July Was Earth's Hottest Month on Record, European Scientists Conclude
By Bob Henson
July 2019 was the planet's warmest month on record, according to an initial analysis.
The hottest regions on Earth relative to normal included western Europe and Alaska.
The warmth occurred despite the absence of a strong El Niño event.
In the wake of a massive heat wave across western and northern Europe, researchers at the Copernicus Climate Change Service have estimated that July 2019 was the planet’s warmest month on record, narrowly topping July 2016.
The Copernicus group found the global temperature in July was about 0.04 degrees Celsius (0.07 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than July 2016. July is typically the warmest month of the year globally, running about 3 to 4 degrees Celsius (5 to 7 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than January.
This is because most of the planet’s land area – which warms faster than oceans – is located in the Northern Hemisphere, so the northern summer coincides with the warmest global average.
The Copernicus analyses extend back to 1979. Because of long-term global warming, this July’s record is effectively a record for at least the past century of global observation.
Other groups that monitor monthly temperature, including NASA and NOAA, will be releasing their findings later in August.
July 2019 was the planet's warmest month on record, according to the Copernicus Climate Change Service. Among the hottest spots relative to the 1981-2010 average were western Europe, central Asia, Alaska and most of Africa and Australia.
(Copernicus/WMO)
Most global heat records are set during or just after El Niño events, which bring warm undersea water to the surface across much of the tropical Pacific, thus warming the atmosphere above.
This July’s record is especially striking because it occurred during a weak to marginal El Niño event. In contrast, the July 2016 record occurred at the tail end of one of the strongest El Niño events on record.
While El Niño and La Niña tend to warm and cool the atmosphere for a year or two each, these events are happening on top of longer-term warming related to human-produced greenhouse gases, so the global warm spikes are getting warmer and the cool spikes less cool.
“We have always lived through hot summers. But this is not the summer of our youth. This is not your grandfather’s summer,” said UN Secretary-General António Guterres, commenting last Thursday in New York on the likelihood of a new temperature record from Copernicus.
“Preventing irreversible climate disruption is the race of our lives, and for our lives. It is a race that we can and must win,” he added.
The Copernicus analyses are carried out by the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), which operates weather forecast models and climate prediction models used around the world.
Different analyses of monthly global temperature (such as those from NASA, NOAA and the Japan Meteorological Agency) can result in slightly different rankings, based on how groups account for data-sparse areas.
The Copernicus analyses combine global temperature data from surface weather stations with background information from a forecast model that incorporates satellite and other data. The model analysis plays a larger role in regions with few weather stations.
Global Hot Spots in July
Dozens of European cities set new all-time high-temperature records in July, including Paris, France (108.7 degrees); Amsterdam, Netherlands (97.3 degrees); and Helsinki, Finland (91.8 degrees). Five nations saw their hottest temperatures ever recorded:
Belgium: 107.2 degrees at Begijnendijk, July 25
Germany: 108.7 degrees at Lingen, July 25
Luxembourg: 105.4 degrees at Steinsel, July 25
Netherlands: 105.3 degrees at Gilze Rijen, July 25
United Kingdom: 101.7 degrees at Cambridge, July 25
Another part of the world with extreme warmth relative to July norms was Alaska. At least 13 Alaska locations chalked up their hottest month on record, and the state very likely hit such a mark as well, according to climatologist Dr. Brian Brettschneider. The Anchorage airport hit 90 degrees on July 4, breaking its all-time record by 5 degrees, and the city had its warmest month on record by far.
The Alaskan heat has coincided with record-low sea-ice extent in the Chukchi Sea to the north, as well as across the entire Arctic.
July was considerably cooler than average over parts of eastern Europe and western Russia. Much of eastern Canada and parts of the south-central U.S. were also cooler than average for July, with a dramatic cool spell in late July setting daily record lows across the South.
However, several cities in New England – including Boston – had their hottest month on record.
All-time high-temperature records have been broken this year in 13 of the world’s nations and territories, and tied in another. In contrast, no all-time national cold records have been broken thus far in 2019.
The largest number of all-time national/territorial heat records set or tied in a single year was the 22 heat records that occurred in 2016, according to international records researcher Maximiliano Herrera.
The runners-up are 2019 and 2017, each with 14 heat records.


Bahrain comprises of more than 30 islands situated in the Persian Gulf. It’s a country that is steeped in history and Bahrain was once the centre of trade in ancient times. With rich heritage, including archaeological sites, royal tombs and temples, Bahrain is a country of mystery. But be warned, a large proportion of these islands consist of sandy desert and naturally the temperature during the day is hot and rather arid. For western visitors, Bahrain represents a gentle introduction to the Arabian Gulf and many Formula 1 enthusiasts flock here for the annual Bahrain Grand Prix.
Only rich Middle Eastern countries can afford to build conventional grass golf courses, which naturally require significant quantities of water to survive in the desert heat. Bahrain is a small country with declining oil reserves but it does have one golf course that is not only sown with grass, but it’s also floodlit. Karl Litten knows a thing or two about desert golf and he was the original architect behind Bahrain’s only grass course – then known as Riffa Golf Club – but in 2007 the course closed and was redeveloped by European Golf Design with Colin Montgomerie, emerging in 2009 as the Royal Golf Club.
Our Middle East rankings were last updated in March 2021. Click the link to read the story.
Royal Golf Club (Montgomerie)
Al Mazrowiah, Al-Muḥāfaẓat al-Janūbīyah
Bahrain Top 100 Leaderboard


HomeViral Video
Helene Boudreau’s photos and videos were leaked on Twitter, Reddit, and social media.
Helene Boudreau’s photos and videos were leaked on Twitter, Reddit, and social media. Hélène Boudreau went back to her old place of employment in order to finish the requirements for her Bachelor of Fine Arts and Media degree. When Boudreaux’s famed UQAM graduation photo was blown up in 2021, it catapulted him to the forefront of the public eye. Follow For More Updates at Rapiddnews.com
It appears that in spite of all the attention and recognition she has received, she did not actually graduate from high school.
The OnlyFans tycoon broke the news on her Instagram account, where she also provided an explanation for why, despite having taken her graduation photo, she did not receive the required number of credits to earn her degree. However, that is going to change.
Helene Boudreau’s photos and videos
Hélène recently announced her plans to return to school in an Instagram post, writing, “Today I found out I’m restarting my courses at UQAM to finally complete my bachelor’s degree.” “I began taking photographs in the year 2021, but the year 2022 was the one in which I finally received my diploma. After everything that has happened with UQAM, I am prepared to… oh yes.”
Boudreau did not disclose whether or not she intended to attend classes in person or via the internet, but it is safe to say that people are looking forward to her coming back.
One of your followers said that they were “looking forward to seeing you.” Another person remarked, “You are one of the few people who can declare that your studies have been worthwhile.”
Boudreau also revealed her decision to return to school via Instagram Stories, adding that she had reached the point in her life when she wanted to finish what she had started.
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Lee Brice at NYCB Theatre at Westbury
Lee Brice Tickets
NYCB Theatre at Westbury | Westbury, NY
Time will stop as you indulge in the gorgeous voice of the rising star of country music, Lee Brice on July 11, 2013, 08:00 PM at the Westbury Music Fair in New York. You’ll be showered by his emotion-filled songs, stunning stage presence and ornately resonant, incredibly masculine vocals, could there be anything better than that?
