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---
annotations_creators:
- crowdsourced
license: cc-by-nc-sa-4.0
size_categories:
- 10K<n<100K
task_categories:
- image-classification
- image-feature-extraction
pretty_name: Galaxy Zoo DESI
arxiv: 2404.02973
tags:
- galaxy zoo
- physics
- astronomy
- galaxies
- citizen science
configs:
- config_name: default
data_files:
- split: train
path: data/train-*
- split: test
path: data/test-*
- config_name: tiny
data_files:
- split: train
path: tiny/train-*
- split: test
path: tiny/test-*
dataset_info:
- config_name: default
features:
- name: image
dtype: image
- name: id_str
dtype: string
- name: dataset_name
dtype: string
- name: ra
dtype: float64
- name: dec
dtype: float64
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr12_smooth
dtype: int32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr12_smooth_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr12_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr12_featured-or-disk
dtype: int32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr12_featured-or-disk_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr12_artifact
dtype: int32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr12_artifact_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: disk-edge-on-dr12_yes
dtype: int32
- name: disk-edge-on-dr12_yes_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: disk-edge-on-dr12_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: disk-edge-on-dr12_no
dtype: int32
- name: disk-edge-on-dr12_no_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: has-spiral-arms-dr12_yes
dtype: int32
- name: has-spiral-arms-dr12_yes_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: has-spiral-arms-dr12_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: has-spiral-arms-dr12_no
dtype: int32
- name: has-spiral-arms-dr12_no_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bar-dr12_yes
dtype: int32
- name: bar-dr12_yes_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bar-dr12_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: bar-dr12_no
dtype: int32
- name: bar-dr12_no_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bulge-size-dr12_dominant
dtype: int32
- name: bulge-size-dr12_dominant_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bulge-size-dr12_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: bulge-size-dr12_obvious
dtype: int32
- name: bulge-size-dr12_obvious_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bulge-size-dr12_none
dtype: int32
- name: bulge-size-dr12_none_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: how-rounded-dr12_completely
dtype: int32
- name: how-rounded-dr12_completely_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: how-rounded-dr12_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: how-rounded-dr12_in-between
dtype: int32
- name: how-rounded-dr12_in-between_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: how-rounded-dr12_cigar-shaped
dtype: int32
- name: how-rounded-dr12_cigar-shaped_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr12_boxy
dtype: int32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr12_boxy_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr12_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr12_none
dtype: int32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr12_none_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr12_rounded
dtype: int32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr12_rounded_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-winding-dr12_tight
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-winding-dr12_tight_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-winding-dr12_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-winding-dr12_medium
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-winding-dr12_medium_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-winding-dr12_loose
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-winding-dr12_loose_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr12_1
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr12_1_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr12_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr12_2
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr12_2_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr12_3
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr12_3_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr12_4
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr12_4_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr12_more-than-4
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr12_more-than-4_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: merging-dr12_neither
dtype: int32
- name: merging-dr12_neither_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: merging-dr12_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: merging-dr12_tidal-debris
dtype: int32
- name: merging-dr12_tidal-debris_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: merging-dr12_both
dtype: int32
- name: merging-dr12_both_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: merging-dr12_merger
dtype: int32
- name: merging-dr12_merger_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr5_smooth
dtype: int32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr5_smooth_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr5_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr5_featured-or-disk
dtype: int32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr5_featured-or-disk_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr5_artifact
dtype: int32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr5_artifact_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: disk-edge-on-dr5_yes
dtype: int32
- name: disk-edge-on-dr5_yes_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: disk-edge-on-dr5_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: disk-edge-on-dr5_no
dtype: int32
- name: disk-edge-on-dr5_no_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: has-spiral-arms-dr5_yes
dtype: int32
- name: has-spiral-arms-dr5_yes_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: has-spiral-arms-dr5_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: has-spiral-arms-dr5_no
dtype: int32
- name: has-spiral-arms-dr5_no_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bar-dr5_strong
dtype: int32
- name: bar-dr5_strong_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bar-dr5_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: bar-dr5_weak
dtype: int32
- name: bar-dr5_weak_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bar-dr5_no
dtype: int32
- name: bar-dr5_no_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bulge-size-dr5_dominant
dtype: int32
- name: bulge-size-dr5_dominant_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bulge-size-dr5_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: bulge-size-dr5_large
dtype: int32
- name: bulge-size-dr5_large_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bulge-size-dr5_moderate
dtype: int32
- name: bulge-size-dr5_moderate_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bulge-size-dr5_small
dtype: int32
- name: bulge-size-dr5_small_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bulge-size-dr5_none
dtype: int32
