health-care experts like to hold up the Mayo Clinic as an example of the high-quality, low-cost, integrated-care model that the rest of the country should follow. At the Mayo Clinic, doctors work in teams and are paid in annual salaries rather than fee-for-service. But most physicians actually work in small practices (often with just two or three doctors), and it’s just too impractical and expensive to expect all of them suddenly to join large integrated practices
The Myca technology platform solves that problem by allowing primary-care physicians and specialists who don’t share the same offices to view patients’ health records in real time, discuss the patients’ history through email or IM, and ensure that care remains coordinated. “We’ve created true continuity of care,” Khozin notes, “and strengthened the doctor-patient relationship, which, at the end of the day, is what chronic care management is all about.” Technology also improves care management by putting doctors and patients in regular communication and enabling doctors to monitor their patients’ progress and make recommendations that can improve outcomes.
Will the Hello Health model survive the health-care legislation winding its way through Congress? Khozin is cautiously optimistic: “We need to find different ways of delivering care, and the direct-care model we’re developing is one of the most viable ways to fix the primary-care system.”
Regulators and policymakers have a lot to learn from what physicians like Khozin are doing. Rather than trying to dictate health-care arrangements from the top down, innovators like Hello Health are creating and bundling services that patients want and can afford. That’s about as hip as it gets, in Brooklyn or anywhere else.
Paul Howard is director of the Manhattan Institute’s Center for Medical Progress.
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Ratzinger Foundation unveils new prize, announces American winners
Pope Benedict XVI on Aug. 28, 2010.
Vatican City, Sep 26, 2017 / 12:58 pm
The Vatican's Joseph Ratzinger Foundation unveiled a new prize called "Expanding Reason," aimed at promoting dialogue between the sciences and philosophy and theology in scholarly work.
Four Americans – Darcia Narvaez from the University of Notre Dame and Michael Schuck, Nancy C. Tuchman, and Jesuit Fr. Michael J. Garanzini from Loyola University – are among this year's winners.
"Expanding Reason," the name of the prize, "is a central idea in the teaching and in the work of Joseph Ratzinger (who would become Pope Benedict XVI) because he's a man of intelligence, he's a man of reason, of the search for truth," Fr. Federico Lombardi, former director of the Holy See Press Office, told EWTN Sept. 26.
President of the Ratzinger Foundation, Fr. Lombardi said the idea for the prize came about as a way to encourage work in the direction of dialogue between science and philosophy, and science and theology – "in research and also in the organization of courses in the university."
"Confidence in human reason is the basis for a dialogue between the different fields of human knowledge. And this is necessary to find also the direction, the answer, to big questions of life, of death, of people and of the history of mankind," he continued.
The prize has two categories: one for research-based books or works and another for professors working directly with students. The awards will be handed out at a ceremony at the Vatican Sept. 27.
Organized in collaboration with the University of Francisco de Vitoria of Madrid, the prize had more than 300 applicants, which Fr. Lombardi said is "much more than we expected," but shows that there is space and a desire for this discussion.
Of these 300 applicants, four winners were chosen, two under each category. Two applicants were also given honorable mention.
Of the four winners, one was Darcia Narvaez, a professor of psychology at the University of Notre Dame since 2000. Her work, "Neurobiology and the development of human morality: evolution, culture and wisdom," investigates the foundation and origins of human morality in child development.
The other American prize recipients are Michael Schuck, Nancy C. Tuchman and Jesuit Fr. Michael J. Garanzini from Loyola University. They won as a group under the teaching category for their work "Healing Earth," an online manual of environmental science, ethics, spirituality and action promoting awareness of environmental problems.
The other winners were Claudia Vanney and Juan F. Franck of Buenos Aires, Argentina for their scholarly work: "Determinism or indeterminism? Big questions from the sciences to philosophy" and Dominican Sr. Laura Baritz of Hungary for "the keteg Teaching Program and mission."
Benedict XVI insists "on the need to have a broad and open view of reason and its exercise in seeking the truth and the answer to fundamental questions about humanity and its destiny," Fr. Lombardi said in a press conference Sept. 26.
"This idea is fundamental to the dialogue between the Church and modern culture, between sciences and philosophy and theology, and hence also a fundamental idea for the way of thinking of the university and its function."
The Ratzinger Foundation also announced that the seventh annual Ratzinger Prize will be awarded on Nov. 18 this year.
Also an award of the Ratzinger Foundation, the Ratzinger Prize was begun in 2011 to recognize scholars whose work demonstrates a meaningful contribution to theology in the spirit of Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, the Bavarian theologian who became Benedict XVI.
The foundation's international conference, also in its seventh year, will take place in Costa Rica from Nov. 29-Dec. 1, 2017. Organized in collaboration with the Catholic University of Costa Rica, this year's theme is "Laudato si: For the 'care of the common home' a necessary conversion to Human Ecology."
Joseph Ratzinger,
Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI


Pitt's progress; patience pays off for ACC Coastal champions
(AP Photo/Keith Srakocic)
By WILL GRAVES
PITTSBURGH (AP) Randy Juhl was kidding, sort of.
The longtime Pittsburgh administrator was serving as the school's interim athletic director in the winter of 2014 when the Panthers hired Pat Narduzzi to give the program a jolt after Paul Chryst headed home to Wisconsin.
Shortly after Narduzzi was introduced, Juhl brushed off the notion that Pitt had a limited ceiling in the Atlantic Coast Conference. By Juhl's math, if the university can help find a cure for polio - as Jonas Salk did in 1955 - then it "sure as hell can win 10 football games."