The man with a golden knack in song writing and singing, Lee Brice was a four-time nominee of the Academy of Country Music Award, nominated as the New Artist of the Year in 2012 CMA Awards and Top New Male Artist in 2013 ACM Awards. This American country music singer began writing songs for Jason Aldean, Cowboy Crush and Keith Gattis in 2007. He co-wrote Garth Brook’s single “More Than a Memory” which became the first single to debut at no. 1 in the history of Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. Lee emerged in the music scene as his major-label first studio album “Love Like Crazy” released on June 2010 and debuted at no. 9 on the US Billboard Top Country Albums chart. It charted three singles, “She Ain’t Right”, “Happy Endings” and “Upper Middle Class White Trash”. In October 2011, his sixth single “A Woman Like You” from the second album “Hard 2 Love” was released. The song stayed at no. 3 on the Hot Country Songs chart for 56 weeks making it the song with the longest run in chart’s history. The album spawned another two no. 1 singles, “Hard to Love” and “I Drive Your Truck”. His cohesive musical style has gained him a lot of praises from critics.
This is something you should never miss. Ticket sales are going crazy, so you must secure yours ASAP!


Chelsea look set to be one of the busiest Premier League clubs in the January transfer window. The Blues spent over £250million in the summer with the likes of Raheem Sterling, Wesley Fofana, Marc Cucurella and Kalidou Koulibaly all moving to Stamford Bridge.
Sterling has struggled to have the same impact as he did at Manchester City since signing for Chelsea, whilst there is still a need for a capable back-up option for Reece James. James did not make the England World Cup squad after picking up a knee injury in the Blues’ match against AC Milan in October, forcing Cesar Azpilicueta and Ruben Loftus-Cheek having to fill in at right wing- back.
Potter will be hoping to add players that fit into his style of play in January after inheriting Thomas Tuchel’s squad in September. Denzel Dumfries and Memphis Depay are two players that have been linked with a move to west London and both players have impressed at the World Cup.
Chelsea opted to sign Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang ahead from Barcelona on Deadline Day in the summer instead of Depay, but continue to be linked with the Dutch forward. The 28-year-old wanted to fight for his place at Camp Nou despite their new signings, but with his contract set to expire next summer, he could be available for as little as £5million as per various reports . Dumfries was linked with a move to Stamford Bridge in the summer when Romelu Lukaku sealed a return to Inter Milan on loan, but a deal never materialised for the Dutch defender.
Chelsea may look to go back in for the Netherlands international who is valued at €50million (£42million) by CIES Football Observatory . The 26-year-old plays at right wing-back for both club and country and has registered five goal contributions in 24 appearances so far this season.
James’ injury came as a huge blow for the Blues with Potter not having a suitable option to replace him with, meaning a move for Dumfries could strengthen his squad’s depth and quality moving forward and not result in him changing formations when a key player is absent.
Dumfries grabbed the assist for Depay’s goal which saw the Netherlands take the lead against the USA in their World Cup round of 16 tie. The Dutch defender burst down the right wing before cutting it back to Depay in the penalty box, with the Barca striker firing the ball past Matt Turner into the back of the net.
Netherlands stars Denzel Dumfries and Matthijs de Ligt speak out on Chelsea interest


In a world where blockbusters are about more than just movies, we proudly bring you our First Annual Summer Movie Blockbuster Trademark Extravaganza! Come for the fun trademark facts, stay for the trailers.
In 2014, the Summer box office grossed over $4 billion. The top five grossing movies were:
X-Men: Days of Future Past
What do all of those movies have in common? Other than digital (and other – ahem) enhancements?
Trademarks! And lots of them. You see, today’s tentpole movies are as much about brand-building as they are about entertaining. Sure, $100 million at the domestic box office is great, but it is nothing compared to the multipliers big Summer movie’s can experience via merchandising. That is where trademarks play an important role – a fact that is not lost on movie studios. As you will see, attorneys for the major studios have been hard at work pursuing trademark protection for this Summer’s potential blockbusters.
Here are our top five to keep an eye on:
1. Avengers: Age of Ultron
Studio: Marvel (a subsidiary of the Walt Disney Company)
Marvel had two of its movies make it into the top five for the Summer movie box office in 2014. With Avengers: Age of Ultron, it is likely to continue the winning streak. To date, The Avengers is the third highest grossing move of all-time (not adjusting for inflation) with over $1.5 billion on box office receipts. Reports indicate that Marvel (and Disney) stacked up another $1 billion plus in receipts from selling merch related to The Avengers.
Marvel and Disney, knowing where their bread is buttered, have 11 pending federal trademark applications for AVENGERS AGE OF ULTRON. Check out this Variety article if you want a longer read about Marvel’s plans for merchandising Avengers: Age of Ultron.
Most Viewed Trailer: 70.7 Million views
2. Tomorrowland
Studio: Walt Disney Pictures
This movie is not about a future where George Clooney is no longer a bachelor. At least, we think.
Even so, with Clooney involved, you know Disney has high expectations for this film. Disney has had federal protection for the mark TOMORROWLAND since 1970. Who doesn’t remember their first ride on Space Mountain? I didn’t scream once. I swear (Kevin wrote, as he trembled at his computer).
In any event, with seven pending applications for the mark MILES FROM TOMORROWLAND, Disney appears prepared in the event Mr. Alamuddin’s movie captures the hearts and minds public.
Most Viewed Trailer: 9.2 Million views
3. Jurassic World
Studio: Ambling Entertainment and Legendary Pictures (in association with) Universal Pictures
I loved Jurassic Park. It was the highest grossing film of 1993. I say, “Clever girl,” at least once a week. I love Chris Pratt. Last Summer, he led Guardians of the Galaxy to the top of the box office. This movie has the makings of a box office and merchandise juggernaut (Kevin said, pretending certain sequels do not exist). With eight pending federal trademark applications, everyone involved seems to believe that dinosaur-sized dollars are in the future.
Most Viewed Trailer: 55 Million views
4. Inside Out
Studio: Pixar Animation and Walt Disney Studios
Last Summer, for the first time since 2005, we were deprived of a Pixar release. The last Pixar movie to top the Summer box office was 2010’s Toy Story 3. I am a sucker for Pixar movies and hope that Inside Out is a return to form. Even if it is not, Disney and Pixar certainly have reason to believe that their five pending federal trademark applications are certainly worth their weight in gold. Reports indicate that Disney has made over $10 billion from merchandise based on the Pixar franchise Cars despite the lukewarm reviews both Cars films received.
5. Minions
Studio: Illumination Entertainment (Universal)
This headline from USA Today, “At Universal, Minions ‘have become our Mickey Mouse,'” says it all. The popular characters from the highly successful Despicable Me franchise are taking center stage this summer, and they have big plans. Despicable Me was the fifth biggest movie of Summer 2010. Despicable Me 2 jumped up two spots to be the third biggest movie of Summer 2013. Minions looks to repeat that feat and become the biggest movie this Summer. If you have learned anything from this post, you already know how valuable the Minions are as a brand. Therefore, it should come as no surprise that there are six pending trademark applications for MINIONS.
Every good movie has a moral. The moral of this blog post: Be like a studio executive and protect your trademarks. You never know when one could be worth billions of dollars!
Written by Kevin Hartley


Video: CNN Clown Sparks OUTRAGE For "Bully" Tweet On Trump...
by Kurt
BREAKING: The NFL's Monday Night Football Ratings Are Officially TANKING...
BOMBSHELL: FBI Now Believes Bill And Hillary Clinton Accepted Multi-Million $ Bribe From Russia Crime Syndicate!
