The 1990 Atlantic hurricane season had more storms than usual and some forecasters predict that 's just a hint of more frequent and more forceful hurricanes in the coming years . But this year 's batch did not include the devastating storms of years past and at least one forecaster thinks 1991 will be a calmer year . The season ends today . Dr. William Gray , a professor of atmospheric science at Colorado State University , thinks a dry spell in West Africa during the past two decades explained the reduction of storms along the eastern seaboard in the last 20 years . In 1988 and 1989 , there was near normal rainfall in the Sahel , the semi-arid land on the southern fringe of the Sahara Desert . Some meteorological experts think the rainfall signaled the end of a 20-year drought - and may have spawned Gilbert in 1988 and Hugo in 1989 . Gray on Thursday predicted a below-average hurricane season in 1991 . He based his forecast on several factors , including an anticipated below-average rainfall in the Sahel . But Gray and other forecasters agree that the general outlook for the 1990s and the early years of the next century is for more intense hurricanes than those of the last two decades . `` We 've been through a real long period of hurricane inactivity in the '70s and '80s up until 1985 , and I think we 're coming out of that , '' said Bob Sheets , director of the National Hurricane Center in Coral Gables . `` Perhaps the Gilberts and the Hugos were signaling that , '' he said , recalling Hurricane Gilbert that wracked the Caribbean and Hurricane Hugo that devastated South Carolina - two of the most destructive Atlantic hurricanes ever . Hurricanes have been recorded in the Atlantic every month except April , but are rare outside the hurricane season , June 1 to Nov. 30 . In this year 's season , there were 14 named storms , eight of them hurricanes . The average number of storms is nine , with about six becoming hurricanes . Usually only a couple of those storms strike the U.S. . While many of the storms spun harmlessly through the Atlantic , several caused their share of destruction . The most deadly storm was Hurricane Diana , which swept into Mexico in early August , resulting in flash floods and mudslides that killed 96 people and caused extensive damage to roads , property and agriculture , the weather service reported . A weather disturbance becomes a tropical storm , and is given a name , if its sustained winds reach 39 mph . Storms become hurricanes if winds reach 74 mph .

O O B I I O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

atlantic hurricane season
forceful hurricanes
devastating storms
forecasters
intense hurricanes

dr. william gray
below-average hurricane season


Workmen tunneling under the English Channel have created the first land link between Britain and the Continent , connecting 31 miles of tunnel in a prodigious feat of engineering and finance . TransManche Link , the construction consortium building the `` Chunnel '' said the historic linkup occurred at 8:25 p.m. Tuesday when British workers sent a probe 2 inches in diameter through to their French colleagues . Linking England and France , the tunnel symbolizes the growing unification of Europe . It also fulfills a dream of Napoleon , who wanted to send his armies through the tunnel to conquer Britain . Eurotunnel PLC , the Anglo-French consortium overseeing the world 's largest engineering project , plans for high-speed trains to pass through the Channel Tunnel in June 1993 . Eventually a train trip from Paris to London should take three hours . Despite her countrymen 's fears of losing their ancient moat against Europe , British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher described the breakthrough as `` a very exciting moment . '' `` It is an example of what Europe is about , '' she said in London . `` This is Europe in practice . '' In London , the conservative Daily Express newspaper noted today that Britons will be able to walk to France for the first time since the Ice Age . `` This is a hugely historic moment because it means , in effect , that Britain is no longer an island , '' a construction union official in Calais said . Threading a spinning probe the width of a garden hose through 100 yards of chalk under the Channel bears the first tangible fruit in three years of drilling . Champagne corks popped and workers danced jigs after French drillers phoned news of the probe 's arrival to their British counterparts . Initial tests indicated the two halves were 20 inches out of alignment . Technicians will be more certain Wednesday , but they called the rough line-up `` exceptional . '' The workers will now bore out a one-yard hole . Tunnelers are expected to walk through and greet each other with handshakes in a few weeks . The tunneling machine on the French side will then guide itself by laser toward the British machine , ensuring perfect alignment . Thatcher and French President Francois Mitterrand will meet mid-tunnel on Jan. 26 . The linkup came on the maintenance tunnel , the smallest of three tunnels being dug . The other two will handle rail traffic - freight and special piggy-back trains that will carry passengers and cars . About 80 percent of all the drilling is now complete . Eight workers suffered injures , two seriously , about 90 minutes after Tuesday 's linkup when a tractor rolled over on them in a service gallery , authorities in nearby Sangatte reported . Since the tunnel construction began in 1987 there have been seven accidental deaths on the British side and two on the French side . The tunnel 's cost has soared from an initial estimate of $ 9.4 billion to $ 16.7 billion , including an extra $ 1.97 billion in case of unforeseen cost overruns . The digging is accomplished by gargantuan boring machines that bring to mind images from Japanese monster movies . Each resembles a gnawing worm , some three-stories high , with a spinning drill of hundreds of blades . Mechanical legs slap together the concrete tunnel lining in the wake of the advancing drill head . Whhen its work is done , the drilling machine on the French side will be hauled out in pieces . The one on the British side will dig a side passage , and be buried in cement . Officials say it is too costly to extricate the machine . The tunnels were joined 13 -LCB- miles southeast of Folkestone , England , the British terminus near Dover , and 10 miles northwest of Sangatte , near Calais . The tunnel starts a few miles inland on each side , accounting for its total length of 31 miles . Militant workers on the French side are striking for more pay and began a work slowdown Thursday , threatening to stall the link-up . But it came off on schedule . Eurotunnel PLC announced Oct. 8 that it had reached an agreement with its banks on $ 3.5 billion in new credit . More than 200 banks are involved in financing the world 's costliest tunnel . The three-hour Paris-to-London trip would be comparable to flying , if transport to and from airports is included , and is half the time of the present car-ferry journey . Officials estimate the tunnel trains may carry 28 million passengers in the first year of operation . Eurotunnel does n't expect a profit until the end of the century . France hopes the project will revitalize depressed northern regions . But many Britons fear an influx of continental ills ranging from terrorists to rabid animals . Britain warned Napoleon not to try to build the tunnel ; digging was started subsequently in 1882 and 1974 , but both efforts failed .

