purpose of land reclamation
Environmental Resources Worksheet ENV/100 Version 2 3 Badly eroded land can be reclaimed by (1) preventing further erosion and (2) restoring soil fertility. The managed aquifer recharge systems in the coastal dunes of the Netherlands are a good example of successful subsurface water storage. Growing international criticism of China’s land reclamation in the South China Sea and the publication of detailed images of China’s dredging and construction activities prompted the Chinese government to explain in greater detail than ever before the purpose of these activities. 2. For everyone’s understanding, we can define the technique as a method to make land friendlier for people and economic activities. K.A.R. CEDA’s Working Group on Beneficial Use aims to inspire sediment stakeholders and practitioners by describing the importance of sediments in the context of sustainable development and sharing a curated selection of case studies. (1998d). Multi-purpose solutions Landfill reclamation is a relatively new approach used to expand municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill capacity and avoid the high cost of acquiring addi-tional land. The land reclaimed is known as reclamation ground or land fill . Reclamation definition is - the act or process of reclaiming: such as. Detour Lake is an open-pit gold mine on the Quebec border, 185 kilometres by road northeast of Cochrane. The First Backbay Reclamation Scheme. The primary aim for the new land is to serve as container terminals. Previously, Stéphanie was involved in marine and environmental projects for more than 15 years with DHI and her education is in civil engineering and business administration. The authority involved must conduct a cost-benefit analysis as well as environmental impact assessment of the project. Reclamation of oil and natural gas production sites actually starts even before a … The International Association of Ports and Harbors’s Patrick Verhoeven discusses the major topics facing the world’s ports as they prepare for the future as well as ways ports can adapt to the ever-growing scale increase of ships. At present too little use is made of the opportunities that the design and construction of land reclamation offer for the underground storage and recovery of fresh water. Land reclamation is the process of creating new land from the sea. Beginning with the third person to take over the direction of Reclamation in 1923, David W. Davis, the title was changed from Director to Commissioner . In many cases, it means removing harmful elements from the ecosystems, making the place more suitable for crops or other species that might populate it.Although many people might think of it as over-industrialization, land reclamation is a way to combat the harmful effects humanity had on land. Reclamation is also used for beach replenishment and shore and dune replacements as well as to restore islands, for instances, in the Maldives, that have been ravaged by storms and erosion. The second method is by draining wetlands mechanically. The company went bankrupt and was liquidated. The first Backbay Reclamation Company was formed during the boom years of the early 1860's, with the stated purpose of reclaiming the whole of Backbay, from the tip of Malabar Hill to the end of Colaba.When the American Civil War ended in 1865, a depression set in and land prices fell. The purpose of reclamation is to build up an area of land to a more productive state. The reclamation … Land reclamation is one of the main areas of interest for the dredging industry. Seminar on Dredging and Reclamation (Delft), Seminar on Dredging and Reclamation (Singapore), Online Course ‘Dredging for Sustainable Infrastructure’, Underwater Placement in Bulk of Fill Material, Bio-Engineering Sediment Management And Removal of Turbidity Technologies: BESMART Technologies, Interview: Stéphanie Groen, Director of Coastal & Climate Change in Asia for Aurecon in Singapore, Land reclamation: The potential for subsurface freshwater storage, Sustainable management of the beneficial use of sediments: a case studies review, Numerical investigation of the head and unsteady flow characteristics of a dredge pump loading high-concentration sands. For the first time, China’s Foreign Ministry has explained in detail the purpose and rationale for large-scale land reclamation activities taking place in disputed areas of the South China Sea. Any building or infrastructure on that land can be collapse easily. The lands which are waterlogged and saline are also termed as wastelands. The other method is by land dredging whereby sediments plus debris are eliminated from the bottom of a water body. Population increase will lead to demand for more housing units, a bigger seaport, and agricultural land. It's a 660 hectare reclaimed piece of land. The purpose of reclaiming soil is to prevent further erosion. Natural factors such as floods and storms make it necessary to perform reclamation acts to mitigate them. Applicability. The Netherlands have other lands with almost 17% (2,700 square miles) of the country reclaimed from the lakes, sea or swamps. Land Reclamation Projects Using Tires You must register with the TCEQ if you use tire pieces to fill, improve, or reclaim already excavated or disturbed land for the purpose of restoring the land to its approximate natural grade. Machines are used to pump out water from marshes and the land reclaimed is enclosed by dikes. Sometimes it is also done in areas like rivers and lakes.Usually, there is a natural process which fills such areas with sand, dirt and other materials. These technologies may unambiguously be called nature based because they make use of natural processes to enhance dewatering and strengthening, induce flocculation and the settling of fines, and protect the muddy bed from erosion. In the first sense, it involves modifying wetlands or waterways to convert them into usable land, usually for the purpose of development. Reclaiming in Perth, Australia 1964. It can also be a process in which damaged land is restored to its natural state. The purpose of the program is to ensure any land disturbed for mining purposes, other than coal and gas, is reclaimed. Land reclamation prepares the land for development. 429.3 What types of uses are subject to the requirements and processes established And it is to be expected that the sandy deposits of land reclamations could serve a similar purpose. The managed aquifer recharge systems in the coastal dunes of the Netherlands are a good example of successful subsurface water storage. The ambitious land reclamation project off the coast of Jakarta - involving the development of 17 artificial islands - was initiated by the local Jakarta city administration with the aim to relieve severe population density in the capital city of Jakarta. Land reclamation is used in general to describe the process of making lands suitable for more intensive use by such means as cultivation, drainage, revegetation, irrigation, chemical or physical modification, or the like. Land reclamation can occur by either the process of poldering or by raising the level of a seabed or a low lying field. Ideally, it is a process of creating the best possible minesoil for trees and establishing a community of plant species that will develop, without further human intervention, into a healthy forest ecosystem. Wastelands are lands which are unproductive, unfit for cultivation, grazing and other economic uses due to rough terrain and eroded soils. Land reclamation refers to the process of creating or restoring new land from waterlogged areas, lakebeds or oceans. I - The Necessity for Development of Land Reclamation - V.V. One way to prevent further erosion is by seeding bare ground with terrestrial plants that will eventually cover the soil making it more stable and holding the soil in place. August 05, 2014 China … How to use reclamation in a sentence. This D&S applies to Reclamation staff responsible for the management of Federal lands withdrawn from the public land system as required for Reclamation project purposes. Reclamation commissioners that have had a strong impact and molding of the Bureau have included Elwood Mead, Michael W. Straus, and Floyd Dominy, with the latter two being public-power boosters who ran the Bureau during its heyday.Mead guided the bureau during the development, planning, and construction of the Hoover Dam, the United States' first multiple-purpose dam. The process involves pumping out water from swampy muddy places or raising the elevation of the ocean bed by different processes. UNESCO – EOLSS SAMPLE CHAPTERS AGRICULTURAL LAND IMPROVEMENT:AMELIORATION AND RECLAMATION – Vol. reclamation techniques, so that currently unsuitable urban land that is low−lying and subject to inundation, or on hillsides subject to storm−induced landslides, may be converted into safe land that can be used for low−income human settlements or for industry and commerce. Land reclamation has played a significant role in the urban development process in the coastal areas of many maritime countries. Reclamation Land Use. Population increase will lead to demand for more housing units, a bigger seaport, and agricultural land. This will include identifying suitable fill at a borrow area, selecting the appropriate equipment, executing extensive site investigations and collecting hydrographic data. These include earth moving machines, such as bulldozers, hydraulic excavators and loaders, and equipment for the consolidation of the new land, for instance to install vertical drainage. Whatever method is used to reclaimed land, it is usually part of a comprehensive project such as the construction or expansion of a port, of an airport, or of residential or commercial complexes. Land reclamation, the process of improving lands to make them suitable for a more intensive use. All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions © 2021 worldatlas.com, Largest Empires In Human History By Land Area, The Causes And Effects Of Ocean Pollution. The head of a dredge pump is an important performance parameter and a strongly fluctuating head may affect the operating stability of the pump unit. Then, in 1907, the Secretary of the Interior separated the Reclamation Service from the USGS and created an independent bureau within the Department of the Interior. The details on land reclamation on slurry-like soil using sand spreading method can be found in Bo et al. This in turn will contribute to a sustainable development of land reclamations. The process is useful in that it has assisted restore islands like in the Maldives or to create artificial islands. What is the purpose of soil reclamation? It can be lakes or oceans. In the first sense, it involves modifying wetlands or waterways to convert them into usable land, usually for the purpose of development. The island was reclaimed in 1955 when the eastern region was drained and in 1968 when the southern region was reclaimed. However, the impact of land reclamation on soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) stoichiometry, microbial quantity, and enzyme activities has been rarely studied. Shabanov ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) ¾ For