William Trent House and Museum
This house museum is the oldest standing structure in Trenton, New Jersey. Constructed for Trenton's founder in William Trent in 1719, the home contains exhibits that reflect the colonial period and the growth of the Trenton. The stately home passed though some of the most influential families before the property was donated in 1929 for the purpose of creating a museum.
The front Of the William Trent house.
A portion of the interior of the William Trent House.
This historic home was built in 1719 by William Trent and it is the oldest standing structure in the city of Trenton. William Trent was born circa 1653 in Scotland and he emigrated to America with his brother in 1682. He appeared on the Philadelphia tax rolls as of 1693. Trent made a fortune as an importer of many commodities including wine and rum. He was also involved in the buying and selling of enslaved people and indentured servants. Trent built this plantation estate and the surrounding community came to be known as "Trent Town" It later became officially incorporated as Trenton. William Trent died on Christmas day 1724 and his son James inherited his entire estate. This was contested by Mary Coddington Trent. She sued for her dower rights and won, collecting rents on Trent's properties and profits from his mills for several years after Trent's death.
William Trent Jr. was born circa 1715 in Philadelphia, four years before the William Trent Sr. built the Trenton home. William Trent entered the trading business and is best-known for his involvement in the French-Indian War as a Captain of the Virginia Regiment. He was promoted to Captain at the beginning of the war in 1754 served under young Lieutenant Colonel George Washington, the future inaugural President of the United States.
In 1760, Trent became a member of a trading firm in Fort Pitt at the confluence of the Allegheny River, Monongahela River, and Ohio River. Fort Pitt was England's attempt to gain control over the trade with area tribes and wrest control over the area from the French. According to the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, "During the summer of 1763, while stationed at Fort Pitt, William Trent kept a journal and orderly book, which together present one of the most detailed and complete accounts of the Indian siege on the British settlements." William Trent died five years later in 1787.
After the passing of William Trent senior, a number of Trenton's most prestigious families including three New Jersey Governors, a physician, and a colonel lived in the home. In 1929, Edward Ansley Stokes gave the property to the City of Trenton. The house was restored to its original appearance in the early 1930s and it has served as a local history museum since 1939.. The building was added NRHP (National Register of Historic Places) in 1970.
“Edward Ansley Stokes and the William Trent House.” Historian's Blog, riverviewcemetery.blogspot.com/2015/12/edward-ansley-stokes-and-william-trent.html.
“William Trent House Historical Marker.” Historical Marker, 16 June 2016, www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=4153.
“William Trent.” Exploring Diversity in Pennsylvania History, The Historical Society Of Pennsylvania, hsp.org/sites/default/files/attachments/trentbiographicalnote.
William Trent House Museum on American Heritage
Video from CSPAN on the William Trent house.
1719 William Trent House Museum—The Significance of New Jersey’s Colonial History By Samantha Luft
Trenton , New Jersey 08611
Weds-Sun 1-4:30
Created by Derek Mendola on February 26th 2018, 11:25:45 am.
Last updated by Clio Admin on September 13th 2021, 2:47:27 pm.
Walking Tour of Trenton New Jersey
This tour begins at the historic home of city founder William Trent and includes several historic buildings and landmarks as well as the New Jersey State Museum. The tour concludes at the famous monument that commemorates the American victory in the Battle of Trenton on December 26, 1776.
History Beneath Your Feet
Archaeology of a Capital City


Home Media List Of Pastors You Can Watch On Netflix
List Of Pastors You Can Watch On Netflix
As at May 2019, you can now access sermons by four popular Christian pastors on Netflix.
These are the Pastors You Can Watch On Netflix
Pastor Andy Stanley is the founder and senior pastor of North Point Community Church, Buckhead Church, Browns Bridge Church, Gwinnett Church, Woodstock City Church, and Decatur City Church.
A Communicator, Author and Pastor, he also founded North Point Ministries, which is a worldwide Christian organization.
Joyce Meyer is a Charismatic Christian author and one of the world’s leading Bible teachers and speakers. She is also the president of Joyce Meyer Ministries worldwide.
Joyce is a New York Times bestselling author, and her books have helped millions of people find hope and restoration through Jesus Christ. She also has her own syndicated television and radio program called “Enjoying Everyday Life” and a magazine titled “Enjoying Everyday Life”.
Ed Young
Edwin Barry “Ed” Young is the founding and senior pastor of Fellowship Church. He is New York Times and Amazon Best-Selling author, with an international ministry that includes the televised broadcast, Ed Young Television, C3 Global, the C3 Conference, and Fellowship Live.
Steven Furtick
Steven Furtick Jr. is a pastor, songwriter, and New York Times best-selling author. As founder and lead pastor, he has helped grow the multi-site Elevation Church into a global ministry through online streaming, television, and the music of Elevation Worship.
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Cross Over Night & Miracle Service 2021 With Apostle Joshua Selman
Crossover Night (31st Dec. 2021) With Pastor Mensa Otabil – Live Stream


The Impact of Advertising in the Development of the Mass Media in Nigeria
Home Complete Research Project Topics and Materials In Nigeria The Impact of Advertising in the Development of the Mass Media in Nigeria
With abstract and reference
The Impact of Advertising in the Development of the Mass Media in Nigeria quantity
REVIEW LITERATURE
This chapter presents the review of related literature as related to this study. The sub-topic described under this chapter are;
Review of concept
Psychology effect of radio advertising on consumer’s behavior
Theoretical framework
2.1 Review of concept
By its definition advertisement is a unidirectional and paid form of communication that is used to disseminate the product or services information, (Wells, Burnett, & Moriarty, 2007). Companies invest heavily on advertisement campaigns. An estimate of spending on advertisement in 2005 around the world is $300 Billion (Laczniak, 2008). The primary focus of advertisement is to enhance the business profitability; therefore, companies ignore many social aspects while designing an advertisement campaign. In contemporary marketing practices, advertisement means to create a need of the product in the mind of the consumers to influence its mind in a way that he feels thrust for that product weather he really needs that product or not (Singh, 1998). Advertisements no doubt are among the most visible of the marketing strategy and have been the subject of a great deal of attention in the last ten to fifteen years. Advertisement cannot only change emotions but give can subliminal message. Advertising today seems to be everywhere and ever present exerting a far reaching influence on the daily lives of people. Advertisements develop self-concepts in order to induce purchase decisions.
The six fundamental principles, on which advertising campaign run, have been unanimously agreed upon by researchers. These include (Shahid, 1999):
To score attention;
To arose interest;
To develop and sustain that interest;
To create desire;
To incite action; and
To create good will.
After choosing an appropriate strategy and deciding upon the advertising objectives, media selection is the next important consideration. Media are the vehicle that is used for the delivery of the message. Some important tools of advertisement are newspapers, magazines, radio, radio, direct mail and mail order, outdoor display and transportation (Wells, Burnett, and Moriarty, 2000). Advertisements are not intended to create sales in the short-term, even though this can be seen as a triumph. However, they try to create long-lasting relationships with their consumers and try to persuade others to buy their product. For this kind of long-lasting relationship to occur the advertisements have to be recalled by the public, which in turn will create some interest towards the product which may lead to a purchase. For this recollection to arise, advertisements use various strategies such as humour, jingles, and repetition of their advertising.
Heath, Brandt and Nairn (2006) in their research reveal that advertising associations attempt to accomplish three things: attention, brand awareness and persuasion. Much of the literature found in relation to advertising, is concerned with experiments on the memory of the consumer in order to discover what characteristics of advertisements are most likely to increase the remembrance of them. Characteristics of advertisements can be described as humorous, or those that have songs or jingles integrated in to them. This is an important factor when considering the effects of advertising since, most mental functioning operates unconsciously and the consciousness is of very little importance in the mental life of the consumers. It is important to mention that mass radio and a bombardment of TV advertising occurred after the Second World War, which had only been reinforced in the 1980s and 1990s which was seen as the decades of an obsession with advertising, especially radio and it has not diminished since then but rather it has increased due to new mediums, such as the Internet, in which companies advertise their products and brands, reaching a much larger proportion of consumers (Gordon, 2006).
Jin (2003) in his survey, talks about the positive effect news exposure of adverts has on the interest and memory of the public, as it is seen in a non-advertising context, which may create more interest from the consumers and may have a different implication on them towards the product, than rather just seeing it in an advertisement. Smit, Van Meurs and Neijens (2006) in their research also indicate that the likeability of an advertisement increases the possibility of the consumer to notice them and enhance the chances of the brand being bought. It is highly likely that likeability can be described as entertainment, relevance, clearness and pleasantness, in which relevance of a commercial with the product that is being advertised is seen as a significant factor in altering the belief of the viewer’s.
2.2 The Nature of Radio Advertising
The radio as a medium is the most attractive and important place to advertise. Most of the young people remain glued to the radio and enjoy what they see. According to McLuhan(1964) cited in Sambe, J.A. (2008), radio advertisement is generally considered the most effective mass market advertising and this is reflected by the high prices radio networks charge for advertising airtime during popular radio events. Radio advertisements appear between shows, but also interrupt the programme at intervals. This method of screening advertisement is intended to capture or grab the attention of the audience and keep the viewer focused on the radio shows so that they will not want to change the channel. Instead, they will (hopefully) watch the advertisement while waiting for the next segment of the show. This is a technique of adding suspense, especially if the break occurs at a cliff hanger moment in the show. Rana (1995) undertook a study on TV advertisements and expressed that among the media, the impact of radio advertisement on social behaviour, including purchasing behaviour was the greatest. The reason being that radio has charm, instantaneous transmission capability and universality of appeal. Radio advertising employs attention grabbing trick such as catchy and pleasing music, lyrics, Jingles, humour and repeated messages. The impact of the advertisements is more on radio than the print media or radio.