O O O O B I O O O B I I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

english channel
first land link
britain
france
chunnel
historic linkup
channel tunnel
tunnel construction
cost overruns
tunnel trains
continental ills
transmanche link
growing unification


Language : English Article Type : CSO -LSB- Article by Nigel Hawkes , Science Editor : `` Zoo Antelope Catch Mad Cow Disease '' -RSB- -LSB- Text -RSB- Scientists at London zoo have discovered that a strain of `` mad cow disease '' affecting a type of antelope can be transmitted much more easily than was thought . The finding uncovers a threat to breeding other species in captivity unless it can be shown that they are not equally vulnerable . The scientists say there is no evidence that similar transmission is occurring among cows . The zoo 's small herd of kudu , spiral-horned antelopes closely related to cows , has been severely hit by a disease similar to bovine spongiform encephalopathy -LRB- BSE -RRB- . Of eight animals born in the herd since 1987 , five have contracted the disease . Only one of the five could have eaten feed containing protein from sheep , believed to be the origin of the outbreak . The kudu is not the only zoo species to suffer the disease since it appeared in cows . It has also been found in domestic cats and their larger relations , the cheetah and the puma , in eland and nyala , and in the gemsbok and the Arabian oryx . In the United States , mink have been affected by it . The infective agent and its mode of transmission are unknown , but the evidence from kudu suggests that some species may be more easily infected than others . Sheep are believed to catch the disease by contact with placentas in fields after births , but in the case of the kudu even this route seems unlikely . In THE VETERINARY RECORD , the scientists eliminate most routes of infection . Infected feed can not account for four cases . Nor can at least three of the affected animals have caught the disease from their mothers , who did not suffer from it . It is possible but unlikely that the mothers were carriers that passed on the infection without having symptoms themselves . If this were so , it would have important implications for the disease in cows . It is more likely , the scientists believe , that an unidentified agent entered the herd in contaminated feed and was passed along , as with more mundane infections . Because of the danger to other animals , the kudu herd has been isolated . Another danger taken seriously by the zoo , a world centre for breeding rare and endangered species , is that animals bred in captivity could carry the infection when released into the wild . If they proved as vulnerable as the kudu , this could be disastrous . The scientists say that the next step must be to examine whether the agent causing the disease in kudu is the same as that in cows . If it is , the conclusion would be that the kudu were simply more susceptible to the disease . If , however , it turned out to be a different and more easily transmittable form , the case for isolating the kudu would be even stronger . TIMES NEWSPAPERS LIMITED , 1993

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

mad cow disease
london zoo
kudu herd
affected animals
similar transmission
endangered species