Breaking News, Clinton Cash, Featured, Hillary Clinton, Media, News, Politics, Popular, Scandal, Trending
by Kurt 5 years ago 5 months ago
The documentary “Clinton Cash” was panned as “Fake News” by the mainstream media, and ignored by most Americans.
Now, it appears that the film has been vindicated…in the most chilling possible way.
READ MORE: Colin Kaepernick Files Grievance Against NFL, Claims It’s Trump’s Fault He’s Not Playing!
The FBI has found shocking eye-witness evidence that Russian nuclear officials routed millions of dollars to the U.S. in 2010, obtained through a racketeering scheme designed to benefit the Clinton Foundation and sway the Clintons into cooperating with the Russian atomic-energy program.
Payment occurred around the time Secretary of State Hillary Clinton provided a favorable decision to Moscow regarding Vladimir Putin’s nuclear privileges, sources say.
Law-enforcement officials believe that Russian nuclear kingpins were engaged in bribery, kickbacks, extortion and money laundering with which they gathered the funds to send to the Clintons.
More from The Hill:
Before the Obama administration approved a controversial deal in 2010 giving Moscow control of a large swath of American uranium, the FBI had gathered substantial evidence that Russian nuclear industry officials were engaged in bribery, kickbacks, extortion and money laundering designed to grow Vladimir Putin’s atomic energy business inside the United States, according to government documents and interviews.
Federal agents used a confidential U.S. witness working inside the Russian nuclear industry to gather extensive financial records, make secret recordings and intercept emails as early as 2009 that showed Moscow had compromised an American uranium trucking firm with bribes and kickbacks in violation of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, FBI and court documents show.
They also obtained an eyewitness account — backed by documents — indicating Russian nuclear officials had routed millions of dollars to the U.S. designed to benefit former President Bill Clinton’s charitable foundation during the time Secretary of State Hillary Clinton served on a government body that provided a favorable decision to Moscow, sources told The Hill.
The racketeering scheme was conducted “with the consent of higher level officials” in Russia who “shared the proceeds” from the kickbacks, one agent declared in an affidavit years later.
Rather than bring immediate charges in 2010, however, the Department of Justice (DOJ) continued investigating the matter for nearly four more years, essentially leaving the American public and Congress in the dark about Russian nuclear corruption on U.S. soil during a period when the Obama administration made two major decisions benefiting Putin’s commercial nuclear ambitions.
The first decision occurred in October 2010, when the State Department and government agencies on the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States unanimously approved the partial sale of Canadian mining company Uranium One to the Russian nuclear giant Rosatom, giving Moscow control of more than 20 percent of America’s uranium supply.
When this sale was used by Trump on the campaign trail last year, Hillary Clinton’s spokesman said she was not involved in the committee review and noted the State Department official who handled it said she “never intervened … on any [Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States] matter.”
Wow. Just…wow.
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Geography of Paris squares or plazas
In a complex urban environment, each square will tend to be specialized toward a function rather another one: Square are not in competition but compliment each other. Hereafter is an essay on the geography of the Parisian squares:
Identifying
Le Louvre (Cour Napoleon)
This place is not a people place, it doesn’t mean to be. This square is the heart of the French DNA. a 1000 years mille-feuille of History in the making. The headquarter of the old regime, transformed into a monument to the culture, is supposed to represent what French are or at least think they are, and it does quite well:
Cour napoleon, where the Louvre’ s Pyramid sits – credit (11)
Place de l’Étoile
Like for the Louvre, this place is designed to have you overwhelmed by the “grandeur” of the State. The Arc de triomphe built by Napoleon is a monument crowning 500 year of planning of the Royal axis, originating from the Louvre. The hill where it sit on has been leveled, giving it a concave slope, enhancing the overwhelming presence of the Arc, sitting in the middle of a 240 meter diameter round place:
Place de l’Étoile is a very large traffic circle. Going to the middle is usually done thru underpass – credit (2)
Étoile-Concorde: Champs-Elysées
En route from The Louvre (old regime) to the Arc (new regime), it happens to be the Concorde, where the last french king, Louis the XVI has been guillotined. Where French celebrates is on The Champs-Elysées, between the Concorde and Étoile, a vast public space able to contain one million people, with huge plazas, Etoile and the Concorde providing very comfortable overflow, and entry/exit point.
The Champs-Elysées on New year Eve (here 2006) looking toward The Concorde – credit (5)
The size and topography of the Champs-Elysées help people to appreciate the size of the crowd. The celebration like above suppose to close the 10 lanes of traffic the avenue is normally supporting: A celebration on the Champs-Elysées means not “business as usual”.
Demonstrating
République-Bastille-Nation
Demonstrating is also part of the french DNA, and demonstrating supposes to walk, from one point to another:
Those points are usually République-Bastille-Nation, in that order!
Demonstration at Republique – credit (3)
Place de la République one of the largest Parisian square is 283x119m is well suited to accommodate large crowds. Beside it, it is not a necessarily inviting place. It is currently under renovation: respecting its history, its current use as a place to vent social message, while making it a more inviting space, especially outside demonstration time, was one of the challenge the contestant had to address. A water mirror, is part of the answer:
A water Mirror, as seen in Bordeaux, can “activate” large esplanade, while still leave it clear of encumbrance when needed – credit (1)
Place de l’Hôtel-de-Ville
It is a “people place” per design, and the PPS editors like it [7], but this 155x82meter square is not a self-sufficient one, where people will intuitively go. they will go there only knowing the square is hosting some events, usually sponsored by the City:
Paris- Hôtel-de-Ville is a place for programing; ice rink in winter, beach volley in summer, all sort of fair in between – credit (4)
A plaza in word, a park in theory, this almost perfect square, is a hit with many urbanistas for good reasons.. like Rome’s Piazza Navona, reaching Place des Vosges requires journeying along minor, often hidden streets. Then away of the crowd and noise of the surrounding city, you find an intimate, secluded, and still comfortable place. The square dimension, 127×140 meters,as well as the building lining help it, contribute to it. It is surrounded by a street allowing a light amount of traffic contributing to a safety feeling at any time any season.
Paris Place des Vosges, the oldest suqare of the city is requiring some effort to be found
Place Dauphine dating of the same era work a bit differently- may be too small and carry an oppressive feeling. Place Vendôme, has been designed along the Place des Vosges model (same size), but again it is a colder place. In Paris, Palais Royal, offers almost a similar setting
Place George Pompidou
Better known as Place Beaubourg, or simply the Piazza, it has been created ex-nihilo by architect Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers and opened in 1977. In despite of its relatively novelty and use of modern architecture in a city full of heritage building, this square works very well at the difference of many other one created in the same period. Due to this, it makes it a very interesting case study:
It is facing a Modern art museum known as Beaubourg built at the same time by the same architects. Like Sienna’s Piazza del Campo, the 170x65m square has a slight declivity along its narrow edge, which allow people to appropriate the space like it was a beach: it is not uncommon to see people sitting on the pavement, facing the museum, which happen to have corridors and stairs on its outside facades, offering continuous movement of people to watch from the square.
Like Place des Vosges, this square is not obvious to find, and offers some respite, step away, of the capharnaum, the Halles can be:
Paris Place George Pompidou, is a successful square created ex nihilo
At the difference of Place Des Vosges, this square is fully pedestrian, and is surrounded by cafes and other shops.
Fontaine des Innocents
Place Joachim du Bellay is a name very few locals know, but no Parisian ignores its fountain:
When they need to meet, Fontaine(fountain) des Innocents is the natural rendezvous.