It may have taken longer than Juhl or Narduzzi anticipated, but the 20th-ranked Panthers (9-2, 6-1 ACC) are on the verge of doing that. The recently minted Coastal Division champions need to win at Syracuse on Saturday to reach 10 regular-season victories for the first time since 1981.
And yes, it's a big deal, tangible proof that Narduzzi believes the standards have been raised during his seven steady if not always spectacular years on the job.
"It's been a long time," Narduzzi said Monday. "To me, that means something. In 40 years, there's something to prove when we go up there this weekend."
Even if the Panthers have already proven something of sorts over the past two months. The team picked to finish fourth in the Coastal in the preseason instead sprinted to the stop in early October and stayed there as quarterback Kenny Pickett turned the school record book into a dry- erase board and sophomore wide receiver Jordan Addison became practically uncoverable.
Four years ago, the Panthers emerged from a blah nonconference schedule to claim a surprising Coastal championship. Their reward? Getting drilled by Clemson.
Back then, simply getting to Charlotte felt like an accomplishment. Not so much this time around. The celebration early Saturday evening at chilly Heinz Field after a 48-38 thriller over Virginia was spirited, but not over the top.
There's still more work to be done. A lot more, one of the reasons Pickett - whose school records this season include most career yards passing, most yards passing in a single season, and most touchdowns responsible for among a litany of others - opted to return in 2021 rather than head to the NFL.
"I don't think I'd be here if I didn't think this team was special," Pickett said. "I knew we were capable of doing this. To say what you want to do and go out there and do it, it's a great feeling."
One that's been rare at Pitt for the better part of four decades. The Panthers' last appearance in a major bowl came 17 years ago, when they were blown out by Urban Meyer, Alex Smith and Utah in the Fiesta Bowl. The current crop of Panthers wasn't even in elementary school back then, and most weren't even in high school when Narduzzi took over the program the day after Christmas in 2014.
During an era where patience can be in short supply at the FBS-level, Pitt has stuck with Narduzzi while he's fielded teams that have flirted with a major breakthrough while also stubbing their toes repeatedly.
It looked like it might be more of the same in 2021 when an impressive road win at Tennessee was immediately followed by a stunning home loss to Western Michigan. Narduzzi stressed everything was still on the table for the Panthers, and they have responded by winning seven of eight, including victories over Clemson, North Carolina and Virginia Tech.
In other places, staying somewhere between 5-7 and 8-4 - as Narduzzi has done in each of his first six seasons - isn't good enough to keep earning the right to come back. Pitt instead has doubled down on Narduzzi's methodical approach to team building, one that hit a crescendo when Pickett found Addison for the division-clinching, 62-yard touchdown in the final minutes against the Cavaliers.
"Anything that's going to be great takes time," he said. "Sometimes people are impatient."
Narduzzi is impressed with his team's maturity while allowing it's still a week-to-week thing. He thought Pitt had a handle on success after topping the Volunteers. Seven days later, the Panthers gave up 44 points at home to a team currently tied for last in the Mid-American Conference's Western Division.
"Do they slide back into that, `Hey, we're good again (and get sloppy),'" Narduzzi said.
Four years ago, Pitt wrapped up the Coastal at Wake Forest, then headed to Miami for a somewhat meaningless regular-season finale and was promptly drilled. This group seems to be more focused. Earning a trip to Charlotte is no longer the goal. Pickett's poise guiding the nation's third highest-scoring team, Addison's playmaking and the defense's ability - at least of late - to deliver in gotta-have-it moments have raised expectations internally and made Juhl's words seven years ago prescient.
"You have to win an ACC Championship to be anything," Narduzzi said. "That's just the way it is. Our kids have a different attitude about that now, too, I think."


Michigan professor’s new textbook advances design optimization field
Joaquim Martins’ Engineering Design Optimization book to educate students in how design optimization can replace conventional iterative design processes.
Written by: Laura Schmitt
Andrew Ning
Associate Professor, Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University
Joaquim R. R. A. Martins
Professor, Aerospace Engineering
A pioneer in multi-disciplinary design optimization (MDO), University of Michigan Aerospace Engineering Professor Joaquim Martins has long touted the benefits that the field brings to aircraft design and the design of other complex engineering systems like automobiles, ships, wind turbines, and spacecraft.
According to Martins, despite MDO’s usefulness in simultaneously improving design and reducing the time and cost of the design cycle, it is underutilized in industry, in part, due to a lack of engineers well-versed in the field.
“There was a shortage of MDO courses in undergraduate and graduate curricula,” said Martins, noting that this has begun to change as top aerospace and mechanical engineering departments now include at least one graduate-level course on design optimization.
In fact, for more than a decade, Martins taught his own MDO course (AE 588) at U-M. During this time, he created and compiled pages of notes to enhance the course and students’ understanding of how MDO can replace conventional iterative design processes.
More recently, he teamed up with Brigham Young University Mechanical Engineering Associate Professor Andrew Ning, an expert in MDO with applications in aircraft design, to produce a new textbook, Engineering Design Optimization.
Engineering Design Optimization book
Already available online for free, Cambridge University Press will release the print edition this fall.
Targeted toward graduate and senior-level undergraduate students, the book covers fundamental and advanced optimization theory and algorithms, including both gradient-based and gradient-free algorithms, multidisciplinary design optimization, and uncertainty, with instruction on how to determine which algorithm should be used for a given application.
While other MDO books exist, Martins’ tome strikes a nice balance between numerical methods and engineering applications.
“If you look at all the books, some are engineering-oriented, so they focus more on applications and are very superficial on the numerical methods,” Martins explained. “On the other extreme, there are books that are more mathy—lots of proofs and theorems but very few figures.”
Engineering Design Optimization contains more than 400 helpful visualizations that Martins and Ning meticulously created themselves to best help students understand fundamental principles.