- name: bulge-size-dr5_none_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: how-rounded-dr5_round
dtype: int32
- name: how-rounded-dr5_round_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: how-rounded-dr5_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: how-rounded-dr5_in-between
dtype: int32
- name: how-rounded-dr5_in-between_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: how-rounded-dr5_cigar-shaped
dtype: int32
- name: how-rounded-dr5_cigar-shaped_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr5_boxy
dtype: int32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr5_boxy_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr5_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr5_none
dtype: int32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr5_none_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr5_rounded
dtype: int32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr5_rounded_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-winding-dr5_tight
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-winding-dr5_tight_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-winding-dr5_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-winding-dr5_medium
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-winding-dr5_medium_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-winding-dr5_loose
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-winding-dr5_loose_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr5_1
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr5_1_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr5_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr5_2
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr5_2_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr5_3
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr5_3_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr5_4
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr5_4_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr5_more-than-4
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr5_more-than-4_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr5_cant-tell
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr5_cant-tell_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: merging-dr5_none
dtype: int32
- name: merging-dr5_none_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: merging-dr5_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: merging-dr5_minor-disturbance
dtype: int32
- name: merging-dr5_minor-disturbance_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: merging-dr5_major-disturbance
dtype: int32
- name: merging-dr5_major-disturbance_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: merging-dr5_merger
dtype: int32
- name: merging-dr5_merger_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr8_smooth
dtype: int32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr8_smooth_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr8_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr8_featured-or-disk
dtype: int32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr8_featured-or-disk_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr8_artifact
dtype: int32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr8_artifact_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: disk-edge-on-dr8_yes
dtype: int32
- name: disk-edge-on-dr8_yes_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: disk-edge-on-dr8_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: disk-edge-on-dr8_no
dtype: int32
- name: disk-edge-on-dr8_no_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: has-spiral-arms-dr8_yes
dtype: int32
- name: has-spiral-arms-dr8_yes_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: has-spiral-arms-dr8_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: has-spiral-arms-dr8_no
dtype: int32
- name: has-spiral-arms-dr8_no_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bar-dr8_strong
dtype: int32
- name: bar-dr8_strong_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bar-dr8_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: bar-dr8_weak
dtype: int32
- name: bar-dr8_weak_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bar-dr8_no
dtype: int32
- name: bar-dr8_no_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bulge-size-dr8_dominant
dtype: int32
- name: bulge-size-dr8_dominant_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bulge-size-dr8_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: bulge-size-dr8_large
dtype: int32
- name: bulge-size-dr8_large_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bulge-size-dr8_moderate
dtype: int32
- name: bulge-size-dr8_moderate_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bulge-size-dr8_small
dtype: int32
- name: bulge-size-dr8_small_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bulge-size-dr8_none
dtype: int32
- name: bulge-size-dr8_none_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: how-rounded-dr8_round
dtype: int32
- name: how-rounded-dr8_round_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: how-rounded-dr8_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: how-rounded-dr8_in-between
dtype: int32
- name: how-rounded-dr8_in-between_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: how-rounded-dr8_cigar-shaped
dtype: int32
- name: how-rounded-dr8_cigar-shaped_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr8_boxy
dtype: int32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr8_boxy_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr8_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr8_none
dtype: int32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr8_none_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr8_rounded
dtype: int32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr8_rounded_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-winding-dr8_tight
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-winding-dr8_tight_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-winding-dr8_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-winding-dr8_medium
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-winding-dr8_medium_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-winding-dr8_loose
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-winding-dr8_loose_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr8_1
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr8_1_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr8_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr8_2
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr8_2_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr8_3
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr8_3_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr8_4
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr8_4_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr8_more-than-4
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr8_more-than-4_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr8_cant-tell
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr8_cant-tell_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: merging-dr8_none
dtype: int32
- name: merging-dr8_none_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: merging-dr8_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: merging-dr8_minor-disturbance
