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How to count the number of occurences of `None` in a list?

print the number of occurences of not `none` in a list `lst` in Python 2

print(len([x for x in lst if x is not None]))

Accessing dictionary by key in Django template

lookup dictionary key `key1` in Django template `json`

{{json.key1}}

Get unique values from a list in python

remove duplicates from list `myset`

mynewlist = list(myset)

Get unique values from a list in python

get unique values from the list `['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']`

set(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])

Python: A4 size for a plot

set size of `figure` to landscape A4 i.e. `11.69, 8.27` inches

figure(figsize=(11.69, 8.27))

How to get everything after last slash in a URL?

get every thing after last `/`

url.rsplit('/', 1)

How to get everything after last slash in a URL?

get everything after last slash in a url stored in variable 'url'

url.rsplit('/', 1)[-1]

how to read a file in other directory in python

open file '5_1.txt' in directory `direct`

x_file = open(os.path.join(direct, '5_1.txt'), 'r')

How to create a list with the characters of a string?

create a list with the characters of a string `5+6`

list('5+6')

Flattening a list of NumPy arrays?

concatenate a list of numpy arrays `input_list` together into a flattened list of values

np.concatenate(input_list).ravel().tolist()

Converting a dict into a list

convert dictionary `dict` into a flat list

print([y for x in list(dict.items()) for y in x])

Converting a dict into a list

Convert a dictionary `dict` into a list with key and values as list items.

[y for x in list(dict.items()) for y in x]

How to pull a random record using Django's ORM?

get a random record from model 'MyModel' using django's orm

MyModel.objects.order_by('?').first()

change current working directory in python

change current working directory to directory 'chapter3'

os.chdir('chapter3')

change current working directory in python

change current working directory

os.chdir('C:\\Users\\username\\Desktop\\headfirstpython\\chapter3')

change current working directory in python

change current working directory

os.chdir('.\\chapter3')

How to create single Python dict from a list of dicts by summing values with common keys?

create a flat dictionary by summing values associated with similar keys in each dictionary of list `dictlist`

dict((key, sum(d[key] for d in dictList)) for key in dictList[0])

How to sort pandas data frame using values from several columns?

sort pandas data frame `df` using values from columns `c1` and `c2` in ascending order

df.sort(['c1', 'c2'], ascending=[True, True])

Converting string series to float list

Converting string lists `s` to float list

floats = [float(x) for x in s.split()]

Converting string series to float list

Converting string lists `s` to float list

floats = map(float, s.split())

How to set "step" on axis X in my figure in matplotlib python 2.6.6?

set labels `[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]` on axis X in plot `plt`

plt.xticks([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

read from stdin

read line by line from stdin

for line in fileinput.input(): pass

read from stdin

read line by line from stdin

for line in sys.stdin: pass

How to check if a value exists in a dictionary (python)

check if string `one` exists in the values of dictionary `d`

'one' in list(d.values())

How to check if a value exists in a dictionary (python)

Check if value 'one' is among the values of dictionary `d`

'one' in iter(d.values())

Calling a parent class constructor from a child class in python

call parent class `Instructor` of child class constructor

super(Instructor, self).__init__(name, year)

how to create a dictionary using two lists in python?

create a dictionary using two lists`x` and `y`

dict(zip(x, y))

Sorting a list of dicts by dict values

sort a list of dictionaries `a` by dictionary values in descending order

sorted(a, key=lambda i: list(i.values())[0], reverse=True)

Sorting a list of dicts by dict values

sorting a list of dictionary `a` by values in descending order

sorted(a, key=dict.values, reverse=True)

pandas: how to do multiple groupby-apply operations

Use multiple groupby and agg operations `sum`, `count`, `std` for pandas data frame `df`

df.groupby(level=0).agg(['sum', 'count', 'std'])

How to add multiple values to a dictionary key in python?

for a dictionary `a`, set default value for key `somekey` as list and append value `bob` in that key

a.setdefault('somekey', []).append('bob')

Python - sum values in dictionary

sum values in list of dictionaries `example_list` with key 'gold'

sum(item['gold'] for item in example_list)

Python - sum values in dictionary

get a sum of all values from key `gold` in a list of dictionary `example_list`

sum([item['gold'] for item in example_list])

Python - sum values in dictionary

Get all the values in key `gold` summed from a list of dictionary `myLIst`

sum(item['gold'] for item in myLIst)

writing string to a file on a new line everytime?

writing string 'text to write\n' to file `f`

f.write('text to write\n')

writing string to a file on a new line everytime?