“I’m really pleased with the final product,” said Ning. “We put a lot of effort into trying to make the content clear, practical, and visually appealing. Hopefully it becomes a valuable resource to others seeking to learn more in this field. We certainly learned more about optimization during this process.”
If you look at all the books, some are engineering-oriented, so they focus more on applications and are very superficial on the numerical methods. On the other extreme, there are books that are more mathy—lots of proofs and theorems but very few figures.
Joaquim R. R. A. Martins, Professor of aerospace engineering
The book also includes numerous examples that facilitate understanding of the theory, and practical tips—seldom found in existing textbooks—which are the product of the authors’ and their students’ many years of experience.
There are numerous end-of-chapter homework problems that increase in difficulty as students progressively build their skills and knowledge from chapter to chapter. These homework problems, along with a free, electronic version of the book, enable motivated students to teach themselves the material outside of a formal course.
According to Martins, MDO became very popular in the 1980s and 1990s and the first applications of this design method was aircraft wing design.
“There was an explosion in MDO research then,” Martins said. “People thought it would solve all the world’s problems, but then over time, researchers oversold it. However, there’s a resurgence because of the research and educational efforts of my colleagues and me. We also have more computer power so we can do higher fidelity simulations in the optimization loop.”
Martins and his research group are widely recognized for their advances in airplane design optimization based on numerical modeling. For example, they’ve been working with aircraft manufacturers like Airbus and Embraer to use MDO. Both companies are experimenting with the computational framework (MACH) that Martins developed to optimize wing designs.
Explore: Aerospace Engineering Campus & Community Faculty Aviation Dynamics and Controls Engineering Education Joaquim Martins


Editors Choice Syrian businesses and homes attacked in İzmir amid increasing anti-migrant sentiment in...
Syrian businesses and homes attacked in İzmir amid increasing anti-migrant sentiment in Turkey
(Source: MA)
A group of locals attacked the houses, workplaces and cars of Syrian refugees in İzmir on Thursday evening at a time when anti-migrant sentiment is nearing the boiling point in Turkey, the Mezopotamya News Agency reported.
The incident took place following reports that a 17-year-old Turk was killed in a fight. A mob then headed to a neighborhood where Syrian refugees reside.
According to local reports, dozens of angry people threw rocks at homes and burned a building believed to belong to Syrian refugees.
Violence erupted in the Turkish capital of Ankara in August as an angry mob vandalized Syrian businesses and homes in response to the deadly stabbing of a Turkish teenager. The Ankara Chief Public Prosecutor’s Office has launched an investigation into 61 people following the attacks.
Hate crimes against refugees and migrants, who are blamed for many of Turkey’s social and economic troubles, have been escalating in the country in recent years.
Turkish media including pro-government and opposition outlets fuel and exploit the flames of hatred against people who fled their countries and sought refuge in Turkey.
Anti-migrant sentiment has also been expressed by opposition politicians. Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, leader of Turkey’s main opposition Republican People’s Party (CHP), has promised to send Syrians back home if his party comes to power.
Tanju Özcan, the mayor of Bolu province from the CHP, earlier said an additional water and solid waste tax 10 times the normal tax would be imposed on refugees living in Bolu.
In a recent meeting with representatives of refugees from various countries, Özcan said foreigners should respect local traditions and provided a long laundry list of things to do and not do that included not going out after 9:00 p.m., not gathering in parks in large numbers and not using too much spice while cooking because the odor disturbs the neighbors.
According to UNHCR Turkey hosts the largest number of refugees worldwide. The country is currently home to around 3.6 million registered Syrian refugees along with close to 320,000 persons of concern from other nationalities.
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Bolu City Council approves exorbitant fees on foreigners to access public services and obtain marriage licenses
Bolu mayor seeks to deter migrants by imposing exorbitant fee for foreigners who want to marry


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Solidarity with sex workers in Europe!
Adherence to protests challenging
the deaths of Jasmine and Dora
July 18, 2013. – From Sex Workers´s Network of Latin America and the Caribbean (Redtrasex), we extend our solidarity to all sex workers in Sweden and throughout Europe and adhere to the protests that will take place tomorrow, Friday 19 in different countries because of Jasmine and Dora´s death , sex workers .
The sad news Jasmine´s murder, a sex worker from Sweden, committed the July 11 puts us on alert. This crime tells us about the vulnerability of female sex workers when states do not advocate our protection and the guarantee of our rights. Instead, we push further underground with penalty laws for customers. Moreover, this crime highlights the stigma, discrimination and violence that they constantly live as sex workers.
In Sweden, the persecution of sex work is done through the penalization of customers and non-recognition of our bussines, such as that. On this side of the world, the discourse of those who say they are fighting against the IS people, exalts this model. Thus, it feeds the extent grade of violence against us leaving exposed and socially vulnerable.
For over 15 years, Redtrasex strives to support and strengthen the Sex Workers Women’s Organizations in the defense and promotion of their human rights. Our Network consists of organizations from 16 countries and we hope to add many more like: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Dominican Republic and Uruguay.
We support from Latin America, all claims related to the promotion of sex workers rights and repudiate any act of physical and symbolic violence that is imposed on us anywhere in the world.
Being leaders of our own lives will decrease symbolic and physical violence that we suffered by states and groups that seems to claim against trafficking.
Elena Reynaga
Executive Secretary Redtrasex


Gallardo Needing to Work Deeper
By Adam Boedeker	• Published August 11, 2015
Yovani Gallardo currently is sporting a 3.47 ERA — below his career-best mark of 3.51 set last season with the Milwaukee Brewers.