BFN -LSB- `` Exclusive '' report by Angel Paez -RSB- -LSB- Text -RSB- The Shining Path Central Committee , comprised of leaders who have still not been arrested and alternate members elected by the Shining Path congress in 1988 , held a meeting in February that was presided over by Oscar Ramirez Durand , a.k.a. `` Comrade Feliciano . '' During the meeting , the Shining Path Central Committee decided to continue the `` people 's war '' and to consider those members who uphold the peace accord with the government to be removed from the party `` by their own free will . '' The document entitled `` To Grow Strong on the Grounds of Partisan Unity and Conquer Power '' -LSB- Reafirmarse en la Base de Unidad Partidaria y Construir la Conquesta del Power -RSB- , which contains the conclusions of the Shining Path event , criticizes the leaders under arrest who try to convince the militants still operating to `` uphold the great decision and definition , '' that is , Abimael Guzman 's appeal for the Shining Path to end hostilities against the Peruvian state . A Shining Path pamphlet dated February , which is signed by the leaders under arrest , asserts that `` the people 's war has ended , and -LRB- therefore -RRB- to continue refusing to uphold -LRB- the `` great decision and definition '' -RRB- means obstructing the Peace Accord and placing the life of President Gonzalo and other comrades at stake . '' But the Central Committee meeting in February disqualified the arrested leaders , stating that `` it is an international communist rule that no leader can lead -LRB- the party or a war -RRB- from prison . '' According to the Maoist theory , a militant who is in prison loses his operational capacity when he is isolated from reality , and therefore is assigned another type of job . In March , the National Counterterrorism Directorate -LSB- Dincote -RSB- learned about the Shining Path meeting , according to an intelligence report datelined 31 March that states it was held in Razuhuillca , Huanta Province , Ayacucho . As a result , Peruvian Air Force troops carried out operations in the aforementioned area during the second week of April . The operations , however , were unproductive . Dincote also obtained information according to which `` Feliciano '' presided over the meeting , during which it was decided to start a new phase of the `` people 's war '' as well as plan an operation to rescue Abimael Guzman , dead or alive , at any cost . The five-point document issued at the end of the meeting is attached to lengthy citations of speeches by Abimael Guzman and documents signed by him that show why the war must not end . The following is one of the citations chosen by the Shining Path Central Committee to uphold its decisions : `` Always taking into account the glorious actions of the people 's war , the people 's war can not end . The leadership may be wiped out completely or partially , but those leaders who are not must and can continue carrying out plans , the struggle , the people 's war . We were taught that the revolution will not stop , will not become paralyzed . '' This was selected from the document entitled `` To Conquer Power in the Midst of the People 's War '' that was drafted during the Second Shining Path Central Committee Plenum , when Guzman was still free . The document even mentions what must be done with those who uphold peace and put down arms : `` There are two reasons for surrendering : to surrender in view of local reaction and to surrender in view of international reaction . This is always the case . Its purpose is to ruin the revolution . Those who surrender , therefore , are no good , and must be wiped out through fire and bloodshed . '' -LRB- Preliminary Session of the Second Plenum -RRB- . The first of the five points discussed during the meeting refers to `` reasserting '' the agreements reached during the Third Central Committee Plenum , which was held in March 1992 and headed by Abimael Guzman Reinoso . This plenum was labeled `` glorious , historic , and momentous '' as it planned the terrible wave of violence unleashed by the Shining Path in July 1992 . During the 1992 partisan meeting , it was stated that during an adverse situation the party should draft `` a new plan , taking into account the experience of the past years , establish new axes , sub-axes , guidelines , and lines of action with a nationwide criteria -LRB- ... -RRB- , seek new ways to develop and set up strategic military plans , and establish , for example , those objectives and carry them out on an established date . '' It seems that the Third Central Committee Plenum 's assessment of what was happening to the Shining Path was negative and , therefore , it was decided to unleash a fierce wave of violence in order to conceal the weaknesses of the Maoist organization . The second point of the document of the Central Committee meeting presided over by `` Feliciano '' highlights the agreements of the Working Meeting of the Shining Path leadership held in August 1993 , almost one year after Guzman was arrested , and during which the implementation of the agreements of the Third Plenum held in March 1992 was discussed . During the working meeting , and in addition to approving the efforts to `` step up investigations to determine the sanctions for those who are found responsible '' for contributing to the arrest of Abimael Guzman , it was agreed , among other issues : 1 . To defend the life of `` President Gonzalo '' by widely preaching our ideology , by showing great courage , placing even our lives at stake , by keeping our red and invincible flag flying high , and by pursuing our unwavering objective : communism . '' 2 . To reassert the conclusions of the Third Central Committee Plenum -LRB- March 1992 -RRB- , `` personally presided over by President Gonzalo , whose victorious appearance revealed its glorious , historic , and momentous nature ; the second most important milestone after the congress -LRB- held in 1988 -RRB- . '' 3 . To reassert the three strategies : the political strategy : to conquer power ; the military strategy : the people 's war , to develop the war of movements and promote arrangements for the uprising of cities ; and the construction strategy : to make arrangements to conquer power in the midst of the people 's war . Based on the conclusions of the Third Plenum and the Working Meeting , the Central Committee , during the meeting in February presided over by `` Feliciano , '' reasserted `` the principle of revolutionary violence as a universal law expressed in the people 's war . '' The third point discussed during the Central Committee meeting headed by `` Feliciano '' referred to the militants who uphold the peace accord . The document addresses this aspect of the internal debate as : `` About the Struggle Against the Counterrevolutionary Hoax and the Black Group that upholds a Right-Wing Opportunist Line -LRB- LOD -RRB- . '' In order to confront the Black Group or LOD , which are nothing but Shining Path militants who sign Abimael Guzman 's letters and uphold his `` great decision and definition '' to negotiate with the government in order to end the war , the Central Committee demands that the militants `` grow stronger on the Basis for Partisan Unity -LSB- Base de Unidad Partidaria , BUP -RSB- , '' which is the Shining Path basic principles adopted during the 1988 Congress , and `` arrange for conquering power in the midst of the people 's war . '' The Central Committee Plenum that `` Feliciano '' presided over in order to break away from the Black Group orders the `` unleashing of a massive reassertion movement based on the BUP throughout the party , the People 's Liberation Army , and among the masses of the New Power . '' The Central Committee uses several arguments to `` urge the smashing of the counterrevolutionary nonsense and the misbegotten schemes of Yankee imperialism , the genocidal and traitorous dictatorship , and the Black Group : '' 1 . The agreements reached at the Third Plenum -LRB- March 1992 -RRB- and the working meeting -LRB- August 1993 -RRB- must be ratified because `` facts have confirmed that the position established on those occasions toward the counterrevolutionary scheme was right and proper . '' 2 . Abimael Guzman 's letters to President Alberto Fujimori , the telephone conversation between Guzman and Javier Esparza Marquez -LRB- Guzman 's brother-in-law , who is in charge of Shining Path 's organization abroad -RRB- , and the communiques released by Shining Path prisoners `` are a counterrevolutionary scheme concocted by Yankee imperialists and the genocidal and traitorous dictatorship with the sinister help of the Black Group , '' the Central Committee concluded at its February meeting . It added : `` The short-term objective of this scheme is to win the elections , prevent the commemoration of -LRB- Mao 's -RRB- centennial in December 1994 , and cover up the La Cantuta affair , but the final goal is to annihilate the people 's war and move ahead with their plan to murder President Gonzalo . '' The Central Committee does acknowledge Guzman as its leader , and gives him credit for the ideology he devised , the so-called `` Gonzalo 's Thoughts , '' but now he is considered to be a merely decorative figure because neither the party nor the war can be led from a cell , especially when the leader is kept incommunicado and his contacts with the outside world must go through government officials . 3 . The Black Group is made up of `` infiltrators , traitors , weaklings , and old revisionists , linked directly to reactionaries , '' meaning Osman Morote , Elena Iparraguire , Maria Pantoja , Martha Huatay , Edmundo Cox , and others who are in touch with government representatives and prison officials . 4 . The activities of the Black Group `` go against the conclusions of the Marxist-Leninist-Maoist-Gonzalo 's Thoughts First Congress -LRB- 1988 -RRB- , the BUP , the leadership , the party , and the people 's war , which means that its members have voluntarily strayed from the party . '' This clearly means that the negotiators of the peace agreement no longer belong to the Shining Path because their actions openly violate the agreements , resolutions , and decisions reached at party meetings such as the Third Plenum and the Working Meeting . Thus , they do not represent the ideology of the Peruvian Communist Party-Shining Path . Furthermore : 5 . `` Actions that go against principles can not be accepted '' because `` it is an international communist rule that the leadership -LRB- of the party and the war -RRB- can not be exercised from prison , '' and because `` monstrosities like the ` peace accord ' -LRB- ... -RRB- clash with our principles . '' The Central Committee meeting that `` Feliciano '' presided over clearly defined its position toward Abimael Guzman Reinoso , whose ideological contribution to the people 's war , called `` Gonzalo 's Thoughts , '' was acknowledged . Gonzalo 's `` leadership '' was also accepted but , as he is operationally restricted , he can not lead the party anymore . Guzman and the leaders who support his decision to hold talks with the administration signed a communique that was released in March . This communique `` warned against '' and `` denounced '' the reports of `` Feliciano 's '' Central Committee , which decided to go on with the war . This communique stated : `` They are trying to separate ` Gonzalo 's Thoughts ' from ` President Gonzalo ' the person . Under the guise of defending the party , they are undermining it and its leadership so as to bring about its defeat , by using empty rhetoric to disguise their partisan , opportunistic , and personal interests and ambitions , and by taking a blind , biased , subjective , and superficial approach to concrete reality . -LRB- ... -RRB- We urge the eradication of these leftist ideas of military extraction . '' The communique emphasized the decision to put an end to the people 's war : `` The people 's war is over . To continue it means sabotaging the peace agreement . We warn our members against militaristic and revisionist approaches , and urge them to keep their eyes open to unmask this or any other scheme . '' Guzman 's call upon the militants in action to `` abide '' by the decision to hold talks with the administration in order to stop the war , and to fight those who disagree with this decision , is persistent : `` Once again we warn the militants to be on guard against any desperate action , adventure , or provocation from third parties , because the goal of all this is to scuttle the proposed peace agreement . Such actions must be prevented to the extent possible , and immediately and categorically criticized . '' Meanwhile , the Central Committee has acknowledged `` Gonzalo 's Thoughts '' as the ideological basis for the `` people 's war , '' Guzman Reinoso 's `` leadership '' and his inability to lead the party and the war from prison , and has decided to reorganize the Shining Path machine to launch a new stage of the war without Guzman . The Dincote report lists the steps that `` Feliciano 's '' followers are taking to carry out actions that would put Shining Path back in the political picture . The report states that the Shining Path is expected `` to carry out isolated actions at key targets in order to demonstrate its operational capacity . '' Intelligence agents believe that the most likely targets are `` financial companies , banks , stores , and industries , in order to sow confusion among local and foreign investors . '' Other likely targets are `` soon-to-be-privatized public energy and mining companies , the embassies of countries whose citizens are purchasing Peruvian companies , and the interests that these countries already have in Peru . Government politicians and high-ranking members of the forces of order are also among the main targets . In this case the objective is to obtain the freedom of Abimael Guzman Reinoso . '' The counterterrorism police believe that the Shining Path `` urgently needs to demonstrate its power in order to get out of its current defensive position . '' Dincote 's intelligence reports adds that the internal strife in the Shining Path has reached the level of killings among militants , so it is likely that there will be a `` settling of accounts . '' Shining Path members believe that surrender deserves capital punishment . The Dincote report , which confirmed that `` Feliciano '' presided over a Shining Path Central Committee meeting somewhere in Razuillca , added that it has been decided to `` rescue Abimael Guzman Reinoso , dead or alive . '' The report explains that `` Israeli experts in hostage rescue and underwater operations -LRB- demolition -RRB- have been hired for this purpose . '' The Shining Path also considered the possibility of winning over Peruvian security forces personnel `` so as to attract new members , including Armed Forces Special Operations personnel . '' The 21-page police report labeled Dincote-EM-2-Lima provides a detailed analysis of the behavior of the Shining Path and the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement throughout the country . According to `` Feliciano '' and his followers , Guzman Reinoso has fallen prey to a plot designed to murder him . `` Feliciano '' claims that the `` forged letters '' sent to President Alberto Fujimori , the communiques supporting the peace agreement signed by Shining Path prisoners in Canto Grande , Chorrillos , and Yanamayo , and the statements and gestures of Osman Morote Bariionuevo and Edmundo Cox Beuzeville are all part of this plot . As far as `` Feliciano '' is concerned , rescuing Guzman Reinoso , dead or alive , is just a symbolic gesture in any case .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