Although radio advertising has been found to have great influence on consumer behaviour, many people still deny being influenced by advertisements. However, Levis (1995) found that individuals who deny being influenced by advertisements unconsciously bought widely radio advertised products. Cheskin came to the conclusion that the effectiveness of radio advertisement is mostly below the threshold of consciousness, but unconsciously, we are affected by them. Krugman (1975) in support of the fact stipulated that “The public lets down its guard to the repetitive commercial use of the radio medium and it easily changes its way of perceiving products and brands without thinking very much about it at the time of radio exposure. Levisohn et al (1977) cited by Strasburger,(2001) mentioned in their study on radio advertisement that it has become, for example, a truism to observe that the impact of an advertisement is determined by complex interactions involving the product advertised, the appeal that is made on its behalf and the consumers.‟
Radio advertisement is also affected by the extent to which it rightly addresses the motives of the prospects. These motives of behaviour are generally accepted as mainly fear, sex, anger and happiness. By doing this, the advertiser is well on his way to helping the consumer reap the benefits of advertising.
Williams, Perreemlt and Jerome (1996:5-6) and Eric (1997) pointed out that the important element in defining advertising is the special relationship between a customer’s need and a product’s need satisfying potentials so that influence could be established among the consumer. The above defined this relationship as the utility which is seen as the products ability to satisfy both functional needs and symbolic (or psychological) wants. It is on this basis that scholar in advertising established their stand on the influence of radio commercials on consumer behaviour.
Arens (2004) notes that advertisements have a hold on their audience behaviour. This is because they; first develop customers perception of the product itself (awareness, attitude, interest) and then a belief in the product ability (value) to satisfy the consumer’s perceived wants or need (utility). The greater the potential value or utility of the need satisfying product. The submission above implies that, the effect of radio advertisement on consumer is a clearly predetermined issue that advertisers reel out while making conscious effort to sway consumer behaviour even before the consumers think of anything in that light. This is the powerful effect and influence of the advertising media which advertisers have come to fully appreciate.
Arens (Op.cit.) further states that a “radio commercial can simultaneously capture customer’s attention and stimulate their emotions towards the goal of need or want fulfillment”. What he advocates here is that the radio commercial stimulate a need or utility that was not part of the consumer plan and urged him or her to fulfill it based on prescription from the media. This is an illustration of radio advertisment influence on consumer’s behaviour.
William (1997) on his view noted that “if customers are aware of the product and it value and if they decide to satisfy it, then they are more likely to act in a manner that suggest a shift of grounds. Advertisers spend a huge amount of money to keep individuals and group of individuals interested in their product. They have to understand what makes potential customers behave the way they do. Williams (Op.cit), postulated that the advertiser’s goal is to get enough and relevant market data to develop accurate profiles of buyers to find the common ground for communication in a bid to influence consumer behaviour which is seen as, “the mental and emotional processes and the physical activities of people who purchase and use goods and services to satisfy particular needs and wants”.
2.3 Psychological effect of radio advertising on consumer’s behaviour
According to. Kotler (2003), there are four key psychological processes — motivation, perception, learning, and memory – fundamentally influencing the customer responses to marketing stimuli. Jokubauskas (2007) also attributes the cognitive aspects, i.e. senses, reasoning, language and perception, to the psychological impact of advertising, although the author does not present the hierarchy of these aspects. Therefore, based on the other authors’ hierarchical division, the cognitive aspects could be divided as follows: firstly, the customer’s attention is concentrated, then perception, cognition though the customer’s emotions and different senses, reasoning take place and then follows the advert assimilation. In Dolak’s (2007) model of the advertising stages impact Attention, Interest, Desire, Action (AIDA) are distinguished. The DAGMAR model distinguishes Awareness, Comprehension, Conviction, Action (Keith, 2006).
All above mentioned models distinguish similar aspects occurring when the customer sees adverts. Kotwal, Gupta and Devi (2008) studied on the impact of TV advertisements on buying pattern of adolescent girls revealed that the advertisement played a vital role in introducing a new product in the family list and making better choice during shopping. Similarly, Jennifer, John, Bargh and Brownell (2009) explored the priming effects of radio food advertising on eating behavior. He found that children consumed 45% more when exposed to food advertising when we watched a cartoon that contained either food advertising for other product and a snack while watching. Mickel (1990) studied the effects of commercial radio on Iraqi consumer. They found that their radio advertisement offer knowledge about the advertising company and their products. In addition, the show time and quality of the advertisement affect directly the consumer behavior.
Burnet (1989,) opines that the process consumers go through in making a purchase varies considerably between low-involvement and high-involvement situations. Product decisions that serve high personal relevance and contain a high perceived risk are called high-involvement purchase, and they necessitate complex decision making. Products at the opposite end of the relevance/risk continuum are low involvement purchases that requires simple decision making.
Furthermore, Stephen and Tanneholz (1994) express that limited memory is a strong indent in consumer behavioural influence by radio advertisements. They argued that experience consumer receive from using a brand solidifies their perceptions can rarely be change through advertising alone”. It figures out that influence is not only a factor of advertising but equally of other variable which have already been listed by Arens (1999) and which includes the product itself. At the cover of his book Contemporary advertising, Arens observed that “advertising can create an image but a reputation must be earned”.
Thus, peak milk radio advertising can influence consumer behavior but it can only do that through the reputation of the product. Invariably it is a case of good product that needs a little push from advertising to make it exceptional.
Ibrahim (2002) declares that “advertising has become part of our society because it affects our choice of goods, our economic status and social behavior. The use of the verb ‘affect’ implies that advertising has strong influence and effect on behavior weather social, economic, or religious behavioral pattern. Like what is generally believed by scholars that even those that are illiterate, poor or who cannot read newspapers watch radio and are affected one way or the other because what is seen and heard sticks to the memory. Ibrahim further declare that advertisement are usually taken for granted but they can easily influence our purchasing decisions”, equally asserting that “not only do advertisements sell goods and services they are commodities themselves”.
Suffice it to say that, all the products used by a customer are not necessarily those of advertisements they liked. The key lies not only in the attractiveness of the advertisements, but also the interest of the target (Dubey and Patel, 2004).
2.4 Theoretical Framework
According to Sevenrin and Tankard (2001), theory is “a set of systematic generalizations based on scientific observations and leading to further empirical observations”. McQuail (2010) sees a theory as consisting of a set of ideas of varying status and origin, which seek to explain or interpret some phenomena.
Theory is a formulated general principle used for better understanding of ideas, issues or concepts. It is an assumption or system of assumptions, accepted principles, and rules of procedure based on limited information or knowledge, devised to analyze, predict, or otherwise explain the nature or behaviour of a specified set of phenomena or abstract reasoning. It relates the past with the present for the sake of the future. The theories that will help in fashioning a path way for this study are the agenda setting theory and diffusion of innovation theory.
Agenda Setting Theory
Agenda setting describes a very powerful influence of the media – the ability to tell us what issues are important. As far back as 1922, the newspaper columnist Walter Lippman was concerned that the media had the power to present images to the public. McCombs and Shaw investigated presidential campaigns in 1968, 1972 and 1976. In the research done in 1968 they focused on two elements: awareness and information. Investigating the agenda-setting function of the mass media, they attempted to assess the relationship between what voters in one community said were important issues and the actual content of the media messages used during the campaign. McCombs and Shaw concluded that the mass media exerted a significant influence on what voters considered to be the major issues of the campaign. Agenda-setting is the creation of public awareness and concern of salient issues by the news media. Two basis assumptions underlie most research on agenda-setting: (1) the press and the media do not reflect reality; they filter and shape it; (2) media concentration on a few issues and subjects leads the public to perceive those issues as more important than other issues.
Similarly, mass media, radio in this regard, help to create awareness and exert influence on the consumers who are exposed to radio advertising of a particular product.
Diffusion of Innovation Theory
Diffusion research centres on the conditions which increase or decrease the likelihood that a new idea, product, or practice will be adopted by members of a given culture. Diffusion of innovation theory predicts that media as well as interpersonal contacts provide information and influence opinion and judgment. Studying how innovation occurs, Rogers (2003) argues that it consists of four stages: invention, diffusion (or communication) through the social system, time and consequences. The information flows through networks. The nature of networks and the roles opinion leaders play in them determine the likelihood that the innovation will be adopted.
Innovation diffusion research has attempted to explain the variables that influence how and why users adopt a new information medium, such as the Internet. Opinion leaders exert influence on audience behaviour via their personal contact, but additional intermediaries called change agents and gatekeepers are also included in the process of diffusion. Five adopter categories are: (1) innovators, (2) early adopters, (3) early majority, (4) late majority, and (5) laggards.
According to Rogers (2003), Diffusion is the “process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over a period of time among the members of a social system”. An innovation is “an idea, practice, or object that is perceived to be new by an individual or other unit of adoption”. “Communication is a process in which participants create and share information with one another to reach a mutual understanding.
CategoriesComplete Research Project Topics and Materials In Nigeria, List of Mass Communication Project Topics and Materials PDF
Value Added Tax as Medium Of Generating Funds
Taxation as A Source Of Government Revenue


ANTHRAX Singer Talks About Touring With MÖTLEY CRÜE And DIO
ANTHRAX vocalist John Bush recently spoke to KNAC.com about the group's latest CD, "The Greater of Two Evils", and touring, among other topics. Several excerpts from the interview follow:
KNAC.com: During those times when maybe a fan irritates you in a certain way or a guy from a different band says something that you don't like, do you ever think of speaking your peace through the press? Does anyone ever win a situation like that?