But the Rangers' starter has seen that number climb dramatically since he saw his streak of 30-plus scoreless innings come to an end in July.
In fact, Gallardo hasn't registered a quality start since July 2, and he has only worked six innings once since then — allowing five runs in six innings of work against the Yankees on July 30.
Now, he'll look to buck that trend on Tuesday night, and the game is set up nicely for him to succeed. The Rangers are on the road, where they've been fantastic this year, and the Twins' entire lineup is scuffling at the moment for a team that has won just two of its last 10 games.
Prior to his last start against Houston (three earned runs in five-plus innings), he had allowed five earned runs in three consecutive starts.
The Rangers have seen Gallardo be a very good veteran starter for them, but it's been a while. Tuesday night would be a good time to see that version of Gallardo again.


Precolumbian era
Before the arrival of the Spaniards to America, the current Salvadoran territory was inhabited by different indigenous ethnic groups, highlighting the Pipiles, a population of Nahuatl origin that occupied the western and central region of the territory and the Lencas that populated the eastern part of the country. But the most extensive domain until the Spanish conquest was that of the kingdom of Cuscatlán (El Salvador). San Salvador is the capital city of El Salvador according to simplyyellowpages.
Conquest, colony and independence
The Spanish conquerors, led by Pedro de Alvarado, together with his brother Gonzalo, crossed the Paz River between the years 1524 – 1525. They arrived from the area that includes the current Republic of Guatemala after participating in the conquest of Mexico. During the colony, El Salvador was part of the Captaincy General of Guatemala, also known as the Kingdom of Guatemala. The Salvadoran territory was divided into the Mayor’s Offices of Sonsonate and San Salvador, the latter being erected as Intendancy at the end of the 18th century.
In 1811 and 1814 there were important uprisings against Spanish rule that expressed the independence concern of the Creoles. Finally, the Central American nations achieved their independence from Spain, on September 15, 1821. From the 5 of January of 1822, the provinces of Central America, except the opposition of the elite sansalvadoreña and Guatemalan intellectuals, joined to the First Mexican Empire until the 19 of March of 1823, when Agustin de Iturbide abdicates before Congress.
Central American Federation
In the period following independence, El Salvador and the other Central American countries tried to maintain the union inherited from the colony and created the Federal Republic of Central America, a federation that was dissolved in 1839.
In 1851 El Salvador suffered its most significant military defeat since its independence, the Battle of La Arada. After the dissolution of the Union, there was a period of fighting between liberals and conservatives that lasted until 1871. During this period, indigo cultivation declined and coffee was introduced. Between 1871 and 1931 governments succeeded one another that favored the interests of the nascent elite linked to the cultivation of coffee.
In 1882, during the presidency of Rafael Zaldívar, the Legislative Assembly decreed the abolition of communal and ejido lands, which were sold to individuals, which caused a sudden change in land tenure.
It is the smallest country in Central America and the only Central American country without a coastline on the Caribbean Sea. The terrain is mostly mountainous with a narrow coastal belt and central plateau. Its coastline extends from the mouth of the Paz River, to the southwest, to that of the Goascorán River, to the southeast.
El Salvador is known for its volcanoes, among which the Ilamatepec (Santa Ana), the Chichontepec (San Vicente), the Quetzaltepec (San Salvador), the Chaparrastique (San Miguel) and the Izalco stand out, called until very recently. «The lighthouse of the Pacific».
El Salvador is located in the tropical climate zone and offers similar thermal conditions throughout the year. However, due to its coastal strip along the Pacific Ocean, important annual oscillations occur related to the sea breeze that carries humidity and heat.
The average annual temperature (period considered: 1950 – 1990) is 24.8 ° C, with the lowest average temperature occurring in the months of December (23.8 ° C) and January (23.9 ° C), while the warmest month is April (32.0 ° C). Average annual rainfall is 1823 mm.
El Salvador has two seasons: the dry (November-April) and the rainy (May-October). In addition, the country is affected by the Caribbean hurricane season (June-November). Frequent tropical storms and hurricanes increase the flow of local rivers, affecting some of the areas with floods. The most destructive hurricanes that have affected El Salvador are: Fifi (1974), Gilbert (1988), Andrew (1992), Mitch (1998), Stan (2005), Félix (2007) and Ida (2009).
After the signing of the 1992 peace accords, the economic elite drew up a plan to appropriate most of the public companies through the privatization of state assets, leaving the respective liabilities (national and international debt) in the hands of the government. state. These companies included the nationalized banking before the war, the telephone, the opening and conversion of pension funds to the private sector, vehicle registration and driver’s licenses. They also proceeded to dismantle the productive capacity of the state, and then go to tender for those services among the private business community that offered them. The privatization of health services did not succeed due to strong opposition from medical organizations and other workers in the country’s health sector. By reducing the army, a huge number of private security agencies were created that were quickly hired by public institutions run by the operators of the economic elite. With major privatizations, the dismantling of the state, and the tapping of the nation’s general budget, the economic elite have created a private welfare state that is enjoyed by a few thousand people. Currently, the economy is more oriented towards manufacturing and services, rather than agriculture (coffee growing). Its main industries are food and beverages, products of the dismantling the state and taking advantage of the nation’s general budget, the economic elite has created a private welfare state that is enjoyed by a few thousand people. Currently, the economy is more oriented towards manufacturing and services, rather than agriculture (coffee growing). Its main industries are food and beverages, products of the dismantling the state and taking advantage of the nation’s general budget, the economic elite has created a private welfare state that is enjoyed by a few thousand people. Currently, the economy is more oriented towards manufacturing and services, rather than agriculture (coffee growing). Its main industries are food and beverages, products of the oil, tobacco, chemicals, textiles and furniture.
