Now, so what?
So you believe in God, big deal, what are you going to do about it?
In a recent interview in Rolling Stone Magazine, Bill Gates was asked about many things — his involvement in his foundation to better our world, his return to Microsoft® as their chief technology advisor, and then a surprise question. "Do you believe in God?" Here's his answer that Rolling Stone printed:
I agree with people like Richard Dawkins that mankind felt the need for creation myths. Before we really began to understand disease and the weather and things like that, we sought false explanations for them. Now science has filled in some of the realm — not all — that religion used to fill. But the mystery and the beauty of the world is overwhelmingly amazing, and there's no scientific explanation of how it came about. To say that it was generated by random numbers, that does seem, you know, sort of an uncharitable view [laughs]. I think it makes sense to believe in God, but exactly what decision in your life you make differently because of it, I don't know.
This question grabbed my attention for many reasons. My wife and I just returned from Asia. We were there for many reasons, but one of them involved a young Chinese woman precious to us. She was struggling to truly believe that God was really there for her. The question also grabbed my attention because I know that many influential people are going to be chatting, Tweeting, and Facebooking about what Gates said.
For this precious young lady, three key messages of Genesis chapters 1 and 2 were important for her to consider and ultimately believe:
Science really can't answer the source or origin for matter and energy — something to which Gates alludes in his interview. Genesis says matter, energy, and life go back to the Creator and his desire to create.
Science has a hard time coming up with a plausible answer about order out of chaos since everything in our world suggests that chaos devolves from order — entropy rules. Genesis claims that God brought order, specificity, and purpose out of chaos.
Humanity wonders if there is anything that sets us apart from all other creatures — and yes, we are creatures (created beings) according to Scripture, but those in whom resides the image of God (Genesis 1:26-27). Genesis says God made us to have relationship with us and for us to have relationship with each other.
While we have found all sorts of things to argue about in these first two chapters of the Bible, those three claims that lie behind Genesis chapters 1 and 2 are powerful messages — really startling claims — that God is behind everything that matters and that is precious to our lives as humans.
For this young woman so precious to us, each of these was a bit hard to grasp since she was raised to not believe in any religion — that things happened "naturally." The only problem was, "naturally" could only take you so far and then you were left with your own leap of faith to believe something happened somehow, to start everything we know and bring order out of the mess it began with, and then somehow we ended up as people... all by random chance and accident, with no clear way of knowing how it all began — a beginning without the Beginning-Maker, order without the Orderer, and creation without the Creator.
However, the statement Gates shared that intrigued me most is this one:
I think it makes sense to believe in God, but exactly what decision in your life you make differently because of it, I don't know.
This question is the question I wish more of us who say we believe in God — and believe his incarnation in Jesus — would ponder. It's the "Now, so what?" question that I've spent the last 37 years of ministry trying to get people to ask for themselves.
We live in a time of interior religion — very much a part of our Western culture individualism. We also live in a time when religious people are basically told, "Be nice, stay out of the way, and please keep our mouths shut in public." So I will be a bit of a contrarian, or at least a thought-provoker, within my own cultural tribe, the God-believers. I challenge us to ask that "Now, so what?" question a lot more and let our answer make an intentional difference in how we choose to live. Too many of us are running around spouting our opinions about all sorts of things. What I'd like to see more is what an old professor of mine used to call "putting your life where your mouth is."
So you believe in Jesus? Well, that's good, "Now, so what?" How do you live differently? How do you show the Jesus lifestyle in your own life? Oh, you haven't really read much of Jesus' story, you are just going by what you heard from someone else or thought you already knew? Hmm. Wouldn't it be good to go read a little about what Jesus said and did since we are given four different accounts of his life, words, and teaching? Then after spending some time with Jesus, start asking "Now, so what" about...
the way you treat your spouse?
the way you treat your kids?
the way you treat your employees or boss or coworkers or managers or...?
the way you choose how you spend your money?
the way you choose to look at people of different cultures and races?
"I think it makes sense to believe in God and I've made these changes and set these goals for my life."
the way you view truth, morality, goodness, and virtue?
the way you treat the poor, the disenfranchised, the left out, the voiceless, the vulnerable, the widow, the foreigner, the ill, your enemies, the old, and the young?
The "Now, so what?" question is the question begging to be answered — answered with changes in our lives because we believe Jesus stated and demonstrated the truth of God; truth we are going to do our best to live!
Why all this fuss? Why, Phil, is this such a big deal to you? Why burn a couple minutes of my life that I can never get back having me read this?
Because everything that matters in the end depends on what you and I do with our "Now, so what?" questions.
How do I know? Well, remember how Jesus ended his challenging teaching we call "The Sermon on the Mount"? It's the parable of the wise and foolish builder (Matthew 7:24-27). According to Jesus, the wise man whose house stood firm in the storm is the person who "hears these words of mine and puts them into practice" (Matthew 7:24). In other words, they ask the "Now, so what?" question and adjust their lives accordingly. And the foolish person? The one whose world can't stand up in the storm? Surely it's the one who doesn't believe, right? Not in this case. The foolish person according to Jesus is "everyone who hears these words of mine and does not put them into practice" (Matthew 7:26). Jesus' message goes in one ear and out the other. The message of Jesus never moves beyond data transfer. They never get around to asking the "Now, so what?" question.
So I want to challenge each of us — those of us who claim to follow Jesus — to ask the "Now, so what?" question. Let's go read a gospel* this next week. And then let's get practical with it. Let's ask the "Now, so what?" question as we read, remember, and think about Jesus' words and his example.
Sooner or later, we are going to need to be able to say, "I think it makes sense to believe in God and I've made these changes and set these goals for my life because I learned them from 'Immanuel,' God with us" (Matthew 1:23).
* The four gospels are the first four books in the New Testament, called Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. They tell the story of Jesus' life from a little different point of view shared with people who had challenges that could be answered by the life, words, and example of Jesus.
From 'Now What?' to 'What's Next'
Creation Receives a Soul
God's Good Creation
"Now, so what?" by Phil Ware is licensed under a Creative Commons License. Heartlight encourages you to share this material with others in church bulletins, personal emails, and other non-commercial uses. Please see our Usage Guidelines for more information.
believe faith creation Creator Bill Gates atheist myths truth purpose meaning entropy Beginning-maker change transformation Sermon on the Mount put into practice


Some facts about June 02, 2023
Some facts about June 02, 2023: It's Friday, 153 day of 2023, 22th week of 2023, 41.92% of 2023


Upside & Downside of Fracking
The Benefits of Fracking
Many companies and individuals recognize the benefits of fracking, but there are also potential negative consequences, which will be discussed in the next section. This has led to a situation in which fracking is currently considered a controversial technique for extracting natural gas. While tapping into these vast resources is something many people are in favor of, the concerns center on what the process of fracking may be doing to the environment.
However, there are many benefits of fracking and utilizing it to access these deposits of natural gas and oil. One of the benefits is the ability for the United States to extend its supply of natural gas, which is used in many aspects of the energy industry, including home heating. Of all the fossil fuels, natural gas is the cleanest to burn, the most efficient, and the least costly. For these reasons, many newly built electric generation plants are turning to natural gas for fuel, rather than coal, creating increased demand for natural gas.
In Focus: How Hydraulic Fracturing Works
In addition to the ability to extend and use this large supply of natural gas, fracking operations can help develop the communities where plays are located. For example, according to Chevron, operators of fracking wells at the Marcellus play in Pennsylvania, this play generated $11.2 billion in what Chevron calls, “regional equivalent of gross domestic product,” and it contributed $1.1 billion to state and local tax revenues. Chevron says Marcellus also supported nearly 140,000 jobs. Fracking has become a large industry, and some people estimate that there are currently more than a million fracking wells across the country.
Environmental Concerns Related to Fracking
As with most types of energy drilling techniques, though, there are environmental concerns about fracking, and these concerns are increasing each year, due to more information coming to light about the effects fracking is having on local regions.
The most widespread concern people have with fracking techniques is that the groundwater used for residential drinking supplies will be contaminated due to leaking of the gas and chemicals used to extract it. In most wells, more than 99 percent of the fluids used are water and sand, some chemicals are added to aid in the flow of the natural gas. While the chemicals used can vary from well to well, the most commonly used chemicals include benzene, which is a known carcinogen. According to an article in Scientific American, the concern is not about a one-time fracturing operation, but multiple wells being built and operated multiple times in a geographic region. This more extensive fracking process increases the chances that groundwater will eventually become contaminated. Since no long-term studies have been conducted to evaluate fracking’s long-term effects, there is also concern that over time, due to the amount of fissures introduced into the shale, that gas and contaminants will enter groundwater.
There is also a concern that fracking processes also utilize what can be very precious water resources for their operations. It takes between 2 million and 3 million gallons of water per well to operate them. Multiply that figure by hundreds of wells, and there is a huge quantity of water required. In 2011, almost the entire state of Texas was experiencing drought conditions. One of the largest shale plays is located in Texas. It was understandable for citizens to be concerned that these wells were utilizing a resource that was much needed by its residents and other businesses. Some fracking operations, such as the Marcellus play, are creating processes to recycle their wells’ wastewater so that less water is consumed by each well.