normal operation of a system of complex regulation, the stochastic ADVERTISEMENTS: Wasteland Reclamation: Classification and Reclamation of Wasteland! Land reclamation demands extensive and elaborate planning. The reclaimed ground is filled with sand, soil or other materials depending on the intended use. Land-based equipment. Land reclamation is one of the main areas of interest for the dredging industry. It provides a new area for development. The lands which are waterlogged and saline are also termed as wastelands. Leadership. Land reclamation, as a measure of increasing cultivated land area, is being popularized in China in the past decades. What is the purpose of land reclamation? Use authorizations are not required for permitted public recreational use of recreation areas and facilities open to … The purpose of the Tom Peters Memorial Mine Reclamation Award is to encourage the pursuit of excellence in mine reclamation and to recognize and promote, to the mining industry and the environmental community at large, outstanding achievement in the practice of mine reclamation … Reclamation Land Use. Natural factors such as floods and storms make it necessary to perform reclamation acts to mitigate them. Land acquired through reclamation process is sometimes not safe in regions prone to earthquake. Land reclamation is the recovery of land from wetlands or other water bodies, and the restoration of productivity or use of lands that have been degraded by human activity or impaired by natural phenomena. You can reclaim land by first preventing further erosion and second by restoring the soil fertility. The details on land reclamation on slurry-like soil using sand spreading method can be found in Bo et al. The term “land reclamation” is used to describe two different activities. Land reclamation method depends on factors such as types of equipment available, type of coastal soil or sand, the topography of the ocean bed or even intended use of the reclaimed land. Reclamation costs are often offset by the sale or use of recovered materials, such as recyclables, soil, and waste, which can be burned as fuel. Artificial islands have also been built with reclaimed fill as environmental compensation measures for migratory birds and marine life. The goal of reclamation is make the land usable again for some purpose. It is where the Mall of Asia was built on. This paper was written by Marco Gatto, 2 November 2014. This is because such land is very susceptible to liquefaction. The Netherlands has the largest reclaimed island in the world known as Flevopolder in Flevoland. A 10-minute walk from the museum is Boat Quay, the site of the island’s very first land reclamation. Land reclamation can be achieved by poldering or by raising the elevation of a seabed or riverbed or low-lying land by: Pumping water out of muddy land or marshes is known as poldering. There are several land-reclamation techniques, ranging from dredging, where swathes of seabed are scooped up and stacked in huge piles, to more expensive but … Reclaiming: such as fill due to rough terrain and eroded soils slurry-like soil using sand spreading method be. Used in the past decades reclamation Plan and a reclamation Plan and reclamation... That it has assisted restore islands like in the coastal dunes of the bureau! 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purpose of land reclamation 2021


Letters to the Editor for July 23 – 30, 2008
July 24, 2008 3:24 PM by FCNP.com
Opposes Plan for F.C. Affordable Housing Project
On Monday, July 28, the Falls Church City Council will be voting on Special Exceptions to present city codes to allow for the construction of a seven story building which will have 174 affordable housing rental units on 1.24 acres almost opposite the proposed Harris Teeter supermarket in the center of Falls Church. Most will be one-bedroom units (150 – 82 for seniors) about 600sq feet in size, and the ground floor will have support facilities for Homestretch and the FCHC.
The three zoning requests are to change the present land use from Commercial to Mixed Use, to exceed the present building height restrictions, and, even more significantly, to permit the building to have less than half of the required parking spaces for a building of this size. A total of 137 spaces are provided only, not the 297 required by present code for the building, even after allowing a reduction for mass transit use. This exception is not minor, but has long term implications for all businesses and dwellings in the area.
Many City residents may not know about this proposal because of the name confusion between the new city center (CSS) and this building (CSSA) but they are completely different entities. In addition there has been almost no publicity about this building in this newspaper, or the Falls Church City website. There are no definite figures, but the expected annual cost to the city is expected to be over $1 million, the building has requested a property tax waiver (a large annual financial loss to the city) and the long-term capital costs to the City are not yet clear. There is a proposal for Atlantic Realty (CSS) to provide $3-4 million for the new building in exchange for omitting the 36 affordable housing units at present included in their development.
I support additional affordable housing in the city, but recommend strongly against approving exceptions to code for this building now. The parking provisions are woefully inadequate, and this could not be easily changed later if the zoning exceptions are approved now.
Anna Dworken
Editorial Vs. GOP Inaction ‘Baseless’
Regarding last week’s News-Press editorial, while everyone has the right to express their opinions, it may help the readers of this publication to separate fact from fiction in these two very controversial political discussions. (Illegal immigration and transportation funding)
The editorial’s statement “caused all Hispanic residents, legal or not, to move away from those aversive environments”is an obvious falsehood. Does the News-Press expect the readers to truly believe that every single person of Hispanic origin has fled the county? It’s simply a silly, biased statement that does not add to the author’s reputation. This type of inflammatory rhetorical hyperbole does not add to any reasonable discussion of these very serious issues.
It is ironic that City Council David Snyder of the NVTA is seeking scapegoats for the current transportation impasse. All he has to do is take an honest look at the NVTA’s documented record of mismanagement and poor decisions to discover that one of the chief engineers of the failure is the NVTA Board itself.
There is plenty of blame to go around for both major parties. However, making baseless accusations and seeking scapegoats isn’t a step in the right direction. As such, this editorial is a disservice to the newspapers’ readers.
Bud Miller
Anti-Gay Letter Failed to Include Evidence, Itself
In the July 17-23, 2008 edition of your paper, Jeff Hilton’s letter-to-the-editor twice accused columnist Wayne Besen of not providing evidence to support comments he had made in previous columns. Then, Mr. Hilton asserts that children brought up by a same-sex couple are exposed to the hazards of “Domestic Violence, AIDS, hepatitis, decrease life expectancy.” Yet, Mr. Hilton doesn’t provide any evidence or facts to support this!
I’m not saying Mr. Hilton’s assertions are wrong (nor am I defending Mr. Besen’s comments). I just found it interesting that Mr. Hilton insisted on evidence from an opposing viewpoint, but felt no obligation to defend his position likewise.
Roger Wilson
Slams Inaccurate, Indefensible Anti-Gay Letter
In his letter to the editor in the July 17-23 edition, Jeff Hilton seeks to perpetuate the inaccurate and historically indefensible notion that only fundamentalist, Biblically literalist evangelicals such as Dr. James Dobson or Rev. Donald Wildmon, believe in or practice Judeo-Christian values. In fact, Judaism and Christianity existed in the world for milennia before American evangelicalism developed in the seventeenth century, and American fundamentalism, in the twentieth.
Most Christians who lived prior to these movements would most likely have seen these movements as divisive and overly simplistic forms of Christianity, if they saw them as Christian at all.
Mr. Hilton has a point regarding Mr. Besen’s characterization of Dr. Dobson as a liar or a charlatan, or of the American Family Association as a money sucking scam. Such language is unnecessary and inappropriate for serious discussion. At the same time, Mr. Hilton’s claim that Besen accuses Dobson of misusing the research of other scholars without proof suggests that he is a liar. The fact is, Dobson’s use of the writings of other researchers in ways that those researchers reject is well documented in the public domain and need not be recounted in Mr. Besen’s column. Mr. Hilton, if he were interested, could look up those accounts and read them for himself. In fact, Dr.
Carol Gilligan’s criticism of Dobson’s use of her work is posted on Youtube and can be viewed without reading at all.
The unfortunate point is that Dr. Dobson, Rev. Wildmon, and Mr. Hilton would like the less than informed to believe that the “God” of “Judeo Chistian Values” is as obsessed with homosexuality as they are.
Rev. Dr. Michael Brenneis
Letter Was Insensitive, Rude & Disgusting
As a long-time reader of this publication and a supporter of the freedom of the press, I am pleased that you continue to publish Jeff Hilton’s rants. However, I found the letter to the editor from Jeff Hilton in the July 17, 2008 issue of the Falls Church News-Press overly rude, insensitive, and disgusting. Hilton’s letter was an ill-thought-out attack on Wayne Besen and the homosexual community in general. Since I’m quite sure that Hilton’s views do not represent those of the News-Press, and that he knows less about what he’s talking about than your average religious fanatic, I wasn’t offended as I could have been.
Hilton’s letter had numerous factual flaws, and ironically cited no sources and showed no evidence whatsoever, which was the reason he was bashing the respectable columnist Wayne Besen. Hilton claims that “Love Won Out,” one of many homophobia-inspired “ministries” aimed at what could be described as “Praying the gay out of people” is effective at what it tries to do. According to the American Psychological Association, attempts to change people’s sexual orientation often lead to “depression, anxiety, and self-destructive behavior.” Wayne Besen’s very own progressive organization Truth Wins Out (www.Truthwinsout.org) has brought forth to the public many facts about these misleading organizations, including that many of the founders who claim to have changed their sexuality are often found “not living their lives as they has advertised.” Furthermore, there is absolutely no credible scientific evidence in the history of the world that sexual orientation can be changed, as a recent study found that a person’s sexual orientation is determined early in life as a result of their genetic pattern and environmental factors. Sexual orientation is like your skin or eye color. It is not a mentality, and it cannot be changed.