There are currently fifteen free trade zones in El Salvador. The largest beneficiary has been the textile maquila industry, which provides 88,700 direct jobs, and consists mainly of cutting the clothes that are assembled for export to the United States.
El Salvador was the first country to sign and implement the Free Trade Agreement between the United States, Central America, and the Dominican Republic (CAFTA), as well as free trade agreements with Mexico, Chile, the Dominican Republic, and Panama, and has increased its exports to those countries.
Travel to El Salvador
New Caledonia History and Geography
Central America El Salvador
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‘Pirates’ finale LIVES UP TO PROMISE
May 30, 2007 12:00 am by Robert Yaniz Jr. | MONTAGE EDITOR
Pirates of the Caribbean had long been one of the most popular Disney theme park attractions, but when the studio announced a film version of the beloved ride, fans and industry insiders alike were
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justifiably skeptical. However, 2003’s Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl became an audience favorite, earning more than $300 million in the United States alone and landing Johnny Depp his first Academy Award nomination. Taking note of the film’s phenomenal success, Disney reunited the entire team for two more chapters in the saga, the last of which hit theaters nationwide Thursday night.
Allegedly the final film in Disney’s proposed trilogy, Pirates of the Caribbean: At World’s End picks up soon after its predecessor, last year’s Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest. Will Turner (Orlando Bloom) and Elizabeth Swann (Keira Knightley), now in a shaky alliance with the mysteriously resurrected Captain Barbossa (Geoffrey Rush), must rescue Captain Jack Sparrow (Depp) from Davy Jones’s Locker and unite the nine Pirate Lords against the sinister Lord Cutler Beckett (Tom Hollander), who is intent on eradicating the entire pirate population.
Nearly three hours long, At World’s End tackles a number of unresolved subplots, and unlike this month’s Spider-man 3, the film pulls it off nicely. Screenwriters Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio skillfully juggle their massive cast of characters as if they are chess pieces, moving each one into position in surprising yet satisfying ways. While many fans regarded Dead Man’s Chest as a disappointment, it effectively set up the events of this film, and the payoff is just as exhilarating as promised. At World’s End is a bit convoluted at times, but the writers crafted an elaborate, dense tale that warrants repeat viewings.
While the story may be more intricate than most, At World’s End also delivers loads of epic battles and action sequences, culminating in a visually awe-inspiring standoff as the trilogy’s two most notable pirate ships do battle on the brink of an immense whirlpool. The film offers nonstop thrills but never shifts its focus away from its now-iconic characters and their individual journeys.
What makes these films so interesting is their dynamic cast of characters – each of whom has his or her own motives and objectives. As the principle focus of the trilogy, Depp is again delightful as the eccentric Captain Jack, who suffers some loopy effects after his stint in purgatory. Even more madcap than usual, Jack’s antics are not quite as fresh this time around, but while the character’s novelty has dissipated, his trademark wit and outrageous attitude still charm viewers.
Bloom and Knightley also effortlessly slip back into their roles, and the rest of the supporting cast is as amusing as before. Bill Nighy offers another impressive performance as tentacle-faced Davy Jones, and Rush’s over-the-top portrayal of the magnetic Barbossa is no less sharp than in the original film.
In addition to its enormous ensemble cast, At World’s End introduces some new faces, such as Captain Sao Feng (Chow Yun-Fat of Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon) and legendary rocker Keith Richards as Captain Teague, Jack’s estranged father. Since Richards was the original basis for Depp’s portrayal of Jack Sparrow, his role here is essentially an acknowledgment of his influence on Depp’s Oscar-nominated work. Though At World’s End is crammed with humor, thrills, action and more than enough plot twists, it never feels overcrowded. Thanks to its sharp writing and faithful continuity, the film organically flows from its predecessors, imbuing the Pirates trilogy with a consistency sadly lacking from most blockbuster film series. Despite the resolution that it offers to the previous two films, At World’s End leaves room for the story to continue. Although there are no definitive plans for a fourth Pirates film, Depp has repeatedly expressed interest in returning, and Disney is likely to pursue the series as long as it remains profitable. For now, fans can be thankful that Pirates of the Caribbean has avoided the pitfalls of most film trilogies and entered the cinematic lexicon as a prime example of how to provide a successful series with a fitting conclusion.


« Cookie Thief: Meilah and the Blessing of Yom Kippur
Siyum Mishna for James Joseph Orlow z”l »
Sukkot Gets Real
Published September 21, 2018	8.1.4 Succot , Uncategorized 1 Comment
Tags: Family, James Joseph Orlow, Sukkah
Everyone warned me that the High Holidays would be hard after the recent passing of my father, but in truth, it was just not the case. My father did not especially connect with these holidays. He was not a religious Jew in any conventional way. He did not grow up with much Jewish ritual in his life. At the same time, he was a deeply spiritual person. He spent close to 60 years of his life immersed in the study and practice of law, but I do not think he connected to the idea of a court on high in which we would be judged. Almost his entire career and life was committed to immigrants to this country, but in many ways in the place of the synagogue he himself was an alien.
While my dad was a genius and spent an extraordinary amount of his time and energy in his formidable mind, he loved to build things with his hands. When it comes to my mourning process, there is a big part of me that is expecting the shoe to drop on Sukkot. Some of my favorite memories of my father are of his building things. For him, building a Sukkah made more sense than the more abstract Jewish rituals. This Sukkot, I pause to contemplate the nature of the Sukkah, in memory of my father.