Fracking Plays in the US
How Fracking Works
Biggest Fracking Plays
Biggest U.S. Fracking Plays
Shale Employment & Information Resources
Top U.S. Shale Play Employers


Posted inGovernment & Politics, Opinion
Jim Brown makes interesting points; some are even his own
by Mark Moseley May 9, 2011 November 7, 2019
Former Louisiana Insurance Commissioner Jim Brown hosts a radio talk show on a nationwide network of affiliates. He’s also one of the most widely reprinted political commentators in the Louisiana blogosphere. From the Daily Kingfish to the Louisiana Conservative, from Bayou Buzz to various other outlets around the state, Jim Brown’s columns have received significant exposure throughout the interwebs of our region.
His site boasts that his “syndicated column appears each week in numerous newspapers and websites throughout the South.”
Unfortunately for those outlets, Jim Brown has repeatedly lifted text from other sources and inserted it into his syndicated commentaries without citation. That’s plagiarism.
I first got a whiff of it three years ago, when fellow blogger Greg Peters noted that one of Brown’s columns borrowed “great unattributed swaths” of text from another source. At the time, I discounted the error as an example of shoddy scholarship, or a lack of familiarity with the pull-quote method of Internet commentary, in which quoted text is clearly marked or set off in a different format. But Brown was on my radar after that. And, over the years, whenever I’d notice a change in narrative “voice,” I’d Google suspicious sentences from Brown’s commentaries and find that they echoed someone else’s work. These weren’t accidents or mere coincidences, either. Brown’s columns were always published subsequent to the strikingly similar texts. It was clear to me that Brown was repeatedly and intentionally borrowing directly from other sources.
Frankly, I grew tired of seeing some of my favorite sites re-publish Brown’s lifted work. I pointed this out in the comments at these sites, linking to the the lifted work, but was told to post my grievances elsewhere.
I can do that. And I’m not above admitting that this was motivated in part by good old-fashioned writer’s block. The words were not flowing at all, and then I recalled Brown’s tendency to lift text, and it inspired me to expose him.
Below is a sampling of texts that I believe were inappropriately lifted by Brown. By no means do I consider it an exhaustive list.
In his opinion column from Feb. 4, 2010 on the “Oregon approach,” you’ll see that Brown directly lifts from an op-ed by Dave Treibel at OregonLive.com published on Feb. 1, 2010. (Note that the last sentence in Treibel’s excerpt forms the crux of the first sentence in the Brown excerpt.)
The attitude seems to be that politics is permanently entrenched in the toxicity of divisive partisanship, but bright ideas always trump cynicism. The new sleek iPad tablet is loaded with impressive, sophisticated technology that Apple’s engineers have worked on for years. It’s the kind of “thinking ahead” philosophy and culture that Steve Jobs and Apple nurture and are known for. The Oregon approach seems to be what an interesting challenge it would be if they could corral an equivalent level of ingenuity and talent available to Steve Jobs to solve some of the complex issues facing their state.
Treibel:
The new sleek tablet is loaded with impressive, sophisticated technology that Apple’s engineers have worked on for years. It’s the kind of “thinking ahead” philosophy and culture that Steve Jobs and Apple nurture and are known for. I thought, “Wouldn’t it be great if Obama could corral an equivalent level of ingenuity and talent available to Steve Jobs to solve some of the complex issues facing our country?”
American politics seem permanently entrenched in the toxicity of divisive partisanship, but bright ideas always trump cynicism.
I sent these excerpts to The Oregonian for review. After inspecting both posts, an editor at The Oregonian said (my emphasis):
My own view in looking at the two pieces is that the Brown piece is a straight-out lift from a piece by Dave Treibel in “The Stump” by a blog on OregonLive.com. The Treibel piece is dated Feb. 1, 2010 and the Brown piece is dated several days later.
I agree that it’s a “straight-out lift.” Unfortunately, it’s one of many.
In the same post, Brown lifts quite dated and inaccurate information from a Los Angeles Times article published back in 2008. Brown says:
In many cases, the train runs right up the middle of the street – stations are literally on the curb.
Portland officials also drew a square around downtown and declared it a “fare less zone.” If you ride the train or the bus only within that zone, it’s free.
An identical passage from Steve Hymon’s LA Times articlefrom Aug. 18, 2008 reads:
In many cases, the trains run right up the middle of the street — stations are literally on the curb.
Portland officials also drew a square around downtown and declared it a “fareless zone.” If you ride the train or the bus only within that zone, it’s free.
I cataloged various other similarities in this Brown column to other sources here.
Another example comes from a Brown column from December 2010, where he wrote:
Friedman’s ideas were embraced by President Reagan and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in the 1980s, and lauded by many in the business world. But they were also controversial because of the deep cuts in government spending and the more restricted role they entailed for government in buffering citizens from economic forces.
Aside from an added comma, those sentences are taken vebatim from this CNNMoney.com obituary of Milton Friedman published in 2006.
Here’s another example. Brown’s July 8, 2010 column reads:
On TV cameras in the court room, that are presently prohibited, Kagan is for them. Good for her on this issue. Her colleagues have for years thrown up the hoary arguments the television would undermine the high court’s “ethos” and bring forth the justices’ faces to C-Span-watching terrorists.
Again, he has swiped text and ideas from a Los Angeles Times editorial published a few days earlier on July 3, 2010:
One of the few subjects about which Supreme Court nominee Elena Kagan was forthright at her confirmation hearings was cameras in the high court. She’s for ’em. Not for the hoary arguments that televising the court’s proceedings would undermine its “ethos” and introduce the justices’ faces to C-SPAN-watching terrorists.
Here are some excerpts from Jim Brown’s column published on January 28, 2010:
For years, conservatives have argued that judicial restraint requires deferring to the choices of the elected branches of government. Statutes have been on the books since 1906 limiting corporate spending in federal election campaigns.
This same conservative court has for years limited free speech of government employees, students, and maintained a willingness to muzzle defendants through gag orders in criminal cases, but felt compelled to look out for corporate free speech. The message seems clear that conservative justices are happy to be activists when it serves their ideological agenda.
Now look at this op-ed by UC Irvine professor Erwin Chemerinsky which appeared in the Los Angeles Times a week earlier. Note the similar passages as well as the sequence of ideas and argument:
For years, conservatives have argued that judicial restraint requires deferring to the choices of the elected branches of government. McCain-Feingold was a continuation of statutes that have existed since 1906 limiting corporate spending in federal election campaigns.
The conservative majority, which in recent years has dramatically limited free speech in other areas such as for government employees and for students was willing to expand the free speech of corporations. There is no way to see this other than as the conservative justices using judicial review to advance the traditional conservative ideological agenda.
The Los Angeles Times declined comment when I asked them about the similarities in these passages.
The sixth paragraph in this Jim Brown piece from August 19, 2010 reads:
Shortly after the Times story ran, conservative media personality Laura Ingraham interviewed Abdul Rauf’s wife, Daisy Khan, while guest-hosting “The O’Reilly Factor” on Fox. In hindsight, the segment is remarkable for its cordiality. “I can’t find many people who really have a problem with it,” Ingraham says of the mosque project, adding at the end of the interview, “I like what you’re trying to do.”
Now compare this excerpt from a Salon article published on Aug. 16, 2010:
Conservative media personality Laura Ingraham interviews Abdul Rauf’s wife, Daisy Khan, while guest-hosting “The O’Reilly Factor” on Fox. In hindsight, the segment is remarkable for its cordiality. “I can’t find many people who really have a problem with it,” Ingraham says of the Cordoba project, adding at the end of the interview, “I like what you’re trying to do.”
Again, there’s not even a hint of citation for any of the above excerpts. Brown just brazenly passes them off as his own. This pattern is too pervasive and frequent to be excused as accidental or isolated “lapses.” Also, Brown has tweaked and modified the text enough to show that this is not merely a matter of sloppiness.
The above examples are only a sampling of instances where Brown has lifted text. I’d bet the farm there’s more.
From what I’ve seen, when Brown lifts text, it’s usually only a few sentences, here and there. But it’s still wrong to do this without attribution, especially if you are being widely re-published. (In fact, if you’re using online search engines, the multitude of web sites that dutifully publish Brown’s columns serve to camouflage the original work.) He doesn’t do it in every paragraph, nor in every opinion piece. But he identifies himself as a writer, yet has repeatedly committed one of the biggest sins in writing.
Brown’s Wikipedia page says that “Though his training is in law, his knowledge of Louisiana history and politics is seemingly unlimited. Brown sometimes teaches classes in Louisiana history, of which he is an undisputed authority…”
High praise, indeed. And there seems to be some truth to that; most of the unattributed lifts occur when Brown is discussing national issues rather than Louisiana issues. Perhaps Brown is outside his comfort zone on these matters, or maybe he just gets lazy. Either way, it’s wrong to swipe ideas and words from other writers. That’s just common sense.
Granted, these lifted quotes rarely form the heart of Brown’s commentaries. They’re just sprinkled around, here and there. They aren’t the worst cases of intellectual theft I’ve ever seen, but, then again, they don’t have to be. Any intentional misappropriation of text is too much. It’s unethical, and Brown knows better. After all, he is a writer, author, publisher, radio pundit, father of Campbell Brown, the a famous TV news reporter, and “Hall of Fame” caliber ex-politician. This is a man who continues to claim he was wrongfully convicted of making false statements to the FBI, yet he needlessly harms his remaining credibility by stealing other people’s work.
Brown signs off on all his columns with the phrase “Peace and Justice.” Well, Brown does no justice to his sources when he uses their ideas and words without attribution. And if exposing this fact creates less peace for the numerous outlets which reprint his columns – so be it.
