Online coverage of the Olympic Games In 1956 a new medium was evolving which helped shape not only the presentation of the Games to a worldwide audience , but created entirely new avenues for marketing and sponsorship which changed the entire economic relevance of the Games . The medium in 1956 was television , and the medium now , of course , is the Internet . Not since 1956 has Olympic coverage been so impacted by the onset of new technology as the current Olympiad has been . But now the IOC finds itself in another set of circumstances not altogether different from 1956

B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O

olympic games
online coverage
marketing
sponsorship
economic relevance
olympiad
ioc


Using constructed types in C++ unions The C++ Standard states that a union type can not have a member with a nontrivial constructor or destructor . While at first this seems unreasonable , further thought makes it clear why this is the case : The crux of the problem is that unions do n't have built-in semantics for denoting when a member is the `` current '' member of the union . Therefore , the compiler ca n't know when it 's appropriate to call constructors or destructors on the union members . Still , there are good reasons for wanting to use constructed object types in a union . For example , you might want to implement a scripting language with a single variable type that can either be an integer , a string , or a list . A union is the perfect candidate for implementing such a composite type , but the restriction on constructed union members may prevent you from using an existing string or list class -LRB- for example , from the STL -RRB- to provide the underlying functionality . Luckily , a feature of C++ called placement new can provide a workaround

O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O

union type
constructors
destructors
union members
scripting language
placement new


On-line robust processing techniques for elimination of measurement drop-out When processing measurement data , it is usually assumed that some amount of normally distributed measurement noise is present . In some situations , outliers are present in the measurements and consequently the noise is far from normally distributed . In this case classical least-squares procedures for estimating Fourier spectra -LRB- or derived quantities like the frequency response function -RRB- can give results which are inaccurate or even useless . In this paper , a novel technique for the on-line processing of measurement outliers will be proposed . Both the computation speed and the accuracy of the technique presented will be compared with different classical approaches for handling outliers in measurement data -LRB- i.e. filtering techniques , outlier rejection techniques and robust regression techniques -RRB- . In particular , all processing techniques will be validated by applying them to the problem of speckle drop-out in optical vibration measurements -LRB- performed with a laser Doppler vibrometer -RRB- , which typically causes outliers in the measurements

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I I O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O

normally distributed measurement noise
fourier spectra
frequency response function
measurement outliers
computation speed
speckle dropout
optical vibration measurements
laser doppler vibrometer
robust regression

on-line robust processing techniques
measurement dropout elimination
classical least-squares procedures
laser interferometer
modal analysis
vibration velocity
iterative technique
low-pass filtering
median filtering
signal sampling
order statistics
sinusoidal excitation
broadband excitation
frequency spectra


The free lunch is over : online content subscriptions on the rise High need , rather than high use , may be what really determines a user 's willingness to pay . Retooling and targeting content may be a sharper strategy than trying to re-educate users that it is time to pay up for material that has been free . Waiting for a paradigm shift in general user attitudes about paying for online content Could be a fool 's errand

O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

content retooling
content targeting
pay-to-play business models


Raising the standard of management education for electronic commerce professionals The teaching of electronic commerce in universities has become a growth industry in itself . The rapid expansion of electronic commerce programmes raises the question of what actually is being taught . The association of electronic commerce as primarily a technical or information technology -LRB- IT -RRB- phenomenon has not been sufficient to constrain it to IT and information systems departments . Business schools have been keen entrants into the electronic commerce coursework race and they are developing electronic commerce programmes in an environment where there is no agreed definition of the term . This paper draws on the work of Kenneth Boulding who argued that the dynamics of change in society are largely a product of changing skills and the way these skills are arranged into roles at the organizational level . It is argued that an overly technical interpretation of electronic commerce narrows the skills being acquired as part of formal education . Universities , under pressure from the market and technological change , are changing their roles resulting in a further narrowing of the breadth of issues that is seen as legitimate to be included as electronic commerce . The outcome is that aspiring electronic commerce professionals are not being exposed to a wide enough agenda of ideas and concepts that will assist them to make better business decisions

O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B O O O O O O O O B O B O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

electronic commerce professionals
universities
information technology
it
information systems
business schools
organizational level
formal education
kenneth boulding

management education standards improvement


FinancialContent . Credibility is king If you went to a site named Financialcontent.com , you 'd probably expect to find , well , financial content . Maybe stock prices or company earnings or market charts or economic statistics or corporate news reports . Well , you 'd be partially correct . Financialcontent.com does deal in financial information , but its main objective is not to distribute its financial content to individual investors , but to distribute it through other Web sites . In other words , FinancialContent is a wholesaler , not a retailer . As an aggregator , FinancialContent provides partner sites with financial information that is tailored to that individual Web site

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O

financial information
web sites
aggregator
partner sites


A wizard idea -LSB- Internet in finance -RSB- New technology is set to become an ever-more important area of work for brokers . Lawrie Holmes looks at how the Internet is driving change and opportunity

O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B O O O O O


Sensing and control of double-sided arc welding process The welding industry is driven to improve productivity without sacrificing quality . For thick material welding , the current practice is to use backing or multiple passes . The laser welding process , capable of achieving deep narrow penetration , can significantly improve welding productivity for such applications by reducing the number of passes . However , its competitiveness in comparison with traditional arc welding is weakened by its high cost , strict fit-up requirement , and difficulty in welding large structures . In this work , a different method , referred to as double-sided arc welding -LRB- DSAW -RRB- is developed to improve the arc concentration for arc welding . A sensing and control system is developed to achieve deep narrow penetration under variations in welding conditions . Experiments verified that the pulsed keyhole DSAW system developed is capable of achieving deep narrow penetration on a 1/2 inch thick square butt joint in a single pass

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

laser welding process
control system
thick material welding

double-sided arc welding
process control
energy density
controlled pulse keyhole


SubSeven 's Honey Pot program A serious security threat today are malicious executables , especially new , unseen malicious executables often arriving as email attachments . These new malicious executables are created at the rate of thousands every year and pose a serious threat . Current anti-virus systems attempt to detect these new malicious programs with heuristics generated by hand . This approach is costly and often ineffective . We introduce the Trojan Horse SubSeven , its capabilities and influence over intrusion detection systems . A Honey Pot program is implemented , simulating the SubSeven Server . The Honey Pot Program provides feedback and stores data to and from the SubSeven 's client

B O B I I O O B I O O B I O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O B I I O O B I I O O O O O B O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B O O

honey pot program
security threat
malicious executables
email attachments
trojan horse
subseven
intrusion detection systems


Application of traditional system design techniques to Web site design After several decades of computer program construction there emerged a set of principles that provided guidance to produce more manageable programs . With the emergence of the plethora of Internet web sites one wonders if similar guidelines are followed in their construction . Since this is a new technology no apparent universally accepted methods have emerged to guide the designer in Web site construction . This paper reviews the traditional principles of structured programming and the preferred characteristics of Web sites . Finally a mapping of how the traditional guidelines may be applied to Web site construction is presented . The application of the traditional principles of structured programming to the design of a Web site can provide a more usable site for the visitors to the site . The additional benefit of using these time-honored techniques is the creation of a Web site that will be easier to maintain by the development staff

O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

system design techniques
structured programming


Characterization of sheet buckling subjected to controlled boundary constraints A wedge strip test is designed to study the onset and post-buckling behavior of a sheet under various boundary constraints . The device can be easily incorporated into a conventional tensile test machine , and material resistance to buckling is measured as the buckling height versus the in-plane strain state . The design yields different but consistent buckling modes with easy changes of boundary conditions -LRB- either clamped or freed -RRB- and sample geometry . Experimental results are then used to verify a hybrid approach to buckling prediction , i.e. , the combination of the FEM analysis and an energy-based analytical wrinkling criterion . The FEM analysis is used to obtain the stress field and deformed geometry in a complex forming condition , while the analytical solution is to provide the predictions less sensitive to artificial numerical parameters . A good agreement between experimental data and numerical predictions is obtained