The Talmud records a difference of opinion between Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Akiva regarding the nature of a Sukkah. Rabbi Eliezer teaches that the Sukkot of the desert experience were “clouds of glory,” which hovered over the Children of Israel for forty years in the wilderness. Rabbi Akiva disagrees saying, “The Sukkot were real booths that they built for themselves.” (Sukkah 11b) Did either Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Akiva think that when they entered into a Sukkah in their own era that they were actually sitting in the imagined reference point? Either way you cut it the Sukkah is a symbol. Does this symbol represent a metaphor to the Divine presence or does it represent something akin to what we were using in the desert?
Clearly these two Rabbis would eat in each other’s Sukkot, so what are they disagreeing about? At one level we could understand the disagreement between Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Akiva to be one of understanding what it means to be Jewish. Is being Jewish a religion ( “clouds of glory”) or a nationality (real booths they used post Exodus in the desert)? The Sukkah is a tangible and real structure formed by human hands. And at the same time it is it a spiritual space that connects us to God. The Sukkah can be a symbol of our experience as a people in a physical and historic way, while simultaneously offering a religious manifestation of our metaphysical relationship with God.
While at first glance I think that my father might agree with Rabbi Akiva, I truly believe that he connected to Rabbi Eliezer as well. He found deep spiritual fulfillment in creating a space for his family to meet and be together. While, the Sukkah is immersive metaphor we get to really enter our national and religious memories, it is also the place we build to hold family memories.
I’m reminded of the many ways in which camp is like a Sukkah, an immersive metaphor we get to really enter. Camp is a community we create with our own hands, yet it is a mystical and meaningful place that transcends the physical space in which it’s located. Like a Sukkah, camp is temporary, but the brevity of our time there endows it with a special sense of holiness all year-long. Additionally, while a Sukkah is an enclosed dwelling made up of four walls to keep us safe, we are supposed to cover it with branches to ensure that we can still see the stars above. Camp also functions this way: while it takes place in a specific space and time and is safe and secure, the lessons we learn and the friends we make transcend these limitations, providing a light that shines through the year – and for the rest of our lives. For many of us camp friends are really like family.
For me I expect that my mourning will get real during Sukkot. I find comfort, however, in the nature of the Sukkah itself. A Sukkah is all at once a metaphor for the tangible, mystical, and familial.
James Joseph Orlow z’l and Libi Frydman Orlow his 14th grandchild
1 Response to “Sukkot Gets Real”
1 Eulogy for James Joseph Orlow z”l | Said to Myself Trackback on July 18, 2019 at 11:35 am


VOTE: South Jersey HS Athlete of the Week for the Week of Dec 1st
Josh Hennig Updated: December 3, 2021
Contributing Authors: Prime Events
*Riley Gunnels, Trevor Cohen, Lotzeir Brooks - Photos by Dave O'Sullivan/Glory Days Magazine
Each week, we are bringing you the chance to vote for the South Jersey High School Athlete of the Week. We want to recognize some of the great student-athletes from around the Cape Atlantic League with five nominees. Last week's winner was J.C. Landicini from Cedar Creek!
Check out this week's candidates for the South Jersey High School Athlete of the Week, vote down below.
*Trevor Cohen, Holy Spirit, Senior - The quarterback completed 15 of 19 passes for 264 yards and five touchdowns against Atlantic City. He became the 12th Cape Atlantic League player to throw five TDs in a game, joining a list that includes Holy Spirit High School graduates Ryan Yost (2018) and Fred Dalzell (1968).
*David Giulian, Middle Township, Senior - He ran for 181 yards and two touchdowns while also throwing a touchdown pass in their win over Lower Cape May. He also anchored the defense that held Lower scoreless until the final minutes.
*Lotzeir Brooks, Millville, Freshman - He had 119 receiving yards and two touchdowns in their win over rival Vineland. That gives him 909 receiving yards this season, a new South Jersey record for a freshman.
*Riley Gunnels, Ocean City, Junior - The quarterback completed 12 of 19 passes for 137 yards and two touchdowns in their win over Pleasantville. He finished the season with 1,395 passing yards, 17 touchdown passes, and also ran for 11 touchdowns.
*Kevin Mayfield, St. Joseph, Senior - He rushed for 126 yards and a touchdown as the Wildcats defeated Winslow Township. He lifted his career totals to 1,298 rushing yards and 21 touchdowns.
KEEP READING: Greater Atlantic City Area Athletes Who Played Games In NFL
Source: VOTE: South Jersey HS Athlete of the Week for the Week of Dec 1st
Filed Under: 97.3 ESPN South Jersey Athlete of the Week, High School Football, Holy Spirit, Lotzeir Brooks, Millville, Ocean City High School, Riley Gunnels, Trevor Cohen


About the Gender Policy Report
The Gender Policy Report is a non-partisan, multidisciplinary effort to produce and disseminate timely, gender-focused analyses of emerging U.S. federal policy proposals and developments.
Gender Policy Report contributions clarify the gendered bases of policy practices and conflicts. They offer diverse public audiences informed perspectives on how policies matter for gender equality, gender equity and constructions of gender itself.
Working across varied media platforms, the Gender Policy Report seeks to inform policy debates and improve public discourse. Our mission is to take the best insights from scholarship and research and make them accessible to broader communities in a way that is timely for addressing serious policy challenges.
What sets the Gender Policy Report apart?
Academic Rigor. We are different from other sources of information because we draw on evidence-based, scholarly research.
Intersectional. We distinguish our analyses from others through consistent attention to how gender intersects with other inequalities such as race, class, sexual orientation, immigration status, religion, and disability.
Broad. We consider the implications for gender equality and equity of a broad range of policy areas, including, but not only, policy areas typically associated with gender or women.
Reliable. We are a reliable and truthful source of information in an era in which fake and biased news has become commonplace.