Hilton makes a fallacious statement that once marriage is no longer defined as the union between a man and a woman, there will be nobody to say that group marriage and polygamy are wrong. This logic is as ludicrous as saying that adding a “left turn on red” will immediately lead to the abolition of all traffic laws. There is no movement to legalize polygamy, and even once gay and lesbian marriages are legalized by the constitution, the massive religious right groups that oppose them today will still exist, and as long as they do, they will make sure polygamy is not legalized, while oppressing gay people all the while.
Keith Boylan


“Die Reichskanzlei”- von Adolf Hitler
(The Reich Chancellery – essay by Adolf Hitler)
When, after the re-establishment of the Reich, Bismarck determined to purchase the Palace Radziwill, later to become the Reich Chancellery, he himself retained his office in the Foreign Office building. The proximity of this building to the Foreign Ministry was, in all likelihood, the reason for the purchase of this particular object. The structure afforded virtually no actual space. Dating from the first half of the 18th century, it had initially served as an ancient seat for nobility. Its facade was well preserved. Inside, repeated attempts at modernization had disfigured the building. The end of the 19th century witnessed further such embellishments and degraded the palace by bestowing on it a heavy-handed elegance. Bombastic plaster was to hide the deficit of real material and thereby, unfortunately, glossed over its well-balanced proportions.
Even the hall in which once the Congress of Berlin63 convened was not spared like “improvements.” Apparently, weak lighting along the walls and gigantic chandeliers of tin were then regarded as especially attractive. As concerns paintings in the house, these were mainly amateur copies of originals on loan from Prussian collectors. With the single exception of a portrait of Bismarck by Lenbach, the portraits of former chancellors were devoid of any artistic merit.
The Chancellery gardens were ill-tended and began to be overgrown by weeds. A superstitious fear of replacing old and dying trees led first to covering increasing numbers of their moldy trunks with shingles and then to filling them with cement. Had this process been allowed to continue, the park would undoubtedly have begun to resemble the Houthulster Wald64 after three years of bombardment by the English.
While Chancellors before 1918 strove to make more or less tasteful improvements, the condition of the house began to deteriorate steadily after the Revolution of 1918. When I determined to move into the Chancellery nonetheless in 1934, the roof was practically rotting away above us while the floors beneath us were engaged in similar activities. The police restricted access to the hall in which congresses and diplomatic receptions were held to a total of sixty persons at one time, for fear the floor might give way. A few months before this, on the occasion of a reception held by Reich President von Hindenburg, approximately 100 guests and servants had crowded one hall. As we began to tear out the floors, we came across beams which remained little more than brittle sticks disintegrating as we rubbed them between our palms.
During rain storms, water penetrated the building, not only from above, but from below as well. From the Wilhelmstrasse, a veritable flood spilt over into the first-floor compartments. Its flow was augmented by a back-up in the drainage throughout the house, including the toilets. As my predecessors could rarely count on remaining in office for more than three, four, or five months, they had neither motivation to clear away the dirt of those before them nor to improve conditions for those to succeed them. As the world took little notice of them in the first place, they were not generally troubled with appearances before foreign representatives.
By 1934, the entire structure exuded decay: ceilings and floors were giving way while wall and floor paneling was rotted out. An unbearable stench pervaded the house. Meanwhile, the new office space created for the Chancellery along the Wilhelmsplatz took on the appearance of a storage house or station for the municipal firefighters. Its interior suggested a sanatorium for those with lung disease, although this was not primarily the disease that those laboring inside were in fact suffering from. In an effort to restore the structure as far as possible, I decided to undertake a general renovation project in 1934. The expenses incurred were not to be assumed by the state, as I myself provided the financial means necessary.
Professor Troost himself was still able to draw up the blueprints for this project. His goals were:
1. to reassign living space as well as space for receptions to the lower floors of the building, and
2. to furnish the second floor for the practical exigencies of running a Reich Chancellery.
My office as Reich Chancellor up to this point had been located in a room facing the Wilhelmsplatz. Its size and interior decorating made it more appropriate to house a general salesman for cigarettes and tobacco in the office of a medium-sized enterprise. It was virtually impossible to work in this office: with the windows closed, the heat suffocated anyone inside; with the windows open, there was the noise rising up from the streets.
The upper floors had customarily been reserved for official receptions by the respective chancellors. In the days of the renovation of the Reich President’s Palace, the old Reich President had held various receptions there, too. This, however, meant that these rooms were not in use throughout most of the year and stood empty. This was the reason behind my relocating the reception rooms to the lower floors and remodeling the upper floors vacated thereby, to accommodate offices. The hall for Congresses, vacant throughout most of the year also and without any practical application, became the meeting room for Cabinet sessions.
Since there was no room of sufficient size to accommodate the large-scale receptions I had to give for diplomatic reasons as head of state, I instructed the architect Professor Gall to build a large hall to hold approximately 200 persons. At this point, it appeared as though the remodeling of the lower floor would suffice for this purpose. In the course of 1934, however, the merging of the offices of Reich Chancellor and Reich President necessitated rooms to house the presidential office and staff and provide space for the Wehrmacht secretariat within the building. Also, official receptions required an appropriate setting. The realization of these necessities led to the purchase of the Borsig Palace. Admittedly built in a style not looked on favorably in our age, its interior surpassed that of the miserable Chancellery building by far. Professor Speer was entrusted with the first remodeling of the Chancellery. Within a markedly short time and without altering the facade, the structure built by the architect Lucae was connected to the factorybuilding on the Wilhelmstrasse, and its interior design splendidly developed.
At least for the time being, it provided the presidential office, the Wehrmacht staff, and the SA leaders with office space. Under the guidance of Party Comrade Bouhler, the Council of the Party was accorded a few rooms, too.
The former office building of the Reich Chancellery was adorned with a balcony facing the Wilhelmstrasse. This was the first decent architectural element within the structure. Further building onto the existing structures, while providing temporary relief, did not represent a solution of the housing problem. Two further considerations were instrumental in bringing about my decision of January 1938 to seek an immediate solution.
1. In an effort to facilitate traffic flowing through the city from East to West, a lengthening of the Jagerstrasse had been determined on, to lead it through the Ministerial Gardens and the Zoo and thereby connect it to the Tiergartenstrasse. The Municipal Berlin Building Inspectorate of that time had drawn up these plans, which in my eyes did not represent a solution of the problem. Therefore I asked Professor Speer to come up with a more reasoned plan to relieve traffic flow along the Leipziger Strasse and the avenue Unter den Linden by securing a direct passage to the West of the Wilhelmsplatz. To this end it was necessary to transform the narrow passage along the Voss Strasse into a wide transit route. Since obviously this could not be realized at the expense of the Wertheim Department Store and would have been attended by construction difficulties in the first place, an attempt had to be undertaken on the opposite side of the street. Hence the necessity arose independently to tear down the entire housing front and to rebuild later.
2. Moreover, in the days of late December 1937 and early January 1938, I had determined to resolve the Austrian question and to erect a Greater German Reich. Hence the old Chancellery building could not possibly accommodate the additional administrative, as well as representative duties necessitated thereby. On January 11, 1938, I therefore instructed the General Building Inspector Professor Speer to undertake the construction of a new Chancellery building located in the Voss Strasse. The structure was to be completed by a January 10, 1939 deadline. On this day, I was to receive the keys for the building. While in fact we concerned ourselves with this topic mentally in a series of consultations, the physical nature of the task was an immense one. For on January 11, 1938, the construction of the new building could not even begin as the old houses along the Voss Strasse had to be torn down first. Therefore, actual construction work could not be started before late March at the earliest. This left a term of nine months at our disposal to carry out the project. That this was indeed feasible we owe to this genius of an architect, his artistic inspiration, and his enormous organizational talents, as well as to the enterprise of those assisting him. The Berlin worker has outdone himself in his performance at this site. I do not think that a similar task, purely in regard to the labor involved, could have been carried out anywhere else in the world. I need not expand on the fact that naturally everything possible was undertaken to insure the social welfare of those involved in this construction project. In light of the winter temperatures, the severe frosts, the completion of this building is conceivable only-as emphasized earlier-if one considers the enormous ability to perform demonstrated by the Berlin worker.
The blueprint for this project is of a clear and generous nature and easily understood if one considers the structure’s purpose and the space at the architect’s disposal. The solution found in the gigantic, long structure along the Voss Strasse was dictated by the circumstances, as well as artistically ingenious. The sequence of rooms inside not only satisfies practical exigencies, it has also a truly magnificent effect on the onlooker. The interior decoration is truly excellent, thanks to the combined talents of interior decorators, sculptors, painters, etc., involved in the project. This applies also to the achievements of German craftsmanship here. The landscaping in the park is complete with the exception of one section which still serves as a construction site. The short period of construction has not yet allowed the banquet room at the end of the great hall to become apparent in its full size and stature. This room, therefore, is a makeshift, so that the structure can be used. The banquet room will only be complete in two years.
