diff --git "a/wikipedia_45.txt" "b/wikipedia_45.txt" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/wikipedia_45.txt" @@ -0,0 +1,10000 @@ +Personal life + +He was married to Elizabeth Byers who came to Denver during the Pikes Peak Gold Rush when it was a small settlement of tents. It was primarily inhabited by rough men who frequented the saloons. She had rough experiences during her 60 years in Denver. She lost both of her children with William. One of their houses was lost to fire, and another was flooded. She was active in establishment of charitable organizations in Denver. In 1860, she founded the Ladies United Aid Society. With Frances Wisebart Jacobs and Margaret Gray Evans, it was reorganized in 1872 to the Ladies Relief Society. One year later, Elizabeth Byers and Margaret Gray Evans founded the Old Ladies Home. To care for homeless girls, Byers established the Home of Good Shepherds in 1885. + +Upon moving to Denver he built and lived in several mansions, including the one now known as the Byers-Evans House. The Byers-Evans House is now a museum, and is located next to the Denver Art Museum in downtown Denver. In 1891 Byers and his wife relocated to a mansion they built on a large tract of land at 171 S. Washington St. Byers was an avid horticulturalist and planted a wide variety of tree species on his property; he used the majority of the land plot for personal farming and gardening. After the Byers couple vacated their mansion and farm, the house was demolished and the property was dedicated to the Denver Public Schools in 1921. Some of the trees he planted may still be on the property today, around the periphery of DSST Byers Middle and High Schools. The school was originally named William N. Byers Junior High School, then DSST: Byers, until 2023 when the name was changed in consideration of Byers' support for the Sand Creek Massacre. A branch of the Denver Public Library had been named for Byers, but it was renamed in 2021, also in consideration of the Sand Creek Massacre. Byers had a mistress, Hattie Sancomb, who tried to kill him. It created a scandal, and ended his political career, but Elizabeth stood by her husband. + +As a former territorial surveyor, it is not surprising that Byers was an accomplished outdoorsman. While living in Denver, he spent considerable time in the mountains. In 1863, the artist Albert Bierstadt asked him to serve as a guide, and he led Bierstadt on an expedition from Idaho Springs, Colorado, to the summit of the mountain Bierstadt named Mount Rosalie, later known as Mount Evans, and later as Mount Blue Sky. Bierstadt's masterpiece Storm in the rocky mountains was based on that trip. + +William N. Byers died on March 25, 1903, and was buried in Fairmount Cemetery in Denver, Colorado. + +Legacy +A 1964 episode of the Western anthology series Death Valley Days purported to be the story of the establishment of the Rocky Mountain News, with Byers portrayed by actor Jerome Courtland. + +References + +External links +Byers biography +Longer biography of Byers + +Town of Hot Sulphur Springs website + +1831 births +1903 deaths +Politicians from Denver +History of Denver +Burials at Fairmount Cemetery (Denver, Colorado) +American newspaper founders +Members of the Nebraska Territorial Legislature +19th-century American politicians +Omaha City Council members +Rocky Mountain News people +19th-century American businesspeople +The Grotto () is a sinkhole geological formation and tourist attraction, found on the Great Ocean Road outside Port Campbell in Victoria, Australia. Wooden steps wind down the cliff face to the bottom, providing visibility of the sea beyond a pool at low tide. + +See also +Gibson Steps, Victoria + List of sinkholes of Australia +Loch Ard Gorge +London Arch (formerly London Bridge) +The Twelve Apostles, Victoria + +External links + +Official Website for 12 Apostles Region of Victoria + +Tourist attractions in Victoria (state) +Landforms of Victoria (state) +Sinkholes of Australia +Great Ocean Road +Piast the Wheelwright ( 740/741? – 861 AD; Latin: Past Ckosisconis, Pazt filius Chosisconisu; Polish: Piast Chościskowic, Piast Kołodziej , Piast Oracz or Piast) was a semi-legendary figure in medieval Poland (9th century AD), and the presumed founder of the Piast dynasty that would rule the future Kingdom of Poland. + +Legend + +Piast makes an appearance in the Polish Chronicle of Gallus Anonymus, along with his father, Chościsko, and Piast's wife, Rzepicha. + +The chronicle tells the story of an unexpected visit paid to Piast by two strangers. They ask to join Piast's family in celebration of the 7th birthday (a pagan rite of passage for young boys) of Piast's son, Siemowit. In return for the hospitality, the guests cast a spell making Piast's cellar ever full of plenty. Seeing this, Piast's compatriots declare him their new prince, to replace the late Prince Popiel. + +If Piast really existed, he would have been the great-great-grandfather of Prince Mieszko I (c. 930–92), the first historic ruler of Poland, and the great-great-great-grandfather of Bolesław I the Brave (967–1025), the first Polish king. + +The legendary Piasts were native of Gniezno, a well-fortified castle town founded between the eighth and ninth century, within the tribal territory of the Polans. + +According to legend, he died in 861 aged 120 years. + +Legacy + +In over 1,000 years of Polish history no one else bore the name Piast. + +Two theories explain the etymology of the word Piast. The first gives the root as piasta ("hub" in Polish), a reference to his profession. The second relates Piast to piastun ("custodian" or "keeper"). This could hint at Piast's initial position as a majordomo, or a "steward of the house", in the court of another ruler, and the subsequent takeover of power by Piast. This would parallel the development of the early medieval Frankish dynasties, when the Mayors of the Palace of the Merovingian kings gradually usurped political control. + +References + +740s births +861 deaths +Year of birth uncertain +9th-century Slavs +People whose existence is disputed +Piast dynasty +Slavic pagans +Longevity myths +Highways in Guam are maintained by the Department of Public Works in the United States territory of Guam. + + +List + +See also + +References + +Guam +Guam +Hong Soon-young (30 January 1937 – 30 April 2014) was a South Korean diplomat. He has served in several high-level posts, including as presidential aide for state affairs, Foreign Minister, and Minister of Unification, and has been ambassador to Russia (1992–1993), Germany (1994–1998), The People's Republic of China (2000–2001), Malaysia (1990–1992), and Pakistan (1984–1987). He is a graduate of Seoul National University and attended the Graduate School of International Relations at Columbia University. + +References + +External links +Hong, Soon-young. "Thawing Korea's Cold War: The Path to Peace on the Korean Peninsula", Foreign Affairs, May/June 1999. +Interview with Asiaweek.com, December 17, 1999. +Text of a speech given to the Asia Society, September 23, 1998. + +South Korean diplomats +1937 births +2014 deaths +Seoul National University School of Law alumni +School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University alumni +Ambassadors of South Korea to Russia +Ambassadors of South Korea to China +Ambassadors of South Korea to Germany +Ambassadors of South Korea to Malaysia +Ambassadors of South Korea to Pakistan +Foreign ministers of South Korea +Charles Schlueter, born in Du Quoin, Illinois, is the retired principal trumpeter of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. Schlueter studied with William Vacchiano at the Juilliard School. Prior to his 25 years as principal of the BSO, he also held positions with the Kansas City Symphony, Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra, Cleveland Orchestra, and the Minnesota Orchestra. + +Charles Schlueter is also a well-known teacher, currently on the faculty of the New England Conservatory of Music, and has taught many trumpet players including Andrew Balio, (principal of the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra), Matthew Sonneborn (principal of the Naples Philharmonic Orchestra), Roderick Macdonald (former principal trumpet of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra), Jeffrey Work and David Bamonte (principal and assistant principal of the Oregon Symphony Orchestra), Dana Oakes, principal of the Boston Philharmonic Orchestra and Boston Landmarks Orchestra, and Eric Berlin (principal of the Albany Symphony Orchestra). + +In addition to the many recordings made with the Minnesota Orchestra and the Boston Symphony Orchestra during his tenures there, Schlueter has released four solo albums with the Kleos Classics label. His four albums are entitled "Bravura Trumpet", "Trumpet Works", "Trumpet Concertos", and "Virtuoso Trumpet". + +In 2001, he founded The Charles Schlueter Foundation, a non-profit organization "to encourage communication among brass players and to advance the level of performance, teaching and literature associated with brass instruments". Schlueter was one of the main focal points of Carl Vigeland's 1989 book In Concert: Onstage and Offstage with the Boston Symphony Orchestra, which tells the story of the Symphony, its conductor Seiji Ozawa and the 1986-87 season. + +Schlueter retired from the Boston Symphony Orchestra at the conclusion of the Tanglewood 2006 Season. He was Boston Musicians Association musician of the year in 2006. Schlueter received the Honorary Award, the highest honor of the International Trumpet Guild, in 2007. + +References + +External links +Current Biography courtesy New England Conservatory. +Schlueter's personal website. +Conversation with Charles Schlueter +Announcement of recital and master class at Oberlin Conservatory of Music December 2005 + Hear Charles Schlueter in concert from WGBH Radio in Boston, Massachusetts. + Coverage of Schlueter's 2007 Trumpet Guild Conference masterclass + +American classical trumpeters +American male trumpeters +Year of birth missing (living people) +Living people +People from Du Quoin, Illinois +Juilliard School alumni +21st-century trumpeters +21st-century American male musicians +The Illawarra escarpment, or officially the Illawarra Range, is the fold-created cliffs and plateau-eroded outcrop mountain range west of the Illawarra coastal plain south of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The range encloses the Illawarra region which stretches from Stanwell Park in the north to Kiama, Gerringong and the Shoalhaven River in the south. + +Bells Hill, west of Knights Hill, is the highest point in the range at on the range's plateau; with a number of other peaks on the escarpment ranging from to a maximum of at Mount Murray southwest of Dapto. + +History + +The escarpment or scarp was created between 225 and 280 million years ago and since eroded by creeks to its present height around 30 million years ago. Most of it is sandstone, with many Hawkesbury sandstone boulders and ledges visible in addition to the actual cliffs. Its maximum heights are reached in the south, west of Albion Park at Knights Hill, , and Mount Murray, . This forms the eastern edge of the Southern Highlands plateau, uplifted along with the Blue Mountains around 70 million years ago. + +Many of the towns on the coastal plain adjacent to the escarpment were first founded to harvest the cedar trees on the slopes of the escarpment or the coal seams beneath it. With the original logging industry of the area came the need for passes over the escarpment, creating such ones as Rixons Pass, Bulli Pass, O'Briens Road and Macquarie Pass. The city of Wollongong is the central city in the Illawarra. + +Flora and fauna +The escarpment contains a wide variety of native flora and fauna and is a haven for many forms of wildlife. + +It is known for the Illawarra Flame Tree with its bright foliage, as well as rare surviving red cedar trees that haven't been logged. On Saddleback Mountain and at Minnamurra Rainforest and other places there are remnant localities of rainforest bushland, as well as, to the north, dry sclerophyll forests. The southern typical bush meets the northern at Mount Kembla, creating a unique effect. + +Many native species thrive here such as wallabies, brushtail possums and gliding possums, frogs, goannas, brush turkeys, flying foxes, snakes, bower birds, glossy black cockatoos and other colourful parrots, owls and native birds of prey. + +The area also has many introduced species including fallow deer, red deer, rabbits, feral cats and red foxes. It also acts as a significant haven for species that have been affected by environmental disturbances such as development and bushfire. There are currently 12 threatened animal species in the area. + +The escarpment also contains many historic sites such as mine entrances and passes. + +Endangered ecological community + +The escarpment contains the Illawarra Escarpment Subtropical Rainforest (S_RF01) ecological community, which has been declared an endangered ecological community, under the New South Wales TSC Act. + +Geography + +Geographically it stretches from the white cliffs of the Royal National Park and its northern hilly ridge formations like Bulgo and Otford Hills and Stony Batter, Undola Ridge and Bald Hill, south