John Bush: "Is it ever a good thing to do? Hmm, I don't know. God love Dave Mustaine — I think he is an awesome talent and an all around great guy, but there is no denying that in the early days of MEGADETH all of the comments he threw METALLICA's way probably ended up helping them in some capacity. I don't know. It's just not my style. There have been plenty of bands that I've disliked, and there's been bands that I've loved. There are things that I appreciate that a band does and things that I think suck, but at the end of the day, what am I going to do? Am I going to go to the press with that? Who gives a shit? It's just my opinion. Just because I'm in a band doesn't mean that my opinion is any more important than anyone else's. I think of the bands who do that, about eighty percent of the time it comes back as a negative."
KNAC.com: On one hand some of it can make for a good story, but on the other, you run the risk of sounding like you're whining.
John Bush: "Yeah, it sounds like sour grapes or sounds like you're bitter or something. Why would you do that? I just seems kinda cheesy to me."
KNAC.com: Can you clarify what exactly happened at the end of that MÖTLEY CRÜE/MEGADETH tour a few years back? Did it end badly?
John Bush: "It ended badly in the sense that the tour wasn't doing very well. At the time there was a lot of competition during the summer of 2000. It was really busy. We were probably playing bigger venues than the bands at that time should have played. Ticket sales were struggling, and MÖTLEY wanted to cut everybody's pay. We couldn't afford to do that because then we would have been losing money. I mean, that was one of the reasons we did the tour was to make a little money—not shitloads — just some. Now, to take a loss to do that tour would have been an error, so three weeks in when they came to us wanting to cut our pay in half we couldn't do it. We weren't going to take tour support to do that tour. It would have been the stupidest thing we could ever do."
KNAC.com: That tour support would have basically just meant taking a loan from the record company, right?
John Bush: "Yeah, it all has to be paid back. For ANTHRAX to ever do that, it would have to be a situation where a group or us is playing to an audience who has never heard them before. If the case was where we were playing with a younger band like KORN or SYSTEM OF A DOWN where we would be playing in front of people who had never heard us, then it might make sense, but this wasn't like that. All we had out at that time was a greatest hits record that wasn't even that recent. It just didn't make a lot of sense to do it at that time. We were bummed because we had blocked off ten weeks for this tour, and we were back in three. It kind of screwed us up."
KNAC.com: What was it like recently hitting the road with DIO?
John Bush: "I had actually done a tour with him with ARMORED SAINT. It was great to be on the road with him and to be able to watch him every night because he is such an unbelievable singer. It was awesome. Again, that was a tour that probably wasn't exposing us to a whole new fan base, but we were also able to go out and play and make a little bit of money. We were just rocking out for the fans and doing what we do best."
Read John Bush's entire interview with KNAC.com at this location.


Breaking the Chain of Heart Attack
By Donna Sellmann
Not many people are worried about having a heart attack in their 40s. But for Joe Leone Introna, the approach of his 42nd birthday cast a dark shadow of concern. Six of his male relatives died at age 42. In fact, at least 14 men on his mother’s side of the family died between 40 and 43 years old. These were otherwise healthy men who dropped dead of a heart attack at a young age. Would Joe suffer the same fate?
At age 30, Joe developed atrial fibrillation, which was corrected and continually monitored by his electrophysiologist. Joe continued to be proactive and started pursuing a variety of cardiovascular tests. Then on February 5—at the ominous age of 42—Joe experienced sudden chest, arm and jaw pain. He fainted and was rushed to Jersey Shore University Medical Center. Although tests showed he had not suffered a heart attack, his symptoms persisted and doctors decided to perform a cardiac catheterization. This procedure allowed interventional cardiologist Nelson LaMarche, M.D., to look inside the arteries of Joe’s heart.
What he found was shocking.
Recipe for Relief
Joe’s left anterior descending (LAD) artery was 90 percent blocked. This blockage is often called a “widow maker” because it prevents blood from passing through the LAD, and the heart can quickly run out of oxygen and stop beating, leading to sudden death. Joe was immediately rushed into surgery where thoracic surgeon David Johnson, M.D., performed a triple bypass. Healthy blood vessels were used to replace the blocked portions of three arteries and save Joe’s life.
After recovering in the hospital for six days, Joe went home to his wife and five kids, and began rehabilitation. This started with several home visits by nurses, then transitioned to the five-week outpatient cardiac rehabilitation program at Ocean Medical Center.
“While I was in the hospital, the doctors told me that I would feel much better once I healed,” says Joe. “It’s remarkable how right they were. I feel great and keep blood flowing to my heart by exercising regularly. I enjoy walking and swimming, and I love boxing every day. My circulation has improved, the varicose veins in my legs are less noticeable, and I sleep better. I feel amazing.”
Joe owns a thriving business with two Joe Leone’s Italian Specialties stores in Point Pleasant Beach and Sea Girt, New Jersey. As a professional chef, his work life revolves around recipes, so this experience made him think about his “health recipe.” He was determined to go through the “ingredients” in his life—key factors like diet, exercise and family history—and understand what went wrong.
A key factor was his family history of heart disease. While Joe was recovering at home, he had time to research and learn more about his family genetics. With relatives in the United States and Italy, he learned more about the 14 male deaths in his family. He learned that they were all sudden and all relatives on
his mother’s side of the family. Interestingly, none of the females in the family had heart issues.
“When you go through something like this, your emotions are hooked to your heart,” Joe says. “You do a lot of thinking. I wanted to understand how it happened and know what the results would be.”
Expertise Close to Home
Cardiologist Brett Sealove, M.D., is handling Joe’s follow-up care. “Unfortunately, when it comes to the heart, there’s currently no genetic test for coronary disease,” Dr. Sealove says. “The genes are so vast and large that it is extremely complex.”
However, he stresses that healthy behaviors should start early. “You are never too young to take matters into your own hands if your family has a history of heart disease,” he says. “Be proactive and talk with your physician to determine inherent risks as well as the family history profile.”
While there is not one single test that encompasses everything for heart health, there are non-invasive tests that can screen for heart disease and stroke. Evaluation and treatment can then be individualized and addressed specific to each patient.
In Joe’s case, he is thankful to have great resources and expertise so close to home. “Part of recovering was to surrender to the doctors. I have tremendous faith in them,” he says. “My new health recipe includes regular follow-ups with my physician, a lean diet and regular exercise. Plus, I also believe there’s an angel over my shoulder!”
What to Know About Heart Screening
AngioScreen® is a comprehensive heart and vascular screening from Hackensack Meridian Health. In just 15 minutes, this simple, noninvasive evaluation will help identify your risk for heart disease and stroke, so you can take charge and lead a heart-healthy life.
Every AngioScreen includes:
Carotid Artery Ultrasound: scans for blockages and plaque in the neck arteries
Peak Systolic Velocity: gauges blood flow to check for blockages and narrowing
Ankle Brachial Index: checks for blockages in the leg arteries
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Ultrasound: measures details that help detect an aneurysm
before it ruptures
Modified EKG: shows the rhythm of the heart
Blood pressure, pulse and body mass index (BMI) checks
Private consultation with a registered nurse
Instant results to share with your doctor
Next Steps & Resources:
Learn more about comprehensive cardiac care services close to home.
To make an appointment with a cardiologist, call 800-822-8905 or visit our website.
The material provided through HealthU is intended to be used as general information only and should not replace the advice of your physician. Always consult your physician for individual care.
After a Triple Bypass, Where is He Now?
In 2019, Joe Leone's worst fears almost became reality. At age 42, he was rushed to Jersey Shore University...
Heart Care You Can Trust, Close to Home
Rosa Martinez is used to working hard. The mother of five was on her feet working at a warehouse job.
Meet Rosa
Just Like New After Cardiac Stents
In April 2017, Mike Fleming, 61, of Hazlet, New Jersey, was at the candle factory where he has worked for 15 years as an electrical and mechanical engineer when he felt a terrible pain on his left side.
Big Heart, Big Fix
Attorney Gerald Dienst was diagnosed with congestive heart failure and atrial fibrillation in 2012. Today, a remarkable new device is reducing his risk of blood clots and stroke, and ensuring he can continue helping his clients.
Meet Gerald
Cardiac Calcium Scan Saves One Man’s Life
When team members were recruited to test the new cardiac calcium scan procedure, Kevin Jester, signed up, not because he had any worries about his heart health - he just wanted to do his part.
Family Support Through a Heart Attack
Since receiving LVAD therapy, Legrand says he’s feeling better than he did before he had a heart attack.
Meet Legrand


Parks-Storm Water Sales Tax Discussed by Parks & Rec.
By Dana Raker | November 4, 2021 | 0
The Holden Parks & Recreation Board discussed the upcoming ballot issue of the continuation of the parks sales tax measure, at its regular September meeting.
The local parks/city storm water issue will be proposed to voters on the April 2022 ballot.
Parks & Rec discussed the language/verbiage to be used on the ballot.
Mayor Liz Weeks was in attendance at the meeting and said she would check with the city attorney to see if the ballot language was complete.
In personnel business, Member Andrew Wakeman discussed the Park Board’s need to hire a part-time employee, if the sales tax measure passes in April.
Wakeman explained the person hired would work an average of 10 hours a week.
Responsibilities would include – park maintenance, grant writing, public relations, calendar management, etc.
He went on to say this is being mentioned at this time so Park Board members can consider this suggestion over the next few months.
Clarification was given, stating that the Park Board cannot do the hiring, that is done by the mayor.
However, the Park Board can hold interviews and make a recommendation for hiring someone.
In calendar news, the board discussed upcoming events at the park for the remainder of 2021.
At the time of the meeting, plans were still in the works for the Pumpkins in the Park event, which was held October 23, and it was mentioned the Holden PTO volunteered to help with the event.
In other future park events, the board discussed the upcoming Christmas in the Park event, with a kick-off date of December 11.
Displays will be welcome in the park from November 20 throughout the Christmas season.
Member Rhonda Wakeman presented options for various displays and said they could be added to each year.
Member Katey Summer motioned to amend the initial budget for displays to $2,499.