shining path central committee
shining path congress
peace accord
arrested leaders
shining path meeting
abimael guzman reinoso
revolutionary violence
black group


PRESIDENT Bill Clinton yesterday promised to name a task-force within the next 10 days to reform the US social safety net of welfare programmes . He told the National Governors ' Association that he was committed to ` ending welfare as we know it ' with measures to finance expanded job training for the unemployed , matched by a requirement that people must do some kind of work for their welfare cheque . The president said he would focus on better implementation of the Family Support Act , a 1988 welfare reform based on the work of an NGA task-force which he , as governor of Arkansas , co-chaired . ` The bill that is on the books will work , given the right economy and the right support systems , ' Mr Clinton said . Advocates of welfare reform had been discouraged about the new administration 's intentions , fearing that the centrist Democratic emphasis on requiring welfare recipients to work or enroll for training might fall prey to left-wing advocacy groups concentrating on greater funding of existing programmes . These suspicions were enhanced when Ms Donna Shalala , new secretary of health and human services , last month devoted only one sentence to welfare reform in a five-page statement of goals . With the onset of the recession , state revenues have been constrained while the number of welfare recipients has grown by 30 per cent . As a result , few states have been able to implement in full the act 's requirement that welfare recipients take part in some form of education or training . Mr Clinton promised yesterday his reforms would be based on the principle that ` welfare should be a second chance , not a way of life ' . There must be ' a certain time beyond which people do n't draw a cheque for doing nothing , ' he said . But at the same time people must be helped out of the welfare trap by providing them with continued health coverage , child care , and expanded earned income tax credits when they took jobs . Many states have already embarked on far-reaching welfare reform programmes , such as Michigan 's 21-point plan to strengthen families or New Jersey 's family development programme . Mr Clinton said he would let states experiment with such programmes , even when he disagreed with them .

O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

welfare reform
bill clinton
family support act
social safety net


Ben Johnson 's personal physician has said the disgraced Olympic sprinter took a banned steroid on one occasion four months before the Seoul Olympics last year , the Toronto Star newspaper reported today . Dr. Jamie Astaphan , in a telephone interview from the Caribbean island of St. Kitts , said Johnson was depressed last May by a hamstring injury that threatened to end his rivalry against Carl Lewis for the 100 meters Olympics gold medal . `` He bought stanozolol or somebody bought it for him in Toronto , '' Astaphan told the newspaper . But immediately after taking it Johnson suffered `` violent muscle spasms . '' `` He was immediately brought to me and I nursed him back to top condition , '' he said . Astaphan said Johnson was not on stanozolol when he beat Lewis in a world-record time of 9.79 seconds for the 100 meters gold , a medal taken away from him when he then tested positive for stanozolol use by Olympics officials . Asked how he could be certain , Astaphan replied : `` I must admit that even though I am his personal physician , there 's no way I can keep a constant check on him . `` But it would not make any sense for an athlete to go back on a drug which a few months previously could have ruined him for life . '' Johnson has said he never knowingly took performance-enhancing drugs . Astaphan has denied he ever prescribed such drugs to Johnson or other athletes on Canada 's Olympics team . The Johnson scandal prompted Canada to call an inquiry into drug use in amateur sport that resumes hearings in Toronto next Wednesday . Commission counsel Robert Armstrong said it was `` totally irresponsible that Dr. Astaphan made such statements outside of the commission and not under oath where they are available to be tested by cross-examination . ''

B I O B I O O O B I I O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

ben johnson
personal physician
disgraced olympic sprinter
seoul olympics
jamie astaphan
stanozolol use
johnson scandal
banned steroid
olympics gold medal