O O B I O O O B I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

wedge strip test
boundary constraints
sheet buckling
tensile test machine
strain state
stress field
deformed geometry


Controls help harmonic spray do OK removing residues Looks at how innovative wafer-cleaning equipment hit the market in a timely fashion thanks in part to controls maker Rockwell Automation

O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I

allen-bradley controllogix automation control platform

allen-bradley 1336 plus ii variable frequency ac drives


Excess energy -LSB- cooling system -RSB- The designers retrofitting a comfort cooling system to offices in Hertfordshire have been able to make use of the waste heat rejected . what 's more they 're now making it a standard solution for much larger projects

O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


Getting the most out of intrusion detection systems Intrusion detection systems -LRB- IDS -RRB- can play a very valuable role in the defence of a network . However , it is important to understand not just what it will do -LRB- and how it does it -RRB- - but what it wo n't do -LRB- and why -RRB- . This article does not go into the technical working of IDS in too much detail , rather it limits itself to a discussion of some of the capabilities and failings of the technology

O O O O O B I I B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

computer network security
network attacks
firewall


Market watch - air conditioning After a boom period in the late nineties , the air conditioning market finds itself in something of a lull at present , but manufacturers are n't panicking

B O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


New thinking on rendering Looks at how graphics hardware solves a range of rendering problems

programmability
gourand-shaded image
color values


Prediction and compensation of dynamic errors for coordinate measuring machines Coordinate measuring machines -LRB- CMMs -RRB- are already widely utilized as measuring tools in the modem manufacturing industry . Rapidly approaching now is the trend for next-generation CMMs . However , the increases in measuring velocity of CMM applications are limited by dynamic errors that occur in CMMs . In this paper a systematic approach for modeling the dynamic errors of a touch-trigger probe CMM is developed through theoretical analysis and experimental study . An overall analysis of the dynamic errors of CMMs is conducted , with weak components of the CMM identified by a laser interferometer . The probing process , as conducted with a touch-trigger probe , is analyzed . The dynamic errors are measured , modeled , and predicted using neural networks . The results indicate that , using this mode , it is possible to compensate for the dynamic errors of CMMs

O O B O B I O B I I B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O

coordinate measuring machines
dynamic errors
laser interferometer
neural networks
manufacturing industry
compensation


Ventilation-perfusion ratio of signal intensity in human lung using oxygen-enhanced and arterial spin labeling techniques This study investigates the distribution of ventilation-perfusion -LRB- V/Q -RRB- signal intensity -LRB- SI -RRB- ratios using oxygen-enhanced and arterial spin labeling -LRB- ASL -RRB- techniques in the lungs of 10 healthy volunteers . Ventilation and perfusion images were simultaneously acquired using the flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery -LRB- FAIR -RRB- method as volunteers alternately inhaled room air and 100 % oxygen . Images of the T/sub 1 / distribution were calculated for five volunteers for both selective -LRB- T/sub 1f / -RRB- and nonselective -LRB- T/sub 1 / -RRB- inversion . The average T/sub 1 / was 1360 ms + or-116 ms , and the average T/sub 1f / was 1012 ms + or-112 ms , yielding a difference that is statistically significant -LRB- P < 0.002 -RRB- . Excluding large pulmonary vessels , the average V/Q SI ratios were 0.355 + or-0 .073 for the left lung and 0.371 + or-0 .093 for the right lung , which are in agreement with the theoretical V/Q SI ratio . Plots of the WO SI ratio are similar to the logarithmic normal distribution obtained by multiple inert gas elimination techniques , with a range of ratios matching ventilation and perfusion . This MRI V/Q technique is completely noninvasive and does not involve ionized radiation . A limitation of this method is the nonsimultaneous acquisition of perfusion and ventilation data , with oxygen administered only for the ventilation data

O O O B I O B I O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

human lung
signal intensity
arterial spin labeling techniques
perfusion images
logarithmic normal distribution
nonsimultaneous acquisition
mri
multiple inert gas elimination


Anatomy of the coupling query in a Web warehouse To populate a data warehouse specifically designed for Web data , i.e. Web warehouse , it is imperative to harness relevant documents from the Web . In this paper , we describe a query mechanism called coupling query to glean relevant Web data in the context of our Web warehousing system called Warehouse Of Web Data -LRB- WHOWEDA -RRB- . A coupling query may be used for querying both HTML and XML documents . Important features of our query mechanism are the ability to query metadata , content , internal and external -LRB- hyperlink -RRB- structure of Web documents based on partial knowledge , ability to express constraints on tag attributes and tagless segment of data , ability to express conjunctive as well as disjunctive query conditions compactly , ability to control execution of a Web query and preservation of the topological structure of hyperlinked documents in the query results . We also discuss how to formulate a query graphically and in textual form using a coupling graph and coupling text , respectively

O O O B I O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O

coupling query
web warehouse
data warehouse
warehouse of web data
xml documents
metadata
content
web documents
partial knowledge
tag attributes
tagless segment
disjunctive query conditions
topological structure
hyperlinked documents
coupling text

html documents
internal structure
external structure
conjunctive query conditions
execution control
graphical query formulation
textual query formulation


Hidden Markov model-based tool wear monitoring in turning This paper presents a new modeling framework for tool wear monitoring in machining processes using hidden Markov models -LRB- HMMs -RRB- . Feature vectors are extracted from vibration signals measured during turning . A codebook is designed and used for vector quantization to convert the feature vectors into a symbol sequence for the hidden Markov model . A series of experiments are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the approach for different lengths of training data and observation sequence . Experimental results show that successful tool state detection rates as high as 97 % can be achieved by using this approach

O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I O B I I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O

tool wear monitoring
machining processes
hidden markov models
vibration signals
codebook
vector quantization
tool state detection

feature extraction
turning process
hmm training
discrete wavelet transform


The treatment of fear of flying : a controlled study of imaginal and virtual reality graded exposure therapy The goal of this study was to determine if virtual reality graded exposure therapy -LRB- VRGET -RRB- was equally efficacious , more efficacious , or less efficacious , than imaginal exposure therapy in the treatment of fear of flying . Thirty participants -LRB- Age = 39.8 + or-9 .7 -RRB- with confirmed DSM-IV diagnosis of specific phobia fear of flying were randomly assigned to one of three groups : VRGET with no physiological feedback -LRB- VRGETno -RRB- , VRGET with physiological feedback -LRB- VRGETpm -RRB- , or systematic desensitization with imaginal exposure therapy -LRB- IET -RRB- . Eight sessions were conducted once a week . During each session , physiology was measured to give an objective measurement of improvement over the course of exposure therapy . In addition , self-report questionnaires , subjective ratings of anxiety -LRB- SUDs -RRB- , and behavioral observations -LRB- included here as flying behavior before beginning treatment and at a three-month posttreatment followup -RRB- were included . In the analysis of results , the Chi-square test of behavioral observations based on a three-month posttreatment followup revealed a statistically significant difference in flying behavior between the groups -LSB- chi / sup 2 / -LRB- 4 -RRB- = 19.41 , p < 0.001 -RSB- . Only one participant -LRB- 10 % -RRB- who received IET , eight of the ten participants -LRB- 80 % -RRB- who received VRGETno , and ten out of the ten participants -LRB- 100 % -RRB- who received VRGETpm reported an ability to fly without medication or alcohol at three-month followup . Although this study included small sample sizes for the three groups , the results showed VRGET was more effective than IET in the treatment of flying . It also suggests that physiological feedback may add to the efficacy of VR treatment