After a second to the motion, the board voted to approve.
Santa will be attending the kick-off event on December 11, and Katey will verify that he is confirmed for that day.
Rhonda volunteered to send out flyers to local businesses and organizations.
All local businesses, churches and organizations are welcome and encouraged to join in displaying holiday greetings to the community through the Christmas in the Park event.
In other park news, it was reported the Holden Street Department paved the back parking lot and area by the restrooms at the city park.
Members were told it would probably be spring or summer of 2022 before the remaining parking lot gets repaved.
The Park Board will need to purchase speed bumps at that time.
The group also discussed the fact that the 4-H/FFA barn and fencing are in need of attention.
It was decided to keep the fencing painted, but not put a lot of money into them since they haven’t been used for livestock for years.
In a Saddle Club agreement update, members discussed the recent rodeo/bull riding event held at the city park arena.
The rodeo and the concessions are sponsored by two different groups.
It was reported that this year trash was not cleaned up and trash cans were not emptied or returned to where they belong.
The rodeo crew helped clean up the next day; the concession group didn’t carry through with their responsibilities.
No one from the Park Board is certain who that group was.
They just know it was a softball group. It was decided going forward, that both groups will need to sign the Park Use Agreement.
In other business, Member David Anstine explained that he would like to use the brush pile at the park to have a flag retirement ceremony with the Boy/Cub Scouts.
The plan would be to do this on Veteran’s Day (November 11).
In other park business, city council liaison Jeremy Knox suggested installing restrooms at the park, using the center area of the barns. “This would allow us to have the portable restrooms removed,” Knox explained. “The cost of the portable ones is $90/month as of October 2021. “The budget used to pay for the portable restrooms would pay for the installation of restrooms in a few years.”
Knox is to research the project and get more concrete information and report back to the board.
In new business, Member Naomi Chastain requested that the corner of 3rd Street and Main Street, near City Hall, be made into a Desert Storm Veteran Memorial Park.
Members were told if it is changed to a park, the Park Board would take over the maintenance and upkeep of this area.
The issue was tabled for further discussion at a later date. Members voted to adjourn the September meeting and will reconvene October 28.


FILIPPO ZAPPONI
Biography
Filippo Zapponi was born in 1976, in Milan. He began composing as a child and at the age of seventeen he entered the classes of Ivan Fedele and Giorgio Colombo Taccani at the Civica Scuola di Musica di Milano and at the Sezione di Musica Contemporanea, in Milan. In 1997, he was enrolled in Ivan Fedele's class at the Como Conservatory of Music “Giuseppe Verdi” and graduated with honours in 2000. Since 1997 he was also a student of Ivan Fedele at the Conservatoire National de Région de Strasbourg (France) where he graduated in 2001. In 1999-2001 he was Ivan Fedele's assistant and he worked at Luciano Berio's Centro Tempo Reale, in Florence.
In 2001 he moved to France, in that year he studied with Brian Ferneyhough, Brice Pauset and Stefano Gervasoni at the Session de composition du programme “Voix nouvelles” at the Fondation Royaumont, near Paris. In 2002, he was again Ferneyhough's student at the Centre Acanthes (Avignon, France) where he writed a piece for the Arditti Quartet.
Selected twice by the Ircam Reading Panel, he attended the Stage d'été (2006) and the Cursus I (2008-09) at Ircam (Paris) where he specialized in new technologies for music with Yan Maresz, Philippe Hurel, Philippe Manoury and Marco Stroppa.
From 2004 to 2007, he studied composition and analysis with Karlheinz Stockhausen (Stockhausen Courses Kürten) in Kürten, near Cologne (Germany). At the Stockhausen Foundation for Music, he also organized an annual meeting of composers.
In 2007, he graduated with honours in Musicology from the University of Strasbourg with a dissertation on Stockhausen's opera Freitag aus Licht.
His works, published since 2017 by BabelScores, have been performed in Europe, US, South America, Asia and Australia. Filippo Zapponi collaborates with many ensembles, soloists and festivals: Arditti Quartet, United Instruments of Lucilin, Accroche Note, Ensemble Linea, Sentieri Selvaggi, Ensemble Calliopée, Julien Leroy, Lorenzo Soulès, Mario Caroli, Jeffrey Lyman, Biennale Musica di Venezia, Festival Pablo Casals, Ircam, Philarmonie de Paris, Expo Milano 2015, Festival Musica, University of Michigan (Ann Arbor), Pomona College (Claremont, California), Soochow University School of Music (China), France Culture, Fondation de France, Musée Würth-France, Mamc-Strasbourg, Opéra-Théâtre of Metz, Arsenal Concert Hall, Opéra National du Rhin, Radio Svizzera, among others.
He has undertaken many musical projects with pedagogical purposes, such as the children's opera Opera Mundi (2003) and Le voyage des grues cendrées (2008), the latter was awarded the prize “S'Unir pour Agir” of the Fondation de France. He has also collaborated with the Blicke Dance Company on several international productions.
Filippo Zapponi has been teaching composition, analysis and orchestration at the Metz Conservatory “Gabriel Pierné” since 2008; he was appointed Professor (Professeur d'Enseignement Artistique Titulaire) in 2011 and Distinguished Professor (Professeur Hors Classe) in 2020.
In 2021, he led, with cellist and artistic director Claudio Pasceri, the composition workshop "Oltre le note" in Portacomaro (Asti, Italy) as part of the EstOvest Festival.
In 2018-19 he taught composition at the stage "La Voce" in Bièvre, near Paris (France), together with Christine Musset (Feldenkrais) and Claudio Pasceri (violoncello).
In 2017, he taught composition at the 22nd Musicalta Academy, Rouffach (France) and, from 2005 to 2014, he taught composition, analysis and orchestration at the University of Strasbourg (CFMI – Centre de Formation de Musiciens Intervenants). He has also given applied analysis seminars at the Cefedem de Lorraine (Metz, France).
Athique I, for flute and piano, was the winner of the Counterpoint-Italy International Composition Competition 2018 and was premiered in New York (Marillac Theatre, St. John's University).
In 2015, Filippo Zapponi was awarded the first prize at the prestigious 6th International Composition Competition “Festival Pablo Casals” in Prades.
In 2014, he was selected, out of more than 600 composers, at the International Composition Competition « Feeding Music – Compositions From the World for Italian Pavilion Expo Milano 2015 » for a new commission for ensemble and electronics which was featured twice at Expo Milano 2015.
He was awarded the prize “S'Unir pour Agir” of the Fondation de France for the project Le voyage des grues cendrées, in 2008.
Filippo Zapponi won twice the first prize at the XXI and XXII Composition Competition “Castello di Belveglio”, in 1999 and 2000.
© F.Z.
Filippo Zapponi © 2022


Elton John - Your Song
"Your Song" is a song by English musician Elton John from his self-titled second studio album (1970). It was written by John and his longtime collaborator Bernie Taupin.
"Your Song" was first released by American rock band Three Dog Night in March 1970 on their third studio album, It Ain't Easy. John was an opening act for the band at the time and allowed them to record it. They did not release it as a single as they wanted to let John, then an upcoming artist, have a go with it.
John's version was recorded at Trident Studios in London in January 1970 and was released in the United States in October 1970 as the B-side to "Take Me to the Pilot". Both songs received airplay, but "Your Song" was preferred by disc jockeys and replaced "Take Me to the Pilot" as the A-side, eventually making it to number eight on the Billboard chart. The song also peaked at number seven on the UK Singles Chart, as well as charting in the top 10 in several other countries.
In 1998, "Your Song" was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. In 2004, the song was placed at number 136 on Rolling Stone's list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time", 137 in its 2010 list, and 202 in its 2021 list. The song is listed among the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll. A demo version was included in John's 1990 box set album To Be Continued. In 2017, the song was voted by the British public as The Nation's Favourite Elton John Song in a UK-wide poll for ITV.
It's a little bit funny, this feeling inside
I'm not one of those who can easily hide
I don't have much money, but, boy, if I did
I'd buy a big house where we both could live
If I was a sculptor, heh, but then again, no
Or a man who makes potions in a traveling show
I know it's not much, but it's the best I can do
My gift is my song, and this one's for you
And you can tell everybody this is your song
It may be quite simple, but now that it's done
I hope you don't mind, I hope you don't mind that I put down in words
How wonderful life is while you're in the world
I sat on the roof and kicked off the moss
Well, a few of the verses, well, they've got me quite cross
But the sun's been quite kind while I wrote this song
It's for people like you that keep it turned on
So excuse me forgetting, but these things I do
You see, I've forgotten if they're green or they're blue
Anyway, the thing is, what I really mean
Yours are the sweetest eyes I've ever seen


Home Movie Top 10 most expensive element in the world They Hide From You
Top 10 most expensive element in the world They Hide From You
The 10 Most Expensive Elements (Price per KG)
1. Polonium-209 ($49.2 trillion)
2. Actinium-255 ($29 trillion)
3. Technetium-99m ($1.9 trillion)
4. Berkelium-249 ($185 billion)
5. Californium-249 ($185 billion)
6. Curium-248 ($160 billion)
7. Californium-252 ($60 billion)
8. Curium-244 ($185 million)
9. Plutonium-239 ($6.49 million)
10. Americium-241 ($728,000)
Extra Information About most expensive element in the world That You May Find Interested
What's the Most Expensive Element? | Daily Infographic
8 Most Expensive Elements Found Around the World
The Five Most Expensive Elements in the World – Money Inc
Prices of chemical elements – Wikipedia
These 10 materials are the most expensive in the world
Top 10 Most Expensive Elements On Earth – Wonderslist
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Video About most expensive element in the world
>4:14For more videos, follow me on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ScienceNaturePage/#Francium #Chemistry #periodicTable.YouTube · Hashem Al-Ghaili · Feb 28, 20194 key moments in this video
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the Most Expensive Element? | Daily Infographic
Everything we know is made of elements, and thanks to the Earth, there are a variety of elements to make everything we need. Over the years, many elements have been discovered, some of which are very precious and expensive, while others elements are readily available and cheap. But, what’s the most expensive element?