Mark Moseley blogs at Your Right Hand Thief. Until mid 2014, Mark Moseley was The Lens' opinion writer, engagement specialist and coordinator for the Charter Schools Reporting Corps. After Katrina and... More by Mark Moseley


Santa Rita Water Reclamation Facility
Alternative Site Investigation: WWTP
A New Wastewater Treatment Plant?
At the September 1, 2015 City Council Meeting, Council directed staff to amend the City's existing agreement with Mulhern, MRE and expand the scope of work to include a supplemental analysis of three privately owned parcels located on the eastside of the Animas River approximately 1.5 miles downstream of the existing Santa Rita Wastewater Treatment Plant Site. The results of this analysis are included in the attached report. WWTP Alternative Site Addendum (PDF) | Report Appendix A1 (PDF)
In June of 2015, City contracted with Mulhern, MRE for the purpose of evaluating the technical and financial feasibility and efficacy of relocating the City's wastewater treatment plant downstream of the current location. Mulhern recently completed the Santa Rita Wastewater Treatment Plant Alternative Site Investigation which outlines the findings from this analysis.
Following a review of the Dewberry cost estimates associated with relocating the City's WWTP to an alternative location, City Council instructed the City Manager to commission a more detailed study of possible alternative sites and costs associated with locating the plant downstream of the High Bridge. As part of this process the City asked Mulhern to identify and evaluate two possible site locations; investigate in detail three infrastructure conveyance alignments to transport the wastewater to a new site; and to provide costs estimates for the total relocation including the costs of a new treatment plant, land acquisition, pipelines and all necessary pumping systems.
The costs comparisons from the Study for the rehabilitation and expansion of the plant at the Santa Rita Site versus the two alternatives are include in the below table. Details of this study are included in the attached report and outlined in the Mulhern's presentation given to City Council at the August 11, 2015 Study Session and presented at a Public Meeting held on August 12, 2015.
Mulhern's August 11 Presentation (PDF) | WWTP Alternative Site Investigation Report (PDF) | Report Attachment (PDF)
A supplemental presentation given by City Manager, Ron LeBlanc at several public meetings regarding the site selection process is available here.
City Manager's Presentation (PDF)
Santa Rita Park
Project Construction Checklist
Comprehensive Interpretive Plan (PDF)


Former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe Shot During Speech
Former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe was shot at a campaign address in western Japan on Friday and is now in heart failure, according to NHK public television.
According to national network NHK and the Kyodo news agency, the former leader was giving a stump speech at a gathering before Sunday’s upper house elections when what appeared to be gunshots were heard.
According to a source from his ruling Liberal Democratic Party, Abe, 67, was bleeding from the neck when he slumped.
Local police and the LDP were unable to corroborate the reports quickly.
Both NHK and Kyodo stated that Abe had been transported to the hospital and seemed to be in cardiorespiratory arrest, a term used in Japan to indicate the absence of vital signs and usually occurs before a coroner formally declares someone dead.
He appeared to have been shot from behind, maybe with a shotgun, according to a number of media outlets.
NHK provided no additional information; however, it was stated that a man had been captured.
Abe, the longest-serving prime minister in Japan, was in power from 2012 to 2020 and again from 2006 to 2006.
During Abe’s address, an NHK reporter who was on the scene reported hearing two consecutive bangs.
NHK, a local public network, initially reported that Abe had been shot during the address.


Dunkin Donuts Locations in Longwood, FL
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Home Vincent Bohanan and the Sound of Victory Choir
Vincent Bohanan and the Sound of Victory Choir
May 14, 2022 3:00 PM to 5:00 PM
Join us for an afternoon of uplifting and inspirational gospel music with Vincent Bohanan and the Sound of Victory Choir. Vincent Bohanan founded the choir in January of 2014. Highlights include recording with Grammy Award winning gospel artist Cece Winans, backing up P. Diddy during the 2015 NBA All-Star Weekend & Bad Boy Reunion Tour, as well as Mariah Carey’s “All I Want for Christmas” Tour.
SOV has also been a featured choir for Bishop Hezekiah Walker’s annual Resurrection Sunday Concert, sharing the stage with many celebrity gospel artists. The choir has been seen on The World Network for the Dorinda Clark Show. SOV has traveled across the US and has conducted a European tour twice. In 2017, after releasing their third single “We Win: The Kingdom Declaration” which premiered at #1 on the Billboard’s Single’s Chart, SOV was nominated for two Stellar Awards in 2018. They also signed with Hez House Music Label, under the umbrella of RCA Records. Their latest release is the single "Any Day Now" which was followed by the album "Live in Chicago" in early 2021.
The choir provides young minorities who have experienced poverty-stricken circumstances or who feel alienated and rejected by society, to turn their lives around and through music share their transformation with all who will lend an open heart. The choir consists of 40-50 young singers and musicians who commute from across the New York City Metropolitan area and as far as NJ, CT, and the DMV area.
The Unity Choir of the Black Ministers’ Association (BMA) of York, PA is comprised of dynamic voices and musicians from various ministries with the goal of enhancing the community through unification and song.
Event Type Live Music
Date & Time May 14, 2022 3:00 PM to 5:00 PM


13 Aug 2006 Defamation as Tactic: Promoting Global Warming Alarmism by Misleading Readers
Posted at 11:04h in Articles, Blog, Environment and Enterprise Institute, Global Warming by Amy Ridenour
I offer here a case study in the way journalists serve the cause of global warming alarmists — in this particular case, by claiming scientists are associated with the fossil fuel industry using “evidence” even a superficial investigation would have rendered void, and by misleading readers in other ways.
In June, columnist Tom Hennessy of the Long Beach Press-Telegram wrote a laudatory column about Al Gore’s movie, “An Inconvenient Truth.” Two readers whose critical letters were published by the newspaper included the Australian scientist Dr. Bob Carter (letter published June 29), and Canadian scientist Dr. Tim Ball (letter published June 26).
Hennessy responded with another column, “Sense Wins in Heated Debate,” published July 5, in which he ignored the substance of both scientists’ letters, preferring instead to lead readers to believe two things for which he had scant-to-zero evidence: 1) both scientists had received funds from the energy industry, and 2) in exchange for these funds, the scientists have agreed to espouse views they otherwise would not.
Hennessy’s July 5 column reads, in part:
My new best friend is reader Kevin Powell. He won me over with an e-mail which, in part, said this:
“Sheeeeeesh! What’s going on at the P-T editorial room? You write a nifty, inoffensive piece on Al Gore’s new film and the anti-global warming dingbats explode with atomic force.”
Powell was referring to Tim Ball, retired University of Winnipeg climatology professor, and Bob Carter, a professor at Australia’s James Cook University. Both wrote to the P-T last week, chastising me for suggesting that Gore’s film and book, “An Inconvenient Truth,” carries a message we should all consider.
Asked reader Powell, “Isn’t the editorial board supposed to be on alert for that kind of thing and not let the P-T be used as part of a propaganda campaign?”
It’s a valid question. Hand in hand with industry polluters, Ball and Carter seem to be caught up in a movement to debunk Gore and global warming…
Let’s start with the Australian global warming skeptic, Bob Carter. Melissa Fyfe, who writes for The Age, a Melbourne newspaper, notes that Carter is a member of the so-called Lavosier Group, a collection of global warming skeptics who are discredited by “the vast majority of scientists.”
Debunking climate change, says Fyfe, “has also been taken up by right-wing think tanks, such as the Institute of Public Affairs,” which “receives funding from companies such as ExxonMobil.” Carter et al., she writes, constitute a “sophisticated machine that has successfully created the impression that climate change science is mired in uncertainty.”
In British Columbia, where skeptic Tim Ball lives in retirement, The Tee, an online publication, says “ExxonMobil has been astonishingly successful in delaying action on global warming for more than a decade.”
Tyee also says Ball “is in high demand by the front groups sponsored by the fossil fuel industry. Ball’s particular niche is the argument that since 1940, the world’s climate has actually been cooling.”
The online publication says Ball is promoted by the National Center for Public Policy Research, which has received funding from ExxonMobil, and Tech Central Station, which is supported, by, among others, General Motors…
Hennessy’s not-so-subtle message: Dr. Carter has been bought by industry, therefore, his views should be disregarded. Hennessy, however, shows no evidence linking Carter to industry, let alone that Carter’s views are for sale.
Hennessy’s attack on Dr. Tim Ball caught my eye because Hennessy dragged this institution, the National Center for Public Policy Research, into the fray.
Dr. Ball’s published letter to the Press-Telegram said, in part:
I have seen the movie [An Inconvenient Truth] and, as someone with a doctorate in climatology, have studied the subject so long that when I began, the scientific consensus was that we were heading for another ice age. But Gore doesn’t understand that consensus is not a scientific fact. It is also clear he doesn’t understand how science works.
The global warming theory assumed carbon dioxide (CO2) traps heat in the atmosphere, and if it increases because of human additions to the total, then global temperature would rise. Unfortunately, environmentalists and people who saw human use of energy to develop technology and industry as wrong saw it as an opportunity to undermine Western development and civilization.
They politicized the issue and converted a scientific theory to a fact. Scientists like myself who tried to ask questions were called skeptics or more recently deniers with all the holocaust connotations.
The real inconvenient truth is that the fundamental assumption that CO2 causes warming has proven incorrect. Not only is the human portion not the cause, but CO2 itself is not the cause of global warming or climate change. Ice core records covering 420,000 years show temperature changing before CO2, not the other way around as implied by Gore.