This Reich Chancellery building-this edifice that, by the way, will serve a different purpose from the year 1950 on-represents a practical and no-less artistic achievement of the highest order. It speaks for its ingenious designer and architect: Albert Speer.


The Northern Ireland Planning Statistics: Second Quarter 2021/22 Statistical Bulletin, has been published today
Planning statistics
Provisional planning statistics for the second quarter of 2021/22 are now available.
These data provide an overall view of planning activity. Alongside this there is a summary of council performance across the three statutory targets for major development applications, local development applications and enforcement cases as laid out in the Local Government (Performance Indicators and Standards) Order (Northern Ireland) 2015.
The publication is available on the Department for Infrastructure website.
The key points from the Northern Ireland Planning Statistics: Second Quarter 2021/22 Statistical Bulletin are:
Planning activity and processing performance in 2020/21 and the first half of 2021/22 were impacted by the restrictions put in place due to the coronavirus pandemic. This should be borne in mind and caution should be taken when interpreting these figures and when making comparisons with other time periods.
There were 3,344 planning applications received during the second quarter of 2021/22; a decrease of nearly sixteen percent on the previous quarter but up by over two percent on the same period a year earlier. This comprised 3,305 local and 39 major applications.
In the second quarter of 2021/22, 3,257 planning applications were decided upon; down by nearly six percent over the quarter but up by over one-third from the same period a year earlier. Decisions were issued on 3,229 local and 28 major applications during the most recent quarter.
The average processing time for local applications brought to a decision or withdrawal during the first six months of 2021/22 was 16.0 weeks across all councils. This exceeds the 15 week target and represents a decrease of 2.4 weeks from the same period a year earlier. Four of the 11 councils were within the 15 week target after the first six months of 2021/22.
The average processing time for major applications brought to a decision or withdrawal during the first six months of 2021/22 was 56.4 weeks across all councils. This represents a decrease of 13.8 weeks compared with the same period a year earlier but is still considerably higher than the 30 week target.
Across councils over 72% of enforcement cases were concluded within 39 weeks during the first six months of 2021/22. This meets the statutory target of 70% and represents an increase from the rate reported for the same period in 2020/21 (69%). Individually, eight of the 11 councils were within target after the first six months of 2021/22.
Background to Northern Ireland Planning Statistics: Second Quarter 2021/22 Statistical Bulletin.
This is the latest in a regular series of statistical bulletins related to Development Management (Planning) functions. The Planning Act (Northern Ireland) 2011 sets out the legislative framework for development management and provides that, from 1 April 2015, councils now largely have responsibility for this planning function. This statistical bulletin reports on activity and performance for the second quarter of 2021/22 (1 July 2021 – 30 September 2021). Year-to-date processing performance for the full six month period (1 April 2021 – 30 September 2021) is also provided.
A new classification hierarchy for planning applications came into effect on 1 April 2014 in advance of the transfer of planning functions to local government from 1 April 2015. The development categories are – major and local development applications, processed primarily by councils, and regionally significant development applications, processed within the Department for Infrastructure. Note that the ‘major development’ category is based on a completely different definition to the previous ‘major’ category so figures relating to this category should not be compared with those from earlier bulletins (i.e. pre-2014/15).
There are three legislative performance targets covered in the report related to the processing of local development decisions within an average of 15 weeks; major development decisions within an average of 30 weeks; and processing 70% of enforcement cases to target conclusion within 39 weeks.
The final records of all applications from 1 April 2021 – 30 September 2021 were transferred in October 2021 from a live database and inspected for consistency in coding before figures were prepared for publication. These figures are regarded as ‘provisional’ and will be subject to further scheduled revisions as further updates are made to records in the live database environment. Finalised annual figures for 2021/22 will be released in July 2022.
Quarterly data are provided in more detailed accompanying data tables together with comparable data from the previous financial year, where possible.
Following an independent assessment by the UK Statistics Authority, the NI Planning Statistics report received National Statistics accreditation in December 2020, demonstrating that it meets the highest standards of trustworthiness, quality and public value.
Electronic copies of the bulletin, associated data tables and summary infographic are available free of charge from the Department for Infrastructure website.
This is a National Statistics publication and therefore follows the Code of Practice for Statistics.
For more information relating to this publication, including additional analysis, breakdowns of data, or alternative formats please contact:
Analysis, Statistics and Research Branch,
Room 4.13c,
Clarence Court,
10 - 18 Adelaide Street,
Town Parks
BT2 8GB
Telephone: (028) 9054 0390 (Text relay prefix 18001)
E-mail: asrb@nisra.gov.uk
Website: DfI Statistics and Research
ASRB advise customers to make contact through email or by telephone at this time.
For media enquiries please contact the DfI Press Office 028 9054 0007.
£419,000 resurfacing schemes for Killagan Road, Ballymoney 27 January 2022
Minister Mallon publishes report on the review of the implementation of the Planning Act (NI) 2011 27 January 2022
Mallon welcomes commencement of the advanced site works on the Enniskillen Southern Bypass scheme 26 January 2022
Mallon signals her intention to seek approval to extend the Concessionary Fares Scheme 26 January 2022


The Great Bridge: The Epic Story of the Building of the Brooklyn Bridge (Hardcover)
By David McCullough
The dramatic and enthralling story of the building of the Brooklyn Bridge, the world’s longest suspension bridge at the time, a tale of greed, corruption, and obstruction but also of optimism, heroism, and determination, told by master historian David McCullough.
This monumental book is the enthralling story of one of the greatest events in our nation’s history, during the Age of Optimism—a period when Americans were convinced in their hearts that all things were possible.
In the years around 1870, when the project was first undertaken, the concept of building an unprecedented bridge to span the East River between the great cities of Manhattan and Brooklyn required a vision and determination comparable to that which went into the building of the great cathedrals. Throughout the fourteen years of its construction, the odds against the successful completion of the bridge seemed staggering. Bodies were crushed and broken, lives lost, political empires fell, and surges of public emotion constantly threatened the project. But this is not merely the saga of an engineering miracle; it is a sweeping narrative of the social climate of the time and of the heroes and rascals who had a hand in either constructing or exploiting the surpassing enterprise.
David McCullough has twice received the Pulitzer Prize, for Truman and John Adams, and twice received the National Book Award, for The Path Between the Seas and Mornings on Horseback. His other acclaimed books include The Johnstown Flood, The Great Bridge, Brave Companions, 1776, The Greater Journey, The American Spirit, The Wright Brothers, and The Pioneers. He is the recipient of numerous honors and awards, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation’s highest civilian award. Visit DavidMcCullough.com.
“The impact of the soaring structure upon the American imagination and American life has now been measured with sagacity and style by David McCullough. . . . The Great Bridge is a book so compelling and complete as to be a literary monument, one of the best books I have read in years. McCullough has written that sort of work which brings us to the human center of the past.”
—Robert Kirsch, Los Angeles Times
“The Great Bridge is a great book. . . . What David McCullough has written is a stupendous narrative about the building of the Brooklyn Bridge, with a cast of thousands (give or take 100), whose major characters come alive on the page as authentically, as creatively, as would their fictional counterparts if one had the imagination to dream up such a yarn. Once again, truth is not only stranger than fiction but a hell of a lot more entertaining. Get your hands on The Great Bridge. . . . This is the definitive book on the event. Do not wait for a better try: there won't be any.”
—Norman Rosten, Newsday
“David McCullough has taken a dramatic and colorful episode out of the American past and described it in such a way that he sheds fresh light on a whole era in American history.”
—Bruce Catton
“After reading David McCullough’s account, you will never look at the old bridge in quite the same way again.”
—Christopher Lehmann-Haupt, The New York Times
“McCullough is one of our most gifted living writers.”
—Marie Arana, The Washington Post
Publisher: Simon & Schuster
History / United States / 19th Century
History / United States / State & Local / Middle Atlantic (DC, DE, MD, NJ, NY, PA)
Technology & Engineering / Civil / Bridges
Kobo eBook (May 31st, 2007): $16.99
Paperback (January 12th, 1983): $22.00
Hardcover (June 1st, 2001): $35.00


Archive for the ‘Chongqing Travel’ Category
Flying Tigers Museum in Chongqing (Tips, Photos & Map)
Friday, January 7th, 2022
Plan your Chongqing tour? Chongqing was the Wartime Capital of China during the anti-Japanese war (World War II). No matter you are a history buff or not, it is an interesting experience to have a short trip to the former residence of General Joseph Warren Stilwell (aka Flying Tiger Museum).