past the Otford Valley to the west and around an eroded valley containing Stanwell Park, then it goes south, featuring cliffs and running close to the coastal headlands, approximately above sea level at Scarborough to the turn at Sublime Point at near Thirroul, south to Brokers Nose at promontory, south to Mount Keira, which juts out from the main cliffs, south to a similar eroded sandstone outcrop, Mount Kembla at , then southwest along the Dapto scarp cliffs including Mount Bong Bong to the turn inland at Macquarie Pass, then back east to the promontory at Knights Hill at , south including Jamberoo Mountain and east to Noorinan Mountain promontory at Barren Grounds Plateau, then along a ridge to its southern tip, Saddleback Mountain. + +The Cambewarra Range is considered a separate, yet related, geological formation that continues around the Noorinan promontory and continues around Kangaroo Valley. + +It ranges in height from the tops of Bald Hill and Stony Batter around above sea level, to at Brokers Nose, generally above high south of Mount Ousley Road (between Keira and Brokers Nose) it reaches at Mount Keira, at Mount Warra, at Mount Brisbane, at Mount Burelli, at Kembla West, at Mount Kembla, at Wanyambilli Hill on the plateau to the west and at Knights Hill, just over at Noorinan Mountain and about at Saddleback Mountain. + +It is mostly of hard sandstone, with outcrops like Mount Keira and Mount Kembla rising above . There are many tracks to the top of such summits including the southern tip of the escarpment, Saddleback Mountain and Noorinan Mountain promontory. The flora ranges from northern and southern eucalypts and at Mount Kembla fuses, providing an interesting phenomena. The range has much history, including Hoddles Track which used to go to Bowral from Kiama. + +To the north the range is mostly a coastal ridge east of Otford, becoming a cliff at Mount Mitchell, and continuing to include an eroded cliff at its top until Bulli Pass where it becomes rounded, forming Woonona Mountain, until Brokers Nose where the cliff reappears, before appearing again on the edge of Mount Keira and Warra, disappearing until west of Dapto where it forms the famous southern escarpment and curves in for Macquarie Pass National Park and Mount Murray at before turning into Knights Hill at and then forming Noorinan promontory, its summit at , and Saddleback Mountains. + +Passes +There are several passes over the escarpment: + At Bald Hill, where Lawrence Hargrave Drive descends into Stanwell Park; + At Bulli, where the road goes down from Bulli Pass Lookout near Sublime Point Lookout, around a tight bend and then down into the town of Thirroul; + At Rixons Pass where the road descends around several tight curves just north of Brokers Nose promontory, and is now a management trail used for mountain biking; + At Mount Ousley Road, now a freeway, the main route is used for the majority of vehicular traffic and is designed to accommodate slower-moving trucks and buses; + At Mount Keira Road, built by convict labour and still, in a slightly changed form, used today; + At O'Briens Road, now partially used by Harry Graham Drive, the Mount Nebo section now a walking and riding track; + At Cordeaux Road, Mount Kembla, which climbs around Kembla West at , to reach the catchment area to the west; + At Macquarie Pass, west of Albion Park, protected by a national park; and + At Jamberoo Mountain Road Pass, east of the mountain of that name, which climbs through a winding pattern to the summit and along the escarpment to Knights Hill and beyond west. + West of Albion Park is Caloola Pass, passes below Knights Hill and descends to Yellow Rock west of Albion Park, a proposed alternate route to Macquarie Pass, Not used since WWII. Still walk-able + Between Dapto and Albion Park, Johnsons Spur which has not been used since the establishment of Macquarie Pass. Was the main access route from the Illawarra to the Southern Tablelands, not only walk-able + +Saddleback Mountain Road only reaches the summit after a short, steep, turnoff, but was once part of Hoddles Track, which is now only in existence in a small ridge track from the summit but used to extend west to the Southern Highlands. + +Protected areas +Numerous areas are protected as part of the Illawarra Escarpment State Conservation Area or as state forests such as Kembla State Forest southwest of Wollongong. However, much is private property or owned by mining companies like BHP. Well known and popular lookouts such as at Mount Keira and Bald Hill are reserves or parks, the Mount Keira Summit Park is an annexe of the Wollongong Botanic Garden like Puckeys Estate Reserve on the plain. + +Walking tracks +There are many walking tracks and lookouts with views of the surrounding countryside to the south, or suburbs to the north and coastal villages to the far north, and bushland and suburbs to the north. There are several well-known lookouts, such as Bald Hill, Bulli Pass, Sublime Point and Mount Keira, as well as lesser known tracks with views such as Hoddles Track west of Saddleback Mountain. Some tracks have gone into disrepair such as the Wodi Wodi track at Stanwell Park, but some such as the Mount Keira Ring Track have been upgraded. Weed infestation is a problem, with many areas invaded by lantana and other invasive weeds. + +Maddens Plains +Maddens Plains (also written as Madden's Plains) was named after John Madden who arrived from Ireland in 1850 at the age of 11. + +The "address locality" of Maddens Plains is defined as a suburb of the City of Wollongong, "about 1 km N of Scarborough and about 7 km E of Southend [trig] Station". At the , it had no population. There is a group of telecommunications antennae, including amateur radio repeaters. + +See also + + List of mountains of New South Wales + +References + +R.W. Young (1980–1984)"The Illawarra Escarpment", Wollongong Studies in Geography No. 2 Department of Geography, University of Wollongong + +External links + +"Illawarra Coal" – An unofficial history of coal mining in the Illawarra +Northern Illawarra Community Web Portal + + + +Mountain ranges of New South Wales +Tourist attractions in New South Wales +Geography of Wollongong +Plateaus of Australia +Endangered ecological communities +Tourist attractions in Wollongong +The Lookout Mountain Incline Railway is a inclined plane funicular railway leading to the top of Lookout Mountain from the historic St. Elmo neighborhood of Chattanooga, Tennessee. Passengers are transported from St. Elmo's Station at the base, to Point Park at the mountain summit, which overlooks the city and the Tennessee River. It is just a short drive to three of Chattanooga's main tourist attractions, Ruby Falls, Cavern Castle, and Rock City. The railway is approximately in length (single-track except for a short two-track passing loop at the midway point, allowing operation of two cars at one time). It has a maximum grade of 72.7%, making it one of the world's steepest passenger railways. It obtained Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark status in 1991. The cable system for the cars was made by the Otis Elevator Company. + +History +The Lookout Mountain Incline Railway (Incline No. 2) was opened on November 16, 1895, by the Chattanooga Incline and Lula Lake Railway and functions as a major mode of transportation to the top of the mountain. It was the second of two inclines constructed on Lookout Mountain; the first was the Chattanooga and Lookout Mountain Railway (Incline No. 1), which operated from 1886 to 1895 and dismantled in 1900. Service was disrupted twice by fires that destroyed the powerhouse, upper station and cars stored there overnight (the first fire occurring on December 13, 1896, and the second on March 24, 1919). Both fires put the railway temporarily out of service, substitute service being provided by the Chattanooga Railway and Light Company's Lookout Mountain route. The railway was sold in the 1940s to Southern Coach Lines and is now operated by the Chattanooga Area Regional Transportation Authority, the area's public transit agency. + +The Incline Railway is a well-known and beloved Chattanooga landmark; the railway has been depicted in numerous regional and national publications, including being on TV, most prominently on Larry the Cable Guy's Only in America with Larry the Cable Guy in February 2011. The railway is one of the main tourist attractions in the Chattanooga area, totaling over 100,000 visits annually. The top station features an observation deck and a gift shop. + +See also + List of funicular railways + Otis Elevating Railway + +References + +External links + + Lookout Mountain Incline Railway official web site + HawkinsRails' Lookout Mtn Incline Railway page + +Funicular railways in the United States +Heritage railroads in Tennessee +Lookout Mountain +Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmarks +Transportation in Hamilton County, Tennessee +National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee +Railway inclines in the United States +Standard gauge railways in the United States +Tourist attractions in Hamilton County, Tennessee +1895 establishments in Tennessee +National Register of Historic Places in Chattanooga, Tennessee +Cableways on the National Register of Historic Places +Rail infrastructure on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee +Kwangwoon University (Abbreviated to Kwangwoon, KW and KWU) is a comprehensive, coeducational and private research university in Seoul (Wolgye Dong, Nowon-gu), South Korea, offering undergraduate and graduate programs (Master and Doctor). Chosun Radio Training Center, the predecessor of Kwangwoon University, was the first institution to teach electronic engineering studies in Korea(Chosun). The foundation is Kwangwoon Academy, an incorporated educational institution. As of 2019， there are 11,500 undergraduates and 1,292 graduate students. The nearest subway station is Kwangwoon University Station, Seoul Metro Line 1. + +Kwangwoon University has been recognized for its academic reputation in engineering and IT fields. +Kwangwoon University was ranked 56th in Asia in field of Engineering in the 2014 and 2015 by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) +and ranked 16th in Korea in field of Science and Engineering in 2015 by Korea Economic Daily (한국경제신문) + +History + +1934-1987 +Kwangwoon started as Chosun Radio Training Center established to promote the advancement of radio technical knowledge. It was renamed in 1940 as the Chosun Institute of Radio Engineering. Started as Dong-guk Electronics College in 1962, the school became Kwangwoon Institute of Technology in 1964 and a four-year granting Kwangwoon University in 1987. + +The school became a comprehensive university in 1987. Until 1995, the university was ranked top 10 overall and top 3 in the engineering fields in South Korea. + +Today there are eight colleges in Kwangwoon University: College of Electronics & Information Engineering, College of Engineering, College of Natural Sciences, Division of Korean Language and Literature, College of Social Sciences, College of Law, College of Business, and College of Northeast Asia. Located in Wolgye-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Kwangwoon University carries out international exchanges and cooperation programs with 83 universities worldwide in the areas of education and research. + +Global Capability Reinforcement System +Kwangwoon University introduced the English certification system, and gives lectures in English in 33% of the classes of major subjects as of 2011. Since 2011, freshmen have to achieve a degree of proficiency in a second foreign language (Chinese, Japanese, Spanish, or Russian) before graduation. In addition, exchange agreements have been signed with universities worldwide. + + Operating student exchange programs with 127 universities and 2 education consortia in 25 nations including the US, Japan, and China, + Signed an agreement with University of Arkansas in the US for unlimited student exchanges. + Established a joint course with Qingdao Science & Technology University, China, to train in architecture. + +Rankings and reputation + Kwangwoon University ranked 56th out of Universities of Asia in field of Engineering in the 2014 and 2015 by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS), +Kwangwoon University ranked in the top 10 universities of Korea in 2013 and 2015 by Dong-A Ilbo, +Kwangwoon University ranked 16th out of the nation's universities in field of Science and Engineering in 2015 by Korea Economic Daily (한국경제신문) +Kwangwoon University ranked 28th out of the nation's universities in the 2011 by JoongAng Ilbo. Remarkly, +1.Research sector ranked 14th (2011) +2.Number of SCI papers per professors in science and technology field ranked 15th (2011) +3.Employment rate of graduates ranked 15th (2011) +4.Affiliated average of individual research funds per professor ranked 4th (2011) +5.Average of outside research fund per professor ranked 6th (2011) +6.Rate of English lectures ranked 10th (2011) + Kwangwoon University has shown its power in research. The number of publications in international journals (SCI papers) and domestic papers per professors ranked 2nd among universities in Korea for three consecutive years (2010-2012). + +Graduate schools +Graduate School +Graduate School of Business Administration +Graduate School of Smart Convergence +Graduate School of Education +Graduate School of Environment Studies +Graduate School of Counseling, Welfare and Policy +Graduate School of information and Communication + +Schools and divisions + +College of Electronics & Information Engineering +Chosun Radio Training Center, the predecessor of Kwangwoon University, was the first institution to teach electronic engineering studies in Korea(Chosun). Kwangwoon University established primally college of Electronics&Information Engineering and Department of Electronic engineering in Republic of Korea. To be exact, Dr. Cho Kwangwoon brought the study of electronic engineering to Korea(Chosun), and Chosun Radio Training Center that is the predecessor of Kwangwoon University established in 1934 is the first academy to teach the study of electronic engineering in Chosun(Korea). +As the largest college in the electronics and information engineering field, the College of Electronics and Information Engineering of Kwangwoon University provides field-oriented engineering education and it aims to produce practical, creative, globally competitive and technically specialized individuals who can lead the knowledge-based, 21st century. + +Department of Electronic Engineering +Department of Electronics & Communications Engineering +Department of Electronic Convergence Engineering +Department of Electric Engineering +Department of Electronic Materials Engineering +Division of Robotics: (Information Control, Intelligence System) + +College of Software and Convergence Technology +It is the largest college for software in Korea. With the best systems and capabilities, Kwangwoon University's College of Software and Convergence Technology is nurturing the most needed software convergence experts in the modern industry. + +School of Software +School of Computer and Information Engineering +Department of Information Convergence + +College of Engineering +Kwangwoon University's College of Engineering aims to produce specialized individuals who can effectively apply their basic theoretical knowledge and successfully compete in the global environment, through practical education that offers field-applicable knowledge and through intensive, practical studies that promote development of creativity + +Department of Architectural Engineering +Department of Chemical Engineering +Department of Environmental Engineering +Department of Architecture + +College of Natural Sciences +Under the goals of ‘producing independent and self-reliant individuals with new knowledge’ and ‘providing education that values practicality, creativity and field-relevant education’. Kwangwoon University's College of Natural Sciences aims to provide education and carry out research on academic knowledge and application our society demands and to produce well-rounded specialists who can contribute to the betterment of our society and humanity. + +Department of Mathematics +Department of Electrical and Biological Physics +Department of Chemistry +Department of Sports & Leisure Studies +Department of Information Contents (evening program) + +College of Business +Kwangwoon University's College of Business aims to produce professional managers that can lead this highly competitive, globalized and informatized 21st century of ours. + +Division of Business Administration +Division of International Trade: (Korea-Japan Trade Major, Korea-China Trade Major) + +College of Humanities and Social Sciences +Kwangwoon University's College of Humanities and Social Sciences aims to produce leaders who can apply their humanistic insights and knowledge to open up new future and society according to the changes we see in our information era and individuals who can creatively look into, study and analyze social phenomena. + +Department of Korean Language and Literature +Department of English Language and Literature +School of Communications: (Media and Information, Digital Media, Strategic Communication) +Department of Industrial Psychology +Division of Northeast Asia Cultural Industries: (Cultural Exchange, Cultural Content Development) + +College of Law and Public Policy +Kwangwoon University's College of Law and Public Policy produces global individuals who can lead Korea and the international community and well-rounded individuals equipped with a sound legal judgment, administrative capabilities and global competitiveness. + +Department of Public Administration +Division of Law +Division of International Studies: (International Area Studies, Global Korea) +Department of Asset Management (evening program) + +Ingenium College + +College of Northeast Asia (Abolished) +In 2008, The college of northeast Asia was established. However, due to the education ministry's order, each department has been banned from accepting new students since 2016. Therefore, the three departments were relocated to the college of business, the college of humanities and social sciences and the college of law and public·policy, respectively. + +Division of Northeast Asia Trade +Division of Northeast Asia Industry and Culture +Division of International Studies + +International Cooperations +Kwangwoon University has signed Agreements with several international Universities. + +Germany + Hochschule Macromedia, University of Applied Sciences + Fachhochschule des Mittelstandes + University of Applied Sciences - Zwickau + +Student activities and awards +{||- +|valign="top"|   +|valign="top"| + +Student activities +Kwangwoon University Global Challengers +Kwangwoon University Global Volunteers in countries such as Indonesia, Vietnam, Lao, Mongolia and Nepal. +Kwangwoon University Robot Camp for youth since 2008 + +Awards +Academics + +International Awards +ROBIT won 6 gold medals and ranked 2nd of 2008 RoboGames in United States of America +The team HOMERUN won the 1st prize in Imagine Cup 2011 for Window Phone held by Microsoft, United States of America +ROBIT won the championship of the 3rd Asia Robo-one in Korea, 2007. +ROBIT won championship in humanoid in International Robot contest in three years 2008, 2013 and 2014 held in Korea +ROBIT won the championship of the 15th Robo-One in Japan, 2009 +ROBIT won the presidential award for 2009 International Robot Contest, Busan, Korea +Robot Team (BARAM) won the Chairman's Award in Texas Instruments Innovation Challenge: Korean MCU Design Contest 2013. + Robot Team (ROBIT) won the presidential awards in 2015, 2016 and 2017 International Robot Contest and R-BIZ challenge among 3000 participated teams, + Kwangwoon University Robot team (Robit) ranked 2nd in 2017 international Robocup: RobocupSoccer humanoid Teen size held in Nagoya, Japan, 2017; + +National Awards + +Robot team won championship at the 1st Robo-1 University League, 2005 +ROBOT Team (ROBIT)won the championship of the Super Robot Grand Prix (SRGP) sponsored KT Corporation (Korea Telecom), 2007 + Kwangwoon University team won the champion of the Korean Shakespeare Festival for two consecutive years 2012 and 2013 +Robot Team (BARAM) won the grand prize in 2013 Korea Intelligent Robot Contest, Korea + The Students from Department of Computer Engineering won the 1st prize in the first Hyundai Hackathon: Connect the Unconnected in 2016 held by Hyundai Motor Group + Kwangwoon University Robot team (Robit) won championship of 2017 Robocup Korea Open: soccer humanoid League for Students from Korea and other countries + SPORTS + Kwangwoon University soccer team won the championship of the 2007 Fall Season of KBSN University Soccer Match + Kwangwoon University soccer team won the second prize of the 2009 Fall Season of the National University Soccer Games + Kwangwoon University soccer team won the champion of the 2014 Cafe Bene U-League championship for University Soccer teams + Kwangwoon University ice hockey team won the champion of the 98th National Winter Sport Contest for Korean Universities + +Alumni and faculty + +Notes + +See also +Kwangwoon Electronics Technical High School + +References + +External links + Kwangwoon University website + Kwangwoon University website + + +Universities and colleges in Seoul +1934 establishments in Korea +Universities and colleges established in 1934 +Nowon District +The Little Niangua River is a tributary of the Niangua River in the Ozarks region of central Missouri in the United States. Via the Niangua, Osage and Missouri rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River. The Little Niangua was so named for its smaller size relative to the Niangua River. + +Description +The Little Niangua rises in Dallas County and flows generally northeasterly through Hickory and Camden counties. It joins the Niangua River in Camden County as an arm of the Lake of the Ozarks, which is formed by a dam on the Osage River. + +Niangua darter +The upper reaches of the Little Niangua River, including the tributaries of Cahoochie Creek and Thomas Creek in Dallas County, are known habitats of the Niangua darter, a small fish that is on the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's list of Endangered Species. + +Public areas +There are multiple river accesses on the Little Niangua River, including Bannister Hollow, Fiery Fork and most areas where a road crosses the river. + +See also + List of Missouri rivers + Little Niangua Suspension Bridge + +References + + Columbia Gazetteer of North America entry + DeLorme (2002). Missouri Atlas & Gazetteer. Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme. . + U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service entry for the Niangua Darter + +Rivers of Missouri +Rivers of Camden County, Missouri +Rivers of Dallas County, Missouri +Rivers of Hickory County, Missouri +Tributaries of the Missouri River +Stephen John Davies (born 2 January 1969 in Parkes, NSW) is an Australian hockey player who represented his country at three successive Summer Olympic Games, winning a silver medal and two bronze medals. In total he played for the Australia national hockey team 274 times over 10 years and was inducted into the Hockey NSW Hall of Fame in November 2009. + +References + +External links + + +1969 births +Living people +Australian male field hockey players +Olympic field hockey players for Australia +Field hockey players at the 1992 Summer Olympics +Field hockey players at the 1996 Summer Olympics +1998 Men's Hockey World Cup players +Field hockey players at the 2000 Summer Olympics +Sportsmen from New South Wales +Olympic silver medalists for Australia +Olympic bronze medalists for Australia +Olympic medalists in field hockey +Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics +Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics +Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics +Commonwealth Games medallists in field hockey +Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia +Field hockey players at the 1998 Commonwealth Games +1990 Men's Hockey World Cup players +20th-century Australian people +People from the Central West (New South Wales) +Field hockey people from New South Wales +Medallists at the 1998 Commonwealth Games +Patrik Antonius (born 13 December 1980) is a Finnish professional poker player, former tennis player and coach, and model from Vantaa, Finland. He currently resides in Monte Carlo. Antonius was mentored by poker pro Marcel Lüske as a member of Luske's "Circle of Outlaws" and later advised by Jennifer Harman. +Antonius has two children. + +Poker career +Antonius began making a name for himself on the poker tournament circuit with two finishes near the final table of a European Poker Tour (EPT) event and a World Poker Tour (WPT) event, 12th at the EPT PokerStars Caribbean Adventure, then 15th at the WPT Bay 101 Shooting Stars event two months later, in early 2005. He went on to finish in the money in three events of the 2005 World Series of Poker (WSOP). In September 2005 he made the European Poker Tour (EPT) Main Event final table, finishing 3rd in Barcelona. The next month, Antonius won the EPT event in Baden bei Wien, taking home the €288,180 first prize when in the final hand his beat Gunnar Østebrød's on a board of . In December 2005 he finished the year 2nd in the WPT Five Diamond World Poker Classic in Las Vegas, Nevada, winning $1,046,470. + +In July 2006 he placed 9th in the 143-player 8-handed World Series of Poker $50,000 H.O.R.S.E. event, taking home $205,920, his biggest cash that year. In the 2007 World Series of Poker, Antonius entered numerous tournaments but he only cashed in the World Championship of Pot Limit Omaha event, placing third and winning $311,394, making that his ninth WSOP cash and increasing his WSOP earnings to a total of $569,964. Antonius has been featured three times on NBC's Poker After Dark. In his first appearance, he finished as runner up, losing out to fellow poker professional Jennifer Harman, but his next attempt saw him defeat Brad Booth in heads-up play to take the victory. In his third appearance he was runner up again, this time to Johnny Chan. , Antonius' total live tournament winnings exceed $6,775,000. His 14 cashes at the WSOP account for $911,178 of those winnings. + +Antonius was not able to enter the 2009 WSOP Main Event, as he was turned away when attempting to register along with hundreds of others due to a capacity field. + +He