This has always been a land of stark contrasts and magnificent subtleties , never more so than in the aftermath of last summer 's spectacular season of fire which scorched enough timber and meadow to rival Rhode Island in size . From the sky where the graceful bald eagles soar , the oldest and grandest of our national parks now resembles a peculiar marble cake , baked by the caprice of nature into patternless swirls of vegetation and death . Much Unscathed Despite infernos that whipped through the treetops like blast furnaces , most of the pristine landscape emerged unscathed , as did the elusive grizzly bears in the high country , the resilient herds of elk and bison and the famous geysers that fill the air with eerie puffs of steam and mist . With the last of the winter snow rapidly melting , much of Yellowstone is bathed in the glorious hues of spring . But cut into the green are huge gashes of once-thriving forest that now appear either pitch black or rusty brown , depending on whether the trees were roasted or merely singed . Either way , they 're dead . Once-lush hillsides are now covered by little more than the skeletons of stately lodgepole pines . Their needles , twigs and even limbs gone up in smoke , some of these `` widowmakers , '' as loggers call them , still jut precariously from the charred dirt . Others lay scattered across the ground like giant pick-up-sticks . Down at ground level , the same scenery is a thing of beauty , not devastation , to the eyes of soil scientist Henry Shovic . He turns a spade of blackened earth and finds rich brown soil just beneath the crust , a sign that the forest not only remains fertile but will soon be teeming with new life . Already , clumps of grasses are beginning to jut to the surface and here and there a yellow buttercup or purple shooting star has also broken through . In a few weeks , meadow floors will be carpeted in a thick blanket of wildflowers . `` Did you see the green ? '' asks Shovic , ecstatic . `` I 'm amazed . It 's going to be a picture postcard . '' Spring Brings Rebirth Spring has come to Yellowstone and with it an inspiring process of rebirth and renewal . But while the 1988 blazes have long since flamed out , the controversy they kindled is still smoldering . It is sure to leave its mark on future fire and management policies not just at Yellowstone but throughout the vast system of national parks and wilderness areas . `` It was a hell of a summer , let me tell you , '' said Yellowstone Supt. Bob Barbee . Arguments still rage over the impact of the fires on wildlife , the conduct of officials responsible for monitoring the blazes and the role of the media and others in creating an erroneous impression that a national treasure had somehow been reduced to cinders . The debate has also served to underscore a basic conflict in the mission of national parks as set out by Congress . On the one hand , they are supposed to be preserves of the past , the last outposts in America where nature is allowed to take its course with as little intrusion as possible from man . On the other hand , they are also set aside as vacation and tourist havens for the taxpayers , who , after all , pay the bills . If nothing else , said James Agee , a forest ecology specialist at the University of Washington , the furor raised by the fires should force environmentalists to temper their purist approach to park management . Ecologists argue that wildfires clear away dead timber and overgrowth and are vital to the rejuvenation of forests . Tied to Neighbors But `` parks can no longer be considered ecological and sociological islands , '' Agee told a conference of conservationists here over the weekend . `` They are inextricably tied to their neighbors for better or worse . '' Some movement in that direction may already be under way . The Interior Department , parent of the National Park Service , has already ordered a summer-long moratorium on its politically sensitive `` let-burn '' policy , under which lightning-triggered blazes are allowed to burn unless they threaten human lives or property . The edict applies to all but two parks in Florida . `` With the exception of Big Cypress and the Everglades , we will be in full suppression mode , '' a park service spokesman explained . And , after a sweeping review and nationwide public hearings , the agency has tentatively decided to modify -- though not flatly abandon -- the controversial fire strategy once the moratorium expires . Under the changes , expected to be announced shortly by Bush Administration officials , all parks would have to run through a safety check list that includes an assessment of weather , moisture , winds and available firefighting crews before they could make a decision on whether or not to let a lightning fire burn . Leading environmentalists are cautiously optimistic about the new plan because it retains at least a stated commitment to the retention of so-called `` natural '' policies . At the same time , however , they warn that saddling park managers with extensive conditions could effectively result in quick suppression of all wildfires . May Become Gun-Shy Michael Scott , regional director of the Wilderness Society , said restrictions could lead to a `` systematic politicization of ecosystem management '' and make officials gun-shy about letting fire burn for any reason . `` They 're going to say ` we better just put out the fires , ' '' Scott predicted . `` There could be a chilling effect on allowing nature to take its course . '' From an ecologist 's standpoint , the `` let-burn '' policy could be the most serious casualty of last year 's blazes , which swelled to historic proportions and ultimately seared nearly 1 million of the park 's 2.2 million acres . Heeding complaints that fires were getting out of hand and could threaten surrounding communities , officials suspended the policy by mid-July . And some of last year 's most destructive blazes were triggered by man , not nature , and fought from the first sign of smoke . Eventually 25,000 firefighters were called in from around the nation and the bill for suppression efforts soared to $ 120 million , nearly 10 times the size of Yellowstone 's annual operating budget . Authorities say the flames were fanned by record drought and gale - force winds and virtually nothing could have stopped them . `` What is most humbling is that one-quarter inch of rain and snow on Sept. 11 essentially stopped what the greatest firefighting effort in history could not , '' argued John Varley , Yellowstone 's chief scientist . But many local politicians and residents disagree . They say the park did too little , too late and let the fires get out of hand . And many people who live in nearby resort communities remain bitter over what they contend was a preventable tragedy that could scare away tourists and imperil their livelihoods . `` If -LRB- park superintendent -RRB- Barbee were here I 'd choke him to death even today , '' said Betty Morton , a motel owner in tiny Cooke City , where the threat of fire forced a temporary evacuation last September . `` Even a 5-year-old child knows if something 's burning you got to stop it quick . All that stuff about burning 's good for growth is a crock . I 'll never see any of it in my lifetime . '' Will Keep Job While many critics have called for Barbee 's head , Interior Secretary Manuel Lujan Jr. said in an interview that the Yellowstone superintendent was in no danger of losing his job . Still , Lujan , a former New Mexico congressman appointed to his Cabinet post only this year , said park officials should have `` admitted '' that they erred in losing control of the blazes . To a great extent , lingering resentment over the conduct of firefighting efforts is fueled by economic uncertainty . Morton , for example , said all 12 of the cabins she rents out are usually reserved for the Memorial Day weekend weeks in advance . This year , only one of the rooms has been taken so far . There are conflicting signals over what impact the fires have had on the tourist trade . Other independent innkeepers , as well as lodges in the park , also report that reservations are soft . However , Marsha Karle , a spokeswoman for the park , said letters and calls logged by Yellowstone operators are about double their usual pace and the number of visitors entering the park so far this spring has been well above normal . The park has embarked on an unprecedented publicity drive as well as an $ 8.5-million rehabilitation project to reassure reluctant tourists that it has not been transformed into a bleak wasteland . The centerpiece of the campaign appears to be an effort to turn what , to some might appear a disaster , into an opportunity . `` Welcome to the New Yellowstone , '' reads the headline on a special fire brochure handed to each visitor as they drive into the park . '' ... We have the rare opportunity to witness wildlife regeneration on a scale rarely seen anywhere on Earth . '' A new $ 250,000 exhibit on fire ecology is under construction , as is a series of wayside exhibits describing various fire scenes . Interpretive programs will feature talks on fire and its effects and there are even tentative plans to develop a children 's trail through a fire-damaged area to explain the phenomenon to youngsters . Expect Many Scientists While the response from tourists is still questionable , the park is bracing for an unprecedented onslaught of scientists looking into everything from fire behavior patterns to its effects on grizzly bears , fisheries , grasslands and the nesting status of bald eagles . `` Hundreds of people are here doing research , '' said Karle . `` It 's like a big laboratory . '' Even local merchants , suppressing any anguish over the fire and its ultimate impact , are jumping on the bandwagon . Colorful souvenir books detailing the fires in words and pictures are big sellers at curio shops both in the park and gateway communities . Another hot item : videos . `` Yellowstone -- The Place Where Hell Bubbled Up , '' comes in both 90-minute deluxe and 30-minute highlight packages as well as a Japanese narrative version . Yellowstone officials are making no apologies for their handling of the fires , which they contend was not only ecologically sound but also in concert with then existing park service regulations . Circling the wagons against critics , they insist that the uncertainty and furor raised by what happened here resulted largely from media accounts that sometimes wildly exaggerated the extent of the blazes and their impact . `` There was no ecological downside to the fires , '' Barbee said recently . '' ... The media , in my opinion , went into a frenzy . They outdid themselves with hyperbole . '' Whether coverage was fair or not , the media 's impact on heightening awareness of the situation was clearly considerable . The blazes were probably the first major wildfire covered on television by live hourly updates emanating from satellite trucks in the middle of a forest . Lujan 's reservations aside , an internal government review has largely backed up the approach taken by Barbee and other park officials in dealing with the fires . But it did fault the park service for a haphazard public relations job that fueled confusion . Natural , Beneficial Another major post-fire study , this one conducted by a panel of experts from several major universities , has yet to be released . However , the chairman of the panel , Duke University botanist Norman L. Christensen , told a congressional hearing last January that he considered the fires to be both natural and beneficial to the Yellowstone environment . `` Ecologists are in total agreement that wildfires were a natural part of the primeval North American landscape , '' Christensen testified . '' ... Although less frequent , fires approaching the size of those in 1988 occurred in the 1700s and probably occurred at 200 - to 300 - year intervals through the Western mountains over the past 10,000 years . '' Christensen said that there is ample evidence that such fires kill few animals and ultimately improve their habitat by promoting the growth of plants and shrubs that could not thrive in the gloom of a thick forest . Bob Secter reported from Yellowstone and Maura Dolan from Los Angeles . YELLOWSTONE FIRES 1 -- Human-caused fires originating outside of Yellowstone Park 2 -- Natural fires originating within Yellowstone Park 3 -- Natural fires originating on adjacent U.S. Forest Service lands SOURCE : Yellowstone National Park REFORESTATION IN YELLOWSTONE About 80 % of the trees burned in the greater Yellowstone Park fires were lodgepole pines , a tree that is self-pruning . Branches below the productive region of the crown -LRB- upper 8 to 10 feet -RRB- die and fall off as the tree grows . Here is how reforestation process takes place after logging or a fire : Stage 1 - Lodgepole pine saplings grow in stands before forming canopy -LRB- up to 40 years after a fire -RRB- . Stage 2 - Closed canopy of even-aged , usually dense young trees -LRB- 40 to 100 years -RRB- . Stage 3 - Lodgepole pines dominate , canopy largely intact . Some spruce and fir below -LRB- 100 to 300 years . Stage 4-Canopy quite ragged . Undergrowth includes spruce , fir and white-bark pine -LRB- over 300 years -RRB- . Stage 5 - Canopy , dominated by over-mature lodgepole pines , beginning to break up -LRB- over 300 years -RRB- . SOURCE : Yellowstone National Park

