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We're coming out of the Little Ice Age | ... We have to deal with much the same way that Captain America, when thawed from the Arctic ice, entered a world that he didn't recognize, similar to the way Stan Lee and Jack Kirby reintroduced the character in the 1960s. | 1 | [
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Science entitled The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change (Oreskes 2004). | For example, knowing the details of only a person's genetics, or their history and upbringing, or the current situation may not explain a behavior, but a deep understanding of all these variables combined can be very predictive. | 0 | [
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Barack Obama and Joe Biden will establish a 10 percent federal Renewable Portfolio Standard ( RPS ) to require that 10 percent of electricity consumed in the U.S. is derived from clean, sustainable energy sources, like solar, wind and geothermal by 2012. | Democrats have supported increased domestic renewable energy development, including wind and solar power farms, in an effort to reduce carbon pollution. | 1 | [
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While there are direct ways in which CO2 is a pollutant ( acidification of the ocean ), its primary impact is its greenhouse warming effect. | Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. | 1 | [
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However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend. | To reduce emissions between 10% to 20% below 1990 levels by 2020 if a global agreement is secured that limits carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) to 450 ppm and temperature increases to 2 °C, effective rules on forestry, and New Zealand having access to international carbon markets. | 0 | [
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CO2 limits won't cool the planet. | Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. | 1 | [
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Climate reacts to whatever forces it to change at the time; humans are now the dominant forcing. | The amount of solar energy reaching Earth's surface decreases with increasing latitude. | 0 | [
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‘Summers keep getting hotter,’ said Friederike Otto of the University of Oxford, who conducted extensive research into data from the heatwave that spread Europe in June, July and August 2017. | In the Gulf of Mexico, catastrophic hurricane strikes at given locations occur once about every 350 years in the last 3,800 years or about 0.48%-0.39% annual frequency at any given site, with a recurrence rate of 300 years or 0.33% annual probability at sites in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico; category 3 or more storms occur at a rate of 3.9 - 0.1 category 3 or more storms per century in the northern Gulf of Mexico. | 0 | [
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Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heating at the molecular level | At higher frequencies, this heating is caused by molecular dipole rotation within the dielectric. | 1 | [
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In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.' | Similar experiments have found a preference for positive feedback, and the people who give it, over negative feedback. | 0 | [
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Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent. | The growth of the human population in the Eurasian Arctic in the 16th and 17th century, together with the advent of firearms and increasing trade, dramatically increased the harvest of polar bears. | 0 | [
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And since the last ice age ended almost exactly 11,500 years ago… ( Ice Age Now ) | The last continental glaciation ended 10,000 years ago. | 1 | [
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Reefs need carbon dioxide; it’s their basic food. | Marine life plays an important part in the carbon cycle as photosynthetic organisms convert dissolved carbon dioxide into organic carbon and it is economically important to humans for providing fish for use as food. | 1 | [
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When the Earth comes out of an ice age, the warming is not initiated by CO2 but by changes in the Earth's orbit. | The consensus is that several factors are important : atmospheric composition, such as the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane ( the specific levels of the previously mentioned gases are now able to be seen with the new ice core samples from EPICA Dome C in Antarctica over the past 800,000 years ); changes in the earth's orbit around the Sun known as Milankovitch cycles; the motion of tectonic plates resulting in changes in the relative location and amount of continental and oceanic crust on the earth's surface, which affect wind and ocean currents; variations in solar output; the orbital dynamics of the Earth–Moon system; the impact of relatively large meteorites and volcanism including eruptions of supervolcanoes. | 1 | [
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And since the last ice age ended almost exactly 11,500 years ago…" (Ice Age Now) | Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events. | 0 | [
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As a result, The warmest year on US record is now 1934. | The U.S. had its warmest March–May on record in 2012. | 1 | [
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Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades. | Heating cold outdoor air can decrease relative humidity levels indoors to below 30%, leading to ailments such as dry skin, cracked lips, dry eyes and excessive thirst. | 0 | [
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“The Northern Hemisphere jet stream […] flow is stronger when that temperature difference is large. | Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation. | 0 | [
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[O]ne of the previously fastest shrinking glaciers in the world is growing again, calling into question the narrative that rapid climate change [...] | On 1 April 2016, the United States and China, which together represent almost 40% of global emissions, issued a joint statement confirming that both countries would sign the Paris Climate Agreement. | 0 | [
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If anyone claims to be part of the 97 percent, it means they disagree with the contrarian argument that humans are having a minimal impact on global warming. | The authors found that 3974 of the abstracts expressed a position on anthropogenic global warming, and that 97.1% of those endorsed the consensus that humans are causing global warming. | 1 | [
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“The most famous of these studies, published in 2010 by Paul Kench and Arthur Webb of the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji, showed that of 27 Pacific islands, 14% lost area. | In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. | 0 | [
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Australia has more solar coverage than any other continent. | In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2 °C. | 0 | [
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Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Nina, is larger than the El Nino warming.” | The warming phase of the sea temperature is known as El Nino and the cooling phase as La Nina. | 1 | [
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as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted | Estimates from the International Labour Organization’s Global Economic Linkages model suggest that unmitigated climate change, with associated negative impacts on enterprises and workers, will have negative effects on output in many industries, with drops in output of 2.4% by 2030 and 7.2% by 2050. | 0 | [
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The grasslands, crops, forests and territorial waters of Australia absorb more carbon dioxide than Australia emits. | They absorb a huge amount of carbon dioxide, combating climate change. | 1 | [
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Climate change need not endanger anyone” | The threats are serious and action is urgently needed to mitigate the risks of climate change. | 1 | [
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Weather is chaotic because air is light, it has low friction and viscosity, it expands strongly when in contact with hot surfaces and it conducts heat poorly. | The bulk viscosity ( also called volume viscosity ) expresses a type of internal friction that resists the shearless compression or expansion of a fluid. | 1 | [
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Over 97 percent of the scientific community a€¦ believe that humans are contributing to climate change. | Seventy-five of 77 believed that human activity is a significant factor in changing mean global temperatures. | 1 | [
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And in January, one out of five British children told pollsters they were having nightmares about climate change. | Most of the CO 2 taken up by the ocean, which is about 30% of the total released into the atmosphere, forms carbonic acid in equilibrium with bicarbonate. | 0 | [
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Neither the rate nor the magnitude of the reported late twentieth century surface warming (1979–2000) lay outside normal natural variability. | These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean. | 0 | [
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(Multiplying .95 by itself 15 times yields 46.3 percent.)” | "The impact of global warming on the tropical Pacific Ocean and El Niño". | 0 | [
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Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth. | Mean sea level (MSL) – This is the average sea level. | 0 | [
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We don't need a high heat flow - just a high temperature for the core to affect the surface climate. | This compares to 0.3 per cent per year in the period 1991 to 2001 and 0.2 per cent in the decade 1981 to 1991. | 0 | [
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“In 2009, then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown predicted that the world had only 50 days to save the planet from global warming. | Realising that a deal between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats was imminent, the next day on Tuesday 11 May Brown announced his resignation as Prime Minister, marking the end of 13 years of Labour government. | 1 | [
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President-elect Trump has selected a climate change skeptic to head the team in charge of the transition between Obama and Trump's Environmental Protection Agencies. | During his January 18, 2017, confirmation hearing to be EPA Administrator, he said that the climate is changing, and human activity contributes to that in some manner. | 1 | [
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Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth. | In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year. | 1 | [
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Global warming is causing snow to disappear. | The Last Valley (1959), by John Pick, is about two men fleeing the Thirty Years' War. | 0 | [
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U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States. | This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers. | 0 | [
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Environment Minister Greg Hunt the Coalition's emissions reduction fund, at $13.95 per tonne of carbon, is around 1 per cent of the cost of reducing carbon under the former Labor government's carbon pricing scheme, which he cost $1,300 a tonne. | Future sea level rise could lead to potentially catastrophic difficulties for shore-based communities in the next centuries: for example, millions of people will be affected in cities such as Miami, Rio de Janeiro, Osaka and Shanghai if following the current trajectory of 3 °C (5.4 °F). | 0 | [
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The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean. | The net change is a slight increase in the area of sea ice in the Antarctic seas ( unlike the Arctic Ocean, which is showing a much stronger decrease in the area of sea ice ). | 1 | [