In the 20th century most warming occurred before 1940, when production of CO2 was low. From 1940 to 1980, global temperatures went down while human addition of CO2 increased most dramatically. Since 1998 global temperatures have declined while human production of CO2 continues to increase.
I would gladly sit down with Mr. Hennessy and go through Gore’s movie, scene by scene, and explain how it is distorted, taken out of context or otherwise manipulated.
Tim Ball
On July 7, I wrote to Tom Hennessy, for reasons the letter makes clear:
Dear Mr. Hennessey-
Via Google, I happened upon your July 5 commentary, “Sense Wins in Heated Debate.”
With all due respect, isn’t it just a bit misleading to report that “[Dr. Tim] Ball is promoted by the National Center for Public Policy Research, which has received funding from ExxonMobil”? This makes it appear as though Dr. Ball received cash from us, and by extension ExxonMobil, when in fact all we did was reprint a small amount of his writing on one of our websites.
By that standard, every newspaper that publishes an op-ed by an outside pundit is a “promoter” of the pundit, and the pundit becomes associated with the beliefs and practices of the newspaper’s advertisers.
Google also reveals that Dr. Ball has had his writing published in a number of newspapers. Are they “promoters” as well? I wouldn’t be surprised if some of those papers have from time-to-time run ads for the fossil fuel industry, or, perhaps, from automakers. Horrors.
As it happens, Dr. Ball has never received a penny from us, and our support from ExxonMobil amounts to less than one percent of our budget. This leaves Dr. Ball with zero percent of less than one percent. Not much! Yet, apparently, worthy of note in the press.
Even though I’ve never met, talked to, or otherwise communicated with Dr. Ball, I know he has extensive scientific expertise. Possibly his ideas should be evaluated on their merits, instead of on the basis of his supposed association with us?
Amy Ridenour
The National Center for Public Policy Research
Hennessy’s response:
Dear Ms. Ridenour
The next time you “happen upon” one of my columns, via Google, I hope you will read it more carefully than you did the last one. You wrote:
“With all due respect, isn’t it just a bit misleading to report that ‘{Dr. Tim} Ball is promoted by the National Center for Public Policy Research, which has received funding from ExxonMobil.'”
That comment did not originate with me. It came from the Tyee, an online publication based in British Columbia. The sentence clearly attributed the thought to the online publication. I assume you have written to them as well.
You also said, “As it happens, Dr. Ball has never received penny from us…” I never said he did.
Since you seem to present yourself as something of an expert on climate change, I assume you are well aware that Dr. Ball’s views are among a minority in the scientific community.
Although we seem to be on opposite sides re this change, I appreciate your having written me to share your views.
Tom Hennessy, Columnist
Press-Telegram, Long Beach, Ca
I responded, somewhat less cordially:
Dear Mr. Hennessey,
Thank you for your reply. I appreciate it.
I hope my reference to “happening” upon one of your columns was not taken as an insult, as none was intended. If I lived in your area of the country, I am sure I would be a subscriber and a regular reader.
As to the column we are discussing, I read it quite carefully, several times, and again after reading your recent correspondence. I am unable to draw any conclusion other than that you intended to undermine Dr. Ball’s credibility as an honest scientist after a letter by him disagreeing with you was published by your newspaper.
You refer to Dr. Ball and another scientist, Dr. Bob Carter, as acting “hand in hand with industry polluters” and say “some readers appear to have been taken in by them.”
You use juxtaposition to imply a connection between Dr. Ball and ExxonMobil: “In British Columbia, where skeptic Tim Ball lives in retirement, The Tyee, an online publication, says ‘ExxonMobil has been astonishingly successful in delaying action on global warming for more than a decade.'” Whether ExxonMobil has been successful in influencing public policy in British Columbia actually says nothing about Dr. Ball, but a casual reader will infer from your construction that the two are connected.
You further write: “Tyee also says Ball ‘is in high demand by the front groups sponsored by the fossil fuel industry…’“ In the Tyee, author Donald Gutstein identifies two organizations as having received “policy briefings” by Dr. Ball. These, presumably, are the “front groups.” The first is one of the most respected think-tanks in the world, the 32-year-old Fraser Institute, which receives one percent of its funding from ExxonMobil. It is best known internationally for its work on health care and economics. According to its website, Dr. Ball spoke there in 2005 and co-wrote a paper for them in 2004 on “limitations that hinder the usefulness of climate models.” The other “front group” is the Frontier Centre for Public Policy, which, according to its website, receives less than 20 percent of its income from all corporate sources combined, and which does not appear to consider energy policy/climate change among its top priorities. Based on a search of their website, its one connection to Dr. Ball is that he delivered a lecture there in 2004.
The best that can be said in your favor is that these facts paint a far more nuanced picture than what your readers learned from you after you chose to run an unchallenged quote that Ball “is in high demand by the front groups sponsored by the fossil fuel industry.”
A more factual description more likely is that, over a two-year period, a retired academic spoke once time each to two of Canada’s most prestigious think-tanks, and co-wrote a paper for one of them. I can understand why this latter formulation would not strike a propagandist as a good way to undermine Dr. Ball’s professional credibility, but the fact that the Tyee’s formulation was stretched beyond reason should have been obvious to a professional journalist, if that professional journalist was doing any fact-checking whatsoever.
Then your article asserts a connection between our group and Dr. Ball: “The online publication says Ball is promoted by the National Center for Public Policy Research, which has received funding from ExxonMobil…” I explained why this is simply silly in my earlier e-mail to you. In your reply, you essentially disavowed responsibility, blaming Donald Gutstein’s article in the Tyee for any errors, as that was your source.
I am unwilling to let you off the hook so easily. Donald Gutstein and the Tyee misled its readers, but you misled yours. First, you used juxtaposition and implication to undermine a scientist’s reputation for honesty. Then you found and quoted another columnist who was doing the same thing — tarring a man’s reputation by misleading readers. You had the choice of checking the Tyee’s facts, and apparently did not take it (let us hope that you did not). Yet, it is your professional responsibility to check your facts. You write a professional column for a significant newspaper. When you write about serious issues, your readers expect more fact-checking than they would from a drunken sophomore posting his personal views for his frat buddies to read on MySpace. They didn’t get it. Depending on the sophomore, they may have gotten less.
You could have picked up the telephone. You could have done something even easier, and Googled the terms “Tim Ball” and the name of our group. The #1 entry when one does this is a May 3, 2006 blog post by me demonstrating the unreliability of Donald Gutstein’s Tyee article. Likewise, a joint search for “Tim Ball” and “Donald Gutstein” brings up the refutation of the Gutstein piece in #1 position. Even “Tim Ball” and “ExxonMobil” will do it, or “Tim Ball” and “coal.”
I realize this e-mail may be considered harsh, but imagine how your column made your targets feel.
Columnist Tom Hennessy did not respond to my second e-mail. I checked the Long Beach Press-Telegram later to see if a correction or clarification had been run to acknowledge that the Press-Telegram, through a staff column, had defamed two scientists, but I found no acknowledgement or apology.


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Minnesota State Colleges and Universities offer 3,885 academic programs, including 802 fully online programs. Minnesota State Colleges and Universities also deliver 13,500 customized training, occupational and professional classes to businesses and other employers.
South Central College is a Minnesota Community and Technical College with campuses in North Mankato and Faribault. South Central offers a variety of educational opportunities including: Associate of Arts, Associates of Applied Science, Associates in Science, diplomas and certificates.
South Central College is leading the way in business partnership for gainful employment, manufacturing, and applied research. South Central College has an excellent Center of Business and Industry that provides credit and non-credit continuing education and training for businesses, non-profits and government agencies.
Minnesota West Community and Technical College
Minnesota West is a comprehensive community and technical college with five campuses in Minnesota: Canby, Granite Falls, Jackson, Pipestone and Worthington. Minnesota West also has centers in Fairmont, Luverne, Marshall and Redwood Falls.
Students at Minnesota West have the opportunity to earn an Associate’s Degree, diploma or certificate in over 60 disciplines.
Southwest Minnesota State University is located in Marshall, MN. On July 1, 2014, SMSU permanently established the School of Agriculture. The School of Agriculture is a part of SMSU's College of Business, Education and Professional Studies.
Southwest Minnesota State University is a four-year public university offering a high quality education in the liberal arts and professions to prepare you for a life that is successful both personally and professionally. SMSU has grown into a university of choice with high national rankings, producing scholars who become the leaders, thinkers, and entrepreneurs of the future. Students and faculty alike come here to engage in the rich "Southwest Experience," which starts with strong academics, fulfilling social opportunities and support from fellow Mustangs.
Riverland Community College has campuses in Albert Lea, Austin, and Owatonna. Riverland has six new agricultural programs including Precision Agriculture, Food Science, Food Science Technology, Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology, and Agribusiness. These programs join Riverland’s established Farm Business Management program, one of the college’s most popular programs.
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How to Watch All Thirteen (!) <i>Halloween</i> Movies In Order
How to Watch All Thirteen (!) Halloween Movies In Order
Michael Myers simply will not die.
By Justin Kirkland
Imagine being a cool girl, just trying to live your life in Haddonfield, Illinois. It's fall, and my God, you love fall. You offer to do your dad (a realtor in town trying to sell a house) a favor by dropping off a key at one of his properties. Of course, it just so happens that at the same time, the boy who used to live there sees you, remembers everything about you, and then tries to kill you. This is why you should never do anyone any favors.