It is easy to understand why: It is strategically located [10]
It is at the cross road of the main Parisian arteries.
Today, it sits midway between the Parisian subway hub (Châtelet ) and the Regional Express Rail network hub (Les Halles)
However, it is not directly on the way, rather on a “corner” of the intersection, so that the traffic doesn’t pass here. but, more important:
the square’s size, 53x80m, is big enough to accommodate a substantiate activity making a good hangout, but small enough to be able to recognize a person in it (see the notion of social field of vision in [9])
and the square design is perfectly appropriate:
Fontaine des Innocents IS the meeting point in Paris – credit (6)
This square is also surrounded by Cafes.
Concluding
Paris’s Place Stravinsky, a “secondary” but still lovely place – credit (11)
This geography is far to be exhaustive, Paris has many other squares, of various size, various features, some more interesting than other… what we have presented are what we see as the “staple” squares of Paris, and we can see some features emerging, noticeably regarding the size of the square:
Different square size are needed in a big city, to accomodate the different function
And still, the square where people feel comfortable to stay, will tend to be in the 120x120meter
This size could be not purely arbitrary, and could have to do with our field of vision- we tend to not recognize people beyond this distance and from smaller distance, we tend to be able to describe people facial characteristic – the ~100 meter range lie in between [9].
[1] flickr user hisgett
[2] flickr user ar56
[3] flickr user tofz4u
[4] flickr user babicka2
[5] Franck prevel via Le Monde
[6] Projet Les Halles
[7] PPS page: Paris’Hotel de Ville (City Hall)
[8] See for example: Squaring public space with human needs, Lisa Rochon, Globe and mail, Nov 25, 2011. Curiously enough Vancouver bloggers like Lewis n Villegas and Stephen Rees, will use this square to illustrate Vancouver specific problematic. For the record, architect Ricardo Boffil had a project to built a place inspired by Place des Vosges at Paris The Halles: Parisian didn’t like the idea, and their mayor, then Jacques Chirac, basically “chased” the architect…
[9] Cities for people, Jan Gehl, 2010
[10] Paris, les Halles :introduction to its anatomy
Filed in Paris, urbanism
Tags: beaubourg, Fontaine des innocents, Place Charles-de-Gaulle, Place de l'Hôtel-de-Ville, Place de la République, place de l’Étoile, place des vosges, place Joachim du Bellay, Place Starvinsky
Paris – Les halles – Introduction to its anatomy
It is the center of Paris and was the site of the largest known wholesale market of its time. Since the market has moved away in 1969, the site, having received an underground shopping mall and a subway station seeing close to 1 million passengers a day, has become arguably the biggest urban conundrum of Paris. We gonna study it a bit- This first post layout some general context (at a level allowing me to classified my notes on the topic, so a bit heavier than necessary on the level of historic detail)
The geographic context
The very center of Paris
Paris with its successive city walls. Les Halles are where the Montmartre road (blue line) meets the Paris "great cross" (red lines, the fine lines are the historic route, the thick ones have been layout circa 1850)
The centre of Paris is at the center of the “great cross”:
Historically, it was defined by rue St Honoré for the west branch, and rue St Denis (doubled by rus St Martin) for the North Branch.
Mostly to resolve traffic issue, This cross will be doubled by the rue de Rivoli (West branch), and Boulevard de Sébastopol (north branch) [8].
In 1900 the cross will be doubled by the subway: line 1 for the East West axis, while the line 4 will roughly follow the North-South axis – they are respectively the first and second most used subway lines of the network.
In 1977, the opening of the first lines, A and B, of the regional express subway (RER) will also follow this cross…
The Montmartre road is coming from of the Montmartre hill following the terrain topography. A historically important road, but not necessarily for commercial reason, at the difference of the great cross roads: the meeting of Montmartre road with the great cross defines Les Halles – historically a triangular shape (between W and NW roads), as most of the medevial square sitting at the crossing of roads, used to be. It is important to note that the Halles has developed exclusively in the NW quadrant of the “active” great cross, basically almost never impeding the traffic on it. It was not the case of Montmartre street, since outside the market activities blocking the street, it was also the site of various celebration, and the pillory was here too:
Left: Execution of Aymerigot Marcel, from Froissart's Chronical, Vol.IV, part 1, 1470 - Right: A "celebration" at the Halles by Philibert Louis Debucourt - It was to celebrate the birth of the French heir on January 21, 1782. The tower seen in the middle is the pillory
Detail of the Halles district and market across the age, 1300, 1600, 1790 and 1830 - red line refer to the W and N branches of the historic great cross (rue St Honore and St Denis), and the blue line to the Montmartre road- credit (16)
Thought a market was officially existing since Louis VI the fat, circa 1117 – which in fact was instituating a function already occurring on a necropolis site [5]– Les Halles history starts in 1183, when the King Philippe II Augustus decided to move a trade-fair on the site called the Champeaux. A history version suggests it was a Jew ghetto – Philippe II Augustus will have expelled them and seized their goods and houses in 1182 [2]-then build two covered market in 1183. They are thought to have been massive enough-100metres long and 10 height, with a vaulted ceiling, all in stones [5]– to have impressed their contemporaries: they will be called “Hala” (halles in french, the English term “hall” is poor translation, and we will keep the french term) and it is the beginning of the story.
Left: Halles Champeaux (circa 1183) - right: Halla interior
At first the market food trading is marginal. The market will start to flourish then will decline in the 14th and 15th centuries and the halles will fall in ruins. A Francis I reformation ordinance in 1543 will try to correct that. New halles will be erected to extend and replace the old ones circa 1551, that along market organization changes. The emergence of new trading usage (shop…) will make the market focusing increasingly on food trading. Soon enough it will be known as the largest market in Occident.
Halle a la saline – circa 1784
Lot of things will change around, except 2 landmarks which today are still structuring the site- St Eustache Church and the Innocents Fountain-marked with a “red target” on all the maps to help the reader to contextualize the site:
Les halles neighborhood, The halles today site and original site. St Eustache church and the Innocents Fountain landmarks highligted
St Eustache Church
It is a relatively unassuming Gothic style church, with an unfinished and at odd neoclassic frontage [9] – the kind of you can expect in many french cities. Its recognized best profile-highlighting its gothics features slighlty enhanced by some renaissance style details- is seen from its South East side, basically from the Innocents fountain.
It is the obvious landmark of the neighborhood. Most of the photographs and paintings of the district include it whenever possible: When you see St Eustache, you know where you are.
St Eustache church (in front the "Prouvaires" market): 24 barracks built between 1813-1818- circa 1850 (Photo Marville)
The Innocents fountain
Easy to find. On the way, more exactly on the historic Montmartre road axis- between the Halles and the “great cross” intersection- and dominating the middle of an unencumbered and well defined ~80mx60m square: a size big enough to accommodate a substantiate activity making a good hangout, but small enough to be able to recognize a person in it (see the notion of social field of vision in [7]): this unassuming structure is a landmark: it is “THE” meeting spot of the Halles.
Notice the today square’s name, place Joachim du Bellay, is virtually unknown, overwhelmed it is by the “Innocents” fountain name everyone know.
St Innocent fountain, and market. Notice the umbrellas in the forefront, they will play an important role in the Halles history- Photo Marville circa 1855
A bit of historic background for the Innocents fountain
Innocents cemetery during the Middle ages
The fountain- thought have been existing since 1274 [5][10]– has been a bit peripatetic. Originally this site was a cemetery, the St Innocents cemetery, and the fountain was sitting at the NE corner of it. A cenotaph was sitting in the middle of the cemetery.