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

yellowstone park fires
natural fires
lightning fire
firefighting crews
destructive blazes
firefighting efforts
lodgepole pines
fire ecology

yellowstone national park reforestation
human-caused fires


Alphonce Swai , who ran in the 1984 Olympics for Tanzania , but who later fell prey to alcoholism , continues his comeback bid in Sunday 's America 's Finest City HomeFed Half Marathon . The race is scheduled to begin at 7 a.m. at the Cabrillo Monument atop the Point Loma Peninsula . It will wind its way to the finish line in Balboa Park . Swai began his comeback in late May when he ran the Trib 10K , finishing 16th in 30 minutes 8 seconds . Since then , however , Swai has won two races , the Coronado Half Marathon in July , which he finished in 1:04.50 , and the Goodwill Games 10-kilometer run last month in Seattle . The Goodwill Games victory came despite Swai 's taking a wrong turn and running 150 yards in another direction before getting back on track . Now Swai , 26 , is looking to turn in a 1:02 or 1:03 on Sunday . He insists he 'll need that kind of a time to beat a bevy of Mexican and African runners . The runners Swai fears most include : Carlos Ayala of Mexico City , who finished fourth in this year 's Grandma 's Marathon ; Jose Luis Chuela of Mexico , who was second in this race in 1988 -LRB- 1:03:42 -RRB- ; Sam Sitonik of Kenya , who placed fourth in the 1987 America 's Finest City Half Marathon at 1:06:01 ; and Sammy Rotich , a Kenyan who ran a personal best 1:01:55 in 1987 . The women 's field is led by Kim Jones of Spokane , Wash. . Track & Field News ranked Jones third among women marathoners in 1989 and first among U.S. competitors . Jones , 32 , finished the 1989 New York City Marathon second to Ingrid Kristiansen of Norway with a personal-best time of 2:27.54 . Also in 1989 , Jones won the Twin Cities Marathon , placed second in Houston and third in Boston . She will be challenged by Janine Aiello of Toas , N.M. , who placed second in this year 's San Francisco Marathon ; Lynn DeNinnof of St. Louis , who won a gold medal in the 10 kilometer at the 1990 TAC championships ; and Kathryn Evans of Fort Collins , Colo. , winner of the 1990 Nebraska Half Marathon . The course is considered by runners to be a difficult one -- so difficult , in fact , that most elite runners who train in San Diego stay away from the race . `` It is a challenging course , '' Swai said . `` The runner who is smart and thinks through it will be the one who is going to win . You ca n't just go out and run hard on this course . ''