The location of Stilwell Museum ( aka Flying Tiger Museum ) Google Map
A part of the former residence of General Joseph Warren Stilwell has turned into the Flying Tigers Museum in Chongqing.
General Joseph Warren Stilwell former Residence
The entrance to the compound of the former namesake residence converted General Joseph Warren Stilwell Museum.
General Joseph W Stilwell contributed a lot to China’s successful flight against the Japanese aggression.
On October 19, 1944, Stilwell was recalled from his command by President Franklin D. Roosevelt partly due to the power struggle over the China Theater that appeared among Stilwell, Claire Lee Chennault , and Chiang Kai-Shek. Especially his blunt confrontation with Chiang finally led to Chiang’s determination to have Stilwell recalled to the United States.
A bust of General Joseph on the compound along the Yangtze River.
A bust of General Joseph Warren Stilwell
General Joseph Warren Stilwell served as Chief of Staff in the China-Burma-India Theater as well as the Chief of Staff to Generalissimo Chiang Kai-Shek in 1942 during the Second World War.
The main building of the residence is a two-storey house.
A huge stone opened book carved with words both in Chinese and English meaning:
A huge stone opened book
To the name of the people of the United States of America
I present this scroll to the City of Chungking (Chongqing)
As a symbol of our admiration for its brave men, women and children. Under blasts from the terror from the air, even in the days before the world at large had known this terror, Chungking and its people held out firm and unconquered.
They proved gloriously that terrorism cannot destroy the spirit of a people determined to be free. Their fidelity to the cause of freedom will inspire the hearts of all generations.
I also noticed the inscriptions carved on a square stone column in English and Chinese: ” With the guns silent and the smoke faded, it is the historical friendship and our memory that will last forever“.
The inscriptions carved on a square stone column.
General Joseph Warren Stilwell’s former residence in Chongqing has now been converted to the General Joseph W. Stilwell Museum in his honor. The museum began to be opened to the public in 1991.
The Exhibition Hall
The Meeting Room
Joseph Stilwell’s Bedroom
Stilwell died of stomach cancer on October 12, 1946. His ashes were scattered on the Pacific Ocean. A cenotaph was placed at the West Point Cemetery.
Flying Tigers Museum in Chongqing
The Flying Tigers fought against the much stronger Japanese Air Force during the WW II. The Flying Tigers are credited with destroying as many as 497 Japanese planes at a cost of only 73 of their own.
The entrance to the Flying Tiger Museum housed in the former residence of General Joseph Warren Stilwell now has been converted to a museum of the namesake.
The entrance to the Flying Tigers Museum
Flying Tigers was the nickname of the first American Volunteer Group (AVG) of the Chinese Air Force in 1941–1942, commanded by Claire Lee Chennault.
A bust of Claire Lee Chennault.
The Flying Tigers Exhibition Hall
Equally famous is their brilliant and controversial commander, Claire L. Chennault, whose genius for leadership in the face of overwhelming odds made him a hero in the United States as well as in China.
The name list of the Headquarters of the above photo
Chennault was a unique individual who could inspire great accomplishments from all those who served under him.
In creating his legendary group of airmen-composed of former U.S. Navy, Marine and Army Air Corps pilots who quietly entered China posing as artists and missionaries-Chennault established his own version of an ideal mercenary band. (from Hinstrynet)
Flying Tigers, commanded by Claire Lee Chennault
For more information on General Chennaul, check out Chennault Aviation and Military Museum.
Here is the name list of the above photo for the first pursuit Squadrons.
Second First Pursuit Squadron of Flying Tiger
The Third Pursuit Squadron of Flying Tiger
May the friendship between China and the United States lasts for ever despite of piled of obstacles existing.
For more information on Flying Tigers, please check out the Flying Tigers’ official website .
Tue to Sun ( Monday closed)
9:00 – 17:00 ( Ticketing till 16:30)
The address for General Joseph Warren Stilwell Museum:
English: No.63, Jialing Xinlu, Yuzhong District, Chongqing.
Chinese: 重庆渝中区嘉陵新路63号
Tel: (023)63872794, 63609515
Tip: Hassle-free Chongqing Guided Tours
If you don’t want to go the do-it-yourself route and prefer the hassle-free escorted tours, here are some options for guided tours to Chongqing:
Chongqing 3 Day Classic Tour
Chongqing Car Rental
Chongqing One Day Highlight Tour
Chongqing Dazu Grottoes Day Tour
Chongqing Yangtze River Yichang Classic 4 Day Tour
Top 10 Attractions in Chongqing
Best Time to Visit Chongqing
Ciqikou Old Town
Flying Tigers Museum
Yangtze River Cruise Daily Schedule – Victoria Cruises
Zhazidong prison, the site of Zhazidong Prison
Three Gorges Museum
Chongqing People’ Hall
Tags: Flying Tigers Museum, Flying Tigers Museum in China, Flying Tigers Museum in Chongqing, How to visit Flying Tigers Museum
Posted in Chongqing Travel | 19 Comments »
Top 10 Attractions in Chongqing (Tips, Photos & Map)
Plan your Chongqing tour? As a major city in southwestern mainland China, Chongqing is a port city with a large municipal area and big population in China. Nowadays, Chongqing is a modern city, China’s fourth municipality after Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin.
Chongqing is a city of hills, with many old lanes and buildings worth exploring, cruises up the Yangtze, and a walk around to the Port all worth a half day trip. Picturesque landscapes are so enchanting as to make tourists forget to return.
Location of Chongqing (Google Map)
Here we’ve rounded up a list of the top 10 attractions in Chongqing.
No. 01: People Liberation Monument
Chongqing People’s Liberation Monument is regarded as the commercial center of the Yuzhong District in Chongqing.
Formerly a wooden structure, the monument was first built up on March 12th, 1940. This day is the anniversary of Dr. Sun Yatsen’s death, so the monument is called “Spirit Fort”.
The monument is located in the crossing of the Mingzhu, Mingquan and Zourong Road in the Yuzhong district. It’s 27.5 meters high. There is a revolving ladder, through which travelers can get to the top of the monument.Entrance Fee: free
Opening Hours: 24 hours a day
How to get there: There are many buses can take you to People Liberation Monument, including Buses No. 413, 418, 481, 301, 303, 215, 103, 104, 111, 112, 122, Tram No. 401, 402 or 405.
No. 02: Ciqikou Old Town
Located in the suburb of Chongqing City, covering an area of 1.18 square kilometers, Ciqikou Old Town is a historic Chinese old town with traditional style buildings and local flavor food.
The old town was built in 998 during the Song Dynasty. The town’s name, Ciqikou, means porcelain harbor, and the community prospered from the porcelain trade. Today it offers a glimpse of the peaceful laid-back life in the Sichuan countryside and is somewhere to take a break from the busy commercial world of Chongqing.
For more information, check out the link: Ciqikou Old Town.
The main street packed with visitors
Entrance Fee: Free
Opening Hours: 08:00-17:00
How to get there: take Bus No. 215 and get off at Tongjiaqiao Station
No. 03: Dazu Rock Carvings
Dazu Rock Carvings are a series of Chinese religious sculptures and carvings, dating back as far as the 7th century AD, depicting and influenced by Buddhist, Confucian and Taoist beliefs.
Listed as a World Heritage Site, the Dazu Rock Carvings are made up of 75 protected sites containing some 50,000 statues, with over 100,000 Chinese characters forming inscriptions and epigraphs, 160km west of Chongqing.
The sites are located in Chongqing Municipality within the steep hillsides throughout Dazu County (located about 60 kilometers west of the city of Chongqing, China). The highlights of the rock grotto are found on Mount Baoding and Mount Beishan.
Dazu Rock Carvings
Entrance Fee: CNY 130
How to get there: There are long-distance buses to the Dazu Rock Carvings both from Chongqing and Chengdu.
No. 04: Stilwell Museum (aka Flying Tigers Musuem)
Stilwell Museum lies on No.63 Jialing New Road, 15 kilometers to the urban area. It was founded in memory of Joseph W. Stilwell, an American general who contributed a great deal to the Chinese people.
Covering an area of 5,000 square meters, the structure is a two-storey building with a basement. The main building is the former residence of General Stilwell.
It includes an office, an adjutant room, two meeting rooms, bedrooms and a basement. Simple furniture is shown as it was during the time that he lived there, and more than one hundred articles such as household goods, manuscripts and the uniform which was used by the general are displayed.
A part of the former residence of General Joseph Warren Stilwell has turned into the Flying Tigers Museum in Chongqing. For more information, please check out the link: Flying Tiger Museum Chongqing.
Entrance Fee: CNY 5
How to get there: take the Light Rail and get off at Lizibei Station, Chongqing
No. 05: Wulong Karst Geological Park
The Wulong Karst, a UNESCO world heritage site, is located at Wujiang River downriver of Southeastern Chongqing. It covers three karst systems of Sanqiao Natural Bridges which are dotted in mid-north, southeast and northeast of Wulong County.