also plays in some of the highest profile online tournaments, and in September 2008, he finished 2nd in the Full Tilt Poker $25,000 buy-in Heads-Up Pot Limit Omaha Championship, winning $320,000. + +Antonius finished 9th in the 593-player 8-handed €10,400 2011 World Series of Poker Europe main event for a prize of €90,000. In January 2013, Antonius finished third in the Aussie Millions Main event for $600,000. + +In September 2022, Antonius won the Triton Poker $25,000 No-Limit Hold'em event for $825,000. + +Prize Money (Tournaments) + +Cash games +Antonius is a heads-up specialist. He is a regular high-stakes player online and one of the most successful, having won millions of dollars. He has played on Full Tilt Poker under several nicknames, including Luigi66369, CryMeRiver9 and Finddagrind, but having become a member of "Team Full Tilt" he now plays under his real name. During his early career he also used screen names e.g. I_knockout_U, try_hrdr_fish and -ANTONIUS- on various other poker networks. Previously Antonius was one of a team of players associated with Martinspoker.com. + +He is equally prolific in live cash games, and is a regular in the Big Game, the high-stakes cash game at the Bellagio. Antonius appeared on the third to sixth seasons of GSN's High Stakes Poker. Patrik was involved, along with Sammy Farha, in the show's largest ever pot; it totaled $998,800. After a preflop raise and re-raise the flop came ; Antonius held for top pair and Farha held , giving him two over-cards and a flush draw. Sammy called Patrik's all-in raise instantly and the two agreed to run the turn and river four times. Though Sammy's hand was a slight favorite, Patrik won three of the four runs and collected $749,100. + +In another sizable pot on High Stakes Poker, Patrik went up against Jamie Gold. Jamie had versus Patrik's . Patrik raised to $4,000 preflop with Jamie reraising to $14,000, after declaring that his hole cards felt "like aces". The flop came out , giving Patrik an inside straight draw. Jamie bet $15,000 into a $30,800 pot, which Patrik called. The turn was the , giving Patrik a straight and Jamie a set of kings. Patrik bet $45,000 into the pot, which Jamie raised all in. Patrik immediately called making the pot worth $743,800. The players agreed to run the river three times. Despite being a 77%-23% favorite, Patrik won only the last of the three times, as Jamie hit a full house on the first two. At the time, it was the largest pot ever on High Stakes Poker. + +Antonius has since lost a pot of almost $600,000 to Tom Dwan on an episode of the Poker After Dark high-stakes cash game. Tom straddled the hand to $1,200 and Patrik was first to act having pocket 10s, with which he raised. Tom reraised the hand with pocket kings and Patrik called. The flop gave Patrik a set of tens and he bet $27,000, which Tom called. The turn was a king, giving Tom a set of kings. Patrik bet $59,000 which led to Dwan going all-in for over $200,000. Patrik called, making the pot almost $600,000. They ran it twice, with Patrik losing both. The hand had the largest pot in the history of Poker After Dark. + +In November 2009, Antonius won the biggest pot in online poker history, $1,356,946 against Viktor Blom, who was at the time known only by his Full Tilt Poker moniker, Isildur1. + +In February 2023, Antonius played on PokerGO's No Gamble, No Future cash game show. In No Gamble, No Future's Cash of the Titans that was shot over three days, Antonius would win the biggest pot in U.S. poker stream history when he doubled up through Eric Persson in a pot totalling $1,978,000. With the stakes at $1,000 / $2,000 blinds and a $2,000 big blind ante, Persson raised to $7,000 in the cutoff with and Rob Yong called on the button with . Antonius three-bet the small blind to $30,000 with . Persson and Yong called as the flop landed . Antonius bet out $40,000 and Persson raised to $140,000. Yong folded, but Antonius made it $250,000 and Persson called. The turn landed the and Antonius bet $150,000. Persson moved all-in and Antonius called all-in for just over $520,000. The river landed the and Antonius won the biggest pot in U.S. poker stream history. + +References + +1980 births +Living people +Sportspeople from Helsinki +Finnish male models +Finnish poker players +Finnish tennis coaches +Finnish expatriates in Monaco +European Poker Tour winners +Poker After Dark tournament winners +People from Vantaa +Tamaki may refer to: + +New Zealand +Tāmaki, a suburb of Auckland to the west of the Tamaki River +Tāmaki (New Zealand electorate), in Auckland +East Tāmaki, a suburb of Auckland to the east of the Tamaki River +Tamaki River, in Auckland +Tamaki Strait, between Waiheke Island and the North Island +Tāmaki isthmus, the location of the Auckland CBD and central suburbs +Auckland (Māori name) + +Other countries +Tamaki, Afghanistan +Tamaki, Mie, Japan + +Other uses +Tamaki (name), people +A smart host or smarthost is an email server via which third parties can send emails and have them forwarded on to the email recipients' email servers. + +Smarthosts were originally open mail relays, but most providers now require authentication from the sender, to verify that the sender is authorised – for example, an ISP might run a smarthost for their paying customers only. + +Use in spam control efforts +In an effort to reduce email spam originating from their customer's IP addresses, some internet service providers (ISPs), will not allow their customers to communicate directly with recipient mailservers via the default SMTP port number 25. Instead, often they will set up a smarthost to which their customers can direct all their outward mail – or customers could alternatively use one of the commercial smarthost services. + +Sometimes, even if an outward port 25 is not blocked, an individual or organisation's normal external IP address has a difficulty in getting SMTP mail accepted. This could be because that IP was assigned in the past to someone who sent spam from it, or appears to be a dynamic address such as typically used for home connection. Whatever the reason for the "poor reputation" or "blacklisting", they can choose to redirect all their email out to an external smarthost for delivery. + +Reducing complexity +When a host runs its own local mail server, a smart host is often used to transmit all mail to other systems through a central mail server. This is used to ease the management of a single mail server with aliases, security, and Internet access rather than maintaining numerous local mail servers. + +See also + Mail submission agent + +References + +Email +Internet terminology +Warren Central High School (often referred to as Central or WCHS) is a 4-year high school in Bowling Green (Warren County) in the U.S. state of Kentucky. It is one of four high schools serving the Warren County Public Schools. + +History +Warren Central High School was established in 1968 with the merger of Warren County High School and Alvaton High School. The consolidated school was located at the site of Warren County High School. With the school's population rising to over 2,000 students by 1990, a new high school, Greenwood High School, was created in the district to alleviate the strain. In 1995, a nickel tax was passed that raised funds for renovations for the school. The original building was built during the 1940s and additional spaces were added in the 1970s and all were showing signs of age. Over the next three years, the original building was replaced and upgrades were made to the newer portions of the school. The new building opened in 1998. Since that time, the population of Warren Central has again grown to nearly 1,200 and a new high school/middle school was built in the Rich Pond area of Warren County that once again divided Warren Central and Greenwood high schools. + +Teachers +Teachers at Warren Central include Katelyn Blaha, Donna Forsythe, Lauren Tanner, Nann Harwood, Keshia Cagle, and Nathan Dick. Former teachers include Virgil Livers who played football for the Chicago Bears, Douglas Jenkins who was the first recipient of the President's Award For Excellence in Math and Science Teaching, Dr. Tracy Inman who is an author and associate director of The Center for Gifted Studies at WKU, and Ruth Lanphear, author. + +Athletics +Warren Central High School participates in the following Kentucky High School Athletic Association (KHSAA) sanctioned varsity athletics: basketball, baseball, cross country, football, golf, soccer, softball, tennis, track and field, and volleyball. + +Many of the varsity sports are a part of a rivalry with the cross-town Bowling Green High School. The varsity football team competes in KHSAA Class 4A, Region 1, District 2. The team was state runner-up in 1989 and 1990 and has won their region seven times, most recently in 2005. + +Boys basketball +The boys' varsity basketball team competes in the 14th District within the 4th Region. The team won the 4th Region six straight years from 2002 through 2007, a feat accomplished only once in the 4th Region history. The team won the KHSAA Sweet 16 state basketball championship in 2004 and finished runner-up in 2005 despite the loss of four senior starters from the state champion team. They advanced to the final four of the Sweet 16 for the third time in four years in 2007, falling to Louisville Ballard in the state semifinals. In 2010 Warren Central returned to the Sweet 16 for the first time since their six-year run ended in 2007, where they advanced to the quarterfinals. They also advanced in 2011. They have won eleven total 14th District championships and eleven total 4th Region championships. They have additionally been 14th District runners-up eight times and 4th Region runners-up three times. Jeremy Anderson, a 2007 alumni, played in the Sweet 16 five-consecutive years, only the 2nd player in Kentucky to accomplish this. Warren Central was the 2022 state runner up, and then won a second state title in 2023. + +Girls basketball +The varsity girls' basketball team competes in the same district and region as the boys' teams. The 1983 girls' team won the KHSAA state basketball championship, a culmination of many years of outstanding girls' teams. Several WCHS alumni played college basketball at Western Kentucky University (Clemette Haskins, Melinda Carlson), and helped Western achieve national status, playing in Women's NCAA Final 4 tournaments in the 1980s. + +Clubs and organizations +Warren Central has a variety of both academic and non-academic clubs and organizations. Some of these organizations include local chapters of national organizations such as National Beta Club, Fellowship of Christian Athletes (FCA), Future Business Leaders of America (FBLA), and Family, Career, and Community Leaders of America. + +Other organizations include the Academic Team, Kentucky Youth Assembly, Afro-American History Club, Art Club, Astronomy Club, Bosnian American Club, Drama Club, French Club, Math/Computer Club, Physics Un-club, Spanish Club, Spanish Chorus, Pride Club, and Student Council + +Warren Central also has a comprehensive fine arts department with a full range of music offerings that has produced generations of musicians and teachers. Several alumni are leaders in the field. + +Notable alumni +George Fant (2011), former WKU basketball and football player, currently plays for the New York Jets of the NFL +Anthony Grundy (1995), North Carolina State basketball player and pro basketball player for the Atlanta Hawks +Chris Turner (1987), former Western Kentucky University and Major League Baseball baseball player + +References + +External links +Official WCHS Website + +Buildings and structures in Bowling Green, Kentucky +Public high schools in Kentucky +Schools in Warren County, Kentucky +Jay Jason Stacy (born 9 August 1968 in Melbourne, Victoria) is a former field hockey midfielder from Australia, who participated in four Summer Olympics for his native country, starting in 1988. + +References + Hockey Australia + +External links + + +1968 births +Australian male field hockey players +Male field hockey midfielders +Australian field hockey coaches +Olympic field hockey players for Australia +Field hockey players at the 1988 Summer Olympics +Field hockey players at the 1992 Summer Olympics +Field hockey players at the 1996 Summer Olympics +1998 Men's Hockey World Cup players +Field hockey players at the 2000 Summer Olympics +Field hockey players from Melbourne +Living people +Olympic silver medalists for Australia +Olympic bronze medalists for Australia +Olympic medalists in field hockey +Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics +Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics +Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics +Commonwealth Games medallists in field hockey +Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia +Oranje Zwart players +Expatriate field hockey players +Australian expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands +Field hockey players at the 1998 Commonwealth Games +1990 Men's Hockey World Cup players +20th-century Australian people +Medallists at the 1998 Commonwealth Games +Sportsmen from Victoria (state) +Sprinter (stylized as SPRINTER) is a hybrid rail (light rail with some features similar to commuter rail) service operating in the North County