In the late 1970s , poor farmers living in communities surrounding this small town began replacing their fields of cacao and coffee with coca to meet the growing U.S. demand for cocaine . Like thousands of other farmers in Peru 's Upper Huallaga Valley , they discovered that while cacao and coffee could give their families enough to eat , coca could make them rich . Lately , someone else has been attracted by its big profits : the country 's murderous guerrillas , the Shining Path . Development workers , farmers and priests in the area say that the rebels have steadily streamed into the Upper Huallaga , a vast stretch of jungle northeast of Lima , and the biggest coca-growing zone in the world . Until recently , the Shining Path had largely neglected the jungle . In pursuing its strategy of trying to topple Peru 's democratically elected government , it had concentrated its bombings and shootings in the mountains and in Lima . But the guerrillas have discovered they can easily win support among farmers in the jungles of Upper Huallaga because of widespread anger generated by the U.S.-financed Peruvian anti-drug campaign . This effort focuses on interdicting drug trafficking and eradicating coca plants . While Washington has been quick to trumpet links between guerrillas and drug trafficking in other countries , U.S. officials downplay the connection between drugs and the Shining Path . One reason is embarrassment that the U.S.-financed anti-drug effort may have pushed coca growers closer to the guerrillas . But more important , if it were admitted that guerrillas are in large numbers in the Upper Huallaga , the army might again be given emergency control over the zone . And this is something Peruvian and U.S. officials apparently would rather avoid . The army was in force in the Upper Huallaga during the declared period of a state of emergency , from July 1984 to December 1985 . During this period , the army had virtual dictatorial control over all military and nonmilitary operations in the region . Government officials from the anti-drug police -LRB- UMOPAR -RRB- and the coca-eradication unit -LRB- CORAH -RRB- sent into the region to wipe out drug production were often confined to their barracks by the army ; they simply were not allowed to carry on with their work . The army continued its raids against the Shining Path in one part of the valley , but the drug growers were increasing production in several other parts while anti-drug officials were virtually kept under lock and key . Anti-drug police , Upper Huallaga residents and Interior Ministry officials report that army officers received hundreds of thousands of dollars in payoffs from drug lords for their help in keeping anti-drug officials at bay . `` It 's better for the ` narcos ' when the army is here , '' says one UMOPAR officer . When new President Alan Garcia lifted the state of emergency , the army lost any ability it may have had to protect coca growers . Not only did it lose the power of authority in the region , but the number of troops in the Upper Huallaga Valley was dramatically reduced . The troops were dispatched to other areas of the country , particularly in the mountainous Ayacucho region where guerrillas have been active . With the army impediment gone , the anti-drug campaign set about pushing traffickers out of Tingo Maria , their former headquarters , eliminating coca growing in the immediate vicinity of the town . But the narcos have now entrenched themselves in the towns of Tocache and Uchiza , where the police have repeatedly been blocked from entering by armed residents . At the same time , farmers are now planting coca in rugged parts of the jungle , far from CORAH 's sweep . Nevertheless , the loss of army protection provided the Shining Path with a golden opportunity . `` The guerrillas now present themselves as the defenders of the coca farmers , '' says Segundo Ramirez , owner of Aucayacu 's radio station . In return for their protection , the guerrillas demand that farmers turn over one-fifth of their coca crop , according to UMOPAR officers , farmers and priests . The rebels then process the leaves into coca paste and sell the paste to international traffickers -- usually Colombians -- for weapons and money , local sources say . The commander of the anti-drug police , Gen. Juan Zarate , says there are few guerrillas in the Upper Huallaga and denies that an alliance exists between the drug traffickers and the Shining Path . But residents insist that the rebels operate as a de facto government in the zone , even in Aucayacu and Tulumayo , where the police and army have outposts . An important guerrilla activity is organizing community self-defense groups against the hated police . Twenty-nine CORAH workers have been murdered in the valley since 1984 , and it 's likely that the Shining Path will encourage this kind of violence . In early January , the rebels were apparently behind a strike protesting the anti-drug program . For three days they shut down the 50-mile road from Tingo Maria to Rio Uchiza -- the only continuous , paved road in the valley . The relationship between the Shining Path and the people of the valley is not entirely cordial . As part of its efforts to impart revolutionary `` justice '' among the people , the Shining Path has administered brutal reprisals against those peasants who do not fit its `` new-man '' profile . During the January strike , the guerrillas killed an alleged thief and a seller of coca-paste cigarettes , according to a crop substitution program worker who works directly with the farmers in the area . The rebels are also believed responsible for the murders of four homosexual men last November in Aucayacu . On March 13 in El Triumfo , a small community near Aucayacu , they executed a 23-year-old man who spoke out against a guerrilla-organized activity . `` That really shook up the 80 families in the community , '' says Enrique Pena , a parish priest who can no longer enter the guerrilla-controlled area . The guerrillas are held responsible for assassinating six mayors in the area since 1985 , including two mayors from Aucayacu , which has 3,500 residents . Says Aucayacu Deputy Mayor Luis Salazar : `` The captain of the army has told me I 'm on the guerrillas ' black list . '' The government 's problem in combatting the current violence and influence of the Shining Path is how to ensure that army troops sent into this coca-rich region wo n't become corrupted by the lure of drug money , as they reportedly did in the past . This is the Catch-22 that now confounds Peruvian and U.S. officials trying to eradicate both drugs and guerrillas from Peru . -- Mr. Bridges is a free-lance writer .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O

shining path
coca farmers
upper huallaga valley
guerrillas
emergency control
coca growers
drug trafficking

peruvian anti-drug campaign
anti-drug police


As Alberto Fujimori prepares to take over as Peru 's next president on July 28 , the question of whether the Shining Path will hound his administration as it has the previous two ranks high among his concerns . Among Shining Path watchers -LRB- `` Senderlogos '' -RRB- there is strong disagreement on fundamentals : Is the Shining Path getting stronger or weaker ? Is it making progress or losing ground among the population ? And finally , who is actually winning the war ? There are no easy answers . There is not much of a dispute on the basic data , however . The Shining Path went to war in 1980 , on the same day Peru was holding general elections after 12 years of a military dictatorship . Its first actions were cautious , modest and often ludicrous in a crazy way -LRB- like hanging dogs from lampposts , with scribbled insults over them to Chinese Communist martyrs -RRB- . But the actions intensified and soon became quite lethal . While President Fernando Belaunde 's regime did what it could to maintain democratic legality at first , it was quite unprepared to deal with any insurgency -- especially with one that had been meticulously planned and organized several years before the first shot was fired . In October 1981 , emergency laws were imposed for the first time on part of Peru ; they covered only 2 % of the population . Now about 50 % of all Peruvians live under emergency law . In 10 years , the war between the Shining Path and the government has cost about 20,000 lives . Damages are estimated at $ 16 billion , or about 85 % of Peru 's annual gross national product . If the armed forces have been rightly accused of systematic violations of human rights -LRB- Peru ranks as one of the world 's worst human-rights offenders -RRB- , the military faults the civilian authorities for failing to provide much-needed leadership . Mr. Belaunde -LRB- the first to deal with the problem -RRB- , who tried to ignore the insurgency out of existence , is regarded as a well-meaning but inept leader . There are no kind words for Mr. Garcia , on the other hand . In the first weeks of his mandate , he made several right moves -- like emphasizing his role as commander in chief of the armed forces and reorganizing the corruption-ridden police . But things began to unravel soon after . At first , he tried a liberal approach , looking for a dialogue with the fanatical Shining Path , and sending scores of young professionals to the emergency areas to attack what he said were the `` root causes '' of the insurgency . But dialogue was disdainfully rejected : Dozens of these professionals were assassinated , and the armed forces slowed down their actions , while the rebels made largely unimpeded progress . Then , Mr. Garcia tried a tougher approach , and human-rights violations surged to their current level . And for the first time , death squads -- linked by some analysts to Mr. Garcia 's APRA Party -- began to contribute to the killing . Midpoint during his term , Mr. Garcia lost all hope of defeating the Shining Path , and decided just to coexist with it , says Rafael Merino , a respected analyst on security matters . Not even in that was Mr. Garcia successful , as violence climbed steadily during the second half of his term . In 1988 , 1,986 people were killed as a result of insurgent or counterinsurgent actions ; in 1989 , 3,198 were killed ; and 1,730 during the first six months of 1990 . How well is Mr. Fujimori expected to deal with the insurgency ? His campaign pitch advocated an approach closely resembling that of Mr. Garcia 's first year . According to Francisco Loayza , Mr. Fujimori 's adviser on internal-security matters , military actions against the Shining Path should be subordinated to economic-development initiatives . '' -LCB- The military -RCB- should mainly provide security for development projects , '' Mr. Loayza says . He stressed that the main thrust of Mr. Fujimori 's `` pacification '' policies would be to address the `` structural violence -LCB- read : social injustice -RCB- that makes subversion possible . '' Mr. Loayza says that President Garcia 's approach failed because of corruption and ineptitude . He also feels that the Shining Path is weakened , and that an important Shining Path faction would be willing to engage in peace talks . This is only wishful thinking , according to Mr. Merino : `` If President Fujimori thinks he 'll finish the war through those ` pacification ' policies , it will be like riding into battle with no better dress or weapons than a tuxedo . '' Actually , Mr. Fujimori might end up implementing internal war policies that would be quite different from those advocated during his campaign . At least , that 's what seems is going to happen with the economy , where the vote-getting populist message appears in the process of being replaced by a far more orthodox approach . Free-market economist Hernando de Soto , who has been advising Mr. Fujimori during the past month , thinks that might be the case . `` He learns fast , '' Mr. de Soto told me recently , `` and he has all the right instincts . '' Even if Mr. Fujimori proves to be a quick learner , he will have his work cut out for him . Running against all major trends of contemporary history , the insurgents have followed Shining Path founder Abimael Guzman with the commitment that the faithful reserve for their prophet . This was evident when walking through their safe house in Lima . It looked , said a Peruvian journalist , like the seed for the future `` Museum of the Revolution '' -- wood carvings ; woven baskets ; tapestries ; paintings ; chiseled stone ; all meticulously , lovingly crafted with the mythified motifs of the internal war . There were also the hagiographic representations of Mr. Guzman himself , in the various postures that endeavored to combine the heroic with the intellectual . A whole closed , inbred culture , developed in the underground and unnoticed by most Peruvians -- except when it explodes in their faces . -- Mr. Gorriti is a Peruvian author and journalist .

O B I O O O O O B O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

shining path
alberto fujimori
peru
next president
democratic legality
emergency laws
armed forces
president garcia


`` Right now the rains have caused everything to green up , but that can change in a few weeks , '' Lisa Boyd , a spokeswoman for the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection in Sacramento , said Monday . `` The state 's really a tinderbox this year . Everyone 's going to have to be extra careful . '' ; In Santa Clara County , the conditions are not yet extreme ; March storms probably delayed fire season until mid-June. ; But the county 's wild lands are littered with heavy fuel -- brush and trees -- killed by the drought or the December freeze. ; `` The late rains have given us a real good grass crop , the catalyst to ignite heavier fuels , '' said fire prevention officer Dick Mauldin at the forestry department 's Morgan Hill ranger unit. ; Particularly vulnerable are the eucalyptus groves that did not survive the freeze , Mauldin said . `` Fires in there are going to be particularly hot , hard to put out , '' he said. ; Statewide , according to the U.S. Forest Service , 10 percent of the trees in the 18 national forests have been killed by the drought or the insect infestations it spawned. ; State forestry officials estimate 10 million trees -- Boyd called them `` standing kindling '' -- have died in California 's wooded areas since the drought began. ; California 's worst fire year was 1987 , when 900,000 acres burned . Summer weather will be the key to how severe this fire season is. ; `` If we get into a period of temperatures in the 90s and 100s and it stays that way for a week or so , there is some real potential for major fires , '' Mauldin said. ; Firefighters are most concerned about rural areas of the South Bay and East Bay where people have built homes among heavy vegetation. ; `` We preach every year for homeowners to take precautions -LRB- such as clearing brush from around their houses -RRB- , and a lot of people do n't do it , '' Mauldin said . `` They think ` it 's never going to happen to me , ' and when it does they start pointing fingers . '' ; Mauldin said the Morgan Hill ranger unit will begin manning some of its seasonal stations Monday , begin hiring summer season firefighters June 3 , and have all of the back-country stations opened by July 1. ; The Morgan Hill unit covers parts of Santa Clara , Alameda , Contra Costa , Stanislaus , San Joaquin and Merced counties. ; In Alameda and Contra Costa counties , officials also are bracing for a long , hot summer . `` We do n't want to say this is the worst fire season in X years , but we are gearing up for it , '' said Ned MacKay , spokesman for the East Bay Regional Park District . `` We have to be prepared . '' ; Statewide , the biggest fire threat looms in the chaparral-covered coastal mountains south of Santa Barbara , where the moisture content of trees and shrubs is the lowest ever recorded for this time of year , Boyd said. ; `` Every year the drought continues , the conditions get more explosive , but we ca n't say for sure what is going to happen this year , '' Boyd said. ; Two of the forestry department 's 22 ranger units -- both in Southern California -- are fully staffed for the fire season now , Boyd said , and all are expected to be ready by mid-June. ; California does n't face the fire threat alone. ; Officials at the federal Boise Interagency Fire Center in Idaho , which coordinates firefighting efforts throughout the West , said parts of 11 states in the far West , and North Dakota and Minnesota , also face major fire danger this year. ; Wildfire precautions ; The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection advises residents of rural areas to take special precautions to protect their homes from wildfires this summer : ; -LRB- box -RRB- Clear at least a 30-foot defensible space of brush and dry grass around your house . On some properties , such as those on the ridge tops , the clear area should be as much as 100 feet wide . The break does n't have to be bare dirt , but could be planted with fire-resistant vegetation. ; -LRB- box -RRB- Remove all pine needles and leaves from your roof , eaves and rain gutters. ; -LRB- box -RRB- Trim tree limbs within 10 feet of your chimney and trim all dead limbs hanging over your house or garage. ; -LRB- box -RRB- Install a spark arrester on your chimney . They are available at hardware stores. ; -LRB- box -RRB- Treat wood shingle roofs with fire retardant on a regular basis. ; -LRB- box -RRB- Make sure there is adequate access for firefighters to get to your home , and ensure that neighborhood streets are clearly identified. ; -LRB- box -RRB- Further information can be obtained from the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection 's fire prevention unit in Morgan Hill , -LRB-408-RRB- 779-2121 . ; Source : California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O B I I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I

fire protection
fire season
heavy fuel
national forests
fire threat
firefighting efforts
wildfire precautions
fire prevention unit
california department


Confounding predictions of its demise four years ago during the worst diamond slump since the 1930s , De Beers Consolidated Mines Ltd. , the South African concern that controls 80 % of the world 's uncut-diamond market , is thriving . The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries is floundering , and the international tin cartel has collapsed . But De Beers not only halted a fall in rough-diamond prices , it raised them an average 14.5 % last year . Sales still soared 40 % to a near-record $ 2.56 billion , double the $ 1.26 billion posted in the 1982 doldrums . De Beers managed the comeback by convincing diamond producers , dealers and the jewelry industry that its marketing muscle was indispensable . `` Selling diamonds is the business of dealers and jewelers ; helping them to sell more is ours , '' says Stephen Lussier , a De Beers marketing executive . De Beers helped with an advertising and promotion budget that swelled to $ 110 million this year , up from $ 43 million in 1980 . Supplemented by $ 20 million spent by the diamond trade , the De Beers campaign helped raise world sales of diamond jewelry to 47 million pieces valued at $ 21.6 billion in 1985 , up from 42 million pieces valued at $ 16 billion in 1979 . Figures for 1986 are n't yet available , but De Beers says it was another record . The promotional budget covers market research , a world-wide network of as many as 200 public-relations officials , and advertising campaigns coordinated by the agencies N.W. Ayer & Son in the U.S. and J. Walter Thompson Co. in 27 other countries . The master sales plan began in 1938 , when former De Beers Chairman Harry Oppenheimer asked Ayer to woo American couples to buy expensive diamond engagement rings . Today the U.S. is the world 's No. 1 market , with $ 8 billion in annual retail diamond jewelry sales , or about a 40 % share , even though a 1971 antitrust law prevents De Beers from operating directly there . About three-fourths of American women own diamond engagement rings that cost an average $ 1,300 . De Beers 's strategy is two-pronged , says Mr. Lussier . General `` diamond image '' advertising aims at perpetuating the mystique of quality diamonds as `` the ultimate expression of love , '' he says . De Beers applied similar promotional techniques world-wide . One out of 17 Japanese couples bought engagement rings two decades ago . Now two-thirds do , and Japan is the second-largest diamond jewelry market , followed by West Germany . De Beers 's Central Selling Organization , known as the Syndicate , is the pipeline between diamond mines and dealers based mainly in Antwerp , Belgium ; Bombay , India ; Tel Aviv , Israel , and New York . As the sole middleman , De Beers usually avoids the acrimony that has divided other cartels . The Syndicate has purchase contracts with De Beers 's own mines in South Africa and Namibia -LRB- a territory controlled by South Africa -RRB- , other African states such as Botswana , Zaire and Sierra Leone , and Australia . De Beers offers its cache to select dealers 10 times a year at sales known as `` sights . '' Each dealer gets a box containing uncut diamonds . The dealer must accept or reject the entire box , valued at between $ 1 million and $ 25 million . If the dealer refuses to buy , De Beers may never invite him back . This ritual has enabled De Beers to maintain price stability . The cartel has n't cut prices since it was founded more than half a century ago . Despite grumbling , diamond dealers generally believe that a healthy international diamond market depends on the Syndicate . OPEC members `` tend to do what they like , '' says Jo Flies , chief economist of the Antwerp Diamond Council . But De Beers is unique , he says , in influencing production and consumption of diamonds . `` People mesmerized by the producers ' cartels forget that De Beers is an aggressive , ruthless and effective sales organization , '' says a London dealer . Some analysts warn , however , that De Beers 's future may be affected by the surge in diamond output elsewhere , notably Australia . World diamond production has soared to 88 million carats from 47 million carats in 1982 . A carat equals 1/142 of an ounce . About 20 % of the prize diamonds are produced in southern Africa , but the market is being flooded by cheaper diamonds mainly from Australia and Zaire . The Soviet Union , which produces an estimated 12 million carats of top-grade diamonds annually , is another unknown . De Beers has a sales arrangement with the Soviets , but Moscow has dumped diamonds before and may prove difficult to keep in line . Angola left the cartel last year , partly because it is involved in a bitter war with South African-backed rebels . Other African nations in the cartel want more control over distribution , dealers say . `` De Beers ca n't stop evolution , '' says Jack Lunzer , chairman of IDC Holdings Ltd. , a London-based diamond firm that sells diamonds for Guinea , an African nation that is n't a cartel member . While sales independence from De Beers `` could be disastrous '' for the market , Mr. Lunzer says , that wo n't deter those producers who want `` more information and knowledge about final sales of their material . '' But the fate of De Beers , South Africa 's most famous company , will depend largely on developments in that troubled country , dealers say . International sanctions , including a possible U.S. import ban on South African diamonds , pose a growing threat . Recent history indicates , however , that it would be hasty to write off the cartel . In 1981 , Zaire , which mines 22 % of world diamond output , left the cartel . Australia was about to open a huge diamond mine and a speculative boom had led to widespread dealer bankruptcies . The monopoly was threatened with extinction . While average prices of De Beers 's rough diamonds rose 37 % , prices of polished diamonds in dealers ' stocks collapsed . The top-grade investment diamond , D-Flawless , tumbled to around $ 8,000 a carat in 1985 from an average of $ 55,000 in 1980 . In a series of shrewd moves , De Beers forced Zaire to rejoin the cartel by dumping diamonds . Meanwhile , diamond demand by consumers increased , fueled by De Beers 's promotion campaign and favorable economic trends . Dealers say trade is buoyant again because of lower interest rates and a weak dollar that makes dollar-priced diamonds cheaper in Japan and Europe . Since November 1985 , prices of D-Flawless diamonds have risen 56 % to around $ 14,000 a carat . `` De Beers is powerful ; it is everywhere , '' says Alfred Lachowsky , chairman of the Antwerp Diamond High Council . The cartel will continue to control world diamond markets , Mr. Lachosky says . `` You ca n't mix diamonds with oil . ''

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

diamond producers
diamond trade
world diamond markets
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world diamond production
south african concern
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uncut-diamond market
rough-diamond prices
de beers consolidated mines ltd.


Just last week , a federal judge hearing a civil rights suit issued an unusual order that employees follow department policy -- and the department appealed , winning a temporary delay of the order. ; The spotlight that had been trained on the police department and its 8,300 officers now has widened to take in the equally large sheriff 's department . Block 's measured response to the criticism -- and the lack of a riveting videotape -- have spared him the level of heat felt by Police Chief Daryl Gates . But after years of boasting that their methods were models in policing , both departments are facing pressure to revolutionize their tactics to better fit this first-of-its-kind metropolis. ; `` We are a multiracial , multicultural city more than any other , '' said Ramona Ripston , head of the American Civil Liberties Union of Southern California . `` If something can be worked out here , it would be really , I think , a model that can be exported . '' ; Joseph McNamara , retired chief of San Jose 's department and now a fellow at Stanford University 's Hoover Institution , said he has been getting calls all summer from cities around the country about racism and brutality in their departments. ; `` There 's got to be a revolution in American policing , '' McNamara said . `` Militarizing police is a definite trend in the past 10 years , and part of it is because of the Los Angeles models . '' ; But some observers say that , for a variety of political and social reasons , the possibility for substantive change on L.A. law 's front lines is scant. ; Low level of interest ; `` There is n't the level of interest among voting people , people with power , people with influence , '' ACLU spokesman Joe Hicks said . `` They do n't really care much about police reform . They just want to make sure their communities are safe . '' ; The poor minority communities that do care suffer `` a lack of organization that really can take advantage of the anger over the police and keep some momentum going that could potentially force reforms , '' Hicks said. ; The King beating led to an investigation of the police department by an independent commission that found racism , brutality , inadequate discipline , mismanagement and a `` siege mentality '' pitting officers against the community. ; The Christopher Commission 's scathing report made more than 100 recommendations , many of them aimed at moving away from the department 's `` hard-nosed '' approach and improving relations with residents. ; At the street level , it suggested officers spend more time out of their patrol cars , work more with community groups and ease up on the common practice of making suspects lie face down on the ground even when they pose no apparent threat. ; The city council is reviewing the recommendations , some of which -- for instance , a term limit for the chief -- require voter approval. ; Now , critics are calling for the same kind of independent investigation of the sheriff 's department. ; But Block has dug in his heels , insisting a panel he appointed is independent enough to advise which Christopher Commission recommendations might apply to his department . Critics say its leaders have been supporters of the local law establishment. ; But because Block is elected , his is the last word. ; Like Gates before him , Block maintains his department is a good one with `` a reputation as being one of the most progressive , one of the most professional , one of the finest law enforcement agencies . '' ; The sheriff has said that his department continually re-examines itself and launched several Christopher Commission recommendations before the commission even existed -- but that it ca n't do everything. ; ' A last-resort mechanism ' ; `` Law enforcement , and I 'm going beyond the sheriff 's department , did not create the social conditions out there from which the violence is springing , '' he said . `` People are looking at the criminal justice system today as being the linchpins of government ... -LRB- But -RRB- We 're a last-resort mechanism when other kinder and gentler processes fail in our society . And fail they have . '' ; Block pointed to social ills including high drop-out and illiteracy rates , `` young people who are raising themselves , '' and a county jail system that is `` perhaps the major houser of mentally ill people in our society in this nation . '' ; Countywide , homicides soared to 1,964 last year , compared with 1,463 five years earlier. ; There are 950 known street gangs with more than 99,300 members in the county , according to the sheriff 's department. ; Agreeing that law enforcement is not the answer to all of society 's failures , critics say Block is missing the point. ; `` Police brutality -LRB- or -RRB- racism is not a social problem , it 's a law enforcement lack of leadership , '' the Hoover Institution 's McNamara said . `` The basic goal and mission of law enforcement people is to reduce conflict in the community ... . The rhetoric of the Los Angeles police establishment through the years seems to have escalated conflict , not lowered it . '' ; The FBI , Amnesty International and the county grand jury are investigating allegations about both departments. ; But some critics are skeptical that the police culture here will change significantly. ; ` Window dressing ' predicted ; On the city side , they worry that the Christopher Commission recommendations will be diluted by the time the city council and voters are finished with them . Besides a new police chief , the ACLU 's Hicks predicted only `` some window dressing and some moderate changes made to training . '' ; On the county side , critics say Block 's position as an elected official insulates him from the kind of independent review the city was able to order for the police department. ; And although he can be voted out , they say , the voters include great numbers of people in cities that his department does n't patrol. ; John Burton , an attorney specializing in police misconduct cases , offers a grim view on the potential for change : `` I think it 's going to get worse , because of the general decay in social conditions and unemployment . The government does n't have anything to offer except police repression , so that 's what we get . ''

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

police brutality
racism
inadequate discipline
investigation
police reform


Third World debtors had to pay $ 50.1 billion more to service their debts to the United States and other creditors last year than they received in new loans -- a major drain on their already cash-strapped economies -- the World Bank reported Sunday . The figure , contained in the bank 's annual report and made public before its annual meeting here Sept. 23 , was almost a third larger than in 1987 , when the net pay-back totaled $ 38.3 billion . The cash drain has been growing steadily since 1984 , when it was $ 10.2 billion . The bank also reported that , despite the relatively buoyant economic growth in most industrial countries , developing countries turned in a decidedly mixed performance , ranging from a mini-boom in Southeast Asian economies to further impoverishment in Africa . The bank said that it plans to increase its own commitments for new loans to Third World countries to about $ 16.4 billion in the current fiscal year , up from $ 14.8 billion in fiscal 1988 . However , actual disbursements of loan money are expected to remain at about $ 11 billion . The figures on the cash drain showed that these `` net resource transfers , '' as the bank parlance terms them , are mushrooming rapidly -- a measure of the mounting strain that the global debt burden is placing on Third World economies . Sunday 's total is approximately $ 7 billion higher than a preliminary estimate of $ 43 billion for 1988 that the bank published last December . `` The situation in the Third World is getting worse , not better , '' a bank official said . A bank spokesman said that part of the reason that the figure is so bloated is that some countries , such as cash-rich South Korea , are paying off their debts early . And the new U.S. plan to help countries reduce their debts is expected to trim the total some . Still , the figure is massive by any measure . The total debt burden of Third World countries currently is estimated at about $ 993 billion . The debt service for this total -- that is , the payments to cover interest and principal -- amounts to about $ 143 billion a year . The bank gave a variety of reasons for the disparity in growth rates among developing countries . In general , however , it said that countries whose governments follow sensible economic policies , such as in East Asia , have attracted heavy new investment and have performed well . But others , such as those in Latin America , the Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa , that are heavily state-owned economies and consume more than they produce , have not . In particular , investment has lagged in these countries as residents have sent their capital abroad . The bank said the continuing deterioration in the debt situation underscores the need for further efforts by the industrial countries to help Third World governments pare back their debt -- a major aim of the U.S. plan offered by Treasury Secretary Nicholas F. Brady . Drain Began in 1984 However , efforts under the Brady plan are going relatively slowly , and World Bank officials cautioned that the results may not show up for at least two or three more years . Some critics believe that the plan -- designed to let debtors swap debt for securities -- may have limited use . The net cash drain from the debtor countries to the richer ones began in 1984 . Until then , the richer countries had provided more in new loans to Third World nations than those countries paid back . World Bank officials said the outflows are likely to prompt the institution to intensify its emphasis on programs that are designed to alleviate poverty , not just speed development . The bank also intends to step up lending for environmental projects .

B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

third world debtors
new loans
third world countries
global debt burden
creditors
cash drain


Beginning this summer , Torres and other health professionals will be offering nutrition and exercise classes geared toward Hispanics in an effort to educate them on the dangers of diabetes. ; According to state Health Department statistics , the incidence of diabetes in the Hispanic population is three times that of the general population . Health experts believe the Hispanic diet and genetic predisposition may be contributing factors. ; `` Our food is one of the richest in terms of taste and nutrition , '' said Torres . `` But it 's the way we prepare the food that messes things up for us . '' ; In her classes , Torres said she will instruct her students to prepare tamales , refried beans and other traditional Hispanic dishes using polyunsaturated oil rather than the more traditional recipes that call for the use of lard . And instead of eating four tortillas at one sitting , she recommends they be eaten throughout the day. ; Although courses for Hispanic diabetics and their families have been offered by the Diabetic Society for almost three years , lessons on the benefits of good nutrition and exercise to combat the disease will be offered for the first time. ; Sue Ann Kelly , education director for the Diabetes Society , said the classes may be the first ones ever geared specifically toward the Hispanic lifestyle. ; `` It 's a powerful feeling our educators get when they discover all the cultural issues that come in to play when dealing with diabetes , '' she said. ; IF YOU 'RE INTERESTED ; The next course for Hispanic diabetics and their families will be 9 a.m. to noon Saturday at Alexian Brother 's Hospital , 225 N. Jackson Ave. Registration will begin at 8:30 a.m. Classes are free . For more information , call -LRB-408-RRB- 287-3785 . For those who ca n't make it to class , the Diabetes Society of Santa Clara County offers the bilingual booklet , `` Comer Bien Para Vivir Mejor , '' a seven-day Mexican food menu for diabetics as well as those who want to eat healthy .

O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

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diabetes society
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While more than a thousand runners were treated to an evening of comedy , music and magic at Saturday night 's carbo load dinner on Mission Bay , Ernesto Beatriz Martinez of Mexico City was treated to a bumpy 12 1/2 - hour bus ride from his hometown to border town Tijuana . Not until early Sunday morning did Beatriz Martinez , 29 , cross the U.S. / Mexican border to register for , then reach the starting line of , the San Diego International Marathon on East Mission Bay Drive . His recovery was simply amazing . Two hours , 16 minutes and 12 seconds later , in only his second marathon -- his first was this event last year when he finished eighth -- Beatriz Martinez crossed the finish line 39 seconds ahead of South African Mark Plaatjes , now of Lake Forest , Ill. . `` I was n't 100 % sure I 'd win , '' he said through an interpreter , `` but I had much confidence that I 'd do well . I was well prepared . '' Marie Rollins , a member of the 1988 Irish Olympic team and now of Glendale , kicked her race up a gear after the 16th mile and won the women 's race in 2:39:05 , handily defeating hometown favorite Mindy Ireland -LRB- 2:42:18 -RRB- of Escondido . It was the first marathon Rollins has completed this year , after dropping out of the New York City Marathon four weeks ago in mile 18 because of stomach cramps . `` The main thing was to feel the best I could , '' said Rollins , 30 . `` I went out real conservative , I ran my own race and it paid off . '' Indeed it did . Beatriz Martinez and Rollins received $ 5,000 each for their victories . And for Beatriz Martinez , who ran cross country for San Diego City College in 1988 , he might as well have won the lottery . This was a man who earlier this week was running in tattered shoes and had a TV raffled in his honor to raise the $ 180 required to cover transportation , the entrance fee and other expenses . `` I want to help my family and friends who raised the money for me , '' said Beatriz Martinez , a school teacher in Mexico City . `` My family , they are very poor . '' Plaatjes and Ireland took home $ 2,500 each , and Maurilio Castillo -LRB- 2:18:06 -RRB- of Naucalpan , Mexico , the men 's third place finisher , and Great Britian 's Gillian Horovitz -LRB- 2:43:20 -RRB- , now of New York City , third in the women 's race , received $ 1,500 . Doug Kurtis of Detroit was successful in his bid to run his 12th marathon in a calendar year under 2 hours , 20 minutes . His 2:18:16 finish set a world record . Kurtis was originally awarded third place , but miscommunication somewhere along the 26.2-mile course gave Castillo third in his first marathon and moved Kurtis to fourth . Castillo was entered in the accompanying half marathon , but he and Pedro Casillas missed that races ' turn at just over the mile mark and mistakenly followed the longer route . According to Dr. Bill Burke , co-owner of the marathon , Castillo was told several times that he was running the marathon course , but he decided to continue . `` I traveled too much to get here to go home and say I went the wrong way , '' Castillo said , also using an interpreter . There was some question that Castillo had n't finished the entire race as reporters and photographers on the lead vehicle did n't see him for several miles . But Plaatjes said it was because he and Casillas , who eventually dropped out at mile 18 , were so far ahead of the lead pack of Plaatjes , Danny Bustos , Dick LeDoux , Kurtis and Leodigard Martin . `` We saw them way ahead of us , '' said Plaatjes . `` I told them -LRB- Bustos , LeDoux and Martin -RRB- not to worry about me , I 'm not racing , but they better go catch the other guys . The first time we caught them was at 18 miles . '' Said Burke : `` My position is that he paid the same fee , he ran the same race and he finished the race . '' Although the city did n't allow any vehicles on the course from miles 18-22 , Burke said cameras would verify that he did cover the complete distance . Bustos of Las Vegas , N.M. , led for the first 14 miles , followed closely by Plaatjes , Beatriz Martinez and LeDoux . But Beatriz Martinez took the lead at 23 miles and Plaatjes could n't close the gap . Rollins and Ireland ran together for 11 miles until Kathy Smith of Irvine took the lead for miles 12-17 . Rollins reeled Smith in gradually and took the lead for the remainder . Marathon Notes Marie Rollins ' time is the fourth best for women in San Diego-area marathon history and breaks Chantal Best 's 1988 race record of 2:42:22 . Best decided late Saturday to run the marathon , but dropped out after 18 miles ... There were 6,014 entries for the marathon -LRB- 3,056 -RRB- and half marathon -LRB- 2,958 -RRB- ... San Diego 's Steve McCormack finished sixth , 10 minutes behind fifth place LeDoux , with a 2:29:08 ... Jeffrey Holyfield of San Diego won the men 's half marathon in 1:07:44 , and Katie Webb of Escondido was the women 's winner in 1:21:46 ... . Bill Fricke of Los Angeles won the wheelchair marathon in 1:55:30 and 14-year-old Eric Neitzel of San Diego , recent winner of the Mission Bay 25K , won the wheelchair half marathon in 1:13:14 .

O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

san diego international marathon
ernesto beatriz martinez
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In a blow to California and other states with large immigrant populations , the Senate voted Friday to bar the Census Bureau from counting illegal aliens in the 1990 population count . The action came on a voice vote , despite arguments from the Bush Administration and other opponents that it is both unconstitutional and unworkable . Just before the voice vote , the senators voted , 50 to 41 , against killing the proposal to bar aliens from the count . A Senate-House conference committee will decide whether the prohibition against including illegal immigrants in the census totals will be retained or dropped from a $ 17.4-billion appropriations bill for the State , Justice and Commerce departments . Even if the prohibition survives , Secretary of Commerce Robert A. Mosbacher has said that he would ask President Bush to veto any bill that comes to his desk with such a provision . At stake are the number of seats in Congress for California , Florida , New York , Illinois , Pennsylvania and other states that will be reapportioned on the basis of next year 's census . Federal aid to states also is frequently based on population counts , so millions of dollars in grants and other funds made available on a per capita basis would be affected . The issue cuts across partisan lines in the Senate , with Minority Leader Bob Dole -LRB- R-Kan . -RRB- arguing against the White House position on grounds that including illegal aliens in the census is unfair to American citizens . Loss of Seats Cited `` Some states will lose congressional seats because of illegal aliens , '' Dole argued . Sen. Thad Cochran -LRB- R-Miss . -RRB- said that Georgia and Indiana both lost House seats after the 1980 Census , and California and New York -- centers of illegal immigration -- each gained seats . `` The bottom line is illegal aliens ought to be deported , not counted , '' Cochran said . Sen. Pete Wilson -LRB- R-Calif . -RRB- countered that excluding illegal residents from the decennial census is unfair to the states that have suffered from a huge influx of immigration beyond the legal limits . `` There are enormous additional costs for states who have had a surge of population , '' Wilson said , adding that those states should receive additional federal aid to cope with the added problems . Opponents of a ban on counting illegal aliens said that a ban is impractical because the Census Bureau already has printed questionnaires that do not contain any question about legality of residence . For 190 years , said Sen. Daniel Patrick Moynihan -LRB- D-N.Y. -RRB- , the federal government has counted all inhabitants without regard to citizenship in accordance with the Constitution 's provisions . `` Fiddling with the numbers '' now will destroy confidence in the census results , he added . The Senate 's action was sharply criticized by Undersecretary of Commerce Michael Darby , but he voiced hope that it would be reversed by a Senate-House conference . `` There really is a widespread realization that this would not only be unconstitutional but literally impossible , '' Darby said . But he added that he is `` optimistic , cautiously optimistic , '' that House conferees would resist the Senate-approved ban and not force Bush to veto the legislation . Mario Moreno , head of the Mexican American Legal Defense Fund , said he was shocked by the Senate 's decision . `` It is going to have a dramatic and disastrous impact in the Hispanic community , '' Moreno said . `` People are going to be discouraged from participating . '' A Census Bureau spokesman took a more dispassionate view , however . `` Our position is that we count everybody at their place of residence , '' said bureau spokesman James Gorman . `` If Congress passes a law that says we will or will not count people , we will do what it says . ''

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O B I I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

illegal aliens
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While there is agreement in virtually every quarter that something needs to be done about welfare , disagreement remains over exactly what to do . The White House has a formula for welfare reform , as do Sens. Moynihan and Kennedy . Now the nation 's governors are asking Washington to adopt their plan . Meeting this week in Washington , the governors said they want to transform the current welfare system -- largely an income-maintenance system -- into more of a job-support system . They would require all able-bodied welfare recipients -LRB- except mothers with children under 3 years of age -RRB- to work in exchange for their benefits . Those who do would be eligible for help with education and training , day care and transportation . Many states already have launched work-for-welfare experiments . The results in Massachusetts , California , Illinois , Pennsylvania and Utah have been promising . Substantial numbers of welfare recipients have moved into jobs and off the public rolls . These successes have encouraged the governors of New York , New Jersey , Washington and Missouri to undertake their own reform programs . The leaders of the National Governors Association came away from a White House meeting this past Tuesday pleasantly surprised that they were able to reach an accord with the president on many points . The conference 's chairman , Democratic Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas , even backed off earlier criticism of the administration 's welfare plan , saying after the White House meeting , `` I feel better about the prospects of welfare reform than I did yesterday . '' That is not to say the president agreed with the governors on every count . One item on the governors ' agenda that Mr. Reagan did n't go for was a national minimum level for an individual recipients 's welfare benefits . By endorsing a federal welfare standard , the administration would undercut its own proposal to give the states wider latitude to set their own welfare criteria and standards , tailored to their populations . The most unattractive feature of the governors ' welfare plan is its price tag -- up to $ 2 billion a year on top of the $ 100 billion-plus already devoted to assorted anti-poverty programs . However committed the administration and Congress may be to reform , they 're unlikely to endorse a plan that increases the deficit . The governors argue that by spending the extra $ 2 billion a year , the federal government would be making an investment . By setting aside more money for job training , day care and other support , they say , taxpayers would ultimately realize savings as welfare recipients are weaned from the public rolls . But taxpayers can be forgiven if they view this part of the governors ' argument with skepticism . After all , Americans have spent more than $ 1 trillion over the past two decades to alleviate poverty and curb dependency without seeing evidence of an appreciable return on their substantial investment . An extra $ 2 billion a year added to the present anti-poverty programs -LRB- which , as we have mentioned before , if simply handed out in cash would be enough to lift every poor household in America above poverty -RRB- is unlikely to accomplish all that the governors promise . Oversold political programs and promises are largely what got us into this mess . Nonetheless there is merit in the governors ' plan , as there is in the administration 's reform proposals , and in the reform bills under consideration in the Senate . Most important , the governors would require that welfare recipients do something productive in exchange for their benefits , be it completing school , receiving vocational training or holding a job . Only by requiring individual initiative and productivity can welfare recipients ever achieve self-sufficiency . The degree of consensus forming around welfare reform is unusual . All the important players -- the president , the governors and congressional leaders -- agree that the goal of such reform is to transform the welfare system into one that enables poor families to achieve , in the president 's words , `` real and lasting emancipation '' from welfare dependency . On this point , at least , there does n't seem to be much conflict . Since all of the principals agree on the ultimate goal of welfare reform , it seems reasonable to expect that they can achieve a plan of action .

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

welfare reform
welfare system
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In a blow to California and other states with large immigrant populations , the Senate voted Friday to bar the Census Bureau from counting illegal aliens in the 1990 population count . `` I 'm stunned , '' said Santa Ana City Council member Miguel A. Pulido . Pulido and other Santa Ana council members say that the 1980 census substantially under-counted its population at 215,000 . The city has been lobbying hard to have its illegal alien population -- estimated at 50,000 -- included in the 1990 count . The Senate 's action came on a voice vote , despite arguments from the Bush Administration and other opponents that it is both unconstitutional and unworkable . Just before the voice vote , the senators voted , 50 to 41 , against killing the proposal to bar aliens from the count . A Senate-House conference committee will decide whether the prohibition against including illegal immigrants in the census totals will be retained or dropped from a $ 17.4-billion appropriations bill for the State , Justice and Commerce departments . Would Urge Veto Even if the prohibition survives , Secretary of Commerce Robert A. Mosbacher has said that he would ask President Bush to veto any bill that comes to his desk with such a provision . At stake are the number of seats in Congress for California , Florida , New York , Illinois , Pennsylvania and other states that will be reapportioned on the basis of next year 's census . Federal aid to states also is frequently based on population counts , so millions of dollars in grants and other funds made available on a per capita basis would be affected . State officials have said California could lose up to $ 300 million in federal aid if illegal aliens were uncounted . Santa Ana has estimated its potential loss at $ 2 million a year . In addition , Pulido and county advocates for poor Latino residents expressed concern that the decision would promote fear and intimidation in the community . In 1985 , before the federal immigration reform act , the number of illegal aliens in Orange County was estimated at 229,000 , ranking it just behind Los Angeles County in California , a county official said . There are no current estimates . `` For example , we have close to 50,000 people in the city that have qualified through the amnesty process for legal residency , '' Pulido said . `` Those individuals , when asked or challenged about their status , can be legitimately concerned . I think the census 's attempt to question them could be misconstrued as an attempt by the immigration service to get information . '' Councilman John Acosta said he `` was saddened '' by the Senate 's action because the city was determined `` to count every single person , and I know that -LRB- now -RRB- we 're going to to suffer from this monetarily . '' But Pulido said he believes the House of Representatives will not allow the prohibition to survive , especially since it killed an earlier , similar effort . The issue cuts across partisan lines in the Senate , with Minority Leader Bob Dole -LRB- R-Kan . -RRB- arguing against the White House position on grounds that including illegal aliens in the census is unfair to American citizens . Loss of Seats Cited `` Some states will lose congressional seats because of illegal aliens , '' Dole argued . Sen. Thad Cochran -LRB- R-Miss . -RRB- said that Georgia and Indiana both lost House seats after the 1980 Census , and that California and New York -- centers of illegal immigration -- each gained seats . `` The bottom line is illegal aliens ought to be deported , not counted , '' Cochran said . Sen. Pete Wilson -LRB- R-Calif . -RRB- countered that excluding illegal residents from the decennial census is unfair to the states that have suffered from a huge influx of immigration beyond the legal limits . `` There are enormous additional costs for states who have had a surge of population , '' Wilson said , adding that those states should receive additional federal aid to cope with the added problems . The Senate 's action would also have an impact on smaller California cities without substantial Latino populations because census population figures play an important role in Community Development Block Grant formulas , said Don Vestal , Westminster city planner . Westminster is following a recommendation by the Census Bureau to form a Complete Count Committee of officials and community leaders to help ensure cooperation from all city residents . `` We feel that it 's in our best interest to get as complete a count as we can , '' he said . The Community Development Block Grant formula , among other things , Vestal said , includes use of income figures and percentage of lower income residents in the city . `` In addition to just counting heads , they 're getting economic information of the city that will affect us in the future , '' he added . Gloria McDonough , director of Abrazar Center , an elderly-assistance center for Latinos in Westminster , said the senators ' action shows they have no understanding of the impact of illegal immigration to California communities . `` Whether you count them or not , the undocumented residents are still going to impact federal dollars in our community . And whether we like it or not they 're here and here to stay , '' McDonough said . In recent weeks , representatives from the census office in Santa Ana have visited such social centers as Abrazar and others and told center staff people that they intend to count `` everyone , regardless of where they came from , '' McDonough said . `` Their big thing was , ` We do not care about the origins of where these people are from , but , more importantly , their impact to local economies , ' '' she said . When asked to comment , census officials in Santa Ana referred media inquiries to the regional office in Van Nuys . Adrian Dove , assistant regional director for the U.S. Census in charge of outreach , said that despite the Senate 's decision , the census bureau `` really does n't know how to go about finding who was legal or illegal . '' `` But we have a mandate to follow that law , and we would have to find out , '' he said . Opponents of a ban on counting illegal aliens said that a ban is impractical because the Census Bureau has already printed questionnaires that do not contain any question about legality of residence . For 190 years , said Sen. Daniel Patrick Moynihan -LRB- D-N.Y. -RRB- , the federal government has counted all inhabitants without regard to citizenship in accordance with the Constitution 's provisions . `` Fiddling with the numbers '' now will destroy confidence in the census results , he added . The Senate 's action was sharply criticized by Undersecretary of Commerce Michael Darby , but he voiced hope that it would be reversed by a Senate-House conference . `` There really is a widespread realization that this would not only be unconstitutional but literally impossible , '' Darby said . But he added that he is `` optimistic , cautiously optimistic , '' that House conferees would resist the Senate-approved ban and not force Bush to veto the legislation . Mario Moreno , head of the Mexican American Legal Defense Fund , said he was shocked by the Senate 's decision . `` It is going to have a dramatic and disastrous impact in the Hispanic community , '' Moreno said . `` People are going to be discouraged from participating . '' A Census Bureau spokesman took a more dispassionate view , however . `` Our position is that we count everybody at their place of residence , '' said bureau spokesman James Gorman . `` If Congress passes a law that says we will or will not count people , we will do what it says . ''

O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

illegal aliens
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Though the forms for the 1990 census are already at the printers , Congress is contemplating adding a question : Are you an illegal immigrant ? The Census Bureau , as it has in the past , is planning to count all residents of the nation regardless of legal status . But the Senate already has voted to force the Census Bureau to exclude illegal immigrants in preparing tallies for congressional reapportionment . A majority of the members of the House of Representatives has signaled support . `` It is wrong to apportion congressional seats by counting people who would be deported if our immigration laws were enforced , '' Rep. Thomas Petri -LRB- R. , Wis. -RRB- said in a recent House debate . Replied Rep. Jim Kolbe -LRB- R. , Ariz. -RRB- : `` A very clear reading of the Constitution says that we shall count all those who are present . '' Although the debate is often couched in constitutional arguments , it 's largely driven by geography . Wisconsin has few illegal immigrants ; Arizona has lots . `` It boils down to regional politics , '' says Arturo Vargas , census-program director for the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund , one of several Hispanic organizations lobbying in favor of counting illegal immigrants . Counting illegal immigrants in 1990 is likely to mean one less seat in the House for Pennsylvania and one more for California , according to the private Population Reference Bureau . The Census Bureau 's chief antagonist in the Senate , Sen. Richard Shelby -LRB- D. , Ala. -RRB- , says seats for Connecticut , Michigan , North Carolina and Alabama also are at risk . On the other hand , Texas , Florida and New York could benefit . `` Illegal aliens are actually taking representation away from Americans , '' says David Ray , spokesman for the Federation for American Immigration Reform . The Census Bureau , based on comparisons of its data with figures kept by the Immigration and Naturalization Service , estimates that it counted about two million illegal immigrants in 1980 , half of them in California . That meant one extra seat in the House for California and New York and one less seat for Indiana and Georgia . `` You end up diluting the vote when you start including illegals , '' says Rep. Thomas Ridge -LRB- R. , Pa. -RRB- , who leads the charge against the practice in the House . Organizations that represent Hispanics are particularly worried about the congressional campaign . They fear that any attempt to ascertain the legal status of respondents will exacerbate difficulties the Census Bureau already faces in accurately counting Hispanics and blacks . `` As it is , the Census Bureau has a tremendous challenge in trying to convince everybody that the census is confidential , '' Mr. Vargas says . `` If the Census Bureau attempts to ask people their immigration status , that 's going to be even harder . '' The Census Bureau agrees . `` We tell people : Put your name down on the census form . We wo n't report you to the housing authority -LCB- if there are too many occupants -RCB- , '' says Peter Bonpanne , an assistant director . `` If they see a lot of questions on there about somebody 's legal status , that could hurt all kinds of people 's participation . '' Although the 106 million census forms can be reprinted if Congress acts soon , wording a question so that illegal immigrants answer accurately is a challenge , Mr. Bonpanne says . The bureau already plans to ask one in six respondents if they are citizens . To satisfy congressional critics , it would have to ask everyone that question , and then ask the legal status of anyone who is n't a citizen . Rep. Ridge dismisses the practical problems . `` We 're spending billions on the census , and the only thing we get is a bunch of belly-aching about how difficult it will be , '' he complains . `` The primary purpose of the census is to distribute political power ... not to gather demographic information . '' The Senate , by a vote of 58-41 , added a provision to a pending immigration bill to require the government to subtract illegal immigrants when it comes up with figures used for reapportionment . Because California , Texas and other populous states that benefit from counting the illegal immigrants have such large delegations in the House , the House has always presented a bigger obstacle to the opponents of counting such immigrants . The House did open the door to an amendment to a spending bill that would have barred census takers from `` knowingly '' counting any illegal immigrants , but the provision was quickly sidetracked on procedural grounds . All sides in the debate predict a lawsuit no matter what Congress does . In 1980 , a federal appeals court upheld a lower-court decision throwing out a suit that sought to bar the government from counting illegal immigrants . A similar suit was dismissed this year when a federal district judge in Pittsburgh ruled that the states that sued -- Pennsylvania , Kansas and Alabama -- could n't show they had been harmed . The Constitution simply calls for apportioning the House on the basis of the `` the whole number of persons '' in each state . The Constitution originally called for counting `` free persons '' and indentured servants , and for counting slaves as three-fifths of a person . That was changed with the passage of the 14th Amendment in 1868 . Only `` Indians not taxed '' were excluded , but no one has fallen into that category since 1940 . Much of the argument in Congress turns on the use of the word `` person '' in references to the census . Elsewhere in the Constitution , the framers used the word `` citizen . '' They wrote , for instance , that only those who have been `` seven years a citizen of the United States '' can serve in the House . The word `` person '' was repeated in the 14th Amendment , which was drafted after the Civil War . Those in Congress and at the Census Bureau who favor continuing the practice of counting all residents of the U.S. conclude that this language unambiguously resolves the debate . Their opponents say the drafters of the Constitution and the 14th Amendment never even considered the concept of an `` illegal immigrant , '' let alone contemplated their current numbers . -- @ Estimates of Illegal Aliens @ Counted in 1980 Census @ TOTAL U.S. 2,057,000 @ California 1,024,000 @ New York 234,000 @ Texas 186,000 @ Illinois 135,000 @ Florida 80,000 @ Source : Census Bureau

O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I

illegal aliens
1990 census
census bureau
congressional reapportionment
congressional seats
illegal immigrants
congressional campaign


This was a real case involving a Santa Clara County police agency . I represented the suspect. ; The offending officer 's police report indicated that the suspect 's injuries were due to a fall from his bike and that he appeared unconscious , although he had also struggled against being handcuffed. ; There is no mention of police brutality . None of the back-up officers reported any brutality . One sergeant reported that the suspect kept trying to move around and had to be told to remain lying down . Another officer reported that the only verbal abuse was by the suspect toward officers. ; The suspect subsequently complained of brutality . The internal affairs department determined that the complaint was unsubstantiated and the matter was dropped. ; But four citizens called to complain that they had witnessed the arrest and that the suspect not only was not struggling but also had been brutally beaten. ; According to the witnesses , the officer taunted the suspect , knelt on the suspect 's stomach , beat him numerous times with his club and kicked him in his face. ; The witnesses also said : ; The suspect at no time resisted . The only words from the suspect were pleas for help . In response to another officer 's inquiry , the original officer picked up the suspect , let his head fall to the pavement and said , `` It looks like he 's dead . '' Both officers smirked and laughed. ; The offending officer was later arrested and prosecuted by the district attorney. ; What if there had not been four citizens who observed the brutal beating of my client ? ; One of the problems in monitoring police brutality is that almost all victims of police abuse have themselves committed some kind of law violation . This makes their complaints difficult to sustain. ; But there is another problem : a police discipline system that is cloaked in secrecy. ; San Jose Police Chief Joseph MacNamara recently referred to the Los Angeles incident as `` disgusting brutality '' and pointed out that the disturbing aspect was the failure of leadership and the code of silence . MacNamara diagnosed the problem as an organizational attitude for which the leadership must take responsibility . He correctly notes that it is important for police credibility that police chiefs break the code of silence and repudiate such acts and attitudes. ; Unfortunately , MacNamara also believes that San Jose does not need a citizens ' review board . I respectfully disagree . That is precisely what we need . Communities often do n't know the extent and the nature of police misconduct . State privacy laws combined with investigation and reporting procedures keep brutality complaints sealed. ; This is bad public policy . Government must remain accountable to its citizens . Those government employees who are given the right and the power to use force against citizens should be the most accountable . As MacNamara points out , police are public servants . A minimal invasion of their privacy is a small price to pay for the power to maim and kill. ; Monitoring police brutality is further complicated by the fact that local communities leave it to the police departments to investigate citizen complaints . Although the penal code makes the findings of investigations confidential , investigations themselves can be conducted by the public and can be open to the public. ; Complaints of police brutality should be handled in an open process that is neutral and thorough . Having the fox guard the chicken house fails to provide that assurance. ; The attitude of the public will determine the effectiveness of the police discipline system . A system can be theoretically sound , but it must be respected by the public. ; I agree with Councilwoman Blanca Alvarado 's suggestion and the San Jose City Council 's decision to create a system where a city official will receive and track citizen complaints about the police . I would further recommend that local communities establish citizen review boards. ; Police accountability includes the right of the public to review records of investigations of complaints . Any loss of police confidentiality is a fair and necessary trade-off for the right to carry and use a club . Or a .45 .

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police brutality
police misconduct
police abuse
injuries
brutality complaints
santa clara