The park includes three natural bridges, the gorge valley, the Tianmen Cave Bridge, Furong caves, 45 degree Pingange Cableway, and Fairy Mt with the Mist Pavilion.
Wulong Karst Geological Park
Wulong Karst Geological Park is located about 180km to the east of Chongqing city. You may take the long-distance bus or slow train to reach the park.
No. 06: Chongqing Zoo
Located at the western suburb of the main urban area, Chongqing zoo is surrounded by beautiful mountains.
The panda house, the highlight of the zoo, will offer you wonderful experience.
Chongqing Zoo was established in 1955.
Covering an area of more than 45 hectares., the zoo owns more than 230 species of animals, with a total amount of more than 6000 animals that ranks Chongqing Zoo as one of the biggest national urban Zoos. The nature scene is a great treasure.
Panda at Chongqing Zoo
Entrance Fee: CNY 20
How to get there: take Buses No. 412, 413,
No. 07: Three Gorges Museum
Three Gorges Museum is situated at the west part of the People’s Square of Chongqing. Occupying an area of 30,000 square meters, the museum was completed and opened to the public on Jun 18 , 2005.
China Three Gorges Museum has another name – Chongqing Museum. It’s not only a specified museum of Three Gorges but also a comprehensive museum of history and art, a collection of over 170,000 pieces of cultural relics. The museum also equips an International Academic Hall, an Audience Activities Center and 3 temporary Exhibition Halls.|
A closer glimpse of the Museum’s front
How to get there: take Bus No. 145 and get off at the Great Hall of the People Station
No. 08: Great Hall of the People
Chongqing People’s Great Hall is situated at Xuetian Wan, Renmin Road, Chongqing and covers an area of 66,000 square meters with a 4,000-seat auditorium. The Great Hall of the People is considered the emblem of Chongqing.
The whole building was designed based on traditional Chinese architecture that was in fashion in Ming and Qing Dynasty.
The round roof with its green glazed tiles makes the building looks like the Temple of Heaven in Beijing, the porch in front of the hall with its red columns and white marble rails reminds people of the Tian’an Men gate in Beijing.
Chongqing People’s Hall
How to get there: take Buses No. 103, 104, 105, 111, 112, 122, 215, 181 or 503 to get to the Great Hall of the People
No. 09: Fishing City
The old town was built in 1242, or the 2nd year of the Chunyou reign of the Southern Song (about 1100-1279). In 1258, the Mongols launched a total attack on the Song and the Fishing Town was besieged.
The Song army mounted a valiant counterattack that lasted 36 years. Some European historians to laud Fishing Town as the “Mecca of the East” and “Where God broke his whip”. The ruins of the ancient battlefield of Fishing Town are well kept there.
No. 10: Three Gorges at Yangtze River
The Yangtze River ( or called “Changjiang” in Chinese ) is over 6,300 kilometers long, the largest and longest river in China, also the third longest in the world, next just to the Nile in northeast Africa and the Amazon in South America.
The source of the Yangtze River is linked to the Tanggula Mountain chain in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, southwest of China.The Yangtze River flows from west to east through provinces of Qinghai, Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan, Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui and Jiangsu as well as the city of Chongqing, Wuhan and Shanghai, finally entering the East China Sea.
For more information, please check out: Cruise on Yangtze River.
Passing through the Qutang Gorge on the Yangzte River Cruise
With much rainfall all year round, the Yangtze River is regarded as the golden watercourse.The most impressive part of the river is the three Yangtze River gorges, namely Qutang Gorge, WuGorge and Xiling Gorge, known as Sanxia in Chinese, or the Three Gorges. Qutang Gorge, Wu Gorge are within the administrative area of Chongqing.
Tags: top 10 attractions in Chongqing, Top 10 things to do in Chongqing, Top attractions in Chongqing, Top Chongqing attractions
Posted in Chongqing Travel | 3 Comments »
Ciqikou Old Town in Chongqing (Tips, Photos & Map)
Tuesday, October 12th, 2021
Plan your Chongqing tour? Ciqikou is an ace in the hand of Chongqing Municipality that they could use to beat other cities in so called keeping the old structure and respecting the local culture. Chengdu has Kuan Zhai Xiang, Hangzhou has Qinghefang, Shanghai has Yuyuan Bazaar, Tianjin has an ancient cultural street, Hohhot has Saishanglaojie and more.
Among many modern cities in China, there exists a similar tendency towards returning and idolizing the ancients by restoring the old towns or streets.
The reasons behind the massive government behaviors are various. The seek for economic results are an important impetus in the move to the restoration and gentrification of the these old and less developed areas in modern cities.
Well, like it or not, your Chongqing tour will definitely include a half day trip to Ciqikou old town, originally called Longyinzhen (dragon hidden town), approx. 12 northwest of Flying Tigers Museum ( aka Stilwell Museum), downtown Chongqong.
Ciqikou, 12km northwest of Stilwell Museum (aka Flying Tiger Museum) Google Map
Ciqikou literally means “Porcelain Port”. The name of the town can be traced back to porcelain production during the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing Dynasties. Ciqikou is located on the west bank of the Jialing River.
Making mahua, a popular local fried sugar dough snack
Sells fried dough, Mahua
Making Ciba, a kind of sticky rice cakes sprinkled with peanuts
Sell ciba
Kid clothes store
Sugar-coated hawthorn, a local snack?
The main entrance to Ciqikou Old Town
If you don’t want to go the do-it-yourself route and prefer the hassle-free escorted tours, here are some options for Chongqing Guided Tours:
Tags: Ci Qi Kou Old Town, Ciqikou Old Town, How to visit Ciqikou Town
You are currently browsing the archives for the Chongqing Travel category.


Ministerial Leadership in the Jurisdiction of the Methodist Church.
Dixon, William Edge
https://hdl.handle.net/2144/8003
Statement of the Problem. At the Uniting Conference of Methodism in 1939, the annual conferences of the new Methodist Church were divided into six administrative groups which are called jurisdictions. Five of these are geographically determined while the sixth, or Central Jurisdiction, consists of the Negro annual conferences within the United States. This Central Jurisdiction overlaps each of the other five. From the very beginning of this arrangement, the ethical problem posed by this racially determined jurisdiction has been an uncertain and difficult one for the Methodist Church. The jurisdictional system has been strongly defended by some Methodists and bitterly attacked by others. One of the groups of people most intricately involved in, and most intimately concerned about, the present status and future possibilities of this Central Jurisdiction consists of the Negro ministers who serve the churches therein. This study attempts to explore certain areas concerning the present condition of these ministers, with special attention given to their economic position, their educational achievements, the special problems of which they are conscious, and their desires regarding the future of the Central Jurisdiction within the Methodist Church. Procedure. Chapter Two is an historical background tracing the attitude of the Methodist Church toward its Negro membership from its early beginnings in America up to the Uniting Conference of 1939. Chapter Three presents certain sociological factors concerning the Central Jurisdiction. It analyzes the size of the churches within the Jurisdiction, the salary scale of the ministers of these churches, and the downward trend in the number of fully ordained ministers within the Jurisdiction since the Uniting Conference. Chapters Four and Five present information obtained four a research questionnaire which was mailed to all ministers within five of the seventeen conferences of the Central Jurisdiction. A total of 688 questionnaires were mailed and 229 of these were returned either fully or largely completed. In Chapter Four the formal educational achievements of the seven living Negro bishops and these 229 ministers are analyzed. Chapter Five presents the special problems of which these ministers are aware and what they believe the Methodist Church could do to help alleviate the problems. Chapter Six deals with the attitudes and desires of Central Jurisdictional leaders concerning the position of this Jurisdiction within the Methodist Church. An attempt is made to analyze their opinion as to the ethical problem which the Jurisdiction presents and also their wishes concerning its future position within the Methodist Church. Materials for this chapter are drawn from articles appearing in the Central Christian Advocate, official publication of the Central Jurisdiction, and from replies to the research questionnaire. Conclusions. There has been much uncertainty in regard to the total position of the Central Jurisdiction within Methodism and especially in regard to the place it holds in the thinking of Negro Methodist leaders. After a consideration of the historical background and sociological construction of the Jurisdiction, and after an analysis of the completed research questionnaires, the following conclusions have been reached: 1. The jurisdictional arrangement whereby a racially segregated Central Jurisdiction was established has never been unanimously considered as a final organizational structure for the Methodist Church. The Plan of Union was adopted by the required number of annual conferences only because a way was left open whereby this Central Jurisdiction could be reconsidered and changed at any General Conference of the new Methodist Church. The majority of the Negro delegates voted against this jurisdictional arrangement at the time of unification and submitted to it only because they were out-voted. Since 1939 there has been continuous discussion of the arrangement and much agitation for a change. The agitation has been carried on by white and Negro Methodists. 