dtype: int32
- name: merging-dr8_minor-disturbance_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: merging-dr8_major-disturbance
dtype: int32
- name: merging-dr8_major-disturbance_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: merging-dr8_merger
dtype: int32
- name: merging-dr8_merger_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: summary
dtype: string
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 13952475705.51
num_examples: 319530
- name: test
num_bytes: 3513180323.803
num_examples: 79883
download_size: 17493358862
dataset_size: 17465656029.313
- config_name: tiny
features:
- name: image
dtype: image
- name: id_str
dtype: string
- name: dataset_name
dtype: string
- name: ra
dtype: float64
- name: dec
dtype: float64
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr12_smooth
dtype: int32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr12_smooth_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr12_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr12_featured-or-disk
dtype: int32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr12_featured-or-disk_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr12_artifact
dtype: int32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr12_artifact_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: disk-edge-on-dr12_yes
dtype: int32
- name: disk-edge-on-dr12_yes_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: disk-edge-on-dr12_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: disk-edge-on-dr12_no
dtype: int32
- name: disk-edge-on-dr12_no_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: has-spiral-arms-dr12_yes
dtype: int32
- name: has-spiral-arms-dr12_yes_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: has-spiral-arms-dr12_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: has-spiral-arms-dr12_no
dtype: int32
- name: has-spiral-arms-dr12_no_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bar-dr12_yes
dtype: int32
- name: bar-dr12_yes_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bar-dr12_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: bar-dr12_no
dtype: int32
- name: bar-dr12_no_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bulge-size-dr12_dominant
dtype: int32
- name: bulge-size-dr12_dominant_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bulge-size-dr12_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: bulge-size-dr12_obvious
dtype: int32
- name: bulge-size-dr12_obvious_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bulge-size-dr12_none
dtype: int32
- name: bulge-size-dr12_none_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: how-rounded-dr12_completely
dtype: int32
- name: how-rounded-dr12_completely_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: how-rounded-dr12_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: how-rounded-dr12_in-between
dtype: int32
- name: how-rounded-dr12_in-between_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: how-rounded-dr12_cigar-shaped
dtype: int32
- name: how-rounded-dr12_cigar-shaped_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr12_boxy
dtype: int32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr12_boxy_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr12_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr12_none
dtype: int32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr12_none_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr12_rounded
dtype: int32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr12_rounded_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-winding-dr12_tight
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-winding-dr12_tight_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-winding-dr12_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-winding-dr12_medium
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-winding-dr12_medium_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-winding-dr12_loose
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-winding-dr12_loose_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr12_1
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr12_1_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr12_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr12_2
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr12_2_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr12_3
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr12_3_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr12_4
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr12_4_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr12_more-than-4
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr12_more-than-4_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: merging-dr12_neither
dtype: int32
- name: merging-dr12_neither_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: merging-dr12_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: merging-dr12_tidal-debris
dtype: int32
- name: merging-dr12_tidal-debris_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: merging-dr12_both
dtype: int32
- name: merging-dr12_both_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: merging-dr12_merger
dtype: int32
- name: merging-dr12_merger_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr5_smooth
dtype: int32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr5_smooth_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr5_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr5_featured-or-disk
dtype: int32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr5_featured-or-disk_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr5_artifact
dtype: int32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr5_artifact_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: disk-edge-on-dr5_yes
dtype: int32
- name: disk-edge-on-dr5_yes_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: disk-edge-on-dr5_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: disk-edge-on-dr5_no
dtype: int32
- name: disk-edge-on-dr5_no_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: has-spiral-arms-dr5_yes
dtype: int32
- name: has-spiral-arms-dr5_yes_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: has-spiral-arms-dr5_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: has-spiral-arms-dr5_no
dtype: int32
- name: has-spiral-arms-dr5_no_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bar-dr5_strong
dtype: int32
- name: bar-dr5_strong_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bar-dr5_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: bar-dr5_weak
dtype: int32
- name: bar-dr5_weak_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bar-dr5_no
dtype: int32
- name: bar-dr5_no_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bulge-size-dr5_dominant
dtype: int32
- name: bulge-size-dr5_dominant_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bulge-size-dr5_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: bulge-size-dr5_large
dtype: int32
- name: bulge-size-dr5_large_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bulge-size-dr5_moderate
dtype: int32
- name: bulge-size-dr5_moderate_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bulge-size-dr5_small
dtype: int32
- name: bulge-size-dr5_small_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bulge-size-dr5_none
dtype: int32
- name: bulge-size-dr5_none_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: how-rounded-dr5_round
dtype: int32
- name: how-rounded-dr5_round_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: how-rounded-dr5_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: how-rounded-dr5_in-between
dtype: int32
- name: how-rounded-dr5_in-between_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: how-rounded-dr5_cigar-shaped
dtype: int32
- name: how-rounded-dr5_cigar-shaped_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr5_boxy
dtype: int32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr5_boxy_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr5_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr5_none
dtype: int32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr5_none_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr5_rounded
dtype: int32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr5_rounded_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-winding-dr5_tight
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-winding-dr5_tight_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-winding-dr5_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-winding-dr5_medium
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-winding-dr5_medium_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-winding-dr5_loose
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-winding-dr5_loose_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr5_1
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr5_1_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr5_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr5_2
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr5_2_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr5_3
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr5_3_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr5_4
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr5_4_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr5_more-than-4
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr5_more-than-4_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr5_cant-tell
dtype: int32
- name: spiral-arm-count-dr5_cant-tell_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: merging-dr5_none
dtype: int32
- name: merging-dr5_none_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: merging-dr5_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: merging-dr5_minor-disturbance
dtype: int32
- name: merging-dr5_minor-disturbance_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: merging-dr5_major-disturbance
dtype: int32
- name: merging-dr5_major-disturbance_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: merging-dr5_merger
dtype: int32
- name: merging-dr5_merger_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr8_smooth
dtype: int32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr8_smooth_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr8_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr8_featured-or-disk
dtype: int32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr8_featured-or-disk_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr8_artifact
dtype: int32
- name: smooth-or-featured-dr8_artifact_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: disk-edge-on-dr8_yes
dtype: int32
- name: disk-edge-on-dr8_yes_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: disk-edge-on-dr8_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: disk-edge-on-dr8_no
dtype: int32
- name: disk-edge-on-dr8_no_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: has-spiral-arms-dr8_yes
dtype: int32
- name: has-spiral-arms-dr8_yes_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: has-spiral-arms-dr8_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: has-spiral-arms-dr8_no
dtype: int32
- name: has-spiral-arms-dr8_no_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bar-dr8_strong
dtype: int32
- name: bar-dr8_strong_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bar-dr8_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: bar-dr8_weak
dtype: int32
- name: bar-dr8_weak_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bar-dr8_no
dtype: int32
- name: bar-dr8_no_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bulge-size-dr8_dominant
dtype: int32
- name: bulge-size-dr8_dominant_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bulge-size-dr8_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: bulge-size-dr8_large
dtype: int32
- name: bulge-size-dr8_large_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bulge-size-dr8_moderate
dtype: int32
- name: bulge-size-dr8_moderate_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bulge-size-dr8_small
dtype: int32
- name: bulge-size-dr8_small_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: bulge-size-dr8_none
dtype: int32
- name: bulge-size-dr8_none_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: how-rounded-dr8_round
dtype: int32
- name: how-rounded-dr8_round_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: how-rounded-dr8_total-votes
dtype: int32
- name: how-rounded-dr8_in-between
dtype: int32
- name: how-rounded-dr8_in-between_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: how-rounded-dr8_cigar-shaped
dtype: int32
- name: how-rounded-dr8_cigar-shaped_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr8_boxy
dtype: int32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr8_boxy_fraction
dtype: float32
- name: edge-on-bulge-dr8_total-votes
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- name: spiral-winding-dr8_total-votes
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- name: spiral-winding-dr8_medium_fraction
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- name: spiral-winding-dr8_loose
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- name: spiral-winding-dr8_loose_fraction
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dtype: string
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 140274700.385
num_examples: 3195
- name: test
num_bytes: 35024622.0
num_examples: 798
download_size: 174924356
dataset_size: 175299322.385
---
# GZ Campaign Datasets
## Dataset Summary
[Galaxy Zoo](www.galaxyzoo.org) volunteers label telescope images of galaxies according to their visible features: spiral arms, galaxy-galaxy collisions, and so on.
These datasets share the galaxy images and volunteer labels in a machine-learning-friendly format. We use these datasets to train [our foundation models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.02973). We hope they'll help you too.
- **Curated by:** [Mike Walmsley](https://walmsley.dev/)
- **License:** [cc-by-nc-sa-4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en). We specifically require **all models trained on these datasets to be released as source code by publication**.
## Downloading
Install the Datasets library
pip install datasets
and then log in to your HuggingFace account
huggingface-cli login
All unpublished* datasets are temporarily "gated" i.e. you must have requested and been approved for access. Galaxy Zoo team members should go to https://huggingface.co/mwalmsley/datasets/gz_desi, click "request access", ping Mike, then wait for approval.