The cost of elements depends on their availability, isotope, and the resources required to manufacture them. Out of the discovered elements, below are the top ten most expensive elements and their uses.
Polonium-209 is used as a static eliminator, and it can also be used for atomic weapons and as a heat source for satellites and spacecraft. This is also one of the rarest elements available.
Actinium-255 is a decay product from thorium-229, and it contains high energy particles believed to interrupt the DNA of cancer cells and prevent them from duplicating. For this reason, it is used as a therapy for cancer treatment for leukemia, as well as prostate and brain cancer.
Technetium-99m is used to image body parts for medical diagnostics. It is mainly used for diagnostic imaging for the heart, skeleton, liver, bone marrow, and spleen, among other medical studies.
Berkelium-249 has a 330-day half-life and is used as an ingredient in synthesizing heavy elements like tennessine.
Californium-249 is a powerful neutron emitter used to identify metal fatigue and to spot silver and gold ores. It’s also used in mobile metal detectors.
Curium-248 is a moderate neutron source used in the production of plutonium-238.
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Because of its radioactive properties, Californium-252 is used in various applications — including cancer treatment, nuclear reactors, and in the military — to help in detecting explosives.
Curium-244 is a radioactive heat source for isotope thermoelectric generators.
Plutonium-239 is manufactured from uranium and is used as an ingredient to make nuclear weapons.
Americium-241 is used in various detectors to detect smoke or toxic lead in paints.
Author: dailyinfographic.com
Sumary: Everything we know is made of elements, and thanks to the Earth, there are a variety of elements to make everything we need. Over the years, many elements have been discovered, some of which are very precious and expensive, while others are readily available and cheap. But, what’s the most expensive element?
Matching Result: The 10 Most Expensive Elements (Price per KG) · 1. Polonium-209 ($49.2 trillion) · 2. Actinium-255 ($29 trillion) · 3. Technetium-99m ($1.9 …
Intro: What’s the Most Expensive Element? | Daily Infographic Everything we know is made of elements, and thanks to the Earth, there are a variety of elements to make everything we need. Over the years, many elements have been discovered, some of which are very precious and expensive, while others elements are readily available and cheap. But, what’s the most expensive element? The cost of elements depends on their availability, isotope, and the resources required to manufacture them. Out of the discovered elements, below are the top ten most expensive elements and their uses. The 10 Most Expensive Elements (Price per…
Source: https://dailyinfographic.com/whats-the-most-expensive-element
Author: rarest.org
Sumary: Altogether, scientists have discovered 118 elements. Just like the universe itself, the exact history and origins of these elements are unknown, but scientists have been … Read more
Matching Result: Francium is the most expensive element on Earth. Before this insanely rare element was discovered in 1939, Russian scientist Dmitry I.
Intro: 8 Most Expensive Elements Found Around the WorldAltogether, scientists have discovered 118 elements. Just like the universe itself, the exact history and origins of these elements are unknown, but scientists have been steadily learning more about the materials that build our entire world.When it comes to classifying elements, the story starts in the 19th century with the birth of Dmitri Mendeleev. Dmitri was a Russian scientist who developed an early version of the periodic table. This version, which was completed in 1871, intentionally left blank spaces where Dmitri believed newly discovered elements would fit in the future — and it…
Source: https://rarest.org/nature/expensive-elements
Author: moneyinc.com
Sumary: The Earth is a truly wondrous and marvelous thing. Even after thousands of years of human existence, there are still so many new discoveries left to be
Matching Result: The Five Most Expensive Elements in the World ; 1 1. Francium – approximately $1 billion per gram ; 2 2. Californium – $25 million per gram ; 3 3.
Intro: The Five Most Expensive Elements in the World The Earth is a truly wondrous and marvelous thing. Even after thousands of years of human existence, there are still so many new discoveries left to be made. Some of the most interesting things about this lovely planet of ours are the natural elements that exist. There have been many elements that have been discovered throughout time—some are precious while others are not so much. There are probably hundreds more we haven’t even discovered yet. Out of all the elements that have been discovered here in the world, here are the five…
Source: https://moneyinc.com/most-expensive-elements-in-the-world/
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Sumary: This is a list of prices of chemical elements. Listed here are mainly average market prices for bulk trade of commodities. Data on elements’ abundance in Earth’s crust is added for comparison.
Matching Result: ZSymbolNameDensity (kg/L)Abundance and total mass in Earth’s crust ( mg/kg)US…1HHydrogen0.000089881400 (3.878×1019 kg)1.3912H (D)Deuterium0.000166713…2HeHelium0.00017850.008 (2.216×1014 kg)24.0View 121 more rows
Intro: Prices of chemical elements This is a list of prices of chemical elements. Listed here are mainly average market prices for bulk trade of commodities. Data on elements’ abundance in Earth’s crust is added for comparison. As of 2020, the most expensive non-synthetic element by both mass and volume is rhodium. It is followed by caesium, iridium and palladium by mass and iridium, gold and platinum by volume. Of those elements, rhodium, caesium and gold have only one stable isotope (133Cs, 103Rh and 197Au respectively), iridium has two (191Ir & 193Ir) whereas palladium and platinum both have several. Carbon in…
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prices_of_chemical_elements
Author: indiatoday.in
Sumary: So, while many believed gold to be costly, this list of most expensive materials on the planet will sure give rest to this belief. And by the way, gold did not even make it to this list! Check it out.
Matching Result: So, while many believed gold to be costly, this list of most expensive materials on the planet will sure give rest to this belief. And by the …
Intro: These 10 materials are the most expensive in the worldSo, while many believed gold to be costly, this list of most expensive materials on the planet will sure give rest to this belief. And by the way, gold did not even make it to this list! Top 10 most expensive materialsBy India Today Web Desk: The most valuable substances on earth tend to be expensive because of their rarity or because of the difficulty in producing them. Over time, the worth of expensive substances regularly changes as the availability of rare materials increases, or the desire for them decreases. Currently,…
Source: https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/ten-of-the-most-expensive-materials-in-the-world-973690-2017-04-27
Author: wonderslist.com
Sumary: What are most expensive elements on earth? This list contains 10 earth elements that are extremely rare, and some of them have demand in the market,
Matching Result: Top 10 Most Expensive Elements on Earth · 10. Gold : $56 per gram · 9. Rhodium — $58 per gram · 8. Platinum — $60 per gram · 7. Lanthanum – $64 per gram · 6.
Intro: Top 10 Most Expensive Elements On Earth – Wonderslist Chemical elements are building blocks of everything we see around us. There are 118 recognized elements, 94 of which occur naturally including iron, silver and gold, while others are synthetic, some examples of which are curium and californium. This list contains 10 earth elements that are extremely rare, and some of them have demand in the market, which makes them some of the most expensive elements on the planet. 10. Gold : $56 per gram Gold is one of the most widely known and used elements in the world, especially in…
Source: https://www.wonderslist.com/top-10-expensive-elements/
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If you have questions that need to be answered about the topic most expensive element in the world, then this section may help you solve it.
Polonium-209 ($49.2 trillion) …
Actinium-255 ($29 trillion) …
Technetium-99m ($1.9 trillion) …
Berkelium-249 ($185 billion) …
Californium-249 ($185 billion) …
Curium-248 ($160 billion) …
Californium-252 ($60 billion) …
Curium-244 ($185 million)
Just like berkelium, californium was named after its place of discovery: California. As the second-most expensive element in the world, californium has an estimated price tag of $27 million per gram. The rare and expensive element is radioactive, so it’s dangerous and difficult to handle
The least expensive elements are Carbon, Sulphur, and Chlorine which are cheap by their mass. Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Chlorine are the least expensive elements by their volume in the atmospheric pressure.
According to scientists, Francium price is $1 billion per gram. However, this is a theoretical estimate of the price since this amount has never been produced
Scandium and yttrium are considered rare-earth elements because they tend to occur in the same ore deposits as the lanthanides and exhibit similar chemical properties, but have different electronic and magnetic properties.
Astatine is a chemical element with the symbol At and atomic number 85. It is the rarest naturally occurring element in the Earth’s crust, occurring only as the decay product of various heavier elements. All of astatine’s isotopes are short-lived; the most stable is astatine-210, with a half-life of 8.1 hours.
Astatine (At) may be the rarest naturally occurring element in the Earth’s crust, but it is a member of the halogen family [fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At)] and is presumed to have characteristics similar to other Group 17 elements.
Make the purchase on your chosen platform
If you do have to purchase Californium with another crypto, you’ll need to first create a crypto wallet that supports Californium, then you’ll buy the first currency and use it to buy Californium on the platform you chose. If you get stuck, most platforms provide guides.
Element Astatine.
The rarest naturally occurring element in the universe. Discovered in 1940.
If you were to somehow amass a gram of Francium the cost is estimated to be around $1 billion.
Fusion requires several milligrams of the target element, and producing enough einsteinium (element 99) to make element 119 is impossible with today’s technology.
Please visit the Polonium element page for information specific to the chemical element of the periodic table. Polonium-200 atom is a polonium atom.


Martin Pasko
Martin Joseph "Marty" Pasko (born Jean-Claude Rochefort; August 4, 1954 – May 10, 2020)[2][3][4] was a Canadian comic book writer and television screenwriter.