This is the start of the Halloween franchise, for you non-Michael Myers heads in the room. (Which is based on a true story, FYI.) Though, I suppose you should have been tipped off to the multi-film run by the headline of this article. You're here because you're searching out how to watch Halloween the right way, which is understandable. It's a stellar seasonal film that should be in the top 10 of any slasher movie fan. (It certainly is in ours.) But when you get into the details of the Halloween franchise, you'll quickly learn that there aren't just a couple of sequels. There are thirteen films in total. A full baker's dozen. And there are more planned! To what end, Michael Myers? TO WHAT END?
Something important to know: not all Halloween films are created equal, and thus, we take no responsibility for the time you will inevitably waste if you choose to watch Halloween: Resurrection. That's on you. But for the hell of it, let's explore all 13 and their respective timelines because, yes—you bet your ass there's multiple. (Need more gore? Check out the best zombie flicks ever next.)
It's the OG. The indisputable GOAT of the franchise. The film introduces us to Laurie, who seemingly gets mixed up with Michael Myers at random (more on that in a minute). He begins to stalk her, intent on killing her, but as the multiple movies suggest, Laurie doesn't go down without a fight. Of all the scream queens out there, Jamie Lee Curtis is the one to beat.
Picking up almost directly where the first left off, Michael and Laurie square up again—this time, ending in an all out hospital brawl. And while neither of them make it out unscathed, the fate of a central figure comes to a close... for now.
Halloween III: Season of the Witch
For purists, this film is garbage, largely because it doesn't even feature Michael Myers. For horror fans, it's become a cult favorite as the single standalone film in the franchise. There's witchcraft, Stonehenge, and commercials. Make of that what you will.
Like, well, most fourth installments (except Land Before Time, which is a perfect franchise), Halloween 4 will leave you feeling deflated. As the title suggests, it does feature the return of Michael Myers, but it spends most of its time chasing the high of the first film with little to no effectiveness.
Halloween 5: The Revenge of Michael Myers
Good for Donald Pleasance for, presumably, working a multi-film deal into his contract.
Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers
To be frank, we're still on the downward slope here, but Donald Pleasance returns as Dr. Loomis, offering a bit of consistency. This one also features Paul Rudd playing Tommy, the boy Laurie Strode babysat in the first film.
Great news: the timeline starts over with Halloween H20, which is an objectively terrible name for a subjectively decent movie. Following the events of 1981's Halloween II, the film brings back Jamie Lee Curtis, alongside a list of upcoming actors from 1998. Michelle Williams! Josh Hartnett! Joseph Gordon Levitt! I mean, LL Cool J is here, too. This is a party.
Halloween: Ressurection
Michael Myers is beheaded (and survives). Laurie Strode is thrown off a building (and dies—after 24 years in the franchise??). Make it make sense!
Rob Zombie really said, "I'm going to take this concept and just create my own universe." Classic Rob. A bit of a reimagining based on the original, Halloween manages to give Michael Myers a bit more backstory (and falls heavily on Laurie Strode being Michael's sister), but truly had no chance of unseating the original.
For some reason, Octavia Spencer and Weird Al Yankovich are in this sequel. That's all I can remember because the rest of my mind is absolutely drenched in all the blood and gore that outweighs the rest of the movie.
In the 2018 reboot, Myers and Strode face off one more time. Reworking the timeline, this Halloween only incorporates the first film into its timeline. All these years later, Laurie is still vexed by Michael knowing he's out there, though her family thinks she's nuts. That's fine... until he actually does show up again.
Following up on the massively successful reboot from 2018, Halloween Kills surpassed expectations and made over $131 million at the box office. Though it appeared that Myers was quite literally toasted in that house fire, he is back and Laurie Strode has someone on her side that she's never had before: Judy Greer.
Will Halloween truly end in the upcoming finale to David Gordon Green's latest Michael Myers trilogy? We doubt it! But that hasn't stopped Jamie Lee Curtis from touting her last appearance in the horror series as the "final reckoning."
Justin Kirkland Writer Justin Kirkland is a Brooklyn-based writer who covers culture, food, and the South.
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Man gets 9 years in prison for plane sex assault
Detroit – An Indian man living in the U.S. on a work visa was sentenced to nine years in prison Thursday for sexually assaulting a sleeping woman during an overnight flight to Detroit.
Prabhu Ramamoorthy was in a middle seat sitting next to the victim while his wife was in an aisle seat on a Spirit Airlines flight from Las Vegas last January. The 23-year-old victim said he unzipped her pants, unbuttoned her shirt and molested her with his hands.
Prosecutors asked for a sentence of nearly 11 years, but U.S. District Judge Terrence Berg settled on a nine-year term. He said he hoped it would be “grave enough” to deter others from committing similar crimes.
A jury convicted Ramamoorthy in August . He will be deported to India after serving his sentence.
The victim, a model, declined an opportunity to speak in court. She watched the hearing from the first row with her boyfriend and a support dog.
At trial, she testified that she woke up during the flight and “saw his hands inside me.” She said she felt “petrified, frozen.”
“Everyone has the right to be secure and safe when they travel on airplanes. … We appreciate the victim in this case for her courage to speak out,” U.S. Attorney Matthew Schneider said.
Ramamoorthy, 35, has lived in suburban Detroit since arriving in the U.S. on a work visa in 2015. He and his wife were returning to Detroit on the Las Vegas flight after a trip to the Grand Canyon.
Speaking through a Tamil interpreter, Ramamoorthy said he didn’t want to make a statement before getting his sentence. The judge noted a lack of remorse but acknowledged that Ramamoorthy had a right to stay silent.
Defense attorney James Amberg asked for a prison sentence of less than 10 years. He said the conviction will bring “severe and lifelong consequences” to Ramamoorthy and his wife when they return to southern India.
“His life is effectively over,” Amberg told Berg.


Home News Boudica is NOT a terrorist: Supreme Court rules Celtic warrior queen is a 'national hero' in modern-day mock trial... nearly 2000 years after she sacked three Roman cities and left '80,000 dead' during brutal rampage
Boudica is NOT a terrorist: Supreme Court rules Celtic warrior queen is a 'national hero' in modern-day mock trial... nearly 2000 years after she sacked three Roman cities and left '80,000 dead' during brutal rampage
As queen of the Iceni tribe, she burnt London to the ground and was responsible for the deaths of 80,000 civilians.
But yesterday, Boudica was acquitted in a 'trial' at the Supreme Court of having committed terrorist acts against a 'rotten and illegitimate Roman government' nearly 2,000 years ago.
The female warrior led the Iceni's revolt against occupying Roman forces from AD60-61 after they reneged on a deal to let her people rule themselves.
She is also believed to have been flogged and her daughters raped.
Thousands of members of the tribe marched from their home in what is now Norfolk to ravage the Roman cities of Camulodunum (Colchester), Londinium and Verulamium, which was near what is now St Albans in Hertfordshire.
In her trial, which was run by the education charity Classics for All and involved QC lawyers, the warrior queen was 'charged' under the Terrorism Act 2000.
However, by a margin of ten to one, the 50-strong jury accepted that the atrocities committed by Boudica and her people were justified acts of self-defence, The Times reported.
After she was acquitted, judge Lord Justice Stephens said Boudica was free to leave 'without any stain on your character and remain as a national symbol of an inspirational hero'.
As queen of the Iceni tribe, she burnt London to the ground and was responsible for the deaths of 80,000 civilians. But yesterday, Boudica was acquitted in a 'trial' at the Supreme Court of having committed terrorist acts against a 'rotten and illegitimate Roman government' nearly 2,000 years ago
Roman historian Tacitus described the subsequent march on the three ancient cities, saying that Boudica's tribe targeted places where 'loot was richest and protection weakest'
She was accused of using 'action involving serious violence against persons, namely the inhabitants of Camulodunum, Londinium and Verulamium.'
The indictment added that her action was designed to 'influence the government of Rome or to intimidate the public or a section of the public, for the purpose of advancing a political or ideological cause, namely Iceni dissidence and secession.'
The prosecution, which was brought on behalf of the 'Senate and People of Rome', was led by high-flying QC Alison Morgan.
She was the leading counsel in the case of Khairi Saadallah, who murdered three men in a terrorist attack in Reading last year.
Morgan reportedly urged the jurors not to 'buy the hype'. She said that whilst the Romans had flogged the queen and raped her daughters after the death of her husband, Prasutagus, 'that cannot justify an act of mass murder'.
However, defence lawyer Thomas Grant QC called Boudica a 'brave woman' who had been a victim of Roman 'propaganda'.
In her trial, which was run by the education charity Classics for All and involved QC lawyers, the warrior queen was 'charged' under the Terrorism Act 2000
The indictment added that her action was designed to 'influence the government of Rome or to intimidate the public or a section of the public, for the purpose of advancing a political or ideological cause, namely Iceni dissidence and secession.' Above: The trial held at the Supreme Court yesterday
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After she was acquitted, judge Lord Justice Stephens (left) said Boudica was free to leave 'without any stain on your character and remain as a national symbol of an inspirational hero'. The prosecution was led by high-flying QC Alison Morgan and the defence were represented by Thomas Grant QC (right)
He added that he was 'confident' the jury would 'do justice to a Briton' because her actions were the only 'conceivable response' to the Romans' actions.
Before his death, Boudica's husband had been ruler of the Iceni people. The Romans had allowed him to continue as king, ruling on their behalf.
He made a deal with the Romans that when he passed away, his heirs would be his two daughters and the Roman Emperor Nero.
Prasutagus hoped that he could this way preserve his kingdom and his family fortune.
But when he died, the Romans decided to rule the Iceni directly and confiscated the property and estates of his family, as well as allegedly abusing Boudica and her own children.
The Roman historian Tacitus described the subsequent march on the three ancient cities, saying that Boudica's tribe targeted places where 'loot was richest and protection weakest'.
'They could not wait to cut throats, hang, burn and crucify, as though avenging, in advance, the retribution that was on its way,' he added.
Their major military victory came in Camulodunum, where they destroyed the city's Roman colony, including much of the famous Ninth Legion – which later disappeared entirely from the historical record.
Boudica and her forces then forced the Roman Governor of Britain, Paulinus to evacuate London, which was also destroyed. An estimated 70,000 people were killed there.
After they went on to also destroy what is now St Albans, Paulinus collected 10,000 troops and lured the Britons into battle. Whilst the exact site of the conflict is unknown, it is believed to have been somewhere in the Midlands.
The Britons gathered in huge numbers, and their 'confidence was so great that they brought their wives with them to see the victory, installing them in carts stationed at the edges of the battlefield', according to Tacitus.
The warrior is said to have addressed her group from the back of a chariot, showing them her bruised body and her violated daughters.
Tactitus records that her speech ended with the words: 'Win this battle or perish. That is what I, a woman, plan to do. Let the men live in slavery if they will.'
However, the historian claims that more than half of the British army were women, with the outcome being an easy Roman victory.
Tacitus says that around 80,000 Britons were killed, whilst the Roman side lost 400 men.
Boudica is said to have poisoned herself to avoid capture.
Their major military victory came in Camulodunum, where they destroyed the city's Roman colony, including much of the famous Ninth Legion – which later disappeared entirely from the historical record
The Roman general Gaius Suetonius Paulinus defeated Boudica and her forces in battle. Above: The status of Paulinus at the entrance to the Roman Baths in Bath, Somerset
However, the Roman senator Cassius Dio – who wrote a mammoth history of Rome – put the number of slain Romans at 80,000.
He added that the shame was made worse because 'all this ruin was brought about by a woman'.
Dio also claims that the final battle was far from an easy victory, it was ultimately very close.
He said that the Britons mourned the loss of Boudica 'deeply and gave her a costly burial. But feeling that now at last they were really defeated, they scattered to their homes.'
Her trial on Thursday was the sixth held by Classics For All. Previous trials have featured the Greek philosopher Socrates and Brutus, one of the assassins of Julius Caesar.
The charity was founded in 2010 with the aim of reversing the decline in the teaching of the ancient world and the take-up of its languages, such as Ancient Greek and Latin, in state schools.
It has gone on to work with nearly 100,000 pupils in 1,000 schools and trained more than 3,000 staff to teach the subject.
THE BOUDICCAN REVOLT
The Boudiccan Revolt raged from 60-61AD and saw British tribes, under Boudicca of the Iceni, unsuccessfully try to defeat the Roman army.
Boudicca was Queen of the Iceni people, a British tribe who lived in what is today Norfolk and parts of Suffolk and Cambridgeshire.
Her name is an early for of the more commonly known name 'Victoria'.
Her husband, Prasutagus, was ruler of the Iceni people, and the Romans allowed Prasutagus to continue as king, ruling on their behalf.
But, when Prasutagus died, the Romans decided to rule the Iceni directly and they confiscated the property of the leading Iceni families.
The Romans are also said to have stripped and whipped Boudicca, and raped her daughters.
The Boudiccan Revolt raged from 60-61AD and saw British tribes, under Boudicca of the Iceni, unsuccessfully try to defeat the Roman army. Above: Statue of Boudica at Thames Embankment in Central London
The subsequent revolt began in Camulodunum (Colchester), where they destroyed the city's Roman colony, including much of the famous Ninth Legion – which later disappeared entirely from the historical record.
Boudica is NOT a terrorist: Supreme Court rules Celtic warrior queen is a 'national hero' in modern-day mock trial... nearly 2000 years after she sacked three Roman cities and left '80,000 dead' during brutal rampage Reviewed by free heip on October 15, 2021 Rating: 5


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Class of 2022: Enterprising student pinpoints promising regions for future geothermal projects in Alberta
Sustainable energy development grad Gordon Brasnett visualizes the most economically viable sites
David Hedley, Advancement
Gordon Brasnett presents the highlights of his geothermal research at the downtown University of Calgary campus in September. David Hedley, Advancement
Deep beneath the Earth’s surface lies an almost endless supply of energy. Gordon Brasnett remembers even as a child being intrigued by the possibilities. “Family camping trips where we visited hot springs in Alberta and B.C. probably reinforced this interest,” he says.
Today, as the world looks for ways to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels, geothermal energy holds great promise as an alternative, especially in western Canada. But tapping the resource won’t be easy or cheap. Brasnett, a geophysicist who graduates this fall with a Master of Science in Sustainable Energy Development (SEDV) from the School of Public Policy at the University of Calgary, tackled a big question: Where in Alberta are the most economically viable locations to build new geothermal projects?
His answer, created as a capstone research project toward his degree, includes a publicly available, interactive model that considers the economic viability of particular areas across Alberta for future geothermal development. His visualizations draw on a matrix of data sources, such as pioneering research by University of Alberta scientist Dr. Jacek Majorowicz, who estimated the drilling depths required to reach progressively hotter geothermal sources.
Mapping the potential for future projects
Brasnett’s interactive model looks at all of Alberta, illustrating the geothermal depths yielding temperatures between 40°C and 80°C — for direct-heating uses such as warming buildings or greenhouses — and temperatures between 120°C and 150°C — hot enough to generate electricity as well as ambient heat.
He continues: “The regions with the highest gradients and therefore the shallowest estimated depths to 120°C are found west of Zama City, east of Rainbow Lake, and north of Rimbey. The estimated depths to reach 120°C in these areas are in the range of 2,250 to 2,800 metres.”
Finding an optimal geothermal location means balancing other factors too, such as: distance to where heat energy can be used, up-front costs of drilling and construction, and opportunities to generate future revenue. “My model showed that the regions with the highest gradients may not necessarily be the cheapest areas to develop for a project, as they may be too far from existing roads, transmission lines, and customers to use heat. As a result, the model showed that areas closer to Grande Prairie, Fox Creek, and Lacombe may be developed more economically for a 120°C project.”
Brasnett hopes his map helps spark conversations and inspire site-specific feasibility studies by remote municipalities and other early geothermal adopters. “In my opinion, the early adopters of geothermal projects will be people who need large quantities of heat, but who don’t want the greenhouse gas emissions or price uncertainty associated with burning hydrocarbons.
“This could be people developing district heating systems for warehouses, industrial parks, office parks, campus spaces, greenhouses, or residential buildings.”
Map shows the rate at which subsurface temperatures change as a function of depth. Yellow, orange and red regions get hotter faster, with subsurface temperatures in the range of 35-50°C at a depth of 1000m, compared to the green and blue regions.
Capstone project by Gordon Brasnett. Click on the map to see the online interactive model.
New engine for economic growth
Alberta has a successful history of applying innovation and technology to resources such as agriculture and the oilsands. Brasnett believes geothermal energy can grow into a new economic engine.
His interest in the field led him to study in UCalgary’s multidiscipinary SEDV program, offered through the School of Public Policy, Haskayne School of Business, Schulich School of Engineering, School of Architecture, Planning, and Landscape, and Faculty of Law. In the 16-month professional master’s program, SEDV students learn about energy systems, both current and future, through the lenses of technology, policy, business, and social impact. Students in the program build skills in collaboration, teamwork, communication, and research, enabling them to advance their careers across the energy sector. The emphasis is on developing energy projects that maximize social and economic benefits, and minimize negative environmental impacts.
Students like Brasnett are watching closely as the first large-scale geothermal projects take shape. For example, the Alberta No. 1 Geothermal Energy Project, a partnership developed by Terrapin Geothermics near Grande Prairie, will contribute clean geothermal energy to the grid while supplying heat for local industry. The Indigenous-led Tu-Deh-Kah partnership near Fort Nelson, B.C., is developing geothermal heat from a depleted natural gas field to support electricity, agriculture, and other local initiatives. The Latitude 53 project by Novus Earth Energy near Hinton focuses on renewable energy and food security. Calgary-based Eavor Technologies is testing its ultra-deep, closed-loop geothermal drilling system near Rocky Mountain House.
Opening new doors
The SEDV program opened new doors for Brasnett. The research capstone project is a core part of the curriculum, where students apply concepts learned in the program to a real-world question, in partnership with industry, NGOs, government, and academic partners. His research project was supported by the Mitacs Business Strategy Internship program. His supervising professor was Dr. Roman Shor, director of the Energi Simulation Centre for Geothermal Systems Research at UCalgary. For the project they collaborated with Dr. Catherine Hickson, CEO of the Alberta No. 1 Geothermal Energy Project.
“There are a lot of interesting pilot projects around the world today that may kick off a flurry of development throughout the 2020s in countries where geothermal is still a new technology,” Brasnett says. “I’m optimistic that Alberta can be a leader in this space given the geoscience, engineering, drilling skills, and technologies that the oil and gas sector has developed over the past 60-plus years.”
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Home Construction Law Michigan Freeland
Freeland Construction Lawyers
Saginaw, MI Construction Law Attorney with 17 years of experience
(989) 399-7575 4800 Fashion Square Blvd
Construction, Animal and Personal Injury
Chicago-Kent College of Law, Illinois Institute of Technology
Eric Steinberg graduated from the University of Michigan with a Bachelor in Business Administration in 2001. After graduating, he worked as a financial consultant in Chicago. Not satisfied with spending his days in the financial field, Eric turned to the law. He attended the Chicago-Kent College of Law and earned a law degree in 2006. While receiving his legal education, Eric worked in the employment discrimination law clinic at Chicago-Kent, helping victims of discrimination receive just compensation and peace of mind. Eric joined the Law Offices of Lee B. Steinberg, P.C. full time in 2006. As a member of the Michigan...
W. Jay Brown
Midland, MI Construction Law Attorney with 24 years of experience
(989) 486-3676 414 Townsend, Suite 201
Construction, Business, Collections and Real Estate
Originally a teacher, W. Jay Brown became a lawyer in 1998 and has been in practice in the Great Lakes Bay Region ever since. Mr. Brown graduated first in his law school class and joined Midland’s largest law firm as a litigation associate. While with the firm, Mr. Brown embarked on his litigation career and was soon promoted to member of the firm. In 2009, W. Jay Brown left the law firm to start his own practice based on his vision for the practice of law – where technology and innovation are leveraged to provide clients superior customer and...
Mr. Denis J McCarthy
Caro, MI Construction Law Attorney with 31 years of experience
(989) 672-0999 429 North State Street
Caro, MI 48723
Free ConsultationConstruction, Criminal Defense, Personal Injury and Real Estate
Michigan State University College of Law
Brandon Fraim
Flint, MI Construction Law Attorney
(810) 733-2050 2377 S. Linden Rd.
Construction, Appeals, Business and Real Estate
Mark J. Newman
Flint, MI Construction Law Attorney with 26 years of experience
(810) 733-0579 5085 Miller Rd
Construction, Business, Real Estate and Tax
Michael Zamzow
Grand Rapids, MI Construction Law Lawyer with 9 years of experience
(616) 965-2621 300 Ottawa Ave NW, Suite 220
Construction, Business, Energy and Real Estate
Michael Zamzow is primarily an attorney litigator. This means his practice focuses on lawsuit proceedings in front of the court, also known as a trial lawyer. Mr. Zamzow advises his clients on complicated litigation to defendants and plaintiffs. These topics include construction issues, breach of contract matters, including the uniform commercial code and common law. He has years of experience representing clients in courthouses across Michigan.
Mr. Zamzow also provides clients and attorney from other jurisdictions local counsel representation and support in Michigan.
Mr. Zamzow also represents clients as general counsel on civil matters. These matters include business formation, negotiations, real property...
Laura McMahon Lynch
Grosse Pointe Farms, MI Construction Law Lawyer with 39 years of experience
(313) 885-6697 21 Kercheval Ave
Construction, Business, Probate and Real Estate
For over 25 years, Laura McMahon Lynch has earned a reputation as a highly respected Real Estate litigator, as well as a compassionate, driven Estate Planning attorney. Using her 11 years of experience as both a Special and Assistant Attorney General defending the State of Michigan, Laura aggressively represents clients in a wide range of litigation including real estate title disputes, construction lien foreclosure as well as complex contract-based lawsuits. She has become the confidant of countless clients who continue to trust her sensitivity and discretion. Laura is a certified Facilitative Mediator for the 3rd Circuit Court of Michigan. She has...
Reese Serra
Rochester, MI Construction Law Lawyer with 11 years of experience
(248) 840-3139 805 Oakwood Dr Ste 101
Free ConsultationConstruction, Business, Communications and Real Estate
Thomas M. Cooley Law School
Mr. Serra concentrates his practice on tirelessly representing the needs of Michigan businesses and business owners. Reese Serra has counseled businesses ranging from a wide variety of industries with an expertise in representing technology clients of all sizes.
As a civil litigator, Mr. Serra has procured victories for his clients at all levels of State and Federal courts, including numerous successful appeals.
Mr. Serra focuses his practice in the areas of real estate matters, business and financial transactions, including: mergers, acquisitions and reorganizations of business entities; complex commercial and real estate lending and restructuring transactions; international business transactions; real estate sale...
Stuart M. Feldheim
Farmington Hills, MI Construction Law Attorney with 47 years of experience
(248) 737-0700 30300 Northwestern Hwy
Construction, Medical Malpractice, Personal Injury and Workers' Comp
University of Cincinnati College of Law
Stuart M. Feldheim has lived and worked in metro Detroit for almost four decades. He specializes in personal injury, medical malpractice, workplace injury, products liability, and premises liability claims. Mr. Feldheim has extensive experience representing injured claimants. He has practiced in the field of personal injury since graduating from the University of Cincinnati College of Law and obtaining his Juris Doctor in 1976.
Mr. Feldheim opened his own firm in 1992. He helps injured people in both Michigan and Ohio, as he is licensed to practice before the state courts and Federal District Courts of both states. Mr. Feldheim is...
Sean Patrick Murphy
Farmington Hills, MI Construction Law Lawyer with 8 years of experience
(248) 686-3861 34705 W. Twelve Mile Road
Free ConsultationConstruction, Business, Probate and Real Estate
University of Detroit Mercy School of Law
Sean is currently the founder of the Murphy Law Firm PLC. He is licensed to practice law in the State of Michigan and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. Sean was named a Super Lawyers' Rising Star every year since 2019, and he was named a DBusiness Top Lawyer in 2019 and 2022. Sean graduated from Western Michigan University with a Bachelor of Business Administration in Economics and Business Administration. After Western Michigan, Sean went on to graduate from the University of Detroit Mercy School of Law, graduating summa cum laude and first in his class....
Michael Simon
Farmington Hills, MI Construction Law Lawyer with 33 years of experience
(800) 533-3733 30500 Northwestern Highway
Construction, Insurance Claims and Personal Injury
Michael Simon earned a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration from Wayne State University in 1987 and his law degree from Thomas M. Cooley Law School in 1990. While receiving his college and graduate education, he remained active in numerous organizations, including the Helenic Bar Association and the Delta Theta Phi Law Fraternity. After obtaining his law degree, he worked as a law clerk at the U.S. Attorney’s office, the Department of Justice in Grand Rapids and later at several metropolitan law firms. As a Trial/Litigation attorney, he has dedicated himself to the representation of persons who have been seriously injured...
Franci Silver
Construction, Animal and Social Security Disability
Franci Silver graduated from Oakland University, with a degree in Political Science. After graduating Oakland University, she attended the Detroit College of Law, receiving her Juris Doctorate in 1988. She immediately went to work for a personal injury law firm before coming to work for the Law Offices of Lee B. Steinberg in 1991. During her law practice, she has obtained several jury verdicts and awards against numerous defendants. Ms. Silver specializes in social security disability (SSD) appeals, helping numerous clients obtain SSD awards after initially being denied by the Social Security Administration. She also specializes in premises liability law and...
Holland Locklear
Detroit, MI Construction Law Lawyer with 5 years of experience
(833) 424-4466 607 Shelby Street
Free ConsultationConstruction, Animal, Arbitration & Mediation and Personal Injury
Wayne State University Law School
Holland Locklear has represented thousands of clients and won millions of dollars on their behalf. A native son of metro Detroit, he is fiercely devoted to his community, which drives him to zealously represent their interests in court. Holland gained expertise while working for the Detroit region’s top civil litigation firms. Holland has successfully litigated automobile accidents, wrongful terminations, discrimination, police and government misconduct, civil rights, dog bites, premises liability, contract disputes, landlord/tenant disputes and more. Holland is a graduate of Wayne State University Law School. In law school, Holland served on the boards of the National Lawyers Guild, Student...
Evan A. Burkholder
Dearborn, MI Construction Law Lawyer with 51 years of experience
Ext. 955 290 Town Center Drive
Dearborn, MI 48126
Construction, Appeals, Asbestos and Business
The George Washington University Law School
Mr. Burkholder heads the LeClairRyan Detroit office and has over 30 years of trial experience in business litigation, wrongful death actions, catastrophic injury cases, design defect cases, and product recall actions. He has represented architects, engineers and accountants in professional liability actions and has defended insurers in first party policy (fire, all risk property or business interruption) cases, as well as bad faith and excess liability claims. He has worked on complicated construction projects, representing design-build firms. He has defended pharmaceutical companies in medical device cases, ethical drug litigation and in generic drug registration litigation. His toxic tort experience includes...
Paul Callam
Ann Arbor, MI Construction Law Lawyer with 41 years of experience
(734) 995-9908 2723 South State St.
Construction, Business and Real Estate
Vanderbilt University Law School
Paul A. Callam is the owner and principal attorney in the Law Office of Paul A. Callam, PLC, located in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Mr. Callam’s practice is concentrated in the areas of business organizations, contracts, including IT and licensing agreements, franchise agreements, commercial disputes, construction and real estate development issues. Mr. Callam has been practicing law for over 25 years. He divides his practice between counseling businesses in all phases of development, and litigation and arbitration of disputes.
Zacharia Spencer Bonham
Okemos, MI Construction Law Lawyer with 10 years of experience
(517) 381-2663 4121 Okemos Rd., Suite 10
Free ConsultationConstruction and Immigration
My practice is focused on Immigration Law. I represent clients seeking family-based petitions, asylum, special immigrant juvenile visas, naturalization, obtaining Provisional Waivers for Unlawful Presence, preparing documents for consulate interviews, removal proceedings, and the appellate process. I have represented clients in Immigration Court, the Board of Immigration Appeals, and the U.S. Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals.