Gating will be removed on publication.
*Currently: the `gz_h2o` and `gz_ukidss` datasets
## Usage
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
# . split='train' picks which split to load
dataset = load_dataset(
'mwalmsley/gz_desi', # each dataset has a random fixed train/test split
split='train'
# some datasets also allow name=subset (e.g. name="tiny" for gz_evo). see the viewer for subset options
)
dataset.set_format('torch') # your framework of choice e.g. numpy, tensorflow, jax, etc
print(dataset_name, dataset[0]['image'].shape)
```
Then use the `dataset` object as with any other HuggingFace dataset, e.g.,
```python
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
dataloader = DataLoader(ds, batch_size=4, num_workers=1)
for batch in dataloader:
print(batch.keys())
# the image key, plus a key counting the volunteer votes for each answer
# (e.g. smooth-or-featured-gz2_smooth)
print(batch['image'].shape)
break
```
You may find these HuggingFace docs useful:
- [PyTorch loading options](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/en/use_with_pytorch#data-loading).
- [Applying transforms/augmentations](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/en/image_process#apply-transforms).
- [Frameworks supported](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/v2.19.0/en/package_reference/main_classes#datasets.Dataset.set_format) by `set_format`.
## Dataset Structure
Each dataset is structured like:
```json
{
'image': ..., # image of a galaxy
'smooth-or-featured-[campaign]_smooth': 4,
'smooth-or-featured-[campaign]_featured-or-disk': 12,
... # and so on for many questions and answers
}
```
Images are loaded according to your `set_format` choice above. For example, ```set_format("torch")``` gives a (3, 424, 424) CHW `Torch.Tensor`.
The other keys are formatted like `[question]_[answer]`, where `question` is what the volunteers were asked (e.g. "smooth or featured?" and `answer` is the choice selected (e.g. "smooth"). **The values are the count of volunteers who selected each answer.**
`question` is appended with a string noting in which Galaxy Zoo campaign this question was asked e.g. `smooth-or-featured-gz2`. For most datasets, all questions were asked during the same campaign. For GZ DESI, there are three campaigns (`dr12`, `dr5`, and `dr8`) with very similar questions.
GZ Evo combines all the published datasets (currently GZ2, GZ DESI, GZ CANDELS, GZ Hubble, and GZ UKIDSS) into a single dataset aimed at multi-task learning. This is helpful for [building models that adapt to new tasks and new telescopes]((https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.02973)).
(we will shortly add keys for the astronomical identifiers i.e. the sky coordinates and telescope source unique ids)
## Key Limitations
Because the volunteers are answering a decision tree, the questions asked depend on the previous answers, and so each galaxy and each question can have very different total numbers of votes. This interferes with typical metrics that use aggregated labels (e.g. classification of the most voted, regression on the mean vote fraction, etc.) because we have different levels of confidence in the aggregated labels for each galaxy. We suggest a custom loss to handle this. Please see the Datasets and Benchmarks paper for more details (under review, sorry).
All labels are imperfect. The vote counts may not always reflect the true appearance of each galaxy. Additionally,
the true appearance of each galaxy may be uncertain - even to expert astronomers.
We therefore caution against over-interpreting small changes in performance to indicate a method is "superior". **These datasets should not be used as a precise performance benchmark.**
## Citation Information
The machine-learning friendly versions of each dataset are described in a recently-submitted paper. Citation information will be added if accepted.
For each specific dataset you use, please also cite the original Galaxy Zoo data release paper (listed below) and the telescope description paper (cited therein).