B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

homefed half marathon
alphonce swai
comeback bid
race
runners
challenging course


Some 160km west of Tokyo in Japan 's coastal Tokai region is what may be the world 's most dense array of geophysical instruments . More than 150 meters and gauges track seismic activity , rock strain , crustal tilt , tidal movements and ground water levels . The data are telemetered to Tokyo where they are monitored around the clock in the hope that six experts , to be summoned at a moment 's notice , will recognise unusual phenomena that may indicate an imminent earthquake . If the committee so advises , Japan 's prime minister will issue an earthquake warning for the Tokai area . Trains will be stopped , traffic routed out of the area , stores closed and pupils let out of schools . Areas prone to landslides and tidal waves will be evacuated . Hospitals , firefighters and rescue crews will go on alert . And then everyone will wait for an earthquake measuring eight on the Richter scale . Long after the rest of the world has abandoned hope of predicting earthquakes , Japan continues to spend Dollars 2.5 m -LRB- Pounds 1.6 m -RRB- a year monitoring the Tokai region and close to Dollars 100m more on general earthquake prediction research . For prediction believers , it is a small price to pay , as Japan is one of the world 's most earthquake-prone countries . But for increasingly vocal sceptics in Japan , it is at best a misguided effort that wastes money and is dangerously misleading the public . Despite the protests , however , Japan 's earthquake prediction programme rolls along on inertia , insularity and unrealistic public expectations . Japan made earthquake prediction a national project in 1965 when scientists throughout the world were optimistic about prediction . Research was also being taken seriously in the US , Russia and China . In Japan , prediction took on urgency when seismologists concluded that the Tokai area was overdue for a significant quake . The Suruga Trough , a deep submarine trench running just offshore , forms the boundary between two of the earth 's tectonic plates . The Philippine Sea Plate is diving beneath the Eurasian Plate . Friction between these plates causes the area 's earthquakes . The Tokai section last ruptured in 1854 . If the entire section ruptures again , the resulting quake could reach eight on the Richter scale , endangering the lives of 10m residents in the area . That prospect led to the 1978 Large-Scale Earthquake Countermeasures Act , which established the warning procedure and launched hazard mitigation and emergency response programmes . Since then , optimism about prediction has faded . Even prediction supporters admit there is no scientific theory on which to base a forecast . Prediction hinges on spotting anomalous phenomena , or precursors . Unfortunately , it has proved impossible to conclude consistently and definitively whether the signspredictors look for - swarms of small earthquakes , unusual bulges and creeps in the earth 's crust , sudden changes in geomagnetism or electrical resistivity - are precursors or simply background geologic noise . Precursors are often only recognised as such after a large earthquake . And many earthquakes occur without any identifiable precursor , even in retrospect . There are also questions as to whether Japan 's monitoring efforts are focused in the right place . Recent studies by seismologists at the Ministry of Construction have indicated the possibility of a significant quake occurring in the Izu area between Tokai and Tokyo . The city is overdue for a big quake , according to several theories . Japan has had numerous killer quakes outside the Tokai monitoring network , including a 7.8 earthquake off the coast of Hokkaido last year that claimed more than 200 lives . Kiyoo Mogi , chairman of the six-member panel that will make the call on the Tokai earthquake and former head of the University of Tokyo 's Earthquake Research Institute , says several factors make the Tokai region more suited than others for what he calls ' a national experiment ' . The region 's geology is straightforward , so they can narrow down the likely location of the anticipated earthquake . Historically , strain along the Suruga Trough has been released in infrequent large earthquakes , rather than numerous small ones . The evidence is that significant strain has accumulated along the fault since the region 's last big earthquake . Recognising precursors will still be difficult . Mogi says they now believe that precursor patterns may be particular to each section of a fault . He says if they knew what precursory phenomena occurred the last time that section of the fault slipped , in 1854 , they would be able to predict the next earthquake . Instead , the six experts are watching for the rapid uplift of the crust on the westward side of the trough that preceded quakes along adjacent sections of the fault in 1944 and 1946 . This all makes a successful prediction a long shot . Aside from the Tokai effort , scientists outside the programme are disturbed that it is so generously funded and has so little to show . Prediction research elsewhere withered as scientists who could not convince review committees of the scientific merit of their research lost their funding . Japan 's prediction research activities , primarily overseen by the Ministry of Education , Science and Culture , are subject to no such review . A sub-committee of one of the ministry 's innumerable advisory bodies draws up five-year plans . But , in effect , the budget is divided among researchers and institutions in the same proportions each year . The public , and even public officials , remain largely unaware that Japan 's scientists are debating whether prediction is impossible or merely difficult . Most citizens do not realise that Tokai is the only region in which the government even intends to attempt a short-term warning . High public expectations are coming back to haunt the six-member panel of experts , which must conclude that the gathered data indicate either ' a cause for concern ' or ` no cause for concern ' . Mogi would like to add a third category between the two that would indicate ` some level of concern ' . Many scientists agree a ` maybe ' is not unreasonable , given the state of the art . Public officials , however , are insisting the experts make an ` it 's coming ' or ` it 's not ' decision . Meanwhile , the controversy might be settled if the experts get their call from the technicians monitoring the Tokai data .

O O O O O O B O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

japan
coastal tokai region
seismic activity
imminent earthquake
richter scale
general earthquake prediction research
tokai earthquake
earthquake warning