The Gender Policy Report is a project of the Center on Women, Gender, and Public Policy at the University of Minnesota’s Humphrey School of Public Affairs.
Gender Policy Report Leadership
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Christina Ewig
Faculty Director, Center on Women, Gender, and Public Policy
Gender Policy Report


Home » Today’s “White Person’s Burden”: To Counter Racism
Today’s “White Person’s Burden”: To Counter Racism
By Maha Elgenaidi, Executive Director.
After decades of leading a national nonprofit that counters bigotry through education, I am now firmly convinced that we need new partners to overcome racism, Islamophobia, and exclusivist thinking in our nation. So far, we have been treating the disease of ignorance through education and inter-cultural engagement. This is right, and we need to do more of it, but it’s not enough.
We must also address the dangerous disease of indifference, specifically the indifference of many, though thankfully not all, Americans of European origins, commonly referred to as “white,” who, while finding no common cause with the Ku Klux Klan, are simply not directly addressing the harms of racism in our country perpetrated by deep-seated unconscious bias, exclusivist churches, and, in the worst case, outright white supremacy, as we witnessed in Charlottesville, the recent Waffle House shooter, Dylann Roof, and anti-government militias.
In the face of racist policies such as the Muslim ban and the epidemic of police killings of black men in this country, it is incumbent upon white Americans to avoid becoming what Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., referred to as the “white moderate, who is more devoted to ‘order’ than to justice; who prefers a negative peace which is the absence of tension to a positive peace which is the presence of justice.”
As noted columnist Leonard Pitts, Jr., points out, racism is a white problem. White Americans, biased or not, must take up responsibility for fighting unconscious bias, racism, and white supremacy among their number, just as Christians and Jews need to take responsibility for combating Islamophobia in their communities and Muslims for combatting anti-Semitism or extremism in theirs.
It’s not up to blacks, Muslims, or immigrants to prove their inherent value to white Americans or that they belong to America. Rather, the impetus for change needs to come from white Americans working to dispel bigotry among their peers. And white Americans need to do this not out of altruism, which will almost inevitably bear the taint of paternalism, but out of solidarity: we’re all in this enterprise called America together.
Working together, we might start by deconstructing “whiteness.” Whiteness is a socially constructed category, not something given by nature. People classified as “white” have neither a common ethnicity nor a common culture; they come from a great variety of ethnicities, religions and cultures, most of which have long been in conflict with one another. The concept of “whiteness” was born of colonialism, which sought a convenient way to define who the masters and who the subordinates were in the European colonies; “white people” structurally stood over against the indigenous “non-white” peoples of colonized territories.
Reinforcing this master-slave relationship were constructed narratives about colonized peoples, sometimes rooted in extremist Christian interpretations that for centuries supported racism.
For example, in the case of Muslims and people of the Middle East, the narrative was that they were sunk in backwardness and enslaved by an oppressive and false religion. In the case of Africans, the narrative portrayed them as primitive beings, not quite human, fit only for hard labor under the lash of whites. In case of the Native Americans, the story ran that they were savages needing to be civilized, Christianized, and turned into white farmers.
These narratives together bred the notion of the “white man’s burden,” the supposed duty of Euro-Americans to uplift (or, in the case of Africans, to enslave) the “poor, benighted savages.” Today, we rightly recognize this notion not only as demeaning but as a threadbare cover for policies and actions that were utterly self-serving on the part of a white elite.
It’s time to recognize that today’s “white burden” is to undo the systemic oppression of yesterday’s “white man’s burden,” starting with uprooting the attitudes of white superiority still present, at least unconsciously, in the minds of many white Americans, even those consciously committed to anti-racism.
For these narratives remain with us today and form the basis of many white Americans’ fears and anxieties towards “the other,” towards anyone who is not of white European origins. They drive the racist policies and discrimination non-whites are facing:
Muslims confront hate crimes (including an average of nine mosques vandalized every month), bullying of our children, talk of Muslim surveillance and Muslim registry, and policies such as the Muslim ban.
For Blacks, over fifty years after civil rights laws promised equality of opportunity, the median income of African-American households lags almost 40% behind that of whites, and the median net worth of white households is 13 times that of African-American households. African-Americans, who are 12% of the US population, constitute 33% of the prisoners.
The situation of Latinos is only slightly less dire. Their median household income is the same as that of Blacks; the median net worth of Latino households is one-tenth that of white households. Sixteen percent of the population, Latinos are 23% of the prisoners.
The concept of “whiteness,” including its implication of white superiority and supremacy or its assumption that only white people “really belong” in America, is the ideological cement that holds these structures of injustice in place. That cement can be broken down only by the concerted and consistent struggles of white people against the deep-seated bigotry in their own ranks.
One roadblock to the success of these efforts is the widespread conviction among white Americans that they are free from any taint of racist attitudes. They forget, or ignore, the fact that, as recent studies of “unconscious bias” have confirmed, such attitudes may reside deep in our unconscious and influence our behavior without our consciously realizing it. Only such unconscious bias can explain the continued racist disparities noted above in a culture that publicly condemns racism.
This is the reality that should put the struggle against racism on the front burner for white Americans. It’s not that people of color and other minorities are not fighting back against bigotry. Minority populations in the United States have regularly formed voluntary and professional associations to resist oppression while simultaneously reaching out across lines of difference to teach about themselves. My organization, the Islamic Networks Group (ING), joins other minority community groups that have taught diverse audiences, built intercultural bridges, and promoted peaceful intercultural relations on the local, national, and international levels. But organizations such as ours can’t go it alone; white Americans must take responsibility and exert initiative for combating racism and bigotry in their communities.