Jean-Claude Rochefort
(1954-08-04)August 4, 1954
May 10, 2020(2020-05-10) (aged 65)
North Hills, California
Area(s)
Pseudonym(s)
Patti Enders
Kyle Christopher
Dr. Fate
The DC Vault
Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (co-writer)
Daytime Emmy Award, 1993, Batman: The Animated Series
Inkpot Award, 2013[1]
Pasko worked for many comics publishers, but is best known for his superhero stories for DC Comics over three decades. He wrote Superman in various media, including television animation, webisodes, and a syndicated newspaper strip for Tribune Media Services, as well as comic books. He also co-created the 1975 revamp of Doctor Fate.
1 Biography
1.1 Early life and career
1.2 Comics
1.2.1 The 1970s
1.2.3 The 1990s and 2000s
1.3 Television
1.3.1 Live action
1.3.2 Animation
1.4 2000s work
2 Family life
4 Comics bibliography
4.1 DC Comics
4.2 Disney Comics
4.3 Eclipse Comics
4.4 First Comics
4.5 Marvel Comics
4.6 Seaboard
4.7 Warren Publishing
5 Television and film credits
BiographyEdit
Early life and careerEdit
Pasko claimed to have been born as Jean-Claude Rochefort in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.[2] As a teenager, he was a regular contributor to comic book letter columns and co-published a fanzine,[5] Fantazine, with Alan Brennert, who is now a novelist. After attending Northwestern University[2] and New York University, Pasko settled in New York.
ComicsEdit
The 1970sEdit
Pasko's first published comics writing credit was a short story titled "Package Deal " for Warren Publishing's Creepy #51 (March 1973).[6] His first published work, however, was a story titled "Eye Opener," in Vampirella #20 (October 1972), which was erroneously credited to his friend and professional benefactor, Doug Moench.
Pasko started working for DC Comics and began his long association with Superman in 1973, as a result of his association with long-time editor Julius Schwartz. As a frequent contributor to Schwartz's letter columns, beginning in 1968, Pasko had been nicknamed "Pesky Pasko," in acknowledgment of the fact that his comments were more often than not acutely critical. His campaign to become a "lettercol regular," as a way of breaking into comics writing, was inspired and encouraged by his friend and benefactor, writer Mike Friedrich, who advised Pasko that a name that was recognizable from the letter columns would have an advantage in terms of over-the-transom, or "slush pile," contributions, by being more likely to be read before the submissions of writers unknown to the editor.
Pasko's first Superman-related story was a "Private Life of Clark Kent" backup feature in Superman #277 (July 1974).[6] In addition to writing backup stories and occasional other features in Action Comics during this period, such as The Atom, Pasko was the featured Superman writer from 1977–1979. DC Comics Presents, a team-up title starring Superman, was launched in 1978 by Pasko and artist José Luis García-López.[7] Pasko and Curt Swan created the Atomic Skull in Superman #323 (May 1978)[8][9] and the Master Jailer in Superman #331 (January 1979).[10] From 1979–1982, Pasko contributed stories to the Superman Family anthology title, including runs as the regular writer of the Jimmy Olsen and Supergirl features. In addition, during 1978 and 1979, Pasko scripted the syndicated newspaper comic strip The World's Greatest Superheroes which initially starred Superman, Batman, Robin, Wonder Woman, and The Flash, but gradually changed its focus to primarily feature Superman.
A solo Doctor Fate story in 1st Issue Special #9 (December 1975), written by Pasko and drawn by Walt Simonson, led to an important development in the life of the character. With this story, Pasko added the concept that the spirit of Nabu resided in Doctor Fate's helmet and took control of Fate's alter-ego Kent Nelson whenever the helmet was donned. In 1981 Roy Thomas incorporated this into his series All-Star Squadron, as an explanation of the changes in Fate's helmet and powers. In 1982, this led to DC featuring Kent and his wife Inza in a series of back-up stories, written by Pasko, in The Flash.[6][11] DC later collected Pasko's stories into a three-issue limited series titled The Immortal Dr. Fate (Jan. 1985 - March 1985).
Other titles Pasko wrote for DC included Wonder Woman from 1975–1977, featuring a major story arc documenting the heroine's attempt to gain readmission to the Justice League of America.[12] Wonder Woman had quit the organization after renouncing her powers.
Pasko wrote a number of issues of Justice League of America between 1974 and 1977; he was the regular writer of Metal Men in 1976–1977, and wrote all seven published issues of Kobra in 1976–1977, a feature he redeveloped and re-created, loosely based on a significantly-different concept originated by Jack Kirby. The story intended to be Kobra issue #8 appeared as the Batman story in DC Special Series #1.[13] In addition, Pasko wrote a number of issues of Adventure Comics between 1976 and 1980. He wrote a Daredevil prose story for Marvel Novel Series #9 (The Marvel Superheroes) in 1979 under the pseudonym of "Kyle Christopher".[14]
In his first comics-format work for Marvel Comics, Pasko was the regular scripter of that company's Star Trek comic book in 1980–1981. He helped Alan Brennert enter the comics industry by having Brennert co-write Star Trek #12 (March 1981) for Marvel.[15] Pasko was also a writer of the Star Trek comic strip from late 1982 through early 1983. In 1988, Pasko wrote an issue of the DC Star Trek comic book.
In 1982, Pasko and artist Thomas Yeates revived Swamp Thing, in a new series titled Saga of the Swamp Thing.[16] Pasko left Swamp Thing with issue #19 (Dec. 1983)[6] and was succeeded by Alan Moore, who took the title and the character in a different direction. Pasko wrote a number of issues of the First Comics version of Joe Staton's E-Man in 1983–1984.[6]
In 1988–1989 Pasko was a regular contributor to Action Comics during its stint as a weekly anthology, where he developed a new version of "The Secret Six". He also wrote the "Blackhawk" feature therein, based on the Howard Chaykin retcon, and the subsequent monthly title (1989–1990).[6]
The 1990s and 2000sEdit
In 1994, he wrote the Marvel Comics licensed series Gargoyles,[6] based on a Disney Television Animation series. He then returned to New York to serve as DC's Group Editor-Mass Market. While that was his official title, within the company he was known as the head of the Special Projects Group. In this capacity, he oversaw the production of DC's custom comics; licensed titles such as the Star Trek line; and various special projects such as the writing of stage and stunt shows for the Six Flags amusement park chain, and the writing and production of various webisodes for Warner Bros. Online. In this capacity, he also co-created, with his staff, and edited the horror satire Gross Point, which ran in 1997-98.
During his decade on staff at DC, Pasko wrote issues of Impulse, one of two stories in the Green Lantern issue of the 2004 Julius Schwartz tribute series DC Comics Presents, and the comics adaptation of the film Superman Returns. Until 2005, he was DC's liaison to Warner Bros. Studios, vetting scripts for WBA animated programming, all feature film, television, and animated development of DC brands, and the live-action series Smallville and Birds of Prey, as well as facilitating studio research by supplying comics and consulting on issues related to DC continuity.
Live actionEdit
In Los Angeles in the 1980s, Pasko wrote for or served as a writer/story editor on many live-action series, including Buck Rogers in the 25th Century, Fantasy Island, The Twilight Zone (the 1985-1989 CBS revival), Max Headroom, Simon & Simon, and Roseanne. Between 1985 and 1989, Pasko's writing and story editing partner was Rebecca Parr.
The partnership was dissolved in 1989, and Pasko's future TV writing credits were exclusively in animated programming. Parr continued working in sitcoms, notably becoming a writer and executive story consultant on Cheers.
AnimationEdit
Pasko began a long career in television animation in 1980, writing several episodes of Thundarr the Barbarian with Steve Gerber. Pasko's many other animated TV writing credits comprise series such as Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Exosquad, Teen Wolf, Berenstain Bears, G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero, and My Little Pony. Much, although not all, of this work was done in conjunction with Rebecca Parr.
For Thundarr the Barbarian, Pasko came up with the name of Ookla the Mok. In 1980, Gerber and Pasko were having dinner in the Westwood area one night during the period Gerber was writing the "bible" for the series. Gerber commented to Pasko that he had not yet decided upon a name for the Wookiee-like character the network had insisted be added to the series. As the two walked past the gate to the UCLA campus, Pasko quipped, "Why not call him Oo-clah?".[17] After writing several scripts, singly and in collaboration with Gerber, Pasko became a story editor on the second season.
After leaving the sitcom world at the end of the 1980s, Pasko wrote for such series as Bucky O'Hare and the Toad Wars, The Tick, Cadillacs and Dinosaurs (which he redeveloped in order to produce scripts acceptable to the network), and The Legend of Prince Valiant. As well, in the early 1990s, Pasko accepted a job at Disney Consumer Products' startup comic book division, Disney Comics, developing a line of superhero titles and writing the Roger Rabbit comics series. This activity lasted nine months until, in a corporate reorganization, Disney decided to stop publishing comics altogether. The day before he was let go by Disney, Pasko finalized a deal to join Warner Bros. Animation's Batman: The Animated Series as a writer/story editor. For his work on this series, Pasko won a 1993 Daytime Emmy Award. He is a co-writer of the animated feature Batman: Mask of the Phantasm.
2000s workEdit
Pasko in the 2000s has worked on nonfiction about various aspects of pop culture history, as a writer-researcher and consultant, as well as writing children's fiction and videogame dramatics. These projects include writing The DC Vault, published in 2008;[18] working on the dramatics for Freaky Creatures, Abandon Interactive Entertainment's massively multiplayer online game; co-writing The Essential Superman Encyclopedia with Robert Greenberger;[19] writing the children's book Superman: Prankster of Prime Time;[20] and acting as researcher, consultant, and supplemental copywriter on 75 Years of DC Comics: The Art of Modern Mythmaking.[21] He was a consultant to numerous independent entertainment companies, including Cryptozoic Entertainment, a gaming company, and a freelance comics writer.