Robert J. Gavin
Stanwood, MI Construction Law Attorney with 14 years of experience
11313 Troon Drive
Stanwood, MI 49346
Free ConsultationConstruction, Estate Planning, Municipal and Real Estate
DePaul College of Law
Robert Gavin is the Senior Associate at Shifman & Carlson, P.C. He has been practicing law since 2008, and was named a Super Lawyers Rising Star in 2015, 2018, and 2019. He was also listed by DBusiness Magazine as a Top Lawyer in the Metro Detroit Area for Public Finance Law in both 2014, 2017, and 2018.
Rob brings a wide variety of skills and a diverse background to bear for his clients, including his experience with contract negotiation, employee issues, construction issues. Rob's undergraduate degree is in engineering, which has also been useful to clients during construction issues and in...
Robert Gardella
Brighton, MI Construction Law Lawyer with 30 years of experience
(810) 220-4200 134 N. First Street
Free ConsultationConstruction, Business, Personal Injury and Real Estate
Lee Steinberg
Construction, Animal, Medical Malpractice and Personal Injury
Lee Steinberg graduated from Wayne State University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1967. After graduating Wayne State University, he taught in the Detroit School System while going to night school at the Detroit College of Law. After graduating from the Detroit College of Law, he worked for personal injury firms before opening his law practice 1976. Lee has obtained substantial jury verdicts and awards against defendants, both local and national including British Petroleum, the City of Detroit and numerous insurance companies. He also tried cases in the State of Texas and obtained the first medical malpractice verdict in San...
John A. Ruemenapp
Bingham Farms, MI Construction Law Lawyer
(248) 258-2700 30100 Telegraph Rd
Bingham Farms, MI 48025
Construction, Arbitration & Mediation, Business and Real Estate
University of Michigan Law School and Wayne State University Law School
Patrick Drueke
Grand Rapids, MI Construction Law Lawyer with 24 years of experience
(616) 235-5175 161 Ottawa Ave NW
Free ConsultationConstruction, Business, Municipal and Real Estate
I am a shareholder at Rhoades McKee, P.C. I help individuals and businesses facing real estate disputes, land development challenges, condemnation, real estate transactions and construction matters achieve their objectives through a defined and realistic strategy. I can provide a detailed understanding of the emerging legal issues in green building and the LEED rating system. I am the only attorney in West Michigan that has achieved the LEED Accredited Professional (LEED AP) designation through the United States Green Building Council, and an environmental certification from Green Advantage®. I understand the issues faced by those individuals and businesses in the real...
John Brennan
Eastpointe, MI Construction Law Attorney
(586) 778-0900 22805 Kelly Rd.
Free ConsultationConstruction, Business, Divorce and Real Estate
Practicing since 1976 serving businesses, professionals and individuals in all aspects of the law. Decades of experience in all aspects of the law and life generally with the philosophy that the goal is swift and economical dispute resolution, by an agreement if possible and through litigation if necessary.
Seth Seidell
(248) 413-6117 805 Oakwood Drive, Suite 202
Free ConsultationConstruction, Business, Employment and Social Security Disability
Seth was born and grew up in Northern Michigan. Prior to and while going to college he worked in the construction field with a general contracting firm. He received his Bachelor of Arts Degree in Political Science from Oakland University in 1992. He received his Juris Doctorate (Cum Laude, Law Review) from Thomas M. Cooley Law School in 1997. During law school, he clerked for a mid-sized, full service law firm as well as for the Michigan Attorney General’s office. He began his law career working for a short period of time for both a construction and asbestos litigation firm....
Peter J. Cavanaugh
Royal Oak, MI Construction Law Lawyer with 27 years of experience
(248) 543-8320 1027 S. Washington Ave.
Free ConsultationConstruction and Business
My practice is concentrated on business and construction law matters, including litigation of contract, construction lien and payment bond claims. I represent owners, design professionals, contractors, subcontractors, and suppliers. I also represent clients who specialize in water and wastewater construction.
Matthew N Morrow
Farmington Hills, MI Construction Law Attorney with 7 years of experience
(800) 757-1681 37887 West Twelve Mile Road
Construction, Business, Estate Planning and Real Estate
University of Miami School of Law, Michigan State University College of Law and Michigan State University
Adam J. Sheridan
Conklin, MI Construction Law Lawyer with 18 years of experience
(616) 304-0987 1706 Coolidge Street
Conklin, MI 49403
With over eighteen years' experience in both law firm and large corporate environments, handling local, national, and international transactions of various types, I am able to assist clients in structuring and completing complex transactions while maintaining a personalized focus. Our firm appreciates each opportunity we have to learn a client's needs and provide customized solutions to the client's legal issues. I have substantial experience in real estate, corporate structure and governance, commercial contracts and procurement, mergers and acquisitions, estate and succession planning, and construction.
Richard Delonis
Southfield, MI Construction Law Lawyer with 29 years of experience
(248) 716-3600 29777 Telegraph Road
Kimberly Bowlin
Brighton, MI Construction Law Attorney
(810) 844-2520 10315 Grand River Rd
Ms. Bowlin concentrates her practice in corporate/small business, real estate, and construction law. She is a leading practitioner in the areas of construction liens, land use development, zoning, and condominium association law. She is a 1995 graduate of the University of Detroit Mercy School of Law and received her undergraduate degree from James Madison College at Michigan State University. Prior to founding this law firm, she specialized in municipal and public corporation law, representing several village, townships, and cities in Livingston and Oakland County.
Michael Bartnicki
Plymouth, MI Construction Law Attorney with 31 years of experience
(734) 455-1320 134 N Main St
Plymouth, MI 48170
Construction, DUI & DWI, Family and Traffic Tickets
Miller & Bartnicki, P.C., is a small firm that provides individuals throughout southeastern Michigan with the personalized attention they need. We have 60 years combined experience and offer the comforting atmosphere you would expect from an established small firm in a small town.
Areas of practice include construction litigation and liens, divorce, custody, visitation, child support, alimony, drunk driving, traffic tickets, contract disputes and corporate and LLC set ups.
Sanford J. Melder
Royal Oak, MI Construction Law Attorney
(248) 541-3400 2304 E 11 Mile Rd
Construction, Bankruptcy, Personal Injury and Real Estate
Sanford J. Melder has helped thousands of people as an attorney. He was admitted to the State Bar of Michigan in 1974. He graduated from Wayne State University with a Jurist Doctor in 1973, and Wayne State University with a Bachelor of Science in 1968. Sanford J. Melder has practiced law for over 30 years, representing clients in legal matters including Family Law, Divorce, Adoption, Real Estate, Debt Collection/Debt Collection Defense, Wills, Trusts & Estate Planning, Asset Protection, Criminal Defense, Traffic Matters, Drunk Driving, Business Law and Personal Injury. Areas of Practice: Family Law Divorce Adoption Real Estate Debt Collection/Debt Collection Defense Wills, Trusts & Estate Planning Asset...
Pavol Fabian
141 Ionia Ave NW Fl 2
Free ConsultationConstruction, Business, DUI & DWI and Real Estate
Mr. Trevor A Stewart
Northville, MI Construction Law Lawyer with 9 years of experience
(248) 912-0670 41000 West Seven Mile Road, Ste 230
Free ConsultationConstruction, Arbitration & Mediation, Estate Planning and Real Estate
Our attorneys have over 28 years of experience in serving our client's personal and business legal needs in several practice areas. We are fully committed to zealously protecting our client's interests through diligent representation.
Alan Himelhoch
Grand Blanc, MI Construction Law Attorney with 34 years of experience
(810) 767-3600 G9460 South Saginaw Road
Grand Blanc, MI 48439
Construction, Arbitration & Mediation, Business and Collections
Clifford Dovitz
Bloomfield Hills, MI Construction Law Lawyer with 40 years of experience
(248) 758-2141 1750 S Telegraph Rd
Construction, Bankruptcy, Business and Collections
John M. Freel
Tawas City, MI Construction Law Lawyer with 30 years of experience
540 W Lake St
Tawas City, MI 48763
Construction, Insurance Claims, Insurance Defense and Personal Injury
David Oppliger
Port Huron, MI Construction Law Attorney
(810) 966-1881 1111 Pine Grove Ave
Construction, Environmental, Personal Injury and Real Estate
Attorney with over 25 years experience. Practice is located in Port Huron Michigan which is one hour north of Detroit on the shores of the St. Clair River and Lake Huron.
Mr. Denis C. Monahan
Troy, MI Construction Law Attorney with 48 years of experience
Troy, MI 48099-4328
Eleanor Cattron Smith
(313) 961-1000 SOUTHFIELD, MI 48037
Construction, Bankruptcy, Business and Consumer
Robert Giroux
Southfield, MI Construction Law Attorney with 29 years of experience
Free ConsultationConstruction, Civil Rights, Medical Malpractice and Personal Injury
Roger Quentin Hyde
Clinton Township, MI Construction Law Lawyer with 42 years of experience
(586) 263-9380 42815 Garfield
Construction, Business, Personal Injury and Real Estate
Wide array of experience in 40 years of practice.
Construction Attorneys in Nearby Cities
Construction Attorneys in Nearby Counties
The Oyez Lawyer Directory contains lawyers who have claimed their profiles and are actively seeking clients. Find more Freeland Construction Lawyers in the Justia Legal Services and Lawyers Directory which includes profiles of more than one million lawyers licensed to practice in the United States, in addition to profiles of legal aid, pro bono and legal service organizations.