To accomplish that, white Americans must do at least the following:
Recognize the reality of unconscious bias, the sort of bias that, for instance, drove a white Starbucks manager to call the police on two African-American men waiting for a business colleague or that leads security staff to follow an African-American or other “non-white” customer around a store. Only when we recognize our biases can we combat them.
Build a mainstream movement among white Americans to organize, stand up, and speak out, to teach in their churches, schools, and civic organizations on respect for diversity, starting with deconstructing whiteness, its history and narratives about non-whites, and the damage and harm it continues to cause minorities in the U.S.—and to all Americans by fomenting divisiveness and tension. Such a movement is not only a moral imperative; it is crucial to the well-being of the overwhelming majority of Americans. The recent multi-faith (but, appropriately, mostly Christian) rally against racism in Washington, D.C. on the anniversary of Martin Luther King, Jr.’s death is an example of what’s needed.
Team up with minority-led education and advocacy organizations working in this space. Here at ING, we have on our staff five Muslims (Sunni and Shia) who identify along a broad spectrum of liberal and conservative Islam, but also three white Christians. They chose to join this organization because they believe rightly that it is not the job of Muslims alone to counter Islamophobia. Many of the members of our Interfaith Speakers Bureau are white, non-Muslim Americans who clearly see the value in pushing back against bigotry in their communities.
The United States and the world require a positive peace rooted in justice, and we won’t get it unless we work together to overcome the twin diseases of ignorance and indifference that threaten to harm all of us.


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Materials are submitted under the headings: “Studies of archival and book fonds”, “History of book collections and gatherings”, “Codicology and codicography”, “Studies in special historical disciplines”, “Preservation of library and archival funds”, “Information technologies in library and archival case”, “Publication of documents”, “Our colleagues abroad”, “Messages”, “Reviews”, “Personalia”.
Significant dates in the activity of the VNLU and NAS of Ukraine are marked by the beginning of anniversary columns, in particular – "To the 100th anniversary of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine" (Issue 19) and "To the 100th anniversary of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine” (Issues 21, 22).
In the Science Board of the digest "R. K. S. U." – Academician of NAS of Ukraine (1), Doctor of Sciences (7). Of these, O. Onyshchenko. H. Papakin, N. Shyp. O. Khamrai, O. Pastushenko. Foreign specialists - Alina Dzentiol (Poland), Rima Tsitsinene (Lithuania) and Olaf Hamann (Germany) are also involved to the Scientific Board of the R. K. S. U.
In the modern Editorial Board of the digest "R. K. S. U." – Corresponding Members of NAS of Ukraine (2), Doctors (11) and Candidates of Sciences (7). Of these, 1 Corresponding Member, 6 Doctors and 5 Candidates of Science are VNLU staff. In different years the Editorial Board included leading scientists in the field of book science, archaeography, source studies: L. Dubrovina, G. Boryak, T. Kivshar, G. Kovalchuk, S. Kuleshov, V. Omelchuk, O. Onyshchenko, P. Sokhan, G. Yukhimets, N. Shyp and others. The Editorial Board also includes foreign experts from Poland, France, Lithuania, Great Britain. Editor-in-chief of the digest is Doctor of Sciences (History), Professor L. Buriak. Secretary in Charge is N. Zubkova.
Editorial board of the digest "R. K. S. U." provides review process. Articles are prepared in compliance with the requirements for editorial design of a scientific professional publication in accordance with state standards. Abstracts, key words and a list of sources used are submitted in Ukrainian and English (the list of sources used is also in Latin transliteration).
Among the authors are famous domestic and foreign scientists: S. Bulatova, O. Galchenko, L. Gnatenko, P. Holobutsky, L. Dubrovina, N. Zubkova, O. Ivanova, G. Kovalchuk, L. Kornii, Y. Labyntsev, K. Lobuzina, I. Matiash, L. Mukha, Y. Mytsyk, B. Plachynda, O. Poghribny, I. Sergeyeva, S. Sokhan, S. Starovoit, O. Stepchenko, V. Ulianovsky, I. Chepiha, Ye. Chernukhin, N. Shyp, L. Yaremenko, Y. Yasinovsky and others.
Publications of the digest "R. K. S. U." are issued in accordance with international requirements for submission of scientific publications, reflected in the Reference database "Ukrainian Science", indexed by scientific databases : Web of Sciences (WOS), Google Scholar, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Index Copernicus, Research Bible, Scientific Indexing Services.
Scientific digest "R. K. S. U." has its own website (http://rksu.nbuv.gov.ua/. The electronic archive of the edition is presented on the digest site: http://rksu.nbuv.gov.ua/en/archive and in the database "Scientific periodicals of Ukraine" on the VNLU portal.
Danevych S.G. Thematic index of studies published in the digest of scientific works “Manuscript and Book Heritage of Ukraine: Archaeographic Studies of Unique Archival and Library Fonds (1993–2005) : Iss. 1–10 »// Manuscript and Book Heritage of Ukraine. Kyiv, 2007. No. 11. Pp. 247-264. http://rksu.nbuv.gov.ua/doc/rks_2007_11_18
Zubkova N.M. "Manuscript and Book Heritage of Ukraine" // Ukrainian Archival Encyclopaedia / State Committee of Ukraine, UNIASD; I. Matyash (Editor-in-Chief), I. Voitsekhivska, L. Dubrovina, M. Zhelezniak, S. Zvorsky, S. Kuleshov, O. Mitiukov, K. Novokhatsky, L. Odynoka, O. Onyshchenko, R. Pyrih, V. Smolii, P. Sokhan, Y. Yatskiv. Kyiv: "Gorobets" Publishing House, 2008. P. 715.
Manuscript and book heritage of Ukraine