O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I I I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O

virtual reality graded exposure therapy
imaginal exposure therapy
phobia
physiological feedback
physiology
questionnaires
subjective ratings of anxiety
behavioral observations

flying fear
chi-square test
patient treatment


Control of transient thermal response during sequential open-die forging : a trajectory optimization approach A trajectory optimization approach is applied to the design of a sequence of open-die forging operations in order to control the transient thermal response of a large titanium alloy billet . The amount of time the billet is soaked in furnace prior to each successive forging operation is optimized to minimize the total process time while simultaneously satisfying constraints on the maximum and minimum values of the billet temperature distribution to avoid microstructural defects during forging . The results indicate that a `` differential '' heating profile is the most effective at meeting these design goals

O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O

trajectory optimization
titanium alloy billet
temperature distribution
microstructural defects
heating profile

transient thermal response control
open-die forging


Noise and the PSTH response to current transients : II . Integrate-and-fire model with slow recovery and application to motoneuron data For pt.I see ibid. , vol .11 , no. 2 , p.135-151 -LRB- 2001 -RRB- . A generalized version of the integrate-and-fire model is presented that qualitatively reproduces firing rates and membrane trajectories of motoneurons . The description is based on the spike-response model and includes three different time constants : the passive membrane time constant , a recovery time of the input conductance after each spike , and a time constant of the spike afterpotential . The effect of stochastic background input on the peristimulus time histogram -LRB- PSTH -RRB- response to spike input is calculated analytically . Model results are compared with the experimental data of Poliakov et al. -LRB- 1996 -RRB- . The linearized theory shows that the PSTH response to an input spike is proportional to a filtered version of the postsynaptic potential generated by the input spike . The shape of the filter depends on the background activity . The full nonlinear theory is in close agreement with simulated PSTH data

O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O

psth
firing rates
membrane trajectories
passive membrane time constant
recovery time
spike afterpotential
motoneuron

integrate-and-fire model
spike-response model


Modeling cutting temperatures for turning inserts with various tool geometries and materials Temperatures are of interest in machining because cutting tools often fail by thermal softening or temperature-activated wear . Many models for cutting temperatures have been developed , but these models consider only simple tool geometries such as a rectangular slab with a sharp corner . This report describes a finite element study of tool temperatures in cutting that accounts for tool nose radius and included angle effects . A temperature correction factor model that can be used in the design and selection of inserts is developed to account for these effects . A parametric mesh generator is used to generate the finite element models of tool and inserts of varying geometries . The steady-state temperature response is calculated using NASTRAN solver . Several finite element analysis -LRB- FEA -RRB- runs are performed to quantify the effects of inserts included angle , nose radius , and materials for the insert and the tool holder on the cutting temperature at the insert rake face . The FEA results are then utilized to develop a temperature correction factor model that accounts for these effects . The temperature correction factor model is integrated with an analytical temperature model for rectangular inserts to predict cutting temperatures for contour turning with inserts of various shapes and nose radii . Finally , experimental measurements of cutting temperature using the tool-work thermocouple technique are performed and compared with the predictions of the new temperature model . The comparisons show good agreement

O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

turning inserts
machining
tool nose radius
parametric mesh generator
finite element models
temperature correction factor
tool geometries

cutting temperature model
insert shape effects


Coarse-grained reduction and analysis of a network model of cortical response : I. Drifting grating stimuli We present a reduction of a large-scale network model of visual cortex developed by McLaughlin , Shapley , Shelley , and Wielaard . The reduction is from many integrate-and-fire neurons to a spatially coarse-grained system for firing rates of neuronal subpopulations . It accounts explicitly for spatially varying architecture , ordered cortical maps -LRB- such as orientation preference -RRB- that vary regularly across the cortical layer , and disordered cortical maps -LRB- such as spatial phase preference or stochastic input conductances -RRB- that may vary widely from cortical neuron to cortical neuron . The result of the reduction is a set of nonlinear spatiotemporal integral equations for `` phase-averaged '' firing rates of neuronal subpopulations across the model cortex , derived asymptotically from the full model without the addition of any extra phenomological constants . This reduced system is used to study the response of the model to drifting grating stimuli - where it is shown to be useful for numerical investigations that reproduce , at far less computational cost , the salient features of the point-neuron network and for analytical investigations that unveil cortical mechanisms behind the responses observed in the simulations of the large-scale computational model . For example , the reduced equations clearly show -LRB- 1 -RRB- phase averaging as the source of the time-invariance of cortico-cortical conductances , -LRB- 2 -RRB- the mechanisms in the model for higher firing rates and better orientation selectivity of simple cells which are near pinwheel centers , -LRB- 3 -RRB- the effects of the length-scales of cortico-cortical coupling , and -LRB- 4 -RRB- the role of noise in improving the contrast invariance of orientation selectivity

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I

large-scale network model
neuronal networks
coarse-graining
point-neuron network
phase-averaged firing rates
dynamics


Citizen centric identity management : chip tricks ? Accelerating and harmonizing the diffusion and acceptance of electronic services in Europe in a secure and practical way has become a priority of several initiatives in the past few years and a critical factor for citizen and business information society services . As identification and authentication is a critical element in accessing public services the combination of public key infrastructure -LRB- PKI -RRB- and smart cards emerges as the solution of choice for eGovernment in Europe . National governments and private initiatives alike vouch their support for this powerful combination to deliver an essential layer of reliable electronic services and address identity requirements in a broad range of application areas . A recent study suggests that several eGovernment implementations point to the direction of electronic citizen identity management as an up and coming challenge . The paper discusses the eGovernment needs for user identification applicability and the need for standardization

B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B

citizen centric identity management
electronic services
user identification
authentication
public key infrastructure
smart cards
standardization

business information services
legal framework
government
public information services


Cool and green -LSB- air conditioning -RSB- In these days of global warming , air conditioning engineers need to specify not just for the needs of the occupants , but also to maximise energy efficiency . Julian Brunnock outlines the key areas to consider for energy efficient air conditioning systems

O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O


The development of virtual reality therapy -LRB- VRT -RRB- system for the treatment of acrophobia and therapeutic case Virtual reality therapy -LRB- VRT -RRB- , based on this sophisticated technology , has been used in the treatment of subjects diagnosed with acrophobia , a disorder that is characterized by marked anxiety upon exposure to heights and avoidance of heights . Conventional VR systems for the treatment of acrophobia have limitations , over-costly devices or somewhat unrealistic graphic scenes . The goal of this study was to develop an inexpensive and more realistic virtual environment -LRB- VE -RRB- in which to perform exposure therapy for acrophobia . It is based on a personal computer , and a virtual scene of a bunge-jump tower in the middle of a large city . The virtual scenario includes an open lift surrounded by props beside a tower , which allows the patient to feel a sense of heights . The effectiveness of the VE was evaluated through the clinical treatment of a subject who was suffering from the fear of heights . As a result , it was proved that this VR environment was effective and realistic at overcoming acrophobia according not only to the comparison results of a variety of questionnaires before and after treatment but also to the subject 's comments that the VE seemed to evoke more fearful feelings than the real situation

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

therapeutic case
realistic virtual environment
exposure therapy
personal computer
virtual scene
clinical treatment

virtual reality therapy system
acrophobia treatment
patient anxiety
patient treatment
psychotherapy
heights phobia


Is open source more or less secure ? Networks dominate today 's computing landscape and commercial technical protection is lagging behind attack technology . As a result , protection programme success depends more on prudent management decisions than on the selection of technical safeguards . The paper takes a management view of protection and seeks to reconcile the need for security with the limitations of technology