area of San Diego County between the cities of Escondido and Oceanside, California, United States. The service uses the Escondido Subdivision of the San Diego Northern Railroad. Station platforms were constructed for the line's fifteen stations serving the cities of Oceanside, Vista, San Marcos, and Escondido. The line provides service to California State University, San Marcos and Palomar College. Sprinter service operates every 30 minutes and is targeted towards students and commuters. + +Sprinter is operated by the North County Transit District, the area's public transit agency. The agency also operates the Coaster commuter rail service and the Breeze transit bus services. At Oceanside Transit Center, the Sprinter connects to three commuter rail services (Coaster and the Metrolink Orange County and Inland Empire–Orange County lines), as well as to Amtrak's Pacific Surfliner inter-city rail service. + +Just after the pandemic, ridership for the Sprinter declined by 46 percent (fiscal year 2020-21), according to the San Diego Union Tribune. During the pandemic, it is assumed ridership was dramatically reduced as many worked or went to school from home. + +History +The Sprinter is the first passenger train service along the Escondido Branch since the Santa Fe Railroad discontinued passenger service in 1946. Originally built in 1888, the entire line had to be rebuilt to accommodate more traffic and be elevated because the line runs along a river. + +The funding for Sprinter originated with the TransNet Tax (Proposition C) measure passed by San Diego County voters in 1987 to relieve traffic congestion. A third of the tax was dedicated to mass transit. The $477 million project also was funded through a $152 million Full Funding Grant Agreement from the Federal Transit Administration. + +NCTD purchased the line in 1992 from the Santa Fe Railroad. As the Sprinter was officially “founded” in 2005, Construction started on the line that same year and was scheduled for completion in December 2007. The Sprinter was previewed on December 28, 2007, with full revenue service scheduled to begin on January 13, 2008. Opening was delayed due to safety and other concerns, and began on March 9, 2008. + +Sprinter was the least expensive rail project per mile of 10 rail projects built or planned in California in 2005. American Public Works Association (APWA) awarded Sprinter the Transportation Project of the Year for projects valued over $75 million. + +Service +The Sprinter runs every 30 minutes in both directions seven days a week, from approximately 4 am to 9 pm. Trains run later on Friday and Saturday evenings, to approximately 10:30pm (westbound to Oceanside), and to approximately 11:30pm (eastbound to Escondido). Saturday/Sunday/Holiday trains operate every 30 minutes between 10 am and 6 pm and hourly before 10 am and after 6 pm. + +Stations + +The Sprinter serves a total of 15 stations, including the two termini at Oceanside and Escondido. Three of these stations are transit centers – the two termini, Oceanside Transit Center and Escondido Transit Center, along with the Vista Transit Center station. + +Fares +A one-way trip on the Sprinter costs $2.50 per rider, $1.25 for Senior (60+)/Disabled/Medicare riders (children under 5 years old ride for free; up to 3). + +In addition, riders can buy passes (e.g. Regional 24-Hour Pass, Regional 30-Day Pass) which allow for unlimited travel not only on the Sprinter, but on other NCTD and MTS systems, such as the San Diego Trolley, and Breeze and MTS buses, for the duration of that pass. Rides on those systems, plus the Coaster commuter rail, and express buses, require a "RegionPlus" pass. + +Pronto fare system + +The Sprinter, along with all other NCTD and MTS services, utilizes the Pronto contactless fare system introduced in September 2021; succeededing the first-generation Compass Card system." The Pronto fare system allows for a tap-on, tap-off approach, so riders on the Sprinter tap-on when entering the station platform (using one of the station's validators), and tap-off when arriving at the destination stop, in order to deduct the correct fare. Physical Pronto cards can be purchased at vending machines at NCTD stations or at customer service centers; electronic versions can be purchased through the website or through the mobile applications. + +Ridership +While pre-opening studies of the Sprinter line projected an average weekday ridership of 11,000, average weekday ridership in 2012 was 7,800, 70% of the original projected daily ridership. For 2012, this corresponded to 2.4 million annual ridership. However, the average weekday ridership for the Sprinter in the first quarter of 2013 was 8,500 according to the American Public Transportation Association (APTA) Transit Ridership Report for Q1 2013, which is 77% of the original projected daily ridership for the system. + +Rolling stock + +Sprinter service is operated with Desiro-class diesel multiple units (DMU) manufactured by Siemens in Germany and widely used by main-line regional railways. Twelve married pairs of Siemens VT642 Desiro DMUs were delivered to the Escondido Transit Center in August 2006. The vehicles were in acceptance testing in California during the early part of 2007. The passenger trains are not FRA-compliant for operation in association with freight trains; therefore freight operations on the route are not permitted during passenger operations. For this reason some publications, including the American Public Transportation Association, refer to this line as light rail but it does not conform with the usual understanding of that term. + +Future service plans +Future development plans for the Sprinter are currently focused on increasing the frequency of the service to 20 minutes per train departure, from the Sprinter's current 30-minute schedule. An increased schedule will require more double-tracking of the Sprinter rail line as currently only 9.6 miles (44%) of the Sprinter's rail line is double-tracked. The preferred alternative project for more double-tracking on the rail line involves increased double-tracking around Crouch St. station through College Blvd. station, and around Palomar College station through Nordahl Rd. station. It is projected that this project will require six years to reach completion. + +On December 23, 2022, NCTD received funding of 7 million dollars. The funding from Consolidated Appropriations Act was requested by Congressman Mike Levin. The SPRINTER Corridor Service Improvement Project will be completed in two phases. The first phase will modernize the signal and communications systems along the corridor to improve safety, enhance community connectivity, and reduce service disruptions. The funding is focused on reducing the train service to 15 minutes service from the 30 minute services that the sprinter currently runs on. + +Additionally, NCTD would like to implement Sprinter Express train service that would stop at only the five stations (Oceanside Transit Center, El Camino Real, Vista Transit Center, San Marcos Civic Center, and Escondido Transit Center) with the greatest ridership along the route. The Express service would use freight track east of San Marcos Civic Center station to bypass a station and an eastern portion of the regular route in order to further reduce travel times between termini. + +Longer-term, SANDAG's 2050 Regional Transportation Plan projects one extension of the Sprinter by 2050. The extension would be from the Sprinter's current eastern terminus at the Escondido Transit Center, south (presumably along S Centre City Parkway) to the North County Mall/Del Lago Transit Center. No other extensions of the Sprinter (e.g. to San Diego Zoo Safari Park, or to McClellan–Palomar Airport) are included in the plan. + +Criticism +The Sprinter has encountered some dissatisfaction in northern San Diego County. For example, business owners in Oceanside have attributed flooding in November 2007 and January 2008 to the Sprinter, since its construction raised railroad beds and narrowed creeks. Some have also criticized the limited schedule. In response to the limited schedule, NCTD expanded Friday and Saturday Night service in 2011, the last trips leaving out of Escondido (Westbound) at 10:33pm and out of Oceanside (Eastbound) at 11:33pm. + +Incidents + +Accidents +On March 11, 2008, a westbound Sprinter train struck a man who was lying on the tracks under a State Route 78 bridge in San Marcos. It was not immediately clear if the man was aware of the approach of the train. However, the man, who was covered by a sleeping bag at the time he was struck, spoke of suicide while in the emergency room. + +On March 23, 2012, a man was struck by a westbound Sprinter train at the West Mission Road and North Pacific Street crossing. The victim's death was ruled a suicide by the San Diego County medical examiner's office. The operator of the train applied the brakes and sounded the horn, but was unable to avoid the collision. The victim died at the scene. + +Service suspension (2013) +On February 28, 2013, the California Public Utilities Commission conducted an inspection of the Sprinter vehicles. During that inspection, the CPUC discovered accelerated patterns of wear on the central axle brakes of all 12 vehicles. As a result, on March 8, 2013, NCTD suspended service on the entire line. NCTD established bus replacement service for the duration of the Sprinter service interruption which lasted 70 days. The Sprinter resumed regular service on May 18, 2013, with the last day of the supplemental express bus service on May 24. + +See also + + Transportation in San Diego County + Coaster (commuter rail) + San Diego Trolley + +References + +32. https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/communities/north-county/oceanside/story/2022-01-23/north-county-bus-train-ridership-slashed-by-pandemic-report-shows + +External links + + + +North County Transit District +Passenger rail transportation in California +Public transportation in San Diego County, California +Light rail in California +California railroads +Escondido, California +Railway services introduced in 2008 +2008 establishments in California +Binchō-tan (), also called white charcoal or binchō-zumi, is a type of charcoal traditionally used in Japanese cooking. Its use dates to the Edo period, when, during the Genroku era, a craftsman named Bichū-ya Chōzaemon () began to produce it in Tanabe, Wakayama. The typical raw material used to make binchō-tan in Japan is oak, specifically , now the official tree of Wakayama Prefecture. Wakayama continues to be a major producer of high-quality charcoal, with the town of Minabe, Wakayama, producing more binchō-tan than any other town in Japan. Binchō-tan produced in Wakayama is referred to as Kishū binchō-tan (), Kishū being the old name of Wakayama. + +White charcoal is made by pyrolysing wood in a kiln at approximately for 120 hours, then raising the temperature to around . Once carbonised, the material is taken out and covered in a damp mixture of earth, sand and ash. + +Binchō-tan is a type of hardwood charcoal which takes the natural shape of the wood that was used to make it. It is also harder than black charcoal, ringing with a metallic sound when struck. Due to its physical structure, binchō-tan takes on a whiter or even metallic appearance and, apart from being used for cooking, has other benefits such as absorption of odors. + +In comparison, oga-tan is a type of biomass briquettes - a sawdust charcoal compressed into shapes with angular edges, often with a hole in the center. There exists a common misconception amongst restaurants and chefs that causes them to refer to oga-tan as binchō-tan. + +Wind chimes and a musical instrument, the tankin ("charcoal-xylophone"), have been made from Binchō-tan. + +References + +External links + + 紀州備長炭 —Making of Kishū Binchōtan by Wakayama Pref. + 炭琴 —Tankin ("charcoal-xylophone") + "Charcoal Adds to the Good Life" – an article from 2001 touting the benefits of black and white charcoal, the latter including binchōtan + +Allotropes of carbon +Fuels +Japanese cuisine +Japanese culture +Charcoal +Army Day is celebrated on 15 January every year in India, in recognition of Lieutenant General Kodandera M. Cariappa's (later who became Field Marshal ) taking over as the first Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army from General Francis Roy Bucher , the last British Commander-in-Chief of India, on 15 January 1949. The day is celebrated in the form of parades and other military shows in the national capital New Delhi as well as in all headquarters. On 15 January 2023, India celebrated its 75th Indian Army Day in Bengaluru. Army Day marks a day to salute the valiant soldiers who sacrificed their lives to protect the country and its citizens. + +While celebrations take place across the country, the main Army Day parade is conducted in Cariappa Parade ground in Delhi cantonment. Gallantry awards and Sena medals are also awarded on this day. In 2020, 15 soldiers were presented with bravery awards. Param Vir Chakra and Ashok Chakra awardees participate in the Army Day parade every year. Military hardware, numerous contingents and a combat display are part of the parade. In 2020, Captain Tania Shergill became the first female officer to command an Army Day parade. + +See