2. Sociologically speaking, the churches of the Central Jurisdiction have many factors which impede their progress and hinder their effectiveness. The churches are small in terms of active membership. In 1952, 53 percent of all charges had only 100 members or less while 29 percent of all charges had 50 members or less. The churches are primarily southern and rural in terms of location. This means that they have a low economic base on which to build. The number of fully ordained ministers within the Jurisdiction has decreased steadily from 1939 until the present time, while the number of accepted supply pastors has steadily increased. The salaries paid to Central Jurisdictional ministers are very low. In 1952, 41 percent of these ministers received from their churches a yearly salary of $1,000 or less. 3. These sociological factors point to the need for a much more effective use of the available ministers of the Central Jurisdiction. These factors form a vicious circle of inter-relating forces which make progress exceedingly difficult. An unusually high proportion of very small churches make for inadequate ministerial support, which in turn makes for a part-time ministry, which in turn makes for inadequate ministerial direction and leadership, which in turn makes for small churches. A combination of churches and a reorganization of their work is strongly indicated. 4. The ministry of the Central Jurisdiction is not adequately educated. Of the 229 ministers who returned the research questionnaires, 50.2 percent were seminary graduates. Another study revealed a canparative figure of 31 percent. The educational status of the accepted supply pastors is especially low. Of the 45 supply pastors who returned the questionnaires, none had attended seminary, ll.l percent were college graduates, and another ll.l percent had attended college for a time but had not graduated. Further, 73.4 percent of these supply pastors had not graduated from high school, and 31.1 percent had never attended high school. In view of the fact that rou ghly one-third of the active ministers of the Central Jurisdiction are accepted supply pastors, this situation is especially serious. 5. There is a correlation between the amount of formal education the ministers have and their feelings toward the present status and possible usefulness of the Central Jurisdiction. Those with more education uniformly tend to take a more adverse view of the Jurisdictim and its usefulness. 6. The encountered obstacles of which the Central Jurisdictional ministers are aware are primarily obstacles due to segregation and to inadequate financial support, but the obstacles mentioned next in frequency were favoritism on the part of the leadership and the position of the accepted supply pastors within the conferences of the Jurisdiction. Segregation was the obstacle mentioned most frequently. These ministers feel that segregation has a detrimental effect by giving them a status as second-rate persons, that it excludes them from the wider fellowship of the Methodist Church, and that it prevents them from taking advantage of many opportunities which would make for their development as Christian leaders. Inadequate financial support deprives them of many of the things necessary to the development of Christian leadership and oftimes forces them to seek outside employment in order to support their families. They feel that by trying to remove these obstacles, the Methodist Church could contribute toward their development as effective Christian ministers. 7. The overwhelming majority of the ministers in the Central Jurisdiction feel that the Jurisdiction should be abolished. Statements published in the Central Christian Advocate unanimously brand it as segregation and as an unchristian compromise. Of the 229 ministers who returned the questionnaire, 73.8 percent feel that the Jurisdiction weakens the effectiveness of the Methodist Church as it tries to present the Christian Gospel today, while 60.3 percent feel that the Jurisdiction actually hinders the development of Negro leadership within the Methodist Church. Only 7.0 percent actually go on record as favoring the retention of the Jurisdiction as it is now constituted. 8. While the overwhelming majority of the ministers feel that the Central Jurisdiction is officially segregation and must be abolished, there are wide differences of opinion as to the timing, the methods, and the strategy to be used in bringing about the abolition. One group feels that the first steps must be taken at the local church level. Some feel that a program of "permissive legislation" offers the test hope for immediate progress. The president of a Negro college proposes that the next General Conference take a strong stand on the ethical indefensibility of the Central Jurisdiction, abolish it everywhere except where state law requires segregation, and then maintain a continuous program of education and experiment looking toward complete integration not only of churches into annual conferences but of individuals into churches. 9. The feelings of the vast majority of the Negro Methodist ministers concerning the ethical indefensibility of the Central Jurisdiction as an official structure within the Methodist Church are so intense that unless some positive action toward its immediate mitigation and ultimate abolition is taken in the very near future, Methodism is likely to lose increasingly the respect and loyalty of its Negro membership. The ministers of the Central Jurisdiction will probably be reasonably satisfied if the next General Conference will take an uncompromising stand toward segregation and at least make a long stride toward its abolition within the official structure of the Methodist Church. But if this next General Conference avoids a forthright stand and refuses to make real progress toward the ultimate abolition of the Central Jurisdiction, then the Methodist Church will likely have lost for a time, perhaps permanently, its position in the thinking and loyalty of great numbers of its Negro membership
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University
Based on investigation of the BU Libraries' staff, this work is free of known copyright restrictions.


Culture, News
Marijuana users have more sex, researchers find
Regular marijuana users have about 20 percent more sex than abstainers, according to a new study from researchers at Stanford University.
The study analyzed data on 28,000 female and 23,000 male participants in the National Survey of Family Growth, a nationally representative CDC survey of Americans age 15 to 49. It found that women who smoked marijuana daily had sex with a male partner an average of 7.1 times per month, compared to 6 times per month for nonsmoking women. Similarly, men who used marijuana daily reported having sex with a woman 6.9 times per month, compared to 5.6 times for nonusers. Those findings held true even after the researchers controlled for a number of demographic variables known to affect sex habits and marijuana use. “The overall trend we saw applied to people of both sexes and all races, ages, education levels, income groups and religions, every health status, whether they were married or single and whether they had kids,” author Michael Eisenberg said in a statement.
Further bolstering the findings, the study also found what researchers call a “dose-dependent relationship” between marijuana use and sex frequency: as respondents’ marijuana use rates increased, so did their frequency of having sex. The study does not, however, necessarily indicate a causal relationship between marijuana use and sex. “It doesn’t say if you smoke more marijuana, you’ll have more sex,” Eisenberg said. For instance, people who are naturally inclined to have more frequent sex may be predisposed to marijuana use, rather than the other way around.
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Home Music Stevie Wonder Releases Two New Songs Today
Stevie Wonder Releases Two New Songs Today
Today, Stevie Wonder used the occasion of the 36th birthday of his second oldest son, Mumtaz Morris, to announce something he has never done before. With a spirit of celebration, he released two songs at once. “Can’t Put It in The Hands of Fate” feat. Rapsody, Cordae, Chika, and Busta Rhymes and “Where Is Our Love Song” feat. Gary Clark Jr., are songs that provide instruction and inspiration for today’s global challenges.
Released on Wonder’s new label, So What The Fuss Music, marketed and distributed by Republic Records/Universal Music Group, both songs are written and produced by Stevie Wonder and are available now on all digital and streaming platforms.
“Can’t Put It In the Hands of Fate” features four of hip-hop’s visionary artists: rising star Rapsody, GRAMMY® Award-nominated Cordae, critically acclaimed Chika, and eleven-time GRAMMY® Award-nominated New York legend Busta Rhymes. Their collaboration across genres and generations exemplify the power of the need for action demanded by the song.
“Where Is Our Love Song,” featuring four-time GRAMMY®-winner guitarist, Gary Clark Jr., identifies what is needed as the world grapples with historic challenges, posing the question, “Where are our words with hope, prayer for peace, and our desperately needed song of love?”
Everything and everyone have been affected by Covid-19, especially the underserved Black and Brown communities. All of Stevie’s proceeds from the record royalties of “Where Is Our Love Song” will be donated to Feeding America.
“In these times, we are hearing the most poignant wake-up calls and cries for this nation and the world to, please, heed our need for love, peace and unity,” stated Stevie.
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10 Things to Know, Day 9: Dimitrov nearing "Slam quarterfinal Slam"
If he beats Stefanos Tsitsipas on Monday, the former No. 3 will become the 10th active men's player to have reached the quarterfinals or better at all four Grand Slams.
Trivia: Going into today, players from five of the seven continents of the world are still in the singles draws at Roland Garros. Which two continents are missing?
The last spots in the Roland Garros quarterfinals are up for grabs. Three major champions with 20 majors between them—Novak Djokovic, Petra Kvitova and Sofia Kenin—are all among the Chatrier line-up today.
Djokovic is trying to reach his 11th straight quarterfinal at Roland Garros. He’s already the only man in the Open Era to reach 10 straight quarterfinals at Roland Garros, from 2010 to 2019.
Djokovic’s opponent, Karen Khachanov, has now made it to the second week all four times he’s played here. He reached the fourth round in his first two main draw appearances in 2017 and 2018, and then his first (and so far only) Grand Slam quarterfinal here in 2019 (falling to Dominic Thiem).
Khachanov is 0-7 against No. 1s. That’s 0-1 against Djokovic, 0-5 against Rafael Nadal and 0-1 against Andy Murray. He’s only won one set, during a 5-7, 7-5, 7-6 (7), 7-6 (3) loss to Nadal at the 2018 US Open.