Odours
The cemetery- an “overflowing” mass grave-the level was 2meters above natural level [5]– surrounded by an ossuary, has been closed circa 1785 under hygienist concern of the time and pressure of the neighborhood complaining about its “mephitic” odours [6] (the cemetery has been transferred into the catacombs) . The fountain has then replaced the cenotaph. Though merchants was conducting business in the cemetery before its closure, it became the regular market we see in the photo above in 1789-as planned by a 1750s plan.
Project of conversion of the "Innocents" cemetery in a new market dated 1747 or 1767 (notice North is downward)
before be surrounded by shelter for merchant, circa 1811-1813 [2], the Innocent market will receive 400 red parasols in 1800 [5], an anecdote which will eventually have a huge influence on the future of the site. The Innocents market will last up to 1858 when it will be relocated in the Halles Baltard, and give room partially to a park, an opportunity to relocate the fountain for the last time so far.
"Innocents" market by Thomas Naudet circa 1800: 400 parasol had been installed to shelter the merchants (credit wikigallery)
Some other building of interests
The Halle au Blé
The Halle au blé with the Médicis Column as it looks today from the Halles (credit wikipedia)
In its today form, this building could have eventually been a landmark in a provincial city, but in the Parisian landscape, it looks like another official Parisian building… Its circular and repetitive from makes it a poor orientation helper. The lately added main entrance on its west side, make the building turning its back to the Halles site.
It was a building to trade grain and flour. It has been built by Nicolas Le Camus de Mézières between 1763 and 1767, and was part of a larger neighborhood development following a circus layout. This building has been considerably altered in its history to the point it bears little relationship with its original design:
Jacques-Guillaume Legrand and Jacques Molinos added a wooden framed dome in 1782, it will be destroyed by a fire in 1802
François-Joseph_Bélanger will rebuilt the dome with an iron frame and copper surfacing in 1806-1811
After another fire in 1854, the building will be closed in 1873, and radically transformed by Henri Blondel in 1885, to give its today appearance, and to host a commodity trade market.
Nowadays, it is used by the Paris Chamber of commerce
Original Halle au blé, as designed by Le Camus de Mézières (top). it will receive a wooden roof by Jacques Molinos and Legrand (middle) and will get a dramatic transformation by Blondel giving its today appearance(bottom)
The surrounding buildings have followed a similar track.
rue de Viarmes, circa 1885, left (photo Godefroy)- and now, right (credit wikipedia)
The Médicis column
It is the column seen next to the Halle au blé building. Commissioned by Catherine de’ Medici in 1574, it predates the building itself, but has always stand still there a bit at odd. Blondel was planning to demolish it in the context of its renovation work: Jean Charles Alphand, to whose Paris owns most of its most celebrated parks, will have intervened against such a fate.
The Halle au Draps
We mention this building because it was probably the traditional shape of the non food related Halles, and it relates to what have once been one of the most important and flagship trade activities of the medieval halles of Paris: drapery.
The illustrated Halles, a 50x400foot building, has been built by Legrand and Molinos in 1786, it will lost its vaulted, wooden framed roof in a fire in 1855. following that, the then almost moribund drapery market, will be transferred to the Halle au ble. The building will be demolished in 1868. The advent of the department stores surrounding the halles, like Le Bon Marché, Samaritaine, the BHV or the Grands magasins du Louvre, will make them the place of choice to buy drapery
The "halle aux draps" by Nicolle Victor Jean (circa 1830)- Probably a very traditional shape for the non-food "mortar" built Halle, it has been demolished in 1868
The market in 1850’s
The Halles, for the food related market, are largely very medieval in their typology, and the last addition like the Prouvaires market built by Jean-Jacques-Marie Huvé between 1813-1818 (see photo above) or the halles for the fish and butter market, built in 1822 by Hubert Rohault de Fleury, don’t revisit this style, thought they are almost contemporary of the Covent garden market in London.
In former time and in addition to Les Halles, Parisian houses in commercial districts had an open ground floor, where market activities was held. this form used to be called “Piliers” (from the building foundation pillars)-they form a 4meters wide gallery on the east side, and a 2meters wide one elsewhere [5], but in fact the market was sprawling in all the surrounding area. The Giuseppe Canella’s canvas below illustrates it:
"les halles" circa 1830 and the Tonnellerie's "Piliers" - notice the roof shape of the covered market
the market is the largest known central market of its time and live mostly at night: people, including 7162 counted sellers, start to come around 11pm, to serve an estimated 40,000+ customers, and are supposed by bylaw to have freed the street by 9am or 10am (in winter).
The market roughly occupies 3.6 hectares -2.2hectares for flower, fruit and vegetable only- partitioned as following:
1 hectares of Halles (covered market)
0.6 hectares on open space
2 hectares on public street
Traffic is a huge issue- there are counted 4,000 carts occupying an additional 2 hectares. handcart, basket storage, and livestock occupy an additional 0.5 hectares (number above from [11], [12] provides similar numbers, 5.5 hectares for the whole market).
The area is a fertile ground for endemic prostitution and other activities associated with more or less shady nightlife [15]. The retail market is functioning all the day, making the area active 24hr a day.
Adding to the picture the smell of the rotten food (odours have always been a strong marker of the site [15]), it doesn’t necessarily make a desirable place to live, and in fact the neighborhood, “unhealthy, badly built and crowded, is of a repulsive appearance” [14]: It is the “worst” slump of Paris where the living population density level has been reported at up to 100,000 people/km2 [1][15]. Diseases are widespread and the neighborood will be a nest of the 1832 cholera pandemic [13]
Thought there were many men, for packing work- called fort des halles– many of the merchants were women, and the market was associated with a high level of gossiping and obscene language by the moral bourgeoisie of the time [13]. Eventually due to the market sprawl and ensuing disorganization, the government had little control on its activities, market stall allocation, tax collection..etc…. The government will try to get better control on it… It will be the object of another post:
In this Marville photo (circa 1855), all the structuring edifices mentioned in this post are appearing. but what is the focus of the photo is the Halles Baltard: it will deserves a post of its own
[1]The autumn of Central Paris, Anthony Sutcliffe, mc Gill Quueens Univeristy Press, 1970
[2] Mémoires de la Société de l’histoire de Paris et de l’Île-de-France, Volume 3, Paris, 1876
[3]it was kind of an European tradition when the government was in need of money. We refers to the June 24, 1182 expelling ordinance. It was called la “Juiverie des Champeaux”. This version doesn’t appear- neither is dismissed- in the recent literature (like [5]), but up to recently the literature was frequently referring to [2] to support this version.
[4] Paris, ses organes, ses fonctions et sa vie dans la seconde moitie du XIXe siecle, Paris, 1874 (as translated in [13])
[5] Les halles de Paris et leur quartier (1137-1969), Anne Lombard Jourdan, 2010
[6] Histoire physique, civile et morale de Paris, Vol.6, Jacques Antoine Dulaure, 1837
[8] The Rue de Rivoli (street) has been opened in different stage between 1806 and 1835, for the Western part, and the last section completed in 1855 [1].
[9] It used to be chapel, St Agnès, built in the 13th century. The construction of the current church began in 1532, the work not being finally completed until 1637. Jean Hardouin-Mansart de Jouy has started to had a new neoclassic style frontage in 1754. The work will be continued but not finished by Pierre-Louis Moreau-Desproux up to 1772.
[10] The original fountain with only 3 exposed faces- has been redone in its current style by Jean Goujon (sculptor) and Pierre Lescot (design)- 1546-1549. The fourth face has been added by Auguste pajou in 1788, when the fountain has been relocated in the middle of the place.
[11] La politique Nouvelle, Juin, Juillet Aout 1851, Paris
[12] Revue générale de l’architecture et des travaux publics: Volume 8, edited by César Daly, 1849, Paris
[13] Urban Renovation, Moral Regeneration: Domesticating the Halles in Second-Empire Paris, Victoria E. Thompson, French Historical Studies, Vol. 20, No. 1, 1997.
[14] “Question du déplacement de Paris,” Lanquetin, Prefecture de la Seine, Commission de Halles, April 1840 (as cited by [13].
[15] Les Halles: images d’un quartier, Jean-Louis Robert,Martine Tabeaud, 2004
[16] http://www.paris-atlas-historique.fr/
Filed in History, Les Halles, Paris, urbanism
Tags: Aymerigot Marcel, Champeaux., Charles Marville, Fontaine des innocents, Fort des halles, François-Joseph_Bélanger, Giuseppe Canella, halle au blé, halle aux draps, Halles, Haussmann, Henri Blondel, Hubert Rohault de Fleury, Innocents, Jacques Molinos, Jacques-Guillaume Legrand, Jean-Jacques-Marie Huvé, Les halles, Louis VI, marché au beurre, marché des Prouvaires, Montmartre, Nicolas Le Camus de Mézières, Philibert Louis Debucourt, Philippe II Augustus, Piliers des halles, place Joachim du Bellay, rue de Rivoli, Saints Innocents Cemetery, St Eustache, Thomas Naudet


France’s far-right leader Le Pen still hopes to unsettle Macron in legislative elections
by athleticinsider May 8, 2022 0
French far-right politician Marine Le Pen returned to the electoral fray on Sunday, announcing herself as a candidate in the parliamentary elections in June after weeks of silence since she lost the presidential vote to Emmanuel Macron last month.
“I hope that we will have a strong presence in parliament to lead, once again, the fight against the social policies that Emmanuel Macron wants to put in place,” she said, adding she would run for re-election in her northern constituency of Pas-de-Calais.
Le Pen was speaking on a visit to the town of Henin-Beaumont marking Victory Day — the anniversary of the Allies’ victory in 1945 over Nazi Germany in World War II.
Le Pen, defeated by Macron in the April 24 runoff election, pitched herself as the centrist president’s main opponent and took aim at hard-left politician Jean-Luc Melenchon.
Melenchon, who came third in the first round of the presidential election, is leading a coalition of left-wing parties that hope to deprive Macron of a majority in parliament. That alliance launched its campaign on Saturday.
“The reality is that Jean-Luc Melenchon helped get Emmanuel Macron elected, so that completely discredits his ability to position himself as an opponent,” Le Pen said, highlighting her disagreement with the left-wing politician on immigration and law and order issues.
Le Pen’s party, the National Rally (RN), currently holds only seven seats in the National Assembly, or lower house of parliament. The party, which has sought in recent years to soften its image, will not form an alliance with far-right pundit-turned-presidential candidate Eric Zemmour and his party Reconquete.
Macron, sworn in for a second term on Saturday, will preside over Sunday’s main Victory Day event at the Place de L’Etoile in Paris.
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Main Section While the “Magyar Telekom” case finishes in the US, it still remains...
While the “Magyar Telekom” case finishes in the US, it still remains stuck in the judiciary system in Macedonia
At the moment, two cases have been opened against “Magyar Telekom”, even though they started a long time ago, and whether intentionally or not, have not moved since they hit a dead end.
Yesterday, former directors of “Magyar Telekom” Elek Straub and Andras Balogh, who were accused of having secret agreements with the Prime Minister at the time and other people from Macedonia to prevent competition in the market, agreed to pay fines up to 250.000 dollars and 150.000 dollars, stated the US Investigation Commission on Securities and Exchange.
The outcome of the “Magyar Telekom” case in the US comes at a time during a severe political crisis in Macedonia and institutional blockade. At the same time, the SPO is attempting to inspect the computer systems of “Macedonian Telekom” in connection with the investigation in the “Target” case, which should determine who was part of the illegal wiretapping affair in the country.
Also yesterday, prosecutors from the SPO held “a meeting of a higher level” with representatives from “Macedonian Telecom” in connection with the investigation regarding the mass wiretapping.
In late September, 2015, Bogoevski was called for questioning and gave four hours of testimony to the prosecutors.
Special Public Prosecutor, Katica Janeva, in February last year asked Public Prosecutor Marko Zvlevski if her office could takeover the case, however he refused and passed on the case to the Council of Public Prosecutors. He decides what cases are passed on to the SPO and which cases are not.
In Macedonia, charges have been filed against former directors of “Macedonian Telekom”, Attila Szendrei, Rolf Plath and Zoltan Kisjuhász. They are being charged for organizing fictitious consultancy contracts with the Cypriot Consulting Company “Chavtex holdings Limited”, and ended up costing “Macedonian Telekom” 4 million euros, and damaging the state budget for approximately 2 million euros, because the at the time, the Government owned 47% in shares of the company.
The investigation of this case began in 2008, and 3 years later, in 2011 charges were eventually filed. However, the actual trial has still not begun, even after 6 years, as the court hearings are constantly being postponed. The defendants have never appeared in front of a Macedonian court, even with international arrest warrants and a court ruling for their detainment.
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Slobodan Bogoevski
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Lobethal to Hahndorf
November 1, 2019 by edgar62, posted in House, Garden and Dogs
Lobethal main street
The largest Brewing Company is owned by the Japanese, but that aside, South Australian “Beer” is actually a lager beer, which the boys don’t like. Andrew has a list of the Microbrewery places in South Australia. They consider Lobethal to be one of the best. Actually I think almost all of the beer manufacturing in South Australia is foreign owned. I liked Lobethal., a quiet place, not very overtly German, like some of the other towns in the area – particularly our next stop. I had a wander around the main street, which for a weekday, was very quiet. I did, of course, find the little white church and took photographs of the 1922 foundation stone. Around the place there were many posts and posters highlighting the benefits of the Lobethal Lutheran School. All this came about in 1838 when George Fife Angas left South Australia to recruit prospective colonist for the new Province in South Australia. A number of Lutherans were anxious to leave the town of Klemzig In Prussia because of persecution by the King of Prussia. They were led by their Pastor, Augusta Ludwig Kavel. They settled in a small parcel of land by the River Torrens which they called Klemzig after the town they had left. Over the years the area has been absorbed into the City of Adelaide. The second wave of German Settlers move further into the interior of the colony and purchased land there. There were a number of settlements of which Lobethal and Hahndorf are
The old church bell at the white Church- Lobethal
but two. With the anti-German feeling during the World War One, many of the German names were abolished and changed – Lobethal became Tweedvale. Most of the names were changed back by government decree in 1934 all except Petersburg. Petersburg became simply Peterborough. In 1934 when the other towns were allowed to return to their original names, Peterborough decided not to and to remain as it was. Interestingly, the first ever Lutheran Church in Australia was built in Lobethal and the 1641 Bible of Pastor Kavel is kept there. Not too sure about that so I will have to do some searching.
We spent some time wandering around Lobethal before heading off to Hahndorf for a late lunch. John had been there before so he chose the place where we would have our meal. We had a quiet walk through the local area before entering the “German Arms Hotel” Hahndorf was one of the areas settled by the German Settlers who became prosperous in the new settlement. The South Australian Wine industry, the largest in Australia had its Genesis here with several German families who realised that the cool climate of the Adelaide Hills was perfect
The German Arms
Hahndorf SA
for growing grapes and producing wine. There are a large number of Wineries in this area and I am led to understand the the Wolf Blass Gallery and Museum will be built at Hahndorf. Unlike Lobethal, Hahndorf displays its German Heritage in a number of ways, not the least of which is its food and restaurants. Having been here several times, John took me to the German Arms a German Bierhaus and Restaurant. Because of
the long drive ahead of us we settled on Lemonade ( boo — hiss) John ordered a Trio of German Wurt with some sauce, -which he said was really good. I was less adventurous and had a Chicken and Prawn Pasta with a really nice cheese sauce. The portions were very large and I was unable to finish my meal. The staff did offer me a take-away box, but I felt it was a long drive and quite warm – too warm to carry in a car for 550 kilometers. Not being a food blogger in any way shape or form, it never really occurred to me to take photographs of our meal. The place was really nice, the staff friendly, the service excellent and it just had a really good atmosphere. I would have liked to have spent a lot more time there.
Leaving the German Arms carpark John set the Tom Tom for Tea Tree Plaza. I needed to go there to get some things for the
Lobethal: Car park at back of the Bierhaus — not customers.
church before heading home. As I said in the previous post, our drive through to Lobethal and then to Hahndorf was uphill, downhill, narrow roads, sharp twists and turns, well, less than ten minutes after leaving Hahndorf we were on the approach road to the South Eastern Freeway and a short while later at Adelaide. I asked John why we didn’t go that way in the first place, “my way was more adventurous”. Sheesh…
Tagged Adelaide, George Fife Angas\, German Arms, Hahndorf, Klemzig, Lager Beer, Lobethal, Pastor Keval, Peterborough, South Eastern Freeway, Tea Tree Plaza
Next postHahndorf to Tea Tree Plaza to Home.
6 thoughts on “Lobethal to Hahndorf”
that was interesting, thanks!!! I love it to read about history….
Thank you. That whole region, including the area called The Barossa Valley, was mainly settled and developed by German Settlers. The Barossa is a major Wine Region of South Australia
Interesting history. Shame you couldn’t sample the beer!
Yes I agree, but it was a long drive ahead. Still, the Lemonade was crisp and cold.
Just picturing your meals is making my palate salivate. Cheers to a lovely weekend. 🌭🍤🍻
The German Arms Hotel is where the main South Australian Oktoberfest is held each year. It was an interesting place.I would like to go back there – even just to take photographs.


Articles Posted in National Legal Malpractice Cases
Vincent v. DeVries, 2013 VT 34, Case No. 2012-026: Supreme Court of Vermont Affirms Economic Damage Award in Legal Malpractice Case
The Supreme Court of Vermont has affirmed an economic damage award in a legal malpractice action. In Vincent v. DeVries, a client and his sister contracted to sell their home for $52,000 to buyers. Shortly before the scheduled closing, the sister died and the client refused to go forward with the sale. The buyers then sued the client seeking specific performance of the contract. The client hired an attorney to defend him in the action.
Instead of responding to the complaint, the attorney moved for summary judgment. The buyers made their own motion for summary judgment, which the trial court granted. The attorney then filed an answer to the complaint and a series of motions seeking relief from the judgment alleging that the client was fraudulently induced into signing the contract. However, the trial court enforced the judgment finding that the client was precluded from raising new legal issues after judgment had entered.
The client then terminated the attorney. He eventually entered into a settlement agreement with the buyers, which allowed him to keep his home in exchange for a payment of $103,000, which included the buyers’ attorney’s fees incurred to prosecute the case. The client then sued the attorney for legal malpractice alleging that he negligently failed to raise appropriate defenses and counterclaims to the buyers’ suit.
Updated: July 2, 2013 6:47 pm
Aseel v. Jonathan E. Kroll & Assoc., PLLC, 2013 NY Slip Op 03806: New York Appellate Court Affirms Dismissal of Legal Malpractice Action
A New York appellate court has affirmed the dismissal of a legal malpractice action. In Aseel v. Jonathan E. Kroll & Assoc., PLLC, a client hired an attorney to represent him in his divorce proceedings. The client subsequently brought a legal malpractice suit against the attorney for negligently representing him in the divorce.
The attorney moved to dismiss the case on the grounds that it was barred by a three year statute of limitations. The trial court granted the motion. The client appealed arguing that the statute of limitations was tolled by the continuous representation doctrine, which applies when there is a mutual understanding between the lawyer and client to continue the representation for the matter underlying the malpractice claim.
The appellate court affirmed. The client had removed his case file from the attorney’s office without his knowledge, which the court held constituted termination of the attorney-client relationship. Therefore, the case was properly dismissed as time barred because it was commenced more than three years from that date.
Decision: Aseel v. Jonathan E. Kroll & Assoc., PLLC.doc
Haddy v. Caldwell, No. 08-12-00131-CV: Texas Appellate Court Affirms Summary Judgment in Favor of Attorney in Legal Malpractice Action
A Texas appellate court has affirmed a summary judgment for an attorney in a legal malpractice case. In Haddy v. Caldwell, a client retained an attorney to bring a medical malpractice suit against United States Army physicians, who treated the client’s then wife. The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of the doctors and the case was dismissed.
The client then sued the attorney for negligently failing to designate an expert witness and file an expert report in the medical malpractice suit. The attorney moved for summary judgment, which the trial court granted. The client appealed.
The appellate court affirmed. In a legal malpractice case arising from litigation, in addition to proving that the attorney was negligent, the plaintiff must also prove the “case within the case”. This means that he must show that he would have succeeded in the underlying suit but for the attorney’s negligence.
Here, the client submitted an affidavit of a medical professional with his opposition to the attorney’s motion for summary judgment, but failed to present expert witness testimony regarding the attorney’s negligence. Therefore, summary judgment was appropriate because the client could not show that the attorney’s failure to designate a medical expert constituted a breach of the standard of care for a reasonable lawyer.
Decision: Haddy v. Caldwell
Updated: May 18, 2013 1:17 am
Frasco, Caponigro, Wineman, & Scheible, PLLC v. IGC Management, Inc., No. 308405: Michigan Court of Appeals Affirms Summary Judgment In Favor of Attorney In Legal Malpractice Case
A Michigan appellate court has affirmed a summary judgment in favor of an attorney in a legal malpractice action. In Frasco, Caponigro, Wineman, & Scheible, PLLC v. IGC Management, Inc., a sub-contractor hired an attorney to recover funds from a general contractor. The general contractor later filed for bankruptcy, and a bank was found to have a priority security interest against the contractor’s assets.
The attorney, who also represented other unpaid sub-contractors, negotiated a mediated settlement with the financers of the project. However, the original sub-contractor did not assent to the terms of the settlement. The attorney informed the mediator and requested that the agreement contain a separate signature line for the sub-contractor, which the mediator failed to include. Nevertheless, the attorney executed the agreement and the bankruptcy court found that the sub-contractor was bound by its terms because the attorney signed on its behalf.
The sub-contractor then sued the attorney for legal malpractice. The attorney moved for summary judgment, which the trial court granted. The sub-contractor appealed.
The appellate court affirmed, finding that although the attorney’s conduct may have breached his ethical duties, it did not constitute malpractice. Under Michigan law, liability for settling a case without a client’s consent stems from a bad faith breach of contract rather than negligence. Here, the attorney did not intend to sign the agreement on behalf of the sub-contractor and had informed the mediator that he did not have such authority. Thus, the attorney acted in good faith and summary judgment was appropriate.
Decision: Frasco, Caponigro, Wineman, & Scheible, PLLC v. IGC Management, Inc.
Posted in: Legal Ethics Issues, Legal Malpractice Issues and National Legal Malpractice Cases
Updated: May 1, 2013 4:14 pm
Lewis v. Album, No. 12-CA-854: Louisiana Court of Appeals Affirms Summary Judgment for Attorney in Legal Malpractice Case
A Louisiana appellate court has affirmed a summary judgment in favor of an attorney in a legal malpractice action. In Lewis v. Album, a client retained an attorney in order to bring a claim against the Louisiana Commissioner of Insurance. Several months later, the client terminated the attorney’s representation.
Nearly three years later, the Commissioner’s office served the attorney with an ex parte motion to dismiss the case for abandonment and a court order granting the motion. The attorney forwarded the filings to the client, and filed a motion to withdraw as counsel of record. The following month, the client moved to set aside the Order of Abandonment, which the trial court denied because the case had already been dismissed.
Over one year later, the client filed a legal malpractice claim against the attorney, alleging that he had negligently allowed the previous suit to be dismissed for lack of prosecution. The attorney moved for summary judgment, which the trial court granted on the basis that the suit was barred by a one-year statute of limitations on legal malpractice claims.
The appellate court affirmed, finding that the statutory period began to run when the attorney informed the client that his case had been dismissed, or, at the latest, the following month when the client moved to set aside the judgment. Under either scenario, the client failed to commence his action within one year of either event. Summary judgment was therefore proper.
Decision: Lewis v. Album
Vara v. Williams, No. 03-10-00861-CV: Texas Appellate Court Affirms Summary Judgment for Attorney in Legal Malpractice Case
A Texas appellate court has affirmed a summary judgment in favor of an attorney in a legal malpractice action. In Vara v. Williams, a client hired an attorney to represent her in a divorce proceeding. The parties reached a mediated settlement, and the trial court entered a final divorce decree, which included a provision directing the parties to sign an operating trust agreement (“OTA”) allocating community property assets. Subsequently, disputes arose regarding the OTA, and the client hired a new attorney to represent her in that transaction.
The client later filed an action against the first attorney for negligently handling the OTA negotiations and several other causes of action. The attorney moved for summary judgment, which the trial court granted on the basis that the client had failed to timely designate an expert witness.
The appellate court affirmed, finding that contrary to Texas law, the client had attempted to transform a single count for legal malpractice into several other claims. In failing to timely designate an expert, the client could not succeed on her malpractice claim because she could not prove that the attorney had breached the standard of care. Summary judgment was therefore appropriate.
Bailey v. Robinson, No. 2 CA-CV 2012-0098: Arizona Appellate Court Affirms Summary Judgment for Attorney in Legal Malpractice Case
An Arizona appellate court has affirmed summary judgment in favor of an attorney in a legal malpractice action. In Bailey v. Robinson, a taxpayer hired an attorney to represent him in a civil action against the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”), seeking a refund from a prior tax year. After a trial in the U.S. District Court for the District of Arizona, the court entered judgment for the IRS. The attorney then withdrew his representation.
The client filed a motion seeking relief from the judgment, arguing that an IRS agent had perjured herself and submitted falsified documents at trial. The client also argued that his attorney failed to discover or argue these issues. The trial court denied the motion, specifically ruling that the client failed to show that the agent had lied under oath or presented falsified documents, and therefore identified no reason for the attorney to have inquired into these subjects.
Several years later, the taxpayer sued his former attorney in state court for malpractice, again alleging that the attorney negligently failed to discover the IRS agent’s alleged perjury. The attorney successfully moved for summary judgment and the taxpayer appealed.
The appellate court affirmed, finding that the taxpayer was estopped from arguing that the agent perjured herself, because this issue was fully litigated and essential to the District Court’s judgment. Thus, there were no remaining issues of material fact and summary judgment was properly granted.
Decision: Bailey v. Robinson
Updated: March 16, 2013 4:34 pm
Facchinato v. Gerds, No. 305129: Michigan Appellate Court Affirms Summary Judgment for Attorney in Legal Malpractice Action
A Michigan appellate court has affirmed a summary judgment in favor of an attorney in a legal malpractice action. In Facchiano v. Gerds.doc, a husband and wife hired an attorney to draft an agreement to transfer a 40% interest in their second home to their daughter. The transaction was completed and the daughter subsequently obtained a mortgage on her interest in the property.
Over two years later, the daughter defaulted on the loan and filed for bankruptcy. The parents consulted another attorney to investigate their options. The second attorney advised the couple that there was nothing they could do to prevent the lender from foreclosing on the mortgage. However, the attorney did not inform the couple that they might have a negligence claim against the attorney who drafted the agreement.
Almost one year later, the parents filed a legal malpractice action against the first attorney. The attorney successfully moved to for summary judgment on the basis that the claim was barred by a statute of limitations. The parents appealed.
Under Michigan law, legal malpractice actions must be brought within two years of the act or omission of the attorney, which caused the clients’ damages. The statute is tolled for an additional six months from the date when the clients discovered or should have discovered the alleged injury.
Updated: March 3, 2013 8:30 pm


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The A-Team, Season 1
Friends, Season 1
The Scooby-Doo Show, Season 2
Miami Vice, Season 2
The West Wing, Season 2
Full House, The Complete Series
Angel, The Complete Series
Kung Fu, Pilot
Kung Fu, Season 1
Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated, The Complete Series
Babylon 5, Season 5
Schoolhouse Rock, Vol. 1
Friends, Season 10
Fawlty Towers, Series 1
ER, Season 1
The Jetsons, Season 1
The Golden Girls, Season 2
Gilligan's Island, Season 1
Daria, Season 1
The Magic School Bus, Vol. 1
Night Court, Season 1
The X-Files, Season 4
Sesame Street Classics, Vol. 1
The Dukes of Hazzard: The Complete Series
S.W.A.T., Season 5
Scooby-Doo Where Are You?, Season 3
The Flintstones, Season 1
Star Trek: The Original Series (Remastered), Season 1
Gilmore Girls, Season 1
Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Season 1
NewsRadio, Season 1
Buffy The Vampire Slayer, Complete Series
Little House On the Prairie, Season 1
The Dukes of Hazzard, Season 1
WKRP In Cincinnati, Season 1
The Pink Panther Show, Season 1
Pee-wee's Playhouse: Christmas Special
Battlestar Galactica (Classic), Season 1
Scooby-Doo Where Are You?, The Complete Series
The Addams Family Kooky Collection Complete Box Set
Addams Family - The Kooky Collection, Vol. 1
Blackadder Goes Forth
Justice League: The Complete Series
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, Season 1, Vol. 1
Wonder Woman, Season 1
Blackadder II
Blackadder the Third
Justice League Unlimited: The Complete Series
The Incredible Hulk, Season 1
Frasier, Season 4
ThunderCats (Original Series), Season 1, Vol. 1
Best of I Love Lucy, Vol. 4
Star Trek: The Next Generation, Season 1
Frasier, Season 11
Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, Vol. 2
Adam 12, Season 1
Family Matters, Season 2
The Adventures of Superman, Season 1