### Galaxy Zoo 2
@article{10.1093/mnras/stt1458,
author = {Willett, Kyle W. and Lintott, Chris J. and Bamford, Steven P. and Masters, Karen L. and Simmons, Brooke D. and Casteels, Kevin R. V. and Edmondson, Edward M. and Fortson, Lucy F. and Kaviraj, Sugata and Keel, William C. and Melvin, Thomas and Nichol, Robert C. and Raddick, M. Jordan and Schawinski, Kevin and Simpson, Robert J. and Skibba, Ramin A. and Smith, Arfon M. and Thomas, Daniel},
title = "{Galaxy Zoo 2: detailed morphological classifications for 304 122 galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey}",
journal = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society},
volume = {435},
number = {4},
pages = {2835-2860},
year = {2013},
month = {09},
issn = {0035-8711},
doi = {10.1093/mnras/stt1458},
}
### Galaxy Zoo Hubble
@article{2017MNRAS.464.4176W,
author = {Willett, Kyle W. and Galloway, Melanie A. and Bamford, Steven P. and Lintott, Chris J. and Masters, Karen L. and Scarlata, Claudia and Simmons, B.~D. and Beck, Melanie and {Cardamone}, Carolin N. and Cheung, Edmond and Edmondson, Edward M. and Fortson, Lucy F. and Griffith, Roger L. and H{\"a}u{\ss}ler, Boris and Han, Anna and Hart, Ross and Melvin, Thomas and Parrish, Michael and Schawinski, Kevin and Smethurst, R.~J. and {Smith}, Arfon M.},
title = "{Galaxy Zoo: morphological classifications for 120 000 galaxies in HST legacy imaging}",
journal = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society},
year = 2017,
month = feb,
volume = {464},
number = {4},
pages = {4176-4203},
doi = {10.1093/mnras/stw2568}
}
### Galaxy Zoo CANDELS
@article{10.1093/mnras/stw2587,
author = {Simmons, B. D. and Lintott, Chris and Willett, Kyle W. and Masters, Karen L. and Kartaltepe, Jeyhan S. and Häußler, Boris and Kaviraj, Sugata and Krawczyk, Coleman and Kruk, S. J. and McIntosh, Daniel H. and Smethurst, R. J. and Nichol, Robert C. and Scarlata, Claudia and Schawinski, Kevin and Conselice, Christopher J. and Almaini, Omar and Ferguson, Henry C. and Fortson, Lucy and Hartley, William and Kocevski, Dale and Koekemoer, Anton M. and Mortlock, Alice and Newman, Jeffrey A. and Bamford, Steven P. and Grogin, N. A. and Lucas, Ray A. and Hathi, Nimish P. and McGrath, Elizabeth and Peth, Michael and Pforr, Janine and Rizer, Zachary and Wuyts, Stijn and Barro, Guillermo and Bell, Eric F. and Castellano, Marco and Dahlen, Tomas and Dekel, Avishai and Ownsworth, Jamie and Faber, Sandra M. and Finkelstein, Steven L. and Fontana, Adriano and Galametz, Audrey and Grützbauch, Ruth and Koo, David and Lotz, Jennifer and Mobasher, Bahram and Mozena, Mark and Salvato, Mara and Wiklind, Tommy},
title = "{Galaxy Zoo: quantitative visual morphological classifications for 48 000 galaxies from CANDELS★}",
journal = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society},
volume = {464},
number = {4},
pages = {4420-4447},
year = {2016},
month = {10},
doi = {10.1093/mnras/stw2587}
}
### Galaxy Zoo DESI
(two citations due to being released over two papers)
@article{10.1093/mnras/stab2093,
author = {Walmsley, Mike and Lintott, Chris and Géron, Tobias and Kruk, Sandor and Krawczyk, Coleman and Willett, Kyle W and Bamford, Steven and Kelvin, Lee S and Fortson, Lucy and Gal, Yarin and Keel, William and Masters, Karen L and Mehta, Vihang and Simmons, Brooke D and Smethurst, Rebecca and Smith, Lewis and Baeten, Elisabeth M and Macmillan, Christine},
title = "{Galaxy Zoo DECaLS: Detailed visual morphology measurements from volunteers and deep learning for 314 000 galaxies}",
journal = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society},
volume = {509},
number = {3},
pages = {3966-3988},
year = {2021},
month = {09},
issn = {0035-8711},
doi = {10.1093/mnras/stab2093}
}
@article{10.1093/mnras/stad2919,
author = {Walmsley, Mike and Géron, Tobias and Kruk, Sandor and Scaife, Anna M M and Lintott, Chris and Masters, Karen L and Dawson, James M and Dickinson, Hugh and Fortson, Lucy and Garland, Izzy L and Mantha, Kameswara and O’Ryan, David and Popp, Jürgen and Simmons, Brooke and Baeten, Elisabeth M and Macmillan, Christine},
title = "{Galaxy Zoo DESI: Detailed morphology measurements for 8.7M galaxies in the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys}",
journal = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society},
volume = {526},
number = {3},
pages = {4768-4786},
year = {2023},
month = {09},
issn = {0035-8711},
doi = {10.1093/mnras/stad2919}
}
### Galaxy Zoo UKIDSS
Not yet published.
### Galaxy Zoo Cosmic Dawn (a.k.a. H2O)
Not yet published. |