Family lifeEdit
Pasko was married for thirty years to Judith Faye (née Silinsky). The couple had one child, Simcha, who is a journalist.[22] They had been separated for ten years at the time of his death.[23]
DeathEdit
Pasko died of natural causes on May 10, 2020, at age 65.[4]
Comics bibliographyEdit
DC ComicsEdit
1st Issue Special #9 (Doctor Fate) (1975)
Action Comics #438–439, 442, 447–448, 453–454, 465, 468, 500, 524 (1974–1981)
Action Comics Weekly #601–612, 615–634 (1988–1989)
Adventure Comics #445–448, 469–473, 475–478 (1976–1980)
Alien Nation #1 (1988)
Batman #256 (two page feature) (1974)
The Batman Adventures #4–5 (1993)
Blackhawk vol. 2 #1–11, Annual #1 (1989–1990)
The Brave and the Bold #165, 176, 179 (1980–1981)
DC Comics Presents #1–2, 9, 35, 38–39, 41 (1978–1982)
DC Comics Presents: Green Lantern #1 (2004)
DC Retroactive: Superman – The '70s #1 (2011)
DC Special Series #1, 5 (1977)
DC Super Stars #18 (1978)
Detective Comics #458–459, 490–491 (1976–1980)
The Flash #306–313 (Doctor Fate backup stories) (1982)
Freedom Fighters #1, 3–4 (1976)
Ghosts #44 (1975)
Gross Point #2–3 (1997)
House of Mystery #226, 277 (1974–1980)
House of Secrets #122 (1974)
Impulse #7, 18 (1995–1996)
The Joker #5 (1976)
Justice League of America #111–112 (two page features), #122, 128–130, 135–137, 147–148 (1974–1977)
Kamandi #43, 45 (1976)
Kobra #1–7 (1976–1977)
Man-Bat #2 (1976)
Metal Men #48–53 (1976–1977)
The New Adventures of Superboy #25 (1982)
Plop! #24 (1976)
Robotech: Love & War #5 (text article) (2003)
Saga of the Swamp Thing #1–13, 16–19 (1982–1983)
Secret Origins vol. 2 #45 (Blackhawk) (1989)
Secrets of Haunted House #7 (1977)
Star Trek #56 (1988)
Strange Sports Stories #5–6 (1974)
Super Friends #43, 45 (Plastic Man) (1981)
Superman #277, 280, 282, 285–286, 292, 294, 305–306, 310–335, 349, 367 (1974–1982)
The Superman Family #184–185, 195, 209–216 (1977–1982)
Superman Returns: The Movie and Other Tales of the Man of Steel #1 (2006)
Tales of Ghost Castle #1 (1975)
The Unexpected #190, 222 (1982)
Weird War Tales #113 (1982)
Wonder Woman #218–224, 226–232 (1975–1977)
World's Finest Comics #273 (Plastic Man) (1981)
Disney ComicsEdit
Roger Rabbit #10, 13–14, 16, 18 (1991)
Eclipse ComicsEdit
Destroyer Duck #1 (1982)
First ComicsEdit
E-Man #1–3, 5–8, 10 (1983–1984)
Marvel ComicsEdit
Gargoyles #1–6 (1995)
Star Trek #8–9, 11–16 (1980–1981)
SeaboardEdit
Weird Tales of the Macabre #1 (1975)
Warren PublishingEdit
Creepy #51, 63 (1973–1974)
Vampirella #36 (1974)
Television and film creditsEdit
• series head writer credits are denoted in bold
Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (1980)
Thundarr the Barbarian (1980)
Blackstar (1981)
Goldie Gold and Action Jack (1981)
Fantasy Island (1983)
Mister T (1983): seasons 1-2
The Berenstain Bears (1985)
G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (1985)
My Little Pony (1986)
Max Headroom (1987)
Simon & Simon (1988)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1988, 1990)
Free Spirit (1989)
Roseanne (1989)
Bucky O’Hare and the Toad Wars (1991)
The Legend of Prince Valiant (1992)
Batman: The Animated Series (1992-1993)
Cadillacs and Dinosaurs (1993)
Exosquad (1994)
Mega Man (1994)
The Tick (1994)
Skysurfer Strike Force (1995): as Kyle Christopher
Cannon Busters (2019)
FilmEdit
^ Inkpot Award
^ a b c Bails, Jerry (2006). "Pasko, Martin". Who's Who of American Comic Books 1928-1999. Archived from the original on August 22, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
^ Miller, John Jackson (June 10, 2005). "Comics Industry Birthdays". Comics Buyer's Guide. Iola, Wisconsin. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
^ a b Johnston, Rich (May 11, 2020). "Marty Pasko, Writer on Superman, Doctor Fate and Roseanne, Dies At 65". Bleeding Cool. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
^ Siegel, Howard P. "Made in America," BEM #16 (Dec. 1977).
^ a b c d e f g Martin Pasko at the Grand Comics Database
^ McAvennie, Michael; Dolan, Hannah, ed. (2010). "1970s". DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9. A new ongoing Superman series started to mix things up by teaming the Man of Steel with other heroes in the DC Universe. Writer Martin Pasko and artist José Luis García-López launched the inaugural issue. {{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help)
^ Phegley, Kiel (April 22, 2013). "Superman At 75: Martin Pasko's View of The Man of Steel". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on April 24, 2013. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
^ Larochelle, Christopher (February 2013). "The Atomic Skull". Back Issue!. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing (62): 55–58.
^ McAvennie "1970s" in Dolan, p. 180: "Writer Martin Pasko and artist Curt Swan introduced...the Master Jailer."
^ Riley, Shannon E. (May 2013). "A Matter of (Dr.) Fate Martin Pasko and Keith Giffen Discuss Their Magical Flash Backup Series". Back Issue!. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing (64): 64–68.
^ Jimenez, Phil; Wells, John (2010). The Essential Wonder Woman Encyclopedia. New York City: Del Rey Books. pp. 420–421. ISBN 978-0-345-50107-3. Retrieved November 26, 2011.
^ Kelly, Rob (August 2009). "Kobra". Back Issue!. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing (35): 63–66.
^ Cronin, Brian (April 20, 2006). "Comic Book Urban Legends Revealed #47!". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on July 31, 2013. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
^ Kelly, Rob (October 2015). "The Alan Brennert Interview". Back Issue!. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing (84): 53.
^ Manning, Matthew K. "1980s" in Dolan, p. 197: "Swamp Thing returned to the pages of a new ongoing series, written by Martin Pasko and drawn by artist Tom Yeates."
^ Eury, Michael (2006). The Krypton Companion. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 158. ISBN 1-893905-61-6. We passed one of the entrances to the UCLA campus and when I saw the acronym on signage, the phonetic pronunciation leapt to mind.
^ Pasko, Martin (2008). The DC Vault. Philadelphia: Running Press. ISBN 978-0-7624-3257-8.
^ The Essential Superman Encyclopedia. New York City: Del Rey Books. 2010. ISBN 978-0-345-50108-0.
^ Pasko, Martin; Burchett, Rick (2010). Superman: Prankster of Prime Time. Mankato, Minnesota: Stone Arch Books. pp. 48. ISBN 978-1-4342-1986-2.
^ Levitz, Paul (2010). 75 Years of DC Comics: The Art of Modern Mythmaking. Cologne, Germany: Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8365-1981-6.
^ Pasko, Simcha (14 August 2021). "Perseids meteor shower lights up Mitzpe Ramon's night sky". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
^ Kupperberg, Paul (12 May 2020). "Marty Pasko (1954-2020)". And then I wrote... Retrieved November 18, 2020.
Martin Pasko at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original)
"DC Profiles #22: Martin Pasko" at the Grand Comics Database
Martin Pasko at IMDb
Martin Pasko at Mike's Amazing World of Comics
The Speeding Bullet: A Complete Archive of Superman Newspaper Strips
Roger Rabbit comic book bibliography
Elliot S. Maggin
Wonder Woman writer
Superman writer
Saga of the Swamp Thing writer
Blackhawk writer
Doug Moench
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Pasko&oldid=1127107851"


Six-in-ten Ontario residents support legislation to raise minimum wage to $15 per hour
Women and millennials are especially supportive of the measure
December 28, 2017 – With a provincial election slated for next summer and a premier who has consistently been ranked as Canada’s least popular over the last 18 months, Ontario’s long-governing Liberal Party has been searching for policy wins.
A new analysis of quarterly polling data by the Angus Reid Institute shows that the party may have found at least one one in recently passed legislation that would raise the minimum wage to $15 per hour by 2019. Six-in-ten Ontarians (60%) say they support new law – twice as many as oppose it (30%).
This favourable assessment from the Ontario public may be partially responsible for the slight uptick in Premier Kathleen Wynne’s approval rating this quarter.
Related – One-in-five approve of Wynne as 2017 comes to a close
More Key Findings:
The minimum wage change is especially popular among residents ages 18-34. Nearly four-in-ten (38%) say they “strongly support” it, compared to 23 per cent or fewer among other age groups
Two-thirds of Ontario women (67%) are in favour of the measure, while a smaller majority of men (53%) say the same
Opinion on this question also varies along political lines, with those who cast ballots for the Liberals or the New Democratic Party in the 2014 election overwhelmingly supportive of a minimum wage increase, while those who voted for the Progressive Conservative Party are more likely to oppose it (51% do) than support it (40%)
Age, gender, income drive opinions
The political story
The legislation passed at the end of November will raise Ontario’s minimum wage almost immediately. On Jan. 1, 2018, it will jump from $11.60 to $14 per hour, and it will rise again to $15 on Jan. 1, 2019.
More than one-in-four residents (27%) say they support this change “strongly,” and another one-in-three (34%) offer less-emphatic support. Notably, strong support outnumbers strong opposition to the law by a two-to-one margin:
It’s estimated that one-quarter of Ontario’s workforce – some 1.6 million people – currently earn less than $15 per hour, meaning a substantial number of Ontarians will be receiving raises next month.