Stefanos Tsitsipas plays Grigor Dimitrov—the only player in the Top 20 he’s never played before. There are two players in the Top 20 that Dimitrov has never played—Tsitsipas, obviously, and Khachanov.
So far this tournament, Dimitrov has played No. 103, No. 102 and No. 101—now, No. 6. He played No. 103 Gregoire Barrere first round, No. 102 Andrej Martin second round and No. 101 Roberto Carballes Baena third round.
Dimitrov is trying to become the 10th active men’s player to have reached the quarterfinals of all four Majors. The first nine are the Big 3, Murray, Stan Wawrinka, Juan Martin del Potro, Marin Cilic, Kei Nishikori and Jo-Wilfried Tsonga.
Kenin’s trying to reach her first quarterfinal on clay. She’s won tour-level titles on the other surfaces (hard, grass) but she’s never been to a tour-level quarterfinal on clay. She plays Fiona Ferro today.
Petra Kvitova’s a win away from just her second Roland Garros quarterfinal. She was a semifinalist here in 2012. She’s been to multiple quarterfinals at all of the majors except for Roland Garros.
Kvitova’s also a win away from returning to the Top 10. The former No. 2 fell out of the Top 10 after the Australian Open this year, but she’s been hovering just outside at No. 11 or No. 12 ever since.
Yesterday’s Trivia: Sebastian Korda was trying to become the first American man to reach the quarterfinals of Roland Garros since Andre Agassi in 2003.


UW's Frank Kaminsky named Player of the Year in college basketball
Sam Dekker asks Frank Kaminsky a question from the audience about his player of the year award Friday morning. The entire Badgers team showed up as Kaminsky was awarded the Oscar Robertson Trophy as the best player in college basketball.Rick Wood
UW's Frank Kaminsky is Player of the Year
Final Four coaches, players address media
Dekker has long aimed for excellence
Roles reverse for Badgers' Jackson and Koenig
Kentucky's Harrison twins come through in the clutch
Notes: Gasser's shooting could be critical for UW vs. Kentucky
Wisconsin vs. Kentucky: Basics, matchups
Michigan State vs. Duke: Basics, matchups
Quiz: Test your Final Four knowledge
March Madness: 2015 NCAA Tournament section
What should Wisconsin junior Sam Dekker do?
Stay in school
Enter the NBA draft
Stay in school: 76%
Enter the NBA draft: 24%
Total Responses: 4121
Friday's Special Section
Pick up a special section commemorating the 2014-'15 Wisconsin Badgers in the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel on news stands Friday. The section features details about the entire 16-man roster, highlights from the season, a two-page poster of the team and much more.
Preview: After an incredible two-year run, Badgers have one thing to accomplish
Final bracket
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Live tournament scoreboard
Women's bracket (printable)
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U Pick 'Em
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Pick all games up front
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Pick your games now
Indianapolis — The best basketball player in the nation stands 84 inches tall, possesses the footwork of a ballerina and was overlooked by almost every marquee program when he was a high school senior at Benet Academy in Lisle, Ill.
Wisconsin senior Frank Kaminsky.
Kaminsky, who had scholarship offers from UW, DePaul, Northwestern, Bradley, Northern Illinois and Southern Illinois, on Friday won the two top awards as the college basketball player of the year.
In the morning, he accepted the Oscar Robertson Trophy, voted on by the United States Basketball Writers Association. Robertson won the first award in 1958. In the afternoon, he was named the Associated Press player of the year, receiving 58 votes from the 65-member national media panel. Duke freshman Jahlil Okafor received five votes and Kentucky's Wille Caulaey-Stein and Notre Dame's Jerian Grant had one each in the AP voting.
Kentucky's John Calipari was named AP coach of the year, receiving 40 of the 65 votes, ahead of Virginia's Tony Bennett and Notre Dame's Mike Brey.
"It's been a long journey," Kaminsky said during a news conference Friday, responding to a question from teammate Nigel Hayes. "It wasn't easy at times but I just believed in the process and believed in myself and had a lot of people who also believed in me. They really pushed me.
"My teammates really helped me by making me a better player every day in practice."
The honor was the latest for Kaminsky, whose remarkable development from freshman to senior has been chronicled by writers from coast to coast.
Kaminsky, who earlier this week was named a unanimous first-team All-American by the AP, leads UW in scoring (18.2 points), rebounds (8.0), assists (2.7), blocks (1.5) and field-goal shooting (54.9%), and has the Badgers (35-3) in the Final Four for the second consecutive season. UW meets Kentucky (38-0) at approximately 7:49 p.m. Saturday at Lucas Oil Stadium.
The Big Ten player of the year has scored 91 points (22.8 per game) in four NCAA Tournament games this season, the No. 1 mark.
Kaminsky averaged just 7.7 minutes and 1.8 points per game as a freshman and 10.3 minutes and 4.2 points as a sophomore.
He blossomed during his junior season and averaged 13.9 points and 6.3 rebounds in 27.2 minutes per game. His work that season is remembered for two huge games. Kaminsky scored a program-record 43 points against North Dakota and carried UW past Arizona in the Elite Eight with 28 points and 11 rebounds.
"I wanted to play him more as a sophomore," UW coach Bo Ryan joked, "but the assistant coaches felt that he wasn't quite ready yet and if you hold him back ... he is the type of guy that will use that as fuel to come back his junior year and senior year and really be a good player.
"So that's what I did. I kept Frank off the court. ... To this point, no one has come as far as Frank."
Through it all, Kaminsky hasn't forgotten that he is a college student bent on soaking up every day before he embarks on a career in the National Basketball Association.
Whether he is wearing a GoPro camera on UW's senior day to chronicle every second of his final home game to passionately reminding fans and reporters he is the team's best video player, Kaminsky isn't afraid to behave like a 7-foot clown minus the makeup.
"We're just trying to have as much fun as possible," Kaminsky said recently. "We're still kids.
"We know what we're trying to accomplish and what we want to have the outcome be. But at the same time, I'm 21 years old. I'm having a blast. I'm trying to do all the fun things that I can do while I can still do them."
That includes appearing live on ESPN's SportsCenter while UW was in Los Angeles for the NCAA West Region games – in a Wisconsin Badgers T-shirt and frumpy gray sweatpants that barely extended below his knees.
"This is the 'I left the hotel without enough clothes' look," he said during his appearance last week.
Kaminsky enjoyed every second of his on-air work.
"It was fun," he said. "I wish I would have had some better clothes to wear. I didn't know I was actually going to be on SportsCenter. But it was a blast."
Kaminsky's player of the year honor is the first ever for UW in college basketball. The Badgers came close to having the top player this school year in football and basketball, with running back Melvin Gordon finishing second to Oregon quarterback Marcus Mariota in the Heisman Trophy voting.
Marquette's Butch Lee was named player of the year in 1977-'78, the only other time a player from the state has won the award.
Kaminsky could have turned pro after his junior season but decided to return to UW for his senior season, in part, because of UW's 74-73 loss to Kentucky in the national semifinals. Kaminsky was held to seven field-goal attempts and eight points.
"I learned that maybe I wasn't as good as I thought I was at that point in time," he said. "Just going against a team like theirs, they have so many elite players on the court at all times, I just struggled and didn't play as well as I wanted to.
"I think that was a big driving factor, motivating factor to try to get back here, try to play better than we did last year, hopefully come out on top. It going to be definitely tougher than last year, we know that. We're going to do whatever we can to do so."
True to form, Kaminsky and his teammates on Friday showed no signs of pressure despite being one day away from facing Kentucky in the national semifinals.
Every UW player and the coaches attended the news conference. Hayes asked the first question and identified himself as "Nigel Hayes – Badger beats writer/inter-squad team relations."
Up next: "Sam Dekker, @Samdek1."
"Do you think not playing many minutes on your AAU team really put a chip on your shoulder to get to this point?" Dekker asked, zinging his teammate.
Kaminsky's loquacious response: "Yes."
A follow up question came from senior Josh Gasser.
"Who is your favorite teammate?" Gasser asked.
"All of them," Kaminsky said. "Especially Josh."
Ryan summed up the day this way:
"To have Frank Kaminsky ... and seeing (him) as the player of the year speaks volumes to what he has done to elevate our program.
"The reason a guy like Frank Kaminsky can get that kind of support is because of how he handles his teammates, how he handles his success.
"He is one of a kind, I can tell you that."
PLAYERS OF THE YEAR FROM BIG TEN
Frank Kaminsky is the ninth Big Ten player to be named AP player of the year since the award started in 1961. Only five Big Ten schools have had players win the honor, led by Ohio State.
Ohio State 4 Jerry Lucas (1961, '62), Gary Bradds ('64), Evan Turner (2010)
Indiana 2 Scott May ('76), Calbert Cheaney ('93)
Michigan 2 Cazzie Russel ('66), Trey Burke ('13)
Purdue 1 Glenn Robinson ('94)
Wisconsin 1 Frank Kaminsky (2015)