Out of the horn of Africa has emerged the most devastating and dominant group of marathon runners the world has seen . Or at least since the last time Ethiopia ventured from its athletic isolation and won three consecutive Olympic gold medals , putting its indelible stamp on the marathon . It appears to be happening again , a generation after Abebe Bikila ran barefoot through the darkened streets of Rome in 1960 to win the first of his two Olympic golds . Now it is Abebe Mekonnen , who was born the year Bikila won the 1964 Olympic Marathon in Tokyo and a nation named its baby boys after its hero . Mekonnen , a police lieutenant from Addis Ababa , made a furious rush with a mile to go , passing Juma Ikangaa of Tanzania and winning Monday 's Boston Marathon in 2 hours 9 minutes 6 seconds . Ikangaa was second in 2:09:56 . It was only the second time an African has won here . Ingrid Kristiansen of Norway easily won the women 's race in 2:24:33 after abandoning her attempt to break 2:20 . Kristiansen , the women 's marathon world record-holder , started fast but slowed markedly on a hot day . With temperatures in the high 60s during the Patriot 's Day race , it was about 20 degrees warmer than it was Sunday and all of last week . Still , Kristiansen finished 26th overall , believed to be the highest finish for a woman in this race . Joan Benoit Samuelson , who set a world record on this course in 1983 , was beset with physical problems that altered her stride at 11 miles , and she finished ninth among the women in 2:37:52 . It was the worst marathon performance of her career . It also was the first time Kristiansen had beaten Samuelson in a marathon . In an emotional news conference afterward , Samuelson , who won the first women 's Olympic marathon in 1984 at Los Angeles , tearfully conceded that she might have run her last marathon for some time . But the story of Monday 's 93rd Boston race was Mekonnen and his nation of 42 million , which has reemerged as a force to be reckoned with in marathon running . In two days , Ethiopian runners have won three major marathons . In Rotterdam on Sunday , Belayneh Dinsamo won in 2:08:39 . Dinsamo holds the world record of 2:06:50 , set last year on the same course . Also on Sunday , in the World Cup Marathon at Milan , Ethiopians finished 1-2 . Keleke Metaferia won in 2:10:28 , and Dereje Nedi was second in 2:10:36 . Ethiopia beat Italy for the World Cup team title with a second-string team . Nearly a dozen Ethiopian runners have been deployed around the world in this hectic two-week period of spring marathons . Two other Ethiopians were in Monday 's Boston race , placing ninth and 18th . And still another , Wodajo Bulti , who has run 2:08:44 , is one of the favorites in the London Marathon next Sunday . Ethiopia 's legacy to the world in the last decade has been one of drought , famine and ethnic civil war . More than 1 million people died in 1984-85 during a drought-caused famine . The plight of Ethiopians caught the imagination of the world and inspired rock musicians and others to organize benefit concerts . Because of internal disturbances , however , little of that aid ever reached the needy . Politically pro-Soviet , Ethiopia 's Marxist government ordered boycotts of the Olympic Games in 1976 , 1984 and 1988 . Had they not boycotted , at least three Ethiopian runners would have been among the favorites in the men 's marathon at Seoul . Despite its erratic participation , however , Ethiopia has a proud Olympic heritage , dating to 1956 . One of the marathon 's most enduring figures was Bikila , who won the marathon gold medal in 1960 and 1964 . Ethiopia also took the marathon gold in 1968 , when Mamo Wolde , 36 , won at altitude in Mexico City . It is the altitude at which the Ethiopians train that enhances their aerobic capacity . Much of the central part of the country is mountainous , ranging in altitude from 6,000 to 15,000 feet . It was the first time since 1963 that an Ethiopian had run at Boston and Mekonnen , 24 , made the most of it . He was among the pack of four African runners that led the 6,418 entrants race for 15 miles . At about mile 16 , Mekonnen and Ikangaa took off , running at first side by side , then with Ikangaa holding a slight lead . And they ran not as strangers , because Mekonnen had beaten Ikangaa in winning last year 's Tokyo Marathon . `` I know him very well as a runner , '' Mekonnen said through an interpreter . `` I knew that I should stay with him until the last -LRB- two miles -RRB- . He 's a good runner , but he does not have a good finish . '' Mekonnen and Kristiansen each earned $ 45,000 . John Treacy of Ireland , who was third behind Ikangaa here last year , was third again in 2:10:24 . `` I knew that they had gone out very hard , '' Treacy said of the blistering early pace . Until the halfway point , the men were on a 2:04 pace , dangerous in Monday 's heat . The pace got the best of Saimon Robert Haali of Tanzania , who led the race for five miles . He finished sixth . The women 's race had only one leader , Kristiansen . She , too , set an incredible early pace . For the first few miles , before the heat , Kristiansen was running at a 2:17 pace . By the 17th mile , she had added more than 20 seconds to her mile splits . By her own reckoning , it was at almost 16 miles that Kristiansen felt the heat . `` I decided to just win the race , '' she said . `` It was too hot to set the world record . '' Samuelson held on to second place and even ran comfortably until about 11 miles , when she came undone . `` I was prepared for hot weather and it certainly was hot , but the heat was n't my problem today , '' Samuelson said . `` I felt real easy the first 11 miles , I felt I was right in the groove . I was right where I wanted to be . `` Before I came to Boston , I had a lot of problems with my hip and my back . At about 11 miles , it went very quickly . I lost my stride from that point . Lisa Weidenbach went flying by me at that point . Marguerite -LRB- Buist -RRB- went shortly thereafter . I kept thinking I 'd pull it off . I did n't have the day I really wanted . I was duly humbled . '' Samuelson , who had knee surgery in February , continued to fade as her stride faltered and was beaten by three U.S. runners . It had been at least eight years since Samuelson was beaten in the marathon by an American . Buist , of New Zealand , was second in 2:29:04 . Kim Jones of Spokane , Wash. , was third in 2:29:34 . Weidenbach was fifth . `` It 's always difficult to be beaten by Americans when you are the American champion , '' Kristiansen said . `` The easiest way to be beaten is to drop out of a race . And she did n't . I think it 's great that she finished . '' Such compliments did little to placate Samuelson . In the postrace news conference , the private Samuelson was as emotional as she has ever been in public . Her voice broke several times . `` I 've run some very good races and I think I have some very good races left in me , '' she said . `` A lot of people are expecting me to say this is it . It 's not it . -LRB- But -RRB- I have been spending as much time in physical therapy as I have in training and I ca n't continue that . I think I need to take an indefinite rest . It could be a year , it could be five years . I just ca n't go on with my responsibilities as a wife and mother and spend this amount of time in physical therapy and training . I 'll just take a break . '' Samuelson , who holds the U.S. marathon record , said she will significantly decrease her training mileage and probably run shorter races . She said she will run an eight-kilometer event next month in Washington , D.C. `` I want everyone to know that it 's still there , '' Samuelson said , tears welling in her eyes . `` I will run again . I need to get beyond this problem . '' THEY 'VE GOT A LOCK ON THE MARATHON How Ethiopia 's marathoners have fared the last two days : Date Race Result Sunday Rotterdam Marathon Belayneh Dinsamo , 2:08:39 , first place Sunday Milan , Italy Keleke Metaferia , 2:10:28 , first place , Dereje Nedi , World Cup Marathon 2:10:36 , second place . Ethiopia wins team title Monday Boston Marathon Abebe Mekonnen , 2:09:06 , first place .

O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

marathon runners
abebe bikila
dominant group
ethiopia
african runners
consecutive olympic gold medals
ingrid kristiansen
race