Write a string `My String` to a file `file` including new line character

file.write('My String\n')

Finding consecutive segments in a pandas data frame

find consecutive segments from a column 'A' in a pandas data frame 'df'

df.reset_index().groupby('A')['index'].apply(np.array)

Python - how to refer to relative paths of resources when working with code repository

get a relative path of file 'my_file' into variable `fn`

fn = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'my_file')

How to retrieve an element from a set without removing it?

retrieve an element from a set `s` without removing it

e = next(iter(s))

How to execute a command prompt command from python

execute a command in the command prompt to list directory contents of the c drive `c:\\'

os.system('dir c:\\')

How to auto-scroll a gtk.scrolledwindow?

Make a auto scrolled window to the end of the list in gtk

self.treeview.connect('size-allocate', self.treeview_changed)

Python: Find in list

check if 3 is inside list `[1, 2, 3]`

3 in [1, 2, 3]

Convert date format python

Represent DateTime object '10/05/2012' with format '%d/%m/%Y' into format '%Y-%m-%d'

datetime.datetime.strptime('10/05/2012', '%d/%m/%Y').strftime('%Y-%m-%d')

python : how to convert string literal to raw string literal?

convert a string literal `s` with values `\\` to raw string literal

s = s.replace('\\', '\\\\')

Get output of python script from within python script

get output of script `proc`

print(proc.communicate()[0])

Getting pandas dataframe from list of nested dictionaries

create a pandas data frame from list of nested dictionaries `my_list`

pd.concat([pd.DataFrame(l) for l in my_list], axis=1).T

Delete Column in Pandas based on Condition

delete all columns in DataFrame `df` that do not hold a non-zero value in its records

df.loc[:, ((df != 0).any(axis=0))]

How to sort multidimensional array by column?

sort a multidimensional array `a` by column with index 1

sorted(a, key=lambda x: x[1])

string to list conversion in python

split string `s` to list conversion by ','

[x.strip() for x in s.split(',')]

Get list item by attribute in Python

Get a list of items in the list `container` with attribute equal to `value`

items = [item for item in container if item.attribute == value]

Python: Write a list of tuples to a file

create a file 'filename' with each tuple in the list `mylist` written to a line

open('filename', 'w').write('\n'.join('%s %s' % x for x in mylist))

Python regex to match multiple times

Get multiple matched strings using regex pattern `(?:review: )?(http://url.com/(\\d+))\\s?`

pattern = re.compile('(?:review: )?(http://url.com/(\\d+))\\s?', re.IGNORECASE)

How do I read a text file into a string variable in Python

read a text file 'very_Important.txt' into a string variable `str`

str = open('very_Important.txt', 'r').read()

Grouping dataframes in pandas?

Return values for column `C` after group by on column `A` and `B` in dataframe `df`

df.groupby(['A', 'B'])['C'].unique()

read a file line by line into a list

read file `fname` line by line into a list `content`

with open(fname) as f: content = f.readlines()

read a file line by line into a list

read file 'filename' line by line into a list `lines`

with open('filename') as f: lines = f.readlines()

read a file line by line into a list

read file 'filename' line by line into a list `lines`

lines = [line.rstrip('\n') for line in open('filename')]

read a file line by line into a list

read file "file.txt" line by line into a list `array`

with open('file.txt', 'r') as ins: array = [] for line in ins: array.append(line)

Convert DataFrame column type from string to datetime

convert the dataframe column 'col' from string types to datetime types

df['col'] = pd.to_datetime(df['col'])

Can a list of all member-dict keys be created from a dict of dicts using a list comprehension?

get a list of the keys in each dictionary in a dictionary of dictionaries `foo`

[k for d in list(foo.values()) for k in d]

Possible to get user input without inserting a new line?

get user input using message 'Enter name here: ' and insert it to the first placeholder in string 'Hello, {0}, how do you do?'

print('Hello, {0}, how do you do?'.format(input('Enter name here: ')))

Create Pandas DataFrame from txt file with specific pattern

create pandas data frame `df` from txt file `filename.txt` with column `Region Name` and separator `;`

df = pd.read_csv('filename.txt', sep=';', names=['Region Name'])

Pandas: How can I use the apply() function for a single column?

df['a'] = df['a'].apply(lambda x: x + 1)

How to check whether the system is FreeBSD in a python script?

get the platform OS name

platform.system()

How to sort python list of strings of numbers

sort list `a` in ascending order based on its elements' float values

a = sorted(a, key=lambda x: float(x))

Finding words after keyword in python

finding words in string `s` after keyword 'name'

re.search('name (.*)', s)

Removing _id element from Pymongo results

Find all records from collection `collection` without extracting mongo id `_id`

db.collection.find({}, {'_id': False})

How do you extract a column from a multi-dimensional array?

Get all the second values from a list of lists `A`

[row[1] for row in A]

How do you extract a column from a multi-dimensional array?

extract first column from a multi-dimensional array `a`

[row[0] for row in a]

Python - how to sort a list of numerical values in ascending order

sort list `['10', '3', '2']` in ascending order based on the integer value of its elements

sorted(['10', '3', '2'], key=int)

How can I tell if a file is a descendant of a given directory?

check if file `filename` is descendant of directory '/the/dir/'

os.path.commonprefix(['/the/dir/', os.path.realpath(filename)]) == '/the/dir/'

Python: How to check a string for substrings from a list?

check if any element of list `substring_list` are in string `string`

any(substring in string for substring in substring_list)

Construct pandas DataFrame from list of tuples

construct pandas dataframe from a list of tuples

df = pandas.DataFrame(data, columns=['R_Number', 'C_Number', 'Avg', 'Std'])

How to find and replace nth occurence of word in a sentence using python regular expression?

find and replace 2nd occurrence of word 'cat' by 'Bull' in a sentence 's'

re.sub('^((?:(?!cat).)*cat(?:(?!cat).)*)cat', '\\1Bull', s)

How to find and replace nth occurence of word in a sentence using python regular expression?

find and replace 2nd occurrence of word 'cat' by 'Bull' in a sentence 's'

re.sub('^((.*?cat.*?){1})cat', '\\1Bull', s)

Sort list of strings by integer suffix in python

sort list of strings in list `the_list` by integer suffix

sorted(the_list, key=lambda k: int(k.split('_')[1]))

Sort list of strings by integer suffix in python

sort list of strings `the_list` by integer suffix before "_"

sorted(the_list, key=lambda x: int(x.split('_')[1]))

How to group similar items in a list?

make a list of lists in which each list `g` are the elements from list `test` which have the same characters up to the first `_` character

[list(g) for _, g in itertools.groupby(test, lambda x: x.split('_')[0])]

How to group similar items in a list?

[list(g) for _, g in itertools.groupby(test, lambda x: x.partition('_')[0])]

How do I use the HTMLUnit driver with Selenium from Python?

Load the url `http://www.google.com` in selenium webdriver `driver`

driver.get('http://www.google.com')

Using Python's datetime module, can I get the year that UTC-11 is currently in?

using python's datetime module, get the year that utc-11 is currently in

(datetime.datetime.utcnow() - datetime.timedelta(hours=11)).year

How to find the difference between 3 lists that may have duplicate numbers

Get the difference between two lists `[1, 2, 2, 2, 3]` and `[1, 2]` that may have duplicate values

Counter([1, 2, 2, 2, 3]) - Counter([1, 2])

How to remove tags from a string in python using regular expressions? (NOT in HTML)

remove tags from a string `mystring`

re.sub('<[^>]*>', '', mystring)

How can I unpack binary hex formatted data in Python?

encode string `data` as `hex`

data.encode('hex')

How to do a less than or equal to filter in Django queryset?

filter `Users` by field `userprofile` with level greater than or equal to `0`

User.objects.filter(userprofile__level__gte=0)

How to use Beautiful Soup to find a tag with changing id?

BeautifulSoup find a tag whose id ends with string 'para'

soup.findAll(id=re.compile('para$'))

How to use Beautiful Soup to find a tag with changing id?

select `div` tags whose `id`s begin with `value_xxx_c_1_f_8_a_`

soup.select('div[id^="value_xxx_c_1_f_8_a_"]')

How to delete an item in a list if it exists?

delete an item `thing` in a list `some_list` if it exists

cleaned_list = [x for x in some_list if x is not thing]

user input and commandline arguments

print "Please enter something: " to console, and read user input to `var`

var = input('Please enter something: ')

Add to integers in a list

append 4 to list `foo`

foo.append(4)

Add to integers in a list

append a list [8, 7] to list `foo`

foo.append([8, 7])

Add to integers in a list

insert 77 to index 2 of list `x`

x.insert(2, 77)

Removing white space around a saved image in matplotlib

remove white space padding around a saved image `test.png` in matplotlib

plt.savefig('test.png', bbox_inches='tight')

concatenate lists

concatenate lists `listone` and `listtwo`

(listone + listtwo)

concatenate lists

iterate items in lists `listone` and `listtwo`

for item in itertools.chain(listone, listtwo): pass

how do you filter pandas dataframes by multiple columns

create dataframe `males` containing data of dataframe `df` where column `Gender` is equal to 'Male' and column `Year` is equal to 2014

males = df[(df[Gender] == 'Male') & (df[Year] == 2014)]

How to print backslash with Python?

print backslash

print('\\')

How to replace values with None in Pandas data frame in Python?

replace '-' in pandas dataframe `df` with `np.nan`

df.replace('-', np.nan)

Delete column from pandas DataFrame

delete column 'column_name' from dataframe `df`

df = df.drop('column_name', 1)

Delete column from pandas DataFrame

delete 1st, 2nd and 4th columns from dataframe `df`

df.drop(df.columns[[0, 1, 3]], axis=1)