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If CO2 was so terrible for the planet, then installing a CO2 generator in a greenhouse would kill the plants. | It was originally produced by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) and is currently maintained by Clarivate Analytics (previously the Intellectual Property and Science business of Thomson Reuters) A citation index is built on the fact that citations in science serve as linkages between similar research items, and lead to matching or related scientific literature, such as journal articles, conference proceedings, abstracts, etc. | 0 | [
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The 30,000 scientists and science graduates listed on the OISM petition represent a tiny fraction ( 0.3% ) of all science graduates. | The total fresh STEM graduates were 2.6 million in 2016. | 1 | [
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“Recent computer forecasts suggest that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at a high level, parts of Antarctica could break up rapidly, causing the ocean to rise six feet or more by the end of this century. | The judge ruled that An Inconvenient Truth contained nine scientific errors and thus must be accompanied by an explanation of those errors before being shown to school children. | 0 | [
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The amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by the upper layer of the oceans is increasing by about 2 billion tons per year. | Institute of Biology policy page 'Climate Change' "there is scientific agreement that the rapid global warming that has occurred in recent years is mostly anthropogenic, ie due to human activity." | 0 | [
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Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not incorporated in any of the global mean temperature records. | The modeling also shows that "even without a carbon price (the most efficient way to reduce economy-wide emissions) wind energy is 14% cheaper than new coal and 18% cheaper than new gas." | 0 | [
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Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming | Extreme Weather Prompts Unprecedented Global Warming Alert. | 1 | [
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Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits. | In January 2017, several scientific agencies around the world, including NASA and the NOAA in the United States and the Met Office in the United Kingdom, named 2016 the warmest year recorded. | 0 | [
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Connie Mack is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests. | In 1993, several dozen tribal leaders and residents from the Ecuadoran Amazon filed a billion-dollar class-action lawsuit against Texaco, as a result of massive ecological pollution of the area and rivers around Texaco's Ecuadorian offshore drilling sites, causing toxic contamination of approximately 30,000 residents. | 1 | [
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While natural forcings can account for much of the early 20th Century warming, humans played a role as well. | Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is likely ( greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement ) due to human activities. | 1 | [
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At that time, Hansen also produced a model of the future behavior of the globe’s temperature, which he had turned into a video movie that was heavily shopped in Congress. | The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions is not consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels. | 0 | [
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“The global reef crisis does not necessarily mean extinction for coral species. | For example, the emissions reductions proposed by Nordhaus (2010) might lead to global warming (in the year 2100) of around 3 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels. | 0 | [
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Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans. | Lindzen and Choi revised their paper and submitted it to PNAS. | 0 | [
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There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments. | To derive these requirements in an effective manner, a systems engineering-based risk assessment and mitigation logic should be used. | 1 | [
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The geologic record provides us with abundant evidence for such perpetual natural climate variability, from icecaps reaching almost to the equator to none at all, even at the poles. | There is no evidence of glaciation at or near either pole; in fact, the polar regions were apparently moist and temperate, providing a climate suitable for forests and vertebrates, including reptiles. | 1 | [
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The world has entered a 'cold mode' which is likely to bring a global dip in temperatures which will last for 20 to 30 years, they say. | One of the targets that has been suggested is to limit the future increase in global mean temperature ( global warming ) to below 2 °C, relative to the pre-industrial level. | 1 | [
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Converting to these cleaner sources [ of energy ] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air. | Other renewable sources such as wind power, photovoltaics, and hydroelectricity have the advantage of being able to conserve water, lower pollution and reduce CO 2 emissions. | 1 | [
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“The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that : a notion, or a testable hypothesis. | Given an empirical basis, the criterion of demarcation draws a sharp line between those theories that are scientific, and those that are un-scientific. | 1 | [
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Warming causes more moisture in the air which leads to more extreme precipitation events. | The ocean would not become acidic even if it were to absorb the CO2 produced from the combustion of all fossil fuel resources. | 0 | [
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as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted | Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019. | 0 | [
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there were no ice sheets covering either Greenland or West Antarctica, and much of the East Antarctic ice sheet was gone. | Play media The Western Antarctic Ice Sheet ( WAIS ) is the segment of the continental ice sheet that covers West ( or Lesser ) Antarctica, the portion of Antarctica on the side of the Transantarctic Mountains which lies in the Western Hemisphere. | 1 | [
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“Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea. | Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. | 0 | [
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Once the atmosphere reaches a saturation point, additional input of CO2 will not really have any major impact. | The ice is estimated to be about 2,700 metres (9,000 ft) thick at the Pole, so the land surface under the ice sheet is actually near sea level. | 0 | [
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"Each unit of CO2 you put into the atmosphere has less and less of a warming impact. | "The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive" (Tweet). | 0 | [
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The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer. | In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m ( 20–30 ft ) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today. | 1 | [
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Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect. | This magma tends to be extremely viscous because of its high silica content, so it often does not attain the surface but cools and solidifies at depth. | 1 | [
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The Millennium Drought starting in 1997 and ending in 2010 was misinterpreted as a long term trend as a consequence of Climate Change. | CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3 ⇌ H+ + HCO− 3 It is the decrease in pH that signals the brain to breathe faster and deeper, expelling the excess CO2 and resupplying the cells with O2. | 0 | [
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The Ozone Layer stops UV radiation from entering our atmosphere. | It is present in very low concentrations throughout the latter, with its highest concentration high in the ozone layer of the stratosphere, which absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet ( UV ) radiation. | 1 | [
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This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100. | The projections and results presented in several peer-reviewed publications provide evidence to support a physically plausible GMSL rise in the range of 2.0 meters ( m ) to 2.7 m, and recent results regarding Antarctic ice-sheet instability indicate that such outcomes may be more likely than previously thought. | 1 | [
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Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s | As Tharsis volcanoes erupted they added huge amounts of gases into the atmosphere that created a global warming, thereby allowing liquid water to exist. | 0 | [
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In the last 35 years of global warming, sun and climate have been going in opposite directions. | There are frequent summer droughts in this region. | 0 | [
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The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass. | Also snowfall was unusually low, which led to unprecedented negative −65 km3 ( −15.6 cu mi ) Surface Mass Balance. | 1 | [
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When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently. | The temperature changes occurred somewhat suddenly, at carbon dioxide concentrations of about 600–760 ppm and temperatures approximately 4 °C warmer than today. | 1 | [
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Carbon pollution is a health hazard. | Emissions from these sources can cause respiratory disease, childhood asthma, cancer, and other health problems. | 1 | [
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The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link. | According to the Washington Post, "Begich is one of a small but growing group of Democratic lawmakers who support the idea of lifting or changing the payroll tax cap, so higher earners pay more, while adopting a new measure for inflation that would increase benefits for all seniors." | 0 | [
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An article in Science magazine illustrated that a rise in carbon dioxide did not precede a rise in temperatures, but actually lagged behind temperature rises by 200 to 1000 years. | Recent warming is followed by carbon dioxide levels with only a 5 months delay. | 1 | [
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Austria is today seeing its earliest snowfall in history with 30 to 40 centimetres already predicted in the mountains. | Spring is variable and autumn cool, with possible snowfalls already in November. | 1 | [
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“The global reef crisis does not necessarily mean extinction for coral species. | Record temperature extremes range from −28 °F (−33 °C), on January 19, 1971, to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 4, 1911. | 0 | [
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Mike's Nature trick has nothing to do with hide the decline, instead refering to a technique by Michael Mann to plot instrumental temperature along with past reconstructions. | The same procedure was also used to represent key information in the instrumental temperature record for comparison with the proxy series, enabling validation of the reconstruction. | 1 | [
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CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused | Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide. | 1 | [
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Without the forests' humidity, previously moisture-laden winds blew dry. | Throughout the year, wind speed, temperature and humidity are fairly consistent, with humidity usually greater than 90%. | 1 | [
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There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming. | How the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is critical for predicting climate change. | 1 | [
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The sun was warming up then, but the sun hasn’t been warming since 1970. | This La Niña, combined with record-high ocean temperatures in the north-eastern Indian Ocean, was a large factor in the 2010–2011 Queensland floods, and the quartet of recent heavy snowstorms in North America starting with the December 2010 North American blizzard. | 0 | [
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This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans. | After spending a week without significantly strengthening itself in the central Atlantic, it rapidly intensified into a powerful Category 5 hurricane while moving westward towards the Bahamas on August 23. | 0 | [
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However, a single scientist, Dr. Ben Santer of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, rewrote the draft at the IPCC’s request, deleting all five statements, replacing them with a single statement to the effect that a human influence on global climate was now discernible, and making some 200 consequential amendments. | The Chapter 8 draft report put together on 5 October had an Executive Summary of the evidence, and after various qualifications, said Taken together, these results point towards a human influence on climate. | 1 | [
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...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback. | An increase in temperature from greenhouse gases leading to increased water vapor ( which is itself a greenhouse gas ) causing further warming is a positive feedback, but not a runaway effect, on Earth. | 1 | [
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The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link. | Therefore, as species that thrive in the lower areas of the region are expanding into a greater space, they are beginning to compete for resources and nutrients with pre-existing native species. | 0 | [
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There seems to be evidence for a link between solar activity and water levels. | In January 2017, several scientific agencies around the world, including NASA and the NOAA in the United States and the Met Office in the United Kingdom, named 2016 the warmest year recorded. | 0 | [
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'Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades. | In technical sources, the term climate change is also used to refer to past and future climate changes that persist for and extended period of time, and includes regional changes as well as global change. | 1 | [
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Greg Hunt CSIRO research shows carbon emissions can be reduced by 20 per cent over 40 years using nature, soils and trees. | Ireland to Plant 440 Million Trees in 20 Years to Fight Climate Change. | 1 | [
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“Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health. | By addressing climate change, we can avoid the costs associated with the effects of climate change. | 0 | [
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Global surface temperatures have continued to rise steadily beneath short-term natural cooling effects, and the rise in global heat content has not slowed at all. | It is the hottest planet, with surface temperatures over 400 °C (752 °F), most likely due to the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. | 0 | [
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When we do the calculations and include all radiative forcings and the amount of heat being absorbed by the oceans, it shows that the Earth has warmed almost exactly as much as we would expect. | The net heat flux is buffered primarily by becoming part of the ocean's heat content, until a new equilibrium state is established between radiative forcings and the climate response. | 1 | [
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Dropped stations show more warming than kept stations. | Overall, wind farms lead to a slight warming at night and a slight cooling during the day time. | 1 | [
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The most recent survey of climate scientists said about 57 percent don't agree with the idea that 95 percent of the change in the climate is caused by CO2. | Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions. | 0 | [
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While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science. | Judge attacks nine errors in Al Gore's 'alarmist' climate change film. | 1 | [
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The minute increase of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere (0.008%) was not the cause of the warming—it was a continuation of natural cycles that occurred over the past 500 years." | Excluding water vapor, about half of landfill gas is methane and most of the rest is carbon dioxide, with small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen, and variable trace amounts of hydrogen sulfide and siloxanes. | 0 | [
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Arctic sea ice loss is three times greater than Antarctic sea ice gain, and the amount of solar energy absorbed by the Earth is increasing as a result. | As the ice melts it lowers the albedo thus causing more heat to be absorbed by the Earth and further increase the amount of melting ice. | 1 | [
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Climate change is because of Pacific Decadal Oscillation. | Examples include variability in ocean basins such as the Pacific decadal oscillation and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. | 1 | [
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Clearly, other factors besides atmospheric carbon influence earth temperatures and global warming." | A drought in the 1930s known as the Dust Bowl affected 50 million acres of farmland in the central United States. | 0 | [
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