Some six-in-ten (61%) of those who live in households earning less than $50,000 annually say they support the wage hike – a total essentially identical to the province-wide average. Support rises slightly among those with household incomes between $50,000 and $100,000, and declines among wealthier households, as seen in the following graph:
Opinion on the minimum wage plan also varies by age and gender, though in different ways. Members of the millennial generation – those ages 18-34 in this poll – are not much more likely than the general population to support the law, overall (63% do), but they are more likely to offer strong support, as seen in the graph that follows.
The difference between women and men on this question, meanwhile, is between support and opposition. While majorities of both genders support the plan to increase the minimum wage to $15 per hour by 2019, fully two-thirds of women (67%) take this position, while significantly fewer men do. Notably, 60 per cent of minimum wage workers in Canada are women.
The idea of a $15 minimum wage has been championed by left of centre politicians and activists for years. Founded in 2012, the grassroots organization “Fight for $15” claims 300 chapters in cities on all six inhabited continents.
In Canada, the $15 minimum wage has primarily been an NDP policy priority. Alberta’s NDP government passed legislation in September 2016 that will see minimum worker compensation rise to $15 per hour by October 2018, and Ontario’s New Democrats had made upping the wage a centrepiece of their platform heading into next year’s election – at least until Wynne’s Liberals made the idea their own.
Wynne’s embrace of a $15 minimum wage represents a reversal of her party’s previous position, but this polling data suggests it is a popular one. Almost three-quarters (74%) of those who voted for the Liberals in the 2014 provincial election say they support the government’s proposal, as do seven-in-ten past New Democrats (69%).
Of course, how one voted in the 2014 election is not necessarily predictive of how one will vote in 2018. The fact that people who voted for Wynne’s Liberals last time around are broadly supportive of this minimum wage initiative does not necessarily mean they will cast ballots for the party again in the future.
Those who supported the Progressive Conservatives in the last election are more divided than past Liberal and NDP voters. Slightly more than half (51%) oppose the change to a $15 per hour minimum wage, while a substantial minority (40%) support it.
In response to the government’s decision, the PCs have promised to phase in the changes over four years, increasing the minimum wage by 25 cents per year between 2018 and 2022. The initial jump from $11.60 to $14 will take place before this summer’s election, however.
Dave Korzinski, Research Associate: 250.899.0821


CLASS OF 2022: Emergency services leader recognised with honorary award
A leading local emergency service leader has been awarded an honorary degree from the University of Wolverhampton for his contribution to community safety in the West Midlands.
Phil Loach has been awarded a Doctor of Professional Practice in recognition of his service to the West Midlands Fire Service.
Honorary awards are presented by the University of Wolverhampton to people who have made a significant contribution to their field of expertise.
Phil Loach is the Chief Fire Officer of West Midlands Fire Service (WMFS) and is responsible for the provision of emergency response, business safety and community safety services to over 2.7 million people across the West Midlands covering the seven Local Authorities of Birmingham, Walsall, Sandwell, Wolverhampton, Dudley, Coventry and Solihull.
As Chief Fire Officer he has specific responsibility for advising the Fire and Rescue Authority as to its statutory responsibilities in the provision of an excellent, efficient and effective fire service. He plays a significant role in ensuring the community receives a risk-based provision of service as part of an effective and integrated strategy for service delivery and for ensuring assertive, safe and effective systems of work as part of operational preparedness.
Phil has also played a key role at the national level, serving for a number of years as the Vice-chair National Fire Chief Council, and continues to lead on the national Community Risk Programme, which aims to deliver a national definition of risk and a set of standardised tools and guidance to support the community risk management process for fire and rescue services across the UK.
Initially serving as a firefighter, Phil undertook a number of roles across the service before becoming CFO of WMFS. Phil’s unique leadership style is founded upon a continuous commitment to organisation development and rich communication. This has and continues to enable the transformation of services across WMFS through a period of unprecedented political and economic change.
Phil said: “To receive this award as recognition of my service to the people of the West Midlands is a great honour. I am particularly delighted to be accepting it from the University of Wolverhampton, with whom West Midlands Fire Service have such a longstanding and important relationship and am pleased to have been able to celebrate alongside the academics and students with whom we have worked in recent years.”
The University’s graduation ceremonies take place at the Grand Theatre, Wolverhampton, from Monday 5 September to Saturday 10 September 2022.
Graduates are encouraged to keep in touch with the Alumni team and take advantage of a range of benefits and support on offer to them including a discount for Postgraduate study and opportunities to benefit from mentoring, volunteering and career advice.
For information about courses to study at the University visit the website.
Herjeavan has designs on a creative career


La Niña Lives! — And That's Bad News
There's a good chance the weather-disrupting phenomenon will persist for a rare third year, possibly exacerbating already severe drought in the U.S. West.
ImaGeoBy Tom YulsmanMay 24, 2022 7:45 PM
During April, surface waters of the tropical Pacific Ocean remained chillier than normal — a defining characteristic of the climate phenomenon known as La Niña. (Credit: NOAA Climate.gov)
For two winters in a row, La Niña has steered desperately needed rain and snow storms away from the U.S. Southwest, exacerbating a decades-long drought that has shriveled reservoirs and spurred horrific wildfires.
Now, hopes that the climate pattern would relent and allow moisture to rebound next winter have suffered a serious blow.
La Niña — Spanish for "the girl" — persisted through April, and there's a 61 percent chance she'll stick around for a third winter, according to the latest monthly update from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
The monthly evolution of sea surface temperatures between Jan of 2020 and May of 2022 is seen in this animation focusing on the tropical Pacific. Neutral conditions are present at the start of the animation. Blue colors indicative of cooler than average temperatures begin to spread along the equator, with the La Niña threshold reached in August of 2020. La Niña dissipates in April of 2021 only to re-emerge this past fall, continuing through the end of the animation. (Credit: Images from Climate.gov. Animation by Tom Yulsman)
La Niña, characterized by cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific Ocean, disrupts weather patterns across a large part of the globe. For North America, winter storms approaching from the Pacific tend to come ashore farther north than usual, soaking the Pacific Northwest and leaving the U.S. Southwest dryer than usual.
When La Niña emerged in August of 2020, the North American Monsoon had already failed, and summer in the Southwest was on its way to being the driest and hottest on record. Come winter, La Niña made things even worse, resulting in paltry precipitation and then an early melt out of snowpack, from California to Colorado.
Although La Niña dissipated in April of 2021, it reemerged last fall. Barring countervailing climatic factors, if it continues into a third winter, an already grave situation could get even worse.
That's especially true for the Colorado River Basin, where more than 40 million people depend on winter storms to build up mountain snowpack — source of spring runoff that replenishes reservoirs. But thanks to an epochal megadrought, made worse by two La Niña episodes in a row, the two largest reservoirs in the Untied States, Lake Mead and Lake Powell along the Colorado River, are at record low levels.
And now they're set to drop even lower.
This spring, thanks in large measure to warm temperatures and scant precipitation, runoff is expected to be paltry — and that's putting it mildly. According to an estimate issued last week by the Colorado Basin River Forecast Center, the flow of water into Lake Powell in coming weeks is likely to be just 55 percent average.
Runoff of mountain snowpack meltwater into streams and rivers of the Colorado River Basin is estimated to be uniformly below average through July. (Credit: Colorado Basin River Forecast Center)
It may seem counterintuitive that warm temperatures — which cause premature melting of snow — would reduce rather than increase runoff. But here's how that happens:
A premature thaw exposes the ground earlier than usual to solar radiation and warmth. That causes increased evaporation of water, thereby leaving less to run off into streams and rivers. Moreover, with earlier and warmer temperatures, plants lose more moisture to the atmosphere (through a process called evapotranspiration), causing them to draw more from the soil.
Persistent drought has already left soils and vegetation quite dry, so they greedily consume as much spring meltwater as they can. And that further reduces how much runoff ultimately makes it into waterways.
None of this has been surprising for Brad Udall, Senior Water and Climate Research Scientist at Colorado State University. He has documented this phenomenon of "hot drought," made increasingly worse a climate that's warming due to our emissions of greenhouse gases.
"The decline in runoff is what many of us have predicted to occur for some time," he says. "And runoff, unfortunately, is likely to decline even more as it continues to warm."
An aerial photograph shows the Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Powell on October 12, 2020. The white "bathtub ring" along the shore of the lake has been left behind by the dropping level of the reservoir. Levels today are much lower than they were when this photo was taken. (Credit: Waterdesk.org / Lighthawk.org)
Projections of paltry runoff already have prompted the federal government to plan on tightening the Glen Canyon Dam's spigot in coming weeks. This will significantly reduce the amount of water flowing downstream from Lake Powell to Lake Mead — which will shrivel even more as a result.
Dropping reservoir levels have also forced significant cuts in water deliveries to farmers — with more likely on the way by August.
As the reservoirs have been falling, much effort has gone into planning for contingencies like this. “And what we’re finding out, unfortunately, is that these plans are turning out to be completely inadequate," according to Udall.
In response to questions I emailed him back in April, he emphasized that "we can stop these flow declines, if we choose. We have almost all the technology, and all the policy tools we need to change course."
But will we?
"For that to occur," he wrote, "we’d need a healthy, fully functioning democracy which would make decisions based on facts and science. Alas, we don’t have that. If we don’t stop these flow declines, water managers throughout the American West will be forced into making enormously painful decisions about how we are going to allocate our greatly diminished water supplies. Some current users are going to get completely wiped out, and others will get less water. There will be no winners out of the reallocation – only losers who lose less, and losers who lose everything."
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From Earth Art to Extreme Weather: The Home Planet as Seen From Space in 2022, Part 1


http://koyomi.vis.ne.jp/wiki/index.php?Jesus1
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Last-modified: 2022-12-01 (木) 02:24:10 (57d)