also + Armed Forces Day in other countries + +References + +Bibliography + +Indian Army +January observances +Annual events in India +Armed Forces days +H7N1 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). + +H7N1 was first isolated in 1972, from Eurasian siskin. + +A highly pathogenic strain of it caused a flu outbreak with significant spread to numerous farms, resulting in great economic losses in 1999 in Italy in turkeys. + +References + +H7N1 +H7N4 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). + +A highly pathogenic strain of it caused a minor flu outbreak in 1997 in New South Wales, Australia in chicken. + +On February 14, 2018, the Hong Kong Centre for Health Protection was notified by the National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, that a 68-year-old female patient living in Changzhou of Jiangsu Province developed symptoms on Christmas day of 2017. According to the NHFPC, she was admitted to a hospital for medical treatment on the New Year's Day of 2018, and was discharged on January 22. She had had contact with live poultry before the onset of symptoms. No one who she had close contact with had any symptoms during the medical surveillance period. + +References + +H7N4 +The Communauté métropolitaine de Québec (CMQ), or Quebec Metropolitan Community, is an administrative division of the province of Quebec, comprising the metropolitan area of Quebec City and Lévis. The CMQ is one of the two metropolitan communities of Quebec. + +Predecessor + +Effective January 1, 1970, the Québec Urban Community () ("CUQ") was established, which governed the area surrounding Quebec City on the north shore of the St. Lawrence River. Together with the CUQ, the Québec Urban Community Transit Commission () ("CTCUQ") and the Greater Québec Water Purification Board () ("BAEQM") were also established. Each of the three covered different groups of municipalities: + +Formation + +The CUQ was replaced by the CMQ on January 1, 2002. The CMQ exercised jurisdiction over a wider geographical area. + +Quebec was amalgamated with the cities of Beauport, Cap-Rouge, Charlesbourg, L'Ancienne-Lorette, Lac-Saint-Charles, Loretteville, Saint-Émile, Sainte-Foy, Sillery, Val-Bélair, Vanier and Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures. In the 2006 demerger, L'Ancienne-Lorette and Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures regained separate status. + +Lévis was amalgamated with Charny, Saint-Jean-Chrysostome, Saint-Nicolas, Saint-Rédempteur, Saint-Romuald, Pintendre, Saint-Étienne-de-Lauzon, Sainte-Hélène-de-Breakeyville and Saint-Joseph-de-la-Pointe-de-Lévy. + +Gallery + +References + +External links + Communauté métropolitaine de Québec website + Quebec City Guide - Télégraphe de Québec + +Quebec City Area +Metropolitan areas of Quebec +Alan (; ) is a village in the Şemdinli District of Hakkâri Province in southeastern Turkey. The population of the village was 407 in 2022. It is populated by the Kurdish Zerzan tribe who have close links to their counterparts in Iran. + +The hamlet of Cevizpınar () is attached to the village. + +History +Hālānā (today called Alan) was inhabited by 100 Assyrian families in 1877 when visited by Edward Lewes Cutts, all of whom were adherents of the Church of the East and were served by two functioning churches as part of the archdiocese of Shemsdin. It was destroyed by the Ottoman Army in 1915 amidst the Sayfo. + +Geography +The Fritillaria imperialis plant grows in the village. + +Population +Population history from 2007 to 2022: + +References + +Bibliography + +Villages in Şemdinli District +Historic Assyrian communities in Turkey +Places of the Assyrian genocide +Kurdish settlements in Hakkâri Province +Cee-Lo Green and His Perfect Imperfections is the debut studio album by American singer-songwriter Cee Lo Green, released on April 23, 2002. The album features guest appearances from Jahalla, Kirkland Underground, John Popper (of Blues Traveler), Joey Huffman and fellow Dungeon Family rappers Big Gipp and Backbone. + +Track listing + +References + +2002 debut albums +CeeLo Green albums +Arista Records albums +Hip hop soul albums +Wijnand Ott (born 12 October 1955) is a Dutch musician. + +In 1980, Ott joined Diesel as a replacement for Frank Papendrecht. He had taken up a career as a bassist only recently before that (switching from guitar) and despite his shy demeanour, he was a quality bassist. + +In 1984 he left the band just before its demise around a year later. + +Today Ott works in television. + +External links + +1955 births +Living people +Dutch rock bass guitarists +Diesel (band) members +Place of birth missing (living people) +Nathan Eglington OAM (born 2 December 1980 in Murwillumbah, New South Wales) is a field hockey midfielder and striker from Australia, who was a member of the team that won the golden medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. + +He is nicknamed Eggy, and played domestic hockey for the Queensland Blades in his native country Australia, with whom he won the national title in 2003, 2004, 2006 and 2007. Eglington made his international debut in 2002, in a test series game against South Korea in Adelaide, scoring twice. + +Eglington played 140 times for Australia scoring 50 goals before major injury prior to the 2008 Beijing Olympics, forced retirement from international competition at the age of 27 years. + +He is married to fellow former Australian representative, Lisa Eglington. The pair live in Tweed Heads with their two children. + +References + +External links + + Profile on Hockey Australia + +1980 births +Australian male field hockey players +Male field hockey forwards +Male field hockey midfielders +Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia +Field hockey players at the 2004 Summer Olympics +Field hockey players at the 2006 Commonwealth Games +2006 Men's Hockey World Cup players +Living people +Olympic field hockey players for Australia +Olympic gold medalists for Australia +Olympic medalists in field hockey +People from the Northern Rivers +Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia +Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics +Commonwealth Games medallists in field hockey +Sportsmen from New South Wales +Medallists at the 2006 Commonwealth Games +H5N8 is a subtype of the influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu) and is highly lethal to wild birds and poultry. H5N8 is typically not associated with humans. However, seven people in Russia were found to be infected in 2021, becoming the first documented human cases. + +Virus and symptoms +The H5N8 virus manifests itself in various ways, from asymptomatic and sub-clinical to highly lethal in some populations. Many of the findings in wild birds are based on the discovery of dead animals. Its intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) is greater than 1.2, giving it a mortality rate of at least 75 percent. + +H5N8 has previously been used in place of the highly pathogenic H1N1 in studies. + +Outbreaks + +1983 +Perhaps the most known outbreak of H5N8 occurred in Ireland in 1983. Poultry on two farms showed the usual symptoms, plus diarrhea, nervousness, and depression. Poultry farms within close proximity soon began to show signs of infection, as well, but no contact between the farms could be established. In the end, 8,000 turkeys, 28,020 chickens, and 270,000 ducks were culled. When investigated in the lab, clinical findings demonstrated that turkeys were the most susceptible to infection. The virus could not be clinically reproduced in ducks. + +2014 +An outbreak of H5N8 was reported in breeding ducks in North Jeolla Province, South Korea, on 18 January 2014. The virus spread in duck and chicken farms and at least 12 million poultry were culled. + +2016–17 +In the second half of 2016, an H5N8 outbreak was first reported in Europe, spreading to Asia by the end of the year. + +October 2016 +On 27 October 2016, an H5N8 case was first reported in a wild swan in Hungary. Further reports were subsequently made from seven additional European countries. There were outbreaks in poultry and wild birds in Austria, Hungary, and Germany. There were reports of infection in wild birds only in Croatia, Denmark, Poland, and Switzerland. + +November 2016 +In the Netherlands, H5N8 was found in wild birds and birds in a zoo and on 26 November 190,000 ducks were destroyed at six farms. Outbreaks have also been reported in India, Israel, South Korea, Taiwan and Russia. + +December 2016 +On 16 December 2016, it was confirmed that there was an outbreak of the H5N8 virus at a farm near Tetney, Louth — the first outbreak in the United Kingdom. This outbreak has caused the combined death and culling of 5,000 turkeys. At the time of writing (16 December 2016), a 3 km protection zone and a 10 km surveillance zone were enforced by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. + +In the second week of December official delegations from Japan, South Korea and China gathered in Beijing for a symposium on preventing and controlling bird flu and other diseases in East Asia, according to the website of China's ministry of agriculture. + +By the end of December the outbreak had spread to South Korea, Japan, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Thousands of birds and animals were being culled in Germany to stop the spread. In the United Kingdom the flu was found in a wild duck at a turkey farm in Lincolnshire. + +In South Korea, a record total of 18.4 million birds had been killed by December since the first outbreak of avian flu was reported at a farm on Nov. 18. + +Japan has reported five outbreaks since the end of November with 800,000 chickens having been culled in one month. + +January 2017 +In early January 2017, France culled about 800,000 birds to prevent the spread of H5N8. In Nigeria, it was reported that the virus affected 3.5 million birds. The virus was also detected in Spain and Slovenia. + +Uganda detected aves flu in two locations, one affecting wild birds and another striking domestic birds. + +February 2017 +Two cases of the virus were detected in Northern Ireland amongst wild geese. As a response, the Department of Agriculture extended restrictions on poultry flocks until at least 16 March. + +June 2017 +A case of the virus was detected in Harare, Zimbabwe at one of the major poultry producers, Irvine's Private Limited. The virus saw over 7,000 birds succumbing to the virus. As a result, the company, culled over 140,000 birds to prevent the spread of the virus. Even though a ban on all avian products from Zimbabwe was issued, on 22 June an outbreak was reported at a commercial broiler poultry farm outside Villiers, South Africa after 5,000 chickens died. A few days later, just over 60 km away from the first outbreak, a separate outbreak was reported in Standerton, Mpumalanga, where over 25,000 birds were culled to prevent the virus spreading. The South African Poultry Association reported that wild ducks migrating from Europe are spreading the virus. + +December 2017 +On 20 December 2017, the Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture (MEWA) in Saudi Arabia announced the detection of the highly pathogenic H5N8 virus among birds at a poultry market in Riyadh. A few days later, the virus was detected in other farms in other cities including Al-Ahsa, Al-Kharj, Al-Quaiyat, Dharma, and Mazahmiya. This outbreak in the country led to a cull of more than 100,000 birds at 12 locations across the country to prevent the spread of the virus. + +2020 + +February +On 4 February, Saudi Arabia reported an outbreak of the highly pathogenic H5N8 bird flu virus on a poultry farm. The outbreak, which occurred in the central Sudair region, killed 22,700 birds. + +Summer +In the summer of 2020, H5N8 was detected in wild birds in western Russia and Kazakhstan. Because this included waterbirds that migrate into northern and western Europe, it was considered likely that the virus would be detected there later in the year (as would be confirmed in October–November). + +October–December +On 22 October, the agriculture minister Carola Schouten of the Netherlands confirmed that H5N8 had been found in samples from wild birds in the country. As a countermeasure, it was required that birds in poultry farms were kept indoors and isolated. From late October to mid-November, it had spread to three chicken farms and a duck farm in the country, and the 320,000 birds in the farms had been eradicated to stop the spread. Shortly after the first detection in the Netherlands, it was confirmed in the United Kingdom (October: poultry; November: wild birds and poultry), Germany (October: wild birds; November: wild birds and poultry), Ireland (October and November: wild birds), Belgium (November: wild birds), Denmark (November: wild birds and poultry), France (November: poultry) and Sweden (November: poultry). These outbreaks resulted in countermeasures that were similar to those already taken in the Netherlands. + +According to official confirmed reports from the Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries of Japan, multiple dead chickens were found in 49 chicken poultry farms in Japan, from 5 November 2020 to 25 February 2021, 16 places in Shikoku Island, 15 places in Kyushu Island, ten places in Kantō region, five places in western Honshu and each one place in Awaji Island, Gifu Prefecture, and Toyama Prefecture. +According to local official confirmed report, these cases were highly pathogenic H5N8 type flu. + +On 10 November, South Korea's agriculture ministry said it had confirmed the highly pathogenic H5N8 strain of bird flu in samples from wild birds in the central west of the country and issued its bird flu warning. + +At the end of November 2020, about 10,500 turkeys were killed on a British farm in North Yorkshire in order to limit the spread of H5N8 bird flu after health officials discovered an outbreak. + +On 16 December several birds were found dead on the Isle of Wight, in the UK, and the cause of death was identified as H5N8. + +2021 + +January +India reported the virus first in the migratory birds following which in January 2021 culling of chickens and ducks began on Tuesday 6 Jan in parts of Kerala to contain the H5N8 strain of bird flu, while Jammu and Kashmir sounded an alert and started collecting samples from migratory species after Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh reported cases of avian influenza. Kerala officials have said around 40,000 domestic birds, including 34,000 in the Kuttanad region alone, will be culled to check the spread of the H5N8 virus. Till now, 2,700 migratory birds, mostly bar-headed geese, have been found dead in the lake area and samples have been sent for testing, state animal husbandry officials said. + +According to Japan's Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries official report, several dead edible ducks were found in two poultry farms near Narita, Chiba Prefecture. Both cases were confirmed as H5N8 type bird flu via genetic test by a regional official on 21 January and 24. 