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

commercial technical protection
attack technology
management

open source software security
computer networks
data security


Access privilege management in protection systems We consider the problem of managing access privileges on protected objects . We associate one or more locks with each object , one lock for each access right defined by the object type . Possession of an access right on a given object is certified by possession of a key for this object , if this key matches one of the object locks . We introduce a number of variants to this basic key-lock technique . Polymorphic access rights make it possible to decrease the number of keys required to certify possession of complex access privileges that are defined in terms of several access rights . Multiple locks on the same access right allow us to exercise forms of selective revocation of access privileges . A lock conversion function can be used to reduce the number of locks associated with any given object to a single lock . The extent of the results obtained is evaluated in relation to alternative methodologies for access privilege management

B I I O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I

access privilege management
protection systems
protected objects
locks
polymorphic access rights
selective revocation
lock conversion function

complex access privilege possession certification


Speaker adaptive modeling by vocal tract normalization This paper presents methods for speaker adaptive modeling using vocal tract normalization -LRB- VTN -RRB- along with experimental tests on three databases . We propose a new training method for VTN : By using single-density acoustic models per HMM state for selecting the scale factor of the frequency axis , we avoid the problem that a mixture-density tends to learn the scale factors of the training speakers and thus can not be used for selecting the scale factor . We show that using single Gaussian densities for selecting the scale factor in training results in lower error rates than using mixture densities . For the recognition phase , we propose an improvement of the well-known two-pass strategy : by using a non-normalized acoustic model for the first recognition pass instead of a normalized model , lower error rates are obtained . In recognition tests , this method is compared with a fast variant of VTN . The two-pass strategy is an efficient method , but it is suboptimal because the scale factor and the word sequence are determined sequentially . We found that for telephone digit string recognition this suboptimality reduces the VTN gain in recognition performance by 30 % relative . In summary , on the German spontaneous speech task Verbmobil , the WSJ task and the German telephone digit string corpus SieTill , the proposed methods for VTN reduce the error rates significantly

B I I O B I I O O O O O B I I O B I I O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O B I O O B I I I I B O O O O O O O O O O O

speaker adaptive modeling
vocal tract normalization
databases
training method
hmm state
training speakers
single gaussian densities
training results
nonnormalized acoustic model
word sequence
telephone digit string recognition
german spontaneous speech task
wsj task
german telephone digit string corpus
sietill

single-density acoustic models
frequency scale factor
error rate reduction
two-pass strategy
verlimobil


OS porting and application development for SoC To deliver improved usability in high-end portable consumer products , the use of an appropriate consumer operating system -LRB- OS -RRB- is becoming far more widespread . Using a commercially supported OS also vastly increases the availability of supported applications . For the device developer , this trend adds major complexity to the problem of system implementation . Porting a complete operating system to a new hardware design adds significantly to the development burden , increasing both time-to-market and expense . Even for those familiar with the integration of a real-time OS , the porting , validation and support of a complex platform OS is a formidable task

B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

os porting
application development
consumer operating system
hardware design


Self-testing chips take a load off ATE Looks at how chipmakers get more life out of automatic test equipment by embedding innovative circuits in silicon

O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I O O

ate
automatic test equipment
innovative circuits

embedded deterministic testing technique


Computing transient gating charge movement of voltage-dependent ion channels The opening of voltage-gated sodium , potassium , and calcium ion channels has a steep relationship with voltage . In response to changes in the transmembrane voltage , structural movements of an ion channel that precede channel opening generate a capacitative gating current . The net gating charge displacement due to membrane depolarization is an index of the voltage sensitivity of the ion channel activation process . Understanding the molecular basis of voltage-dependent gating of ion channels requires the measurement and computation of the gating charge , Q . We derive a simple and accurate semianalytic approach to computing the voltage dependence of transient gating charge movement -LRB- Q-V relationship -RRB- of discrete Markov state models of ion channels using matrix methods . This approach allows rapid computation of Q-V curves for finite and infinite length step depolarizations and is consistent with experimentally measured transient gating charge . This computational approach was applied to Shaker potassium channel gating , including the impact of inactivating particles on potassium channel gating currents

O B I I I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

transient gating charge movement
transmembrane voltage
gating current
ion channels

action potentials
charge movement
inactivation
immobilization
markov state model


The Advanced Encryption Standard - implementation and transition to a new cryptographic benchmark Cryptography is the science of coding information to create unintelligible ciphers that conceal or hide messages . The process that achieves this goal is commonly referred to as encryption . Although encryption processes of various forms have been employed for centuries to protect the exchange of messages , the advent of the information age has underscored the importance of strong cryptography as a process to secure data exchanged through electronic means , and has accentuated the demand for products offering these services . This article describes the process that has led to the development of the latest cryptographic benchmark ; the Advanced Encryption Standard -LRB- AES -RRB- . The article briefly examines the requirements set forth for its development , defines how the new standard is implemented , and describes how government , business , and industry can transition to AES with minimum impact to operations

O B I I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O B O O O B O O O O O

advanced encryption standard
cryptographic benchmark
coding
unintelligible ciphers
aes
government
business
industry


Taking it to the max -LSB- ventilation systems -RSB- Raising the volumetric air supply rate is one way of increasing the cooling capacity of displacement ventilation systems . David Butler and Michael Swainson explore how different types of diffusers can help make this work

O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O B I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O

volumetric air supply rate
cooling capacity
displacement ventilation systems
diffusers


Virtual-reality-based multidimensional therapy for the treatment of body image disturbances in binge eating disorders : a preliminary controlled study The main goal of this paper is to preliminarily evaluate the efficacy of a virtual-reality -LRB- VR -RRB- - based multidimensional approach in the treatment of body image attitudes and related constructs . The female binge eating disorder -LRB- BED -RRB- patients -LRB- n = 20 -RRB- , involved in a residential weight control treatment including low-calorie diet -LRB- 1200 cal/day -RRB- and physical training , were randomly assigned either to the multidimensional VR treatment or to psychonutritional groups based on the cognitive-behavior approach . Patients were administered a battery of outcome measures assessing eating disorders symptomathology , attitudes toward food , body dissatisfaction , level of anxiety , motivation for change , level of assertiveness , and general psychiatric symptoms . In the short term , the VR treatment was more effective than the traditional cognitive-behavioral psychonutritional groups in improving the overall psychological state of the patients . In particular , the therapy was more effective in improving body satisfaction , self-efficacy , and motivation for change . No significant differences were found in the reduction of the binge eating behavior . The possibility of inducing a significant change in body image and its associated behaviors using a VR-based short-term therapy can be useful to improve the body satisfaction in traditional weight reduction programs . However , given the nature of this research that does not include a followup study , the obtained results are preliminary only

O B I O O O O B I I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

multidimensional therapy
body image disturbances
binge eating disorders
residential weight control treatment
psychonutritional groups
anxiety
psychiatric symptoms

virtual reality
obesity
patient therapy
cognitive-behavior approach


Application of an internally consistent material model to determine the effect of tool edge geometry in orthogonal machining It is well known that the edge geometry of a cutting tool affects the forces measured in metal cutting . Two experimental methods have been suggested in the past to extract the ploughing -LRB- non-cutting -RRB- component from the total measured force : -LRB- 1 -RRB- the extrapolation approach , and -LRB- 2 -RRB- the dwell force technique . This study reports the behavior of zinc during orthogonal machining using tools of controlled edge radius . Applications of both the extrapolation and dwell approaches show that neither produces an analysis that yields a material response consistent with the known behavior of zinc . Further analysis shows that the edge geometry modifies the shear zone of the material and thereby modifies the forces . When analyzed this way , the measured force data yield the expected material response without requiring recourse to an additional ploughing component

O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I

tool edge geometry
cutting tool
metal cutting
ploughing component
extrapolation
dwell force
zinc
edge geometry
orthogonal machining


Interaction and presence in the clinical relationship : virtual reality -LRB- VR -RRB- as communicative medium between patient and therapist The great potential offered by virtual reality -LRB- VR -RRB- to clinical psychologists derives prevalently from the central role , in psychotherapy , occupied by the imagination and by memory . These two elements , which are fundamental in our life , present absolute and relative limits to the individual potential . Using VR as an advanced imaginal system , an experience that is able to reduce the gap existing between imagination and reality , it is possible to transcend these limits . In this sense , VR can improve the efficacy of a psychological therapy for its capability of reducing the distinction between the computer 's reality and the conventional reality . Two are the core characteristics of this synthetic imaginal experience : the perceptual illusion of nonmediation and the possibility of building and sharing a common ground . In this sense , experiencing presence in a clinical virtual environment -LRB- VE -RRB- , such as a shared virtual hospital , requires more than reproduction of the physical features of external reality . It requires the creation and sharing of the cultural web that makes meaningful , and therefore visible , both people and objects populating the environment . The paper outlines a framework for supporting the development and tuning of clinically oriented VR systems

O O B O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I I O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

virtual reality
psychotherapy
imagination
memory
presence
psychological therapy
clinical virtual environment
shared virtual hospital

patient-therapist communication
clinical psychology


Virtual reality treatment of flying phobia Flying phobia -LRB- FP -RRB- might become a very incapacitating and disturbing problem in a person 's social , working , and private areas . Psychological interventions based on exposure therapy have proved to be effective , but given the particular nature of this disorder they bear important limitations . Exposure therapy for FP might be excessively costly in terms of time , money , and efforts . Virtual reality -LRB- VR -RRB- overcomes these difficulties as different significant environments might be created , where the patient can interact with what he or she fears while in a totally safe and protected environment , the therapist 's consulting room . This paper intends , on one hand , to show the different scenarios designed by our team for the VR treatment of FP , and on the other , to present the first results supporting the effectiveness of this new tool for the treatment of FP in a multiple baseline study

O O O O B I B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

flying phobia
psychological interventions
exposure therapy

medical virtual reality
psychology
patient treatment
anxiety disorders
virtual exposure


Development of a computer-aided manufacturing system for profiled edge lamination tooling Profiled edge lamination -LRB- PEL -RRB- tooling is a promising rapid tooling -LRB- RT -RRB- method involving the assembly of an array of laminations whose top edges are simultaneously profiled and beveled based on a CAD model of the intended tool surface . To facilitate adoption of this RT method by industry , a comprehensive PEL tooling development system is proposed . The two main parts of this system are : -LRB- 1 -RRB- iterative tool design based on thermal and structural models ; and -LRB- 2 -RRB- fabrication of the tool using a computer-aided manufacturing -LRB- CAM -RRB- software and abrasive water jet cutting . CAM software has been developed to take lamination slice data -LRB- profiles -RRB- from any proprietary RP software in the form of polylines and create smooth , kinematically desirable cutting trajectories for each tool lamination . Two cutting trajectory algorithms , called identical equidistant profile segmentation and adaptively vector profiles projection -LRB- AVPP -RRB- , were created for this purpose . By comparing the performance of both algorithms with a benchmark part shape , the AVPP algorithm provided better cutting trajectories for complicated tool geometries . A 15-layer aluminum PEL tool was successfully fabricated using a 5-axis CNC AWJ cutter and NC code generated by the CAM software

O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I I I O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I


A scalable and lightweight QoS monitoring technique combining passive and active approaches : on the mathematical formulation of CoMPACT monitor To make a scalable and lightweight QoS monitoring system , we -LRB- 2002 -RRB- have proposed a new QoS monitoring technique , called the change-of-measure based passive/active monitoring -LRB- CoMPACT Monitor -RRB- , which is based on the change-of-measure framework and is an active measurement transformed by using passively monitored data . This technique enables us to measure detailed QoS information for individual users , applications and organizations , in a scalable and lightweight manner . In this paper , we present the mathematical foundation of CoMPACT Monitor . In addition , we show its characteristics through simulations in terms of typical implementation issues for inferring the delay distributions . The results show that CoMPACT Monitor gives accurate QoS estimations with only a small amount of extra traffic for active measurement

O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

compact monitor
delay distributions
qos monitoring

quality of service
change-of-measure
passive monitoring
active monitoring
internet
network performance


Real-time quasi-2-D inversion of array resistivity logging data using neural network We present a quasi-2-D real-time inversion algorithm for a modern galvanic array tool via dimensional reduction and neural network simulation . Using reciprocity and superposition , we apply a numerical focusing technique to the unfocused data . The numerically focused data are much less subject to 2-D and layering effects and can be approximated as from a cylindrical 1-D Earth . We then perform 1-D inversion on the focused data to provide approximate information about the 2-D resistivity structure . A neural network is used to perform forward modeling in the 1-D inversion , which is several hundred times faster than conventional numerical forward solutions . Testing our inversion algorithm on both synthetic and field data shows that this fast inversion algorithm is useful for providing formation resistivity information at a well site

O O O O B I I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I O B I O O O B O B O O O O B I I O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I

array resistivity logging data
neural network
galvanic array tool
dimensional reduction
reciprocity
superposition
numerical focusing technique
unfocused data
focused data
forward modeling
formation resistivity
well site

real-time quasi-2-d inversion
real-time inversion algorithm
1-d inversion


Control of thin film growth in chemical vapor deposition manufacturing systems : a feasibility study A study is carried out to design and optimize chemical vapor deposition -LRB- CVD -RRB- systems for material fabrication . Design and optimization of the CVD process is necessary to satisfying strong global demand and ever increasing quality requirements for thin film production . Advantages of computer aided optimization include high design turnaround time , flexibility to explore a larger design space and the development and adaptation of automation techniques for design and optimization . A CVD reactor consisting of a vertical impinging jet at atmospheric pressure , for growing titanium nitride films , is studied for thin film deposition . Numerical modeling and simulation are used to determine the rate of deposition and film uniformity over a wide range of design variables and operating conditions . These results are used for system design and optimization . The optimization procedure employs an objective function characterizing film quality , productivity and operational costs based on reactor gas flow rate , susceptor temperature and precursor concentration . Parameter space mappings are used to determine the design space , while a minimization algorithm , such as the steepest descent method , is used to determine optimal operating conditions for the system . The main features of computer aided design and optimization using these techniques are discussed in detail

O O B I I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O B I I I O B I O B I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O

chemical vapor deposition
material fabrication
optimization
operational costs
film quality
titanium nitride films
thin film growth
reactor gas flow rate
susceptor temperature
precursor concentration
parameter space mappings


A building block approach to automated engineering Shenandoah Valley Electric Cooperative -LRB- SVEC , Mt. Crawford , Virginia , US -RRB- recognized the need to automate engineering functions and create an interactive model of its distribution system in the early 1990s . It had used Milsoft 's DA software for more than 10 years to make engineering studies , and had a Landis and Gyr SCADA system and a hybrid load management system for controlling water heater switches . With the development of GIS and facilities management -LRB- FM -RRB- applications , SVEC decided this should be the basis for an information system that would model its physical plant and interface with its accounting and billing systems . It could add applications such as outage management , staking , line design and metering to use this information and interface with these databases . However , based on SVEC 's size it was not feasible to implement a sophisticated and expensive GIS/FM system . Over the past nine years , SVEC has had success with a building block approach , and its customers and employees are realizing the benefits of the automated applications . This building block approach is discussed in this article including the GIS , outage management system , MapViewer and a staking package . The lessons learned and future expansion are discussed

O B I I O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O B O B I O B O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O B O B I O O B O O B O O O O O O O O O O

shenandoah valley electric cooperative
interactive model
distribution system
building block approach
billing systems
outage management
staking
line design
metering
databases
mapviewer
gis


Hybrid fuzzy modeling of chemical processes Fuzzy models have been proved to have the ability of modeling all plants without any priori information . However , the performance of conventional fuzzy models can be very poor in the case of insufficient training data due to their poor extrapolation capacity . In order to overcome this problem , a hybrid grey-box fuzzy modeling approach is proposed in this paper to combine expert experience , local linear models and historical data into a uniform framework . It consists of two layers . The expert fuzzy model constructed from linguistic information , the local linear model and the T-S type fuzzy model constructed from data are all put in the first layer . Layer 2 is a fuzzy decision module that is used to decide which model in the first layer should be employed to make the final prediction . The output of the second layer is the output of the hybrid fuzzy model . With the help of the linguistic information , the poor extrapolation capacity problem caused by sparse training data for conventional fuzzy models can be overcome . Simulation result for pH neutralization process demonstrates its modeling ability over the linear models , the expert fuzzy model and the conventional fuzzy model

O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O

fuzzy modeling
chemical processes
expert fuzzy model
fuzzy decision module


Neural networks in optimal filtration The combined use and mutual influence of neural networks and optimal filtering is considered ; the neural-network and filtering approaches are compared by solving two simple optimal-filtering problems : linear filtering and the filtering of a binary telegraph signal corresponding to observations in discrete white noise

B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I I O O B O B I I

optimal filtering
neural networks
linear filtering
binary telegraph signal
observations
discrete white noise


Hierarchical neuro-fuzzy quadtree models Hybrid neuro-fuzzy systems have been in evidence during the past few years , due to its attractive combination of the learning capacity of artificial neural networks with the interpretability of the fuzzy systems . This article proposes a new hybrid neuro-fuzzy model , named hierarchical neuro-fuzzy quadtree -LRB- HNFQ -RRB- , which is based on a recursive partitioning method of the input space named quadtree . The article describes the architecture of this new model , presenting its basic cell and its learning algorithm . The HNFQ system is evaluated in three well known benchmark applications : the sinc -LRB- x , y -RRB- function approximation , the Mackey Glass chaotic series forecast and the two spirals problem . When compared to other neuro-fuzzy systems , the HNFQ exhibits competing results , with two major advantages it automatically creates its own structure and it is not limited to few input variables

O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

fuzzy systems
quadtree
recursive partitioning
learning algorithm
mackey glass chaotic series

neuro-fuzzy systems
hierarchical neuro-fuzzy quadtree


SBC gets more serious on regulatory compliance With one eye on the past and the other on its future , SBC Communications last week created a unit it hopes will bring a cohesiveness and efficiency to its regulatory compliance efforts that previously had been lacking . The carrier also hopes the new regulatory compliance unit will help it accomplish its short-term goal of landing FCC approval . to provide long-distance service throughout its region , and its longer-term , goal of reducing the regulatory burdens under which it and currently operate

O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

sbc communications
regulatory compliance


Taiwan power company phases into AM/FM To face the challenges and impact of the inevitable trend toward privatization and deregulation , the Taiwan Power Co. -LRB- TPC -RRB- devised short - and long-term strategic computerization development plans . These development efforts created a master plan that included building an Automated Mapping and Facilities Management -LRB- AM / FM -RRB- system for Taipei City District Office -LRB- TCDO -RRB- . This project included a pilot project followed by evaluation before the roll out to the complete service territory of TCDO . The pilot project took three years to install , commission and-via the evaluation process-reach the conclusion that AM/FM was technologically feasible

B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

automated mapping and facilities management


An improved self-organizing CPN-based fuzzy system with adaptive back-propagation algorithm This paper describes an improved self-organizing CPN-based -LRB- Counter-Propagation Network -RRB- fuzzy system . Two self-organizing algorithms IUSOCPN and ISSOCPN , being unsupervised and supervised respectively , are introduced . The idea is to construct the neural-fuzzy system with a two-phase hybrid learning algorithm , which utilizes a CPN-based nearest-neighbor clustering scheme for both structure learning and initial parameters setting , and a gradient descent method with adaptive learning rate for fine tuning the parameters . The obtained network can be used in the same way as a CPN to model and control dynamic systems , while it has a faster learning speed than the original back-propagation algorithm . The comparative results on the examples suggest that the method is fairly efficient in terms of simple structure , fast learning speed , and relatively high modeling accuracy

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

hybrid learning
gradient descent
structure learning
initial parameters setting

self-organizing fuzzy system
counter-propagation network
neural-fuzzy system
back-propagation learning scheme


Improved analysis for the nonlinear performance of CMOS current mirrors with device mismatch The nonlinear performance of the simple and complementary MOSFET current mirrors are analyzed . Closed-form expressions are obtained for the harmonic and intermodulation components resulting from a multisinusoidal input current . These expressions can be used for predicting the limiting values of the input current under prespecified conditions of threshold-voltage mismatches and/or transconductance mismatches . The case of a single input sinusoid is discussed in detail and the results are compared with SPICE simulations

O O O O B I O B I I O B I O B I O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I

nonlinear performance
cmos current mirrors
device mismatch
complementary mosfet current mirrors
intermodulation components
multisinusoidal input current
input current
spice simulations

closed-form expressions
harmonic components
threshold-voltage mismatch
simulation results
transconductance mismatch


SRP rolls out reliability and asset management initiative Reliability planning analysis at the Salt River Project -LRB- SRP , Tempe , Arizona , US -RRB- prioritizes geographic areas for preventive inspections based on a cost benefit model . However , SRP wanted a new application system to prioritize inspections and to predict when direct buried cable would fail using the same cost benefit model . In the business cases , the represented type of kilowatt load-residential , commercial or critical circuit-determines the cost benefit per circuit . The preferred solution was to develop a geographical information system -LRB- GIS -RRB- application allowing for a circuit query for the specific geographic areas it crosses and the density of load points of a given type within those areas . The query returns results based on the type of equipment analysis execution : wood pole , preventive maintenance for a line or cable replacement . This differentiation insures that all the facilities relevant to a specific analysis type influence prioritization of the geographic areas

O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I I O O O B O B O O O O B I O B I O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I

salt river project
tempe
arizona
geographic areas
preventive inspections
reliability planning analysis
cost benefit model
direct buried cable
geographical information system
gis
equipment analysis execution
wood pole
cable replacement


Approximation theory of fuzzy systems based upon genuine many-valued implications - MIMO cases It is constructively proved that the multi-input-multi-output fuzzy systems based upon genuine many-valued implications are universal approximators -LRB- they are called Boolean type fuzzy systems in this paper -RRB- . The general approach to construct such fuzzy systems is given , that is , through the partition of the output region -LRB- by the given accuracy -RRB- . Two examples are provided to demonstrate the way in which fuzzy systems are designed to approximate given functions with a given required approximation accuracy

O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O

boolean type fuzzy systems
fuzzy systems

multi-input-multi-output fuzzy systems
many-valued implication
universal approximator


Successive expansion method of network planning applying symbolic analysis method The conventional power system network successive expansion planning method is discussed in the context of the new paradigm of competitive electric power , energy and service market . In sequel , the paper presents an application of the conceptually new computer program , based on the symbolic analysis of load flows in power system networks . The network parameters and variables are defined as symbols . The symbolic analyzer , which models analytically the power system DC load flows , enables the sensitivity analysis of the power system to parameter and variable variations -LRB- costs , transfers , injections -RRB- , a valuable tool for the expansion planning analysis . That virtue could not be found within the conventional approach , relying on compensation methods , precalculated distribution factors , and so on . This novel application sheds some light on the traditional power system network expansion planning method , as well as on its possible application within the system network expansion planning in the new environment assuming the competitive electric power market

O O O O O O O B I O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I

competitive electric energy market
competitive electric service market
power system dc load flows


A novel approach for the detection of pathlines in X-ray angiograms : the wavefront propagation algorithm Presents a new pathline approach , based on the wavefront propagation principle , and developed in order to reduce the variability in the outcomes of the quantitative coronary artery analysis . This novel approach , called wavepath , reduces the influence of the user-defined start - and endpoints of the vessel segment and is therefore more robust and improves the reproducibility of the lesion quantification substantially . The validation study shows that the wavepath method is totally constant in the middle part of the pathline , even when using the method for constructing a bifurcation or sidebranch pathline . Furthermore , the number of corrections needed to guide the wavepath through the correct vessel is decreased from an average of 0.44 corrections per pathline to an average of 0.12 per pathline . Therefore , it can be concluded that the wavepath algorithm improves the overall analysis substantially

O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I O O O O O O B O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

wavefront propagation principle
quantitative coronary artery analysis
vessel segment
lesion quantification
wavepath method
bifurcation
sidebranch pathline
corrections
correct vessel
wavefront propagation algorithm

user-defined startpoints
user-defined endpoints
x-ray angiograms


Application of Sugeno fuzzy-logic controller to the stator field-oriented doubly-fed asynchronous motor drive This study deals with the application of the fuzzy-control theory to wound-rotor asynchronous motor with both its stator and rotor fed by two PWM voltage-source inverters , in which the system operates in stator field-oriented control . Thus , after determining the model of the machine , we present two types of fuzzy controller : Mamdani and Sugeno controllers . The training of the last one is carried out starting from the first . Simulation study is conducted to show the effectiveness of the proposed method

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O


From FREE to FEE -LSB- online advertising market -RSB- As the online advertising market continues to struggle , many online content marketers are wrestling with the issue of how to add at least some level of paid subscription income to their revenue mix in order to reach or improve profitability . Since the business of selling content online is still in its infancy , and many consumers clearly still think of Web content as simply and rightfully free , few roadmaps are available to show the way to effective marketing strategies , but some guiding principles have emerged

O O O O O B I I O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O

online advertising market
paid subscription income
selling content online
marketing strategies


Image fusion between / sup 18/FDG-PET and MRI/CT for radiotherapy planning of oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal carcinomas Accurate diagnosis of tumor extent is important in three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy . This study reports the use of image fusion between -LRB- 18 -RRB- F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography -LRB- / sup 18/FDG-PET -RRB- and magnetic resonance imaging/computed tomography -LRB- MRI/CT -RRB- for better targets delineation in radiotherapy planning of head-and-neck cancers . The subjects consisted of 12 patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma and 9 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma -LRB- NPC -RRB- who were treated with radical radiotherapy between July 1999 and February 2001 . Image fusion between / sup 18/FDG-PET and MRI/CT was performed using an automatic multimodality image registration algorithm , which used the brain as an internal reference for registration . Gross tumor volume -LRB- GTV -RRB- was determined based on clinical examination and / sup 18/FDG uptake on the fusion images . Clinical target volume -LRB- CTV -RRB- was determined following the usual pattern of lymph node spread for each disease entity along with the clinical presentation of each patient . Except for 3 cases with superficial tumors , all the other primary tumors were detected by / sup 18/FDG-PET . The GTV volumes for primary tumors were not changed by image fusion in 19 cases -LRB- 89 % -RRB- , increased by 49 % in one NPC , and decreased by 45 % in another NPC . Normal tissue sparing was more easily performed based on clearer GTV and CTV determination on the fusion images . In particular , parotid sparing became possible in 15 patients -LRB- 71 % -RRB- whose upper neck areas near the parotid glands were tumor-free by / sup 18/FDG-PET . Within a mean follow-up period of 18 months , no recurrence occurred in the areas defined as CTV , which was treated prophylactically , except for 1 patient who experienced nodal recurrence in the CTV and simultaneous primary site recurrence . In conclusion , this preliminary study showed that image fusion between / sup 18/FDG-PET and MRI/CT was useful in GTV and CTV determination in conformal RT , thus sparing normal tissues

B I O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

image fusion
radiotherapy planning
nasopharyngeal carcinomas
parotid glands
simultaneous primary site recurrence
superficial tumors
primary tumors

/sup 18/fdg-pet
mri/ct
oropharyngeal carcinomas
normal tissues sparing
f


Fuzzy systems with overlapping Gaussian concepts : Approximation properties in Sobolev norms In this paper the approximating capabilities of fuzzy systems with overlapping Gaussian concepts are considered . The target function is assumed to be sampled either on a regular gird or according to a uniform probability density . By exploiting a connection with Radial Basis Functions approximators , a new method for the computation of the system coefficients is provided , showing that it guarantees uniform approximation of the derivatives of the target function

B I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

fuzzy systems
overlapping gaussian concepts
radial basis functions

learning
fuzzy system models
reproducing kernel hilbert spaces


Intelligent optimal sieving method for FACTS device control in multi-machine systems A multi-target oriented optimal control strategy for FACTS devices installed in multi-machine power systems is presented in this paper , which is named the intelligent optimal sieving control -LRB- IOSC -RRB- method . This new method divides the FACTS device output region into several parts and selects one typical value from each part , which is called output candidate . Then , an intelligent optimal sieve is constructed , which predicts the impacts of each output candidate on a power system and sieves out an optimal output from all of the candidates . The artificial neural network technologies and fuzzy methods are applied to build the intelligent sieve . Finally , the real control signal of FACTS devices is calculated according to the selected optimal output through inverse system method . Simulation has been done on a three-machine power system and the results show that the proposed IOSC controller can effectively attenuate system oscillations and enhance the power system transient stability

B I I I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B O O O O O O B I I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

facts
intelligent optimal sieving method
intelligent optimal sieve
artificial neural network technologies
fuzzy methods
control signal
selected optimal output
inverse system method

power system transient stability enhancement


A genetic approach to the optimization of automatic generation control parameters for power systems This paper presents a method based on genetic algorithm for the automatic generation control of power systems . The technique is applied to control a system , which includes two areas tied together through a power line . As a consequence of continuous load variation , the frequency of the power system changes with time . In conventional studies , frequency transients are minimized by using integral controllers and thus zero steady-state error is obtained . In this paper , integral controller gains and frequency bias factors are determined by using the genetic algorithm . The results of simulation reveal the application of the genetic algorithm having easy implementation to find the global optimum values of the control parameters

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I I O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O

genetic algorithm
power line
continuous load variation
frequency transients
integral controller gains
frequency bias factors

power systems automatic generation control parameters optimization


Optimal estimation of a finite sample of a discrete chaotic process The synthesis of optimal algorithms for estimating discrete chaotic processes specified by a finite sample is considered ; various possible approaches are discussed . Expressions determining the potential accuracy in estimating a single value of the chaotic process are derived . An example of the application of the general equations obtained is given

B I O O B I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

optimal estimation
finite sample
discrete chaotic process

optimal algorithm synthesis
space-time filtering


A strategy for a payoff-switching differential game based on fuzzy reasoning In this paper , a new concept of a payoff-switching differential game is introduced . In this new game , any one player at any time may have several choices of payoffs for the future . Moreover , the payoff-switching process , including the time of payoff switching and the outcome payoff , of any one player is unknown to the other . Indeed , the overall payoff , which is a sequence of several payoffs , is unknown until the game ends . An algorithm for determining a reasoning strategy based on fuzzy reasoning is proposed . In this algorithm , the fuzzy theory is used to estimate the behavior of one player during a past time interval . By deriving two fuzzy matrices GSM , game similarity matrix , and VGSM , variation of GSM , the behavior of the player can be quantified . Two weighting vectors are selected to weight the relative importance of the player 's behavior at each past time instant . Finally a simple fuzzy inference rule is adopted to generate a linear reasoning strategy . The advantage of this algorithm is that it provides a flexible way for differential game specialists to convert their knowledge into a `` reasonable '' strategy . A practical example of guarding three territories is given to illustrate our main ideas

O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

payoff switching
outcome payoff
reasoning strategy
fuzzy reasoning
fuzzy matrices
game similarity matrix
weighting vectors
fuzzy inference
differential game


Fuzzy system modeling in pharmacology : an improved algorithm In this paper , we propose an improved fuzzy system modeling algorithm to address some of the limitations of the existing approaches identified during our modeling with pharmacological data . This algorithm differs from the existing ones in its approach to the cluster validity problem -LRB- i.e. , number of clusters -RRB- , the projection schema -LRB- i.e. , input membership assignment and rule determination -RRB- , and significant input determination . The new algorithm is compared with the Bazoon-Turksen model , which is based on the well-known Sugeno-Yasukawa approach . The comparison was made in terms of predictive performance using two different data sets . The first comparison was with a two variable nonlinear function prediction problem and the second comparison was with a clinical pharmacokinetic modeling problem . It is shown that the proposed algorithm provides more precise predictions . Determining the degree of significance for each input variable , allows the user to distinguish their relative importance

B I I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

fuzzy system modeling
pharmacology
cluster validity problem
projection schema
significant input determination
predictive performance
pharmacokinetic modeling


Recent researches of human science on railway systems This paper presents research of human science on railway systems at RTRI . They are roughly divided into two categories : research to improve safety and those to improve comfort . On the former subject , for the safeguard against accidents caused by human errors , we have promoted studies of psychological aptitude test , various research to evaluate train drivers ' working conditions and environments , and new investigations to minimize the risk of passenger casualties at train accidents . On the latter subject , we have developed new methods to evaluate the riding comfort including that of tilt train , and started research on the improvement of railway facilities for the aged and the disabled from the viewpoint of universal design

O O O B I O B I O O O O O B I O B I O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O B I O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O

human science
rtri
railway systems
accidents
human errors
psychological aptitude test
riding comfort
tilt train
railway facilities

safety improvement
comfort improvement
train drivers' working conditions
train drivers' working environments
passenger casualties risk minimisation
train accidents
aged persons
disabled persons
sight impaired
wakefulness level
ergonomics


Perceptual audio coding using adaptive pre - and post-filters and lossless compression This paper proposes a versatile perceptual audio coding method that achieves high compression ratios and is capable of low encoding/decoding delay . It accommodates a variety of source signals -LRB- including both music and speech -RRB- with different sampling rates . It is based on separating irrelevance and redundancy reductions into independent functional units . This contrasts traditional audio coding where both are integrated within the same subband decomposition . The separation allows for the independent optimization of the irrelevance and redundancy reduction units . For both reductions , we rely on adaptive filtering and predictive coding as much as possible to minimize the delay . A psycho-acoustically controlled adaptive linear filter is used for the irrelevance reduction , and the redundancy reduction is carried out by a predictive lossless coding scheme , which is termed weighted cascaded least mean squared -LRB- WCLMS -RRB- method . Experiments are carried out on a database of moderate size which contains mono-signals of different sampling rates and varying nature -LRB- music , speech , or mixed -RRB- . They show that the proposed WCLMS lossless coder outperforms other competing lossless coders in terms of compression ratios and delay , as applied to the pre-filtered signal . Moreover , a subjective listening test of the combined pre-filter/lossless coder and a state-of-the-art perceptual audio coder -LRB- PAC -RRB- shows that the new method achieves a comparable compression ratio and audio quality with a lower delay

B I I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O B I O O O O O B I I O O O O O B I I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O

perceptual audio coding
lossless compression
source signals
music
sampling rates
redundancy reduction
adaptive filtering
predictive coding
irrelevance reduction
predictive lossless coding
weighted cascaded least mean squared
wclms lossless coder
subjective listening test
audio quality


Keen but confused -LSB- workflow & content management -RSB- IT users find workflow , content and business process management software appealing but by no means straightforward to implement . Pat Sweet reports on our latest research

O O O O B O B I O O O O B O O O B I I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B

workflow
content management
business process management software
research


Chemical production in the superlative -LSB- formaldehyde plant process control system and remote I/O system -RSB- BASF commissioned the largest formaldehyde production plant in the world , in December 2000 , with an annual capacity of 180000 t . The new plant , built to meet the growing demand for formaldehyde , sets new standards . Its size , technology and above all its cost-effectiveness give it a leading position internationally . To maintain such high standards by the automation technology , in addition to the trail-blazing Simatic PCS 7 process control system from Siemens , BASF selected the innovative remote I/O system I.S. 1 from R. STAHL Schaltgerate GmbH to record and to output field signals in hazardous areas Zone 1 and 2 . This combination completely satisfied all technical requirements and also had the best price-performance ratio of all the solutions . 25 remote I/O field stations were designed and matched to the needs of the formaldehyde plant

B I O O B O O O B I I O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O B I I O B O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

chemical production
superlative
basf
automation technology
process control system
siemens

formaldehyde production plant construction


Copyright management in the digital age Listening to and buying music online is becoming increasingly popular with consumers . So much so that Merrill Lynch forecasts the value of the online music market will explode from $ 8 million in 2001 to $ 1,409 million in 2005 . But online delivery is not without problems ; the issue of copyright management in particular has become a serious thorn in the side for digital content creators . Martin Brass , ex - music producer and senior industry consultant at Syntegra , explains

O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

online music delivery
music industry
internet
napster


PGE helps customers reduce energy costs A new service from Portland General Electric -LRB- PGE , Portland , Oregon , US -RRB- is saving customers tens of thousands of dollars in energy costs . PGE created E-Manager to allow facility managers to analyze their energy consumption online at 15-minute intervals . Customers can go to the Web for complete data , powerful analysis tools and charts , helping them detect abnormal energy use and focus on costly problem areas

O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

energy costs reduction
e-manager
online energy consumption analysis
abnormal energy use detection


Six common enterprise programming mistakes Instead of giving you tips to use in your programming -LRB- at least directly -RRB- , I want to look at some common mistakes made in enterprise programming . Instead of focusing on what to do , I want to look at what you should not do . Most programmers take books like mine and add in the good things , but they leave their mistakes in the very same programs ! So I touch on several common errors I see in enterprise programming , and then briefly mention how to avoid those mistakes

O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

enterprise programming mistakes
common errors

data store
database
xml
enterprise javabeans
vendor-specific programming


AGC for autonomous power system using combined intelligent techniques In the present work two intelligent load frequency controllers have been developed to regulate the power output and system frequency by controlling the speed of the generator with the help of fuel rack position control . The first controller is obtained using fuzzy logic -LRB- FL -RRB- only , whereas the second one by using a combination of FL , genetic algorithms and neural networks . The aim of the proposed controller -LRB- s -RRB- is to restore in a very smooth way the frequency to its nominal value in the shortest time possible whenever there is any change in the load demand etc. . The action of these controller -LRB- s -RRB- provides a satisfactory balance between frequency overshoot and transient oscillations with zero steady-state error . The design and performance evaluation of the proposed controller -LRB- s -RRB- structure are illustrated with the help of case studies applied -LRB- without loss of generality -RRB- to a typical single-area power system . It is found that the proposed controllers exhibit satisfactory overall dynamic performance and overcome the possible drawbacks associated with other competing techniques

O O B I I O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I I O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I O B I O O O O O O O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O B I

autonomous power system
combined intelligent techniques
fuel rack position control
fuzzy logic
genetic algorithms
neural networks
load demand
frequency overshoot
transient oscillations
performance evaluation
overall dynamic performance
competing techniques

power output regulation
generator speed control
zero steady-state error
single-area power system
frequency control
controller design