5400 ducks were culled in response. + +As a larger nationwide trend in avian flu, 7 million poultry were culled with aid from the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force as of February 17, 2021. + +February +On 20 February 2021, Russia reported the first known cases of H5N8 in humans. Seven people were confirmed to have been infected at a farm in southern Russia where outbreaks had been reported. There was no indication of human-to-human transmission and the seven cases were described as "mild." Anna Popova, head of Rospotrebnadzor, has said the seven poultry workers have since recovered, and that "the situation did not develop further." WHO later confirmed that all cases remained asymptomatic for the whole follow-up. + +March +In an interview published in The Moscow Times on 12 March 2021, Popova warned that there was a "high degree of probability" of human-to-human transmission of H5N8. + +References + +Further reading + https://www.mewa.gov.sa/ar/MediaCenter/News/Pages/20-12-2017-1.aspx + +H5N8 +In Hawaiian mythology, the Nawao are a legendary people, a wild, large-sized hunting people, descended from Lua-nu'u (Beckwith 1970:321-323). Other sources suggest that the Nawao were present in Hawaii before the Menehune who are thought to have driven them out or destroyed them. However, folklorist Katherine Luomala believes that the legends of the Menehune and similar creatures are a post-European contact mythology. + +References + +Hawaiian mythology + +Giants +"Smile Like You Mean It" is a song by American rock band the Killers, written by lead vocalist Brandon Flowers and bassist Mark Stoermer. Originally released as a B-side of "Mr. Brightside" in September 2003, it is featured on their debut studio album Hot Fuss (2004). It was the third single from the album released in the United States and the fourth in the United Kingdom, reaching number 15 on the Billboard U.S. Modern Rock Tracks chart and number 11 on the UK Singles Chart. It also received substantial radio airplay in Australia, where it was ranked number 39 on Triple J's Hottest 100 of 2004. + +Critical reception +Billboard said the song "seems to deal with coming to terms with growing up and getting older." Chuck Arnold with People magazine called the song "a sardonic moper worthy of the Smiths." Billboard said the single is "more restrained and downtempo compared with the band's previous hits" but otherwise "pretty upbeat and is awash with soaring new wave synthesizers and 'killer' guitars." In the UK, the song was voted at 91 on Absolute Radio's 100 Best Songs of the Decade. Paste and American Songwriter both ranked the song number seven on their lists of the greatest Killers songs. + +Covers and other information +The Killers claim that the song was written in just eight minutes. According to Brandon Flowers, the lyric "Looking back at sunsets on the East side" refers to the East side of Las Vegas, Nevada. + +David Gray performed an acoustic version of "Smile Like You Mean It" on BBC's Radio 1 in the Live Lounge. Tally Hall covered the song for the sixth The O.C. soundtrack: Music from the OC: Mix 6. + +The song was released as a downloadable track for the music video game series Rock Band on November 25, 2008. + +"Smile Like You Mean It" was remixed by French music producer Madeon. + +Music video +The music video for the song shows ghostly figures of the band wandering around a house that the characters of the song presumably used to live in. While Flowers sings to the camera, flashbacks of the old house are shown behind him, including a children's party, a Christmas morning, a high school party, and a funeral. While these extras are oblivious to being watched, at the end they turn to the camera to look at the viewer while the band fades away. + +Track listing + +UK 7-inch red vinyl single +A. "Smile Like You Mean It" +B. "Ruby, Don't Take Your Love to Town" + +UK CD single + "Smile Like You Mean It" + "Get Trashed" + +UK 12-inch single + "Smile Like You Mean It" + "Mr Brightside" + +UK digital single + "Smile Like You Mean It" – 6:26 + "Smile Like You Mean It" – 7:34 + "Get Trashed" – 3:39 + +Australian CD single + "Smile Like You Mean It" + "Change Your Mind" + "Mr Brightside" + +Charts + +Certifications + +Release history + +References + +External links +MusicOMH Song Review + +2000s Island Records singles +The Killers songs +2005 singles +Songs written by Brandon Flowers +Songs written by Mark Stoermer +Tuggeranong Homestead is located in the Australian Capital Territory in the area now covered by the suburb of Richardson. It is a property of historical significance and is listed on the ACT Heritage Register. It was owned by a succession of prominent pastoralists over the last century before it was resumed by the Government. Today it is used as a venue for special events, conferences and weddings. + +Early owners + +The first authorised landowner of the Tuggeranong area following white settlement was Peter Murdoch, aide-de-camp of Thomas Brisbane, who was awarded a grant of 2,000 acres (8 km2) in 1827. Following Murdoch's appointment to a position in Tasmania in 1829, the area became part of a grant to John McLaren who arrived from Glasgow in 1828. The property, then known as Janevale, was managed as a cattle station by McLaren's partner, William Wright (Moore, 1982). Tuggeranong was the original name of the whole of the Wanniassa and Lanyon areas. McLaren sold the property to Thomas Macquoid in 1835. Macquoid was the Sheriff of the Supreme Court who had arrived in the colony in 1829 (Lamb 2006) and died by his own hand on 12 October 1841. + +The Macquoid family + +Thomas Macquoid who was the Sheriff of the Supreme Court of NSW bought the property in 1835 and named it "Waniassa" after an estate in Java where he had grown coffee crops for the East India Company. He built a stone cottage and barn using convict labour. The barn still exists although it has been adapted for other uses. Part of Macquoid's cottage was incorporated into the drawing room of the homestead when it was remodelled 1908. + +In 1841 Macquoid ended his own life due to depression and financial hardship. His son Hya Macquoid took over management of the property and was able to pay his father's debts after some years. He was drowned on the ship Dunbar when it sank at South Head in Sydney in 1857. His body was never recovered. + +The Cunningham family + +The land was advertised for sale in 1858 and bought by Andrew Cunningham who owned Lanyon. In 1874 James (Jim) Cunningham who was Andrew's youngest son moved to the property which he called "Tuggranong" and lived in a small stone cottage. In 1889, aged 39, Jim married 19-year-old Mary Twynam, the daughter of Edward Twynam, the NSW Surveyor General. A photo of Mary at about this time is shown. Over the next twelve years the couple had eight children. Mary played her role as a successful pastoralist's wife attending balls, participating in fundraising activities for the parish church and local hospital. The homestead itself became the social hub of the district and Mary and Jim hosted many gatherings there. + +Tuggeranong became a prosperous sheep property. Up to 50,000 were shorn there each year. Typically the shearing season started at the beginning of November when about twenty-five men were employed to undertake this task. They were sometimes local but often small landholders supplementing their income came from Tumut, Gundagai or other outlying places. After the shearing finished, usually in early December, there would be a Shearers Ball held in the woolshed to which all the community was invited. The Goulburn Evening Penny Post described the event held in 1898 in the following terms: + +The annual Shearers Ball was held at the Tuggranong wool-shed on Thursday night and was a great success. From an early hour visitors from Queanbeyan, Tharwa and other places began to arrive and by nine o' clock there was a very large gathering present. On entering the wool-shed it could be seen at a glance that neither time nor trouble had been spared in decorating the place. The floor was in excellent order and every other arrangement complete... The supper was laid out in an adjoining building. + +The Cunningham family left Tuggeranong Homestead in 1914 and went to Lanyon which Jim had purchased after his brother's death. The Government resumed the land to become part of the Federal Capital Territory. In 1919 Charles Bean was allowed to use the Homestead to undertake his mammoth task of writing the history of Australia's part in World War 1. + +Charles Bean and his team + +Charles Edwin Woodrow Bean was commissioned by the Government to write twelve volumes on the history of Australia's part in the War in 1919. He and his team commenced this project at Victoria Barracks in Melbourne but it was soon found that the many interruptions caused by the soldiers returning from the War who were interested in their work made progress very difficult. It was then decided that a peaceful location could be provided at Tuggeranong Homestead which was by this stage owned by the Government. + +The team transferred there in October 1919 and remained there until April 1925. The Homestead provided living quarters as well as offices for most of the staff but two of the married men lived with their families in small cottages located about 400 metres away. At the back of the house was a large paddock where the team's horses were kept as well as a few sheep and a cow for milk. Water was pumped from Tuggeranong Creek which ran past one corner of the Homestead. + +In later years Charles remembered the peace and tranquillity of the property. He said: + +In the country air our nerves were easily refreshed by an hours ride. The garden of Tuggeranong under its beautiful trees became one of the sights of the Capital. In summer we arranged our own daylight saving and had tennis every evening + +In 1920 Charles met his future wife Ethel Young a nursing sister at Queanbeyan Hospital when she came to one of the tennis matches. He married her the following year and she also lived at the Homestead. + +Besides tennis the team had a passion for cricket and they built a sturdy cricket pitch which still remains today. + +After they left in 1925 the Homestead stood empty for two years and then in 1927 the property was leased by Timothy McCormack. + +The McCormack family + +Timothy Joseph McCormack owned Tuggeranong Homestead from 1927 until his death in 1938. He also controlled properties in Crookwell and at Royalla. He was born in 1873 in Wheeo near Crookwell. His father also called Timothy worked on a farming property owned by his grandmother Catherine McCormack who had moved to the Crookwell district as a widow in 1863. His father died in 1882 when Timothy was nine years old. His mother remarried but he continued his association with his father's family at Wheeo. + +In 1899 he married Mary Kennedy in Crookwell and the wedding was reported in many of the newspapers. Mary was the daughter of William Kennedy of Kialla who was a counsellor of the Crookwell Shire Council. The couple had five children three sons and two daughters. + +In 1927 Timothy leased Tuggeranong and developed a fine grazing property which produced world class merino wool. He also planted cereal crops and improved pastures. The Homestead became a centre for sporting and social events. He also built a racetrack on the property and owned several champion racehorses. A photo of the first race meeting at this track is shown here. Timothy died in 1938 and Tuggeranong continued to be operated by the McCormack family until 1974 when it was compulsorily resumed by the Government for suburban development. + +Although Canberra suburbs have been developed on much of the original property the homestead has been preserved on of surrounding land. The heritage-listed property currently hosts the Tuggeranong Homestead markets, on the first Sunday of every month, and is also a home for the Calwell Scout Group. + +External links +Tuggeranong Homestead +Environment ACT: Tuggeranong Homestead + +Related books +Barrow, G (1998). Canberra's Historic Houses. Dagraja Press, ACT. . +Gillespie, L (1991). Canberra 1820 - 1913. AGPS, ACT. . +Moore, B (1982). The Lanyon Saga. Moore, ACT. . +Lamb, R. (2006). Macquoid of Waniassa: Portrait of a Colonial Sheriff, Waniassa Publications, ACT, . + +References + +History of the Australian Capital Territory +Homesteads in Canberra +Australian Capital Territory Heritage Register +The Minidish is the tradename used for the small-sized satellite dish used by Freesat and Sky. The term has entered the vocabulary in the UK and Ireland as a generic term for a satellite dish, particularly small ones. + +The Minidish is an oval, mesh satellite dish capable of reflecting signals broadcast in the upper X band and . Two sizes exist: +"Zone 1" dishes are issued in southern and Northern England and parts of Scotland and were 43 cm vertically prior to 2009; newer mark 4 dishes are approximately 50 cm +"Zone 2" dishes are issued in elsewhere (Wales, Northern Ireland, Republic of Ireland, Scotland and northern England), which are 57 cm vertically. + +The Minidish uses a non-standard connector for the LNB, consisting of a peg about in width and in height prior to the mark 4 dishes introduced in 2009, as opposed to the 40 mm collar. This enforces the use of Sky-approved equipment, but also ensures that a suitable LNB is used. Due to the shape of the dish, an LNB with an oval feedhorn is required to get full signal. + +References + +Satellite television +Radio electronics +Sky Group +Brands that became generic +The Pop Shop was a store owned by pop artist Keith Haring. Haring opened the first Pop Shop in New York City in 1986 (which closed in 2005) and later one in Tokyo (which closed in 1988). Haring viewed the Pop Shop as an extension of his work. It served to fulfill the artist's desire to make his iconic and beloved imagery accessible to the widest possible range of people both during his lifetime and posthumously through the Keith Haring Foundation. Every area of the store was devoted to Haring's work including floor-to-ceiling murals. The logo for the Pop Shop was a star with "Pop Shop" in the center. + +History + +First known for his chalk drawings in the New York City subway, Keith Haring gained international recognition after a solo exhibition at Tony Shafrazi Gallery in 1982. He continued to draw in the subways, but by 1984, people were stealing the pieces he made from the subways as his artwork became more expensive and more popular within the art market. The increase in value of his art meant only a select few could afford to buy it, and soon people were selling imitations of his drawings. + +On April 19 1986, Haring opened the first Pop Shop at 292 Lafayette Street in Manhattan's SoHo neighborhood. Haring stated that he opened a shop for two reasons. It was something he had wanted to do since he was 10 years old, and ''there were so many copies of my stuff around that I felt I had to do something myself so people would at least know what the real ones look like.'' The store was designed by the architectural firm of Moore & Pennoyer, but Haring painted the wall, floor and ceiling. The retail space was small, so the store was designed to use the space effectively. There was only one of each item on display, and a salesclerk checked off the things customers wanted to buy, then the merchandise was picked up at a counter. Haring compared the Pop Shop to a Brookstone shop, he added it was his "version of fast food or fast art.'' In addition to Haring's memorabilia, he also sold a few items by other artists. + +Haring's friend and mentor Andy Warhol was "a big supporter" of the Pop Shop. Haring felt the Pop Shop was "keeping ideologically with what Andy was doing and what conceptual artists and earth artists were doing: It was all about participation on a big level." + +In January 1988, Haring collaborated with Japanese film producer Kaz Kuzui, and his American wife, film director Fran Rubel Kuzui to open a Pop Shop in Tokyo, in the Aoyama neighborhood. Photographer Tseng Kwong Chi recorded many events related to the creation of the Tokyo Pop Shop. The store was short-lived and closed in the summer of 1988 due to disappointing sales. Haring noted that there were "too many Haring fakes available all over Tokyo and, this time, they're really well done." When the shop closed, the painted containers that shaped the store were given to art publisher George Mulder of Berlin as a gift from Haring. The containers were restored and exhibited in Saint Tropez, France in 2005. + +The New York Pop Shop closed on August 28, 2005. The store closed because the rent was increasing and the shop wasn't earning enough to cover expenses. Matthew Barolo, operations manager at the Keith Haring Foundation, felt the resources would be better spent for other projects. Pop Shop merchandise is still available through international licensing and exhibition related projects. The Keith Haring Foundation offers Haring memorabilia through an on-line Pop Shop. The original Pop Shop ceiling was later donated to the New York Historical Society and is installed in its entry. + +In 2006, the exhibition Keith Haring: Art and Commerce at the Tampa Museum of Art. In 2009, the shop has been reconstructed as part of London's Tate Modern's exhibition Pop Life: Art in a Material World. + +References + +Retail companies of the United States +1986 establishments in New York City +2005 disestablishments in New York (state) +Keith Haring +Cox Field is an airport seven miles east of Paris, in Lamar County, Texas. It is owned by the city of Paris but is operated and maintained by J.R. Aviation, the airport's fixed-base operator (FBO). + +History +The airport opened in August 1943 as Cox Army Airfield and was used by Second Air Force, United States Army Air Forces, primarily for liaison pilot training. The 157th Liaison Squadron was based here from March to May 1944. From 15 May to 8 October 1944 advanced liaison pilot training was conducted by the 163d liaison squadron, who prepared pilots as combat replacements for AAF liaison squadrons operating overseas. From October 1944 onward, the airfield was used by the Air Technical Service Command as an aircraft maintenance and supply depot. At the end of the war the airfield was not needed by the military and was turned over to the local government for civil use. + +Historical airline service + +Mid-Continent Airlines began landing at Paris in 1947 as a stop on a route between Houston and Tulsa using Douglas DC-3 aircraft. In 1952 Mid-Continent merged into Braniff International Airways which lengthened the route northbound from Tulsa all the way to Minneapolis with multiple stops including Kansas City and Omaha. Braniff soon discontinued service by 1953. + +Central Airlines began service in 1950 with Beechcraft Bonanzas, followed by Douglas DC-3s on flights to Dallas, Kansas City, and St. Louis, all making stops en route. Central merged into the original Frontier Airlines in 1967 which continued service using Convair 580 aircraft until January, 1977. + +SMB Stage Lines served Paris from 1968 until early 1975 with flights to Dallas and Tulsa using Beechcraft 99 airliners. + +There was no service at Paris from 1977 until 1979 when Metro Airlines began flights to Dallas/Fort Worth using de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter aircraft. Metro's service ended in 1984 and Eagle Commuter succeeded providing flights to DFW for a period in 1985. + +Exec Express began service in 1987 with flights to DFW using Piper Navajo and Beechcraft 99 airliners. Exec Express changed its name to Lone Star Airlines in 1991 and service continued using Fairchild Swearingen Metroliners until 1997. Paris, TX has not seen scheduled air service since then. + +Facilities +Cox Field covers at an elevation of 547 feet (167 m). It has three runways: 3/21 and 14/32 are each 4,624 by 150 feet (1,409 x 46 m) concrete and 17/35 is 6,002 by 150 feet (1,829 x 46 m) asphalt. It has one concrete helipad 40 by 40 feet (12 x 12 m). + +In the year ending April 30, 2007 the airport had 8,050 aircraft operations, average 22 per day: 93% general aviation, 4% air taxi, and 3% military. 50 aircraft were then based at the airport: 86% single-engine, 8% multi-engine, 4% jet and 2% helicopter. + +See also + + Texas World War II Army Airfields + +References + +External links + Cox Field page at City of Paris website + Aerial image as of 2 February 1995 from USGS The National Map + + +Airports in Texas +Buildings and structures in Lamar County, Texas +Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in Texas +Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces Technical Service Command +Transportation in Lamar County, Texas +Former Essential Air Service airports +Airports established in 1943 +1943 establishments in Texas +The Milwaukee County Courthouse is a high-rise municipal building located in downtown Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Completed in 1931, it is the third county courthouse to be built in the city and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The first two courthouses were built at what is now Cathedral Square Park on the east side of the Milwaukee River. + +Description + +Situated on the crown of a hill, the eleven-story courthouse is 174 feet (54m) tall. The neoclassical style building was designed by New York architect Albert Randolph Ross, with the New York firm of McKim, Mead & White, chosen by a jury over 32 other architects from across the nation in a 1927 design competition. The building was clad in Bedford limestone and embellished with Beaux-Arts influenced details and sculpture such as owls and lion heads. The masonry work was provided by Andres Stone and Marble Company, owner Edgar Andres, whose family also helped construct the library and a local bank which is now the home for the Milwaukee Historical Society. + +The NRHP nomination observes, "the most monumental of all Neoclassical courthouses in the state, the Milwaukee County Courthouse is perhaps the apogee of the Neoclassical movement in twentieth century civic architecture in Wisconsin." + +While heralded as one of the grandest courthouses in the United States, it was once called a "million dollar rockpile" by famous American architect Frank Lloyd Wright. + +Civic space + +The Milwaukee County Courthouse is part of a greater civic space that includes not only the immediate area, but also the neighboring Milwaukee Public Museum, Central Library, and a swath of government buildings running east along Wells Street to the Milwaukee City Hall. + +Along the east side of the County Courthouse is a terraced commons area called MacArthur Square. It was dedicated on September 17, 1945, to General Douglas MacArthur, who attended West Division High School - now Milwaukee High School of the Arts. A parking garage was built underneath in 1967, which cuts in to the side of the hill. At the base of the building is the India-America Friendship Park and a statue in memory of Mahatma Gandhi. North 9th Street continues through as a tunnel between the building and parking structure. + +The MacArthur Square area has been criticized for its uninspired architecture and for noise pollution from the high capacity ventilation of the parking levels beneath it, which overpowers the water feature that was supposed to drown it out. + +Just to the north is the Milwaukee County Safety Building and Jail buildings. On the southern side of the courthouse is Clas Park, named for local architect and city planner Alfred Clas. The Kilbourn Tunnel, a connecting corridor to and from northbound I-43 at the Courthouse Annex on the west side of the building to Kilbourn Avenue (named for the founder of the Kilbourntown portion of Milwaukee, Byron Kilbourn), runs underneath the courthouse and surrounding civic area. + +Courthouse Annex + +The Milwaukee County Courthouse Annex was a five-story 447-space concrete parking facility that also housed limited office space. Built in the 1960s, it extended over the three northbound lanes of Interstate 43 (I-43) just north of the Marquette Interchange. On the north façade was a four-story, mural titled "Whale Commuters". It was donated by artist Robert Wyland, who is known for painting large outdoor murals of whales called Whaling Walls, and dedicated on September 15, 1997. + +Following some political controversy between then-Milwaukee County Executive Scott Walker and the Board of Supervisors, along with an unsuccessful offer by the Wisconsin Film Office to allow an implosion of the structure for any production interested in filming it for a demolition scene, the Annex was demolished as part of the interchange reconstruction. The last section came down on May 23, 2006, after a permit was obtained from the Federal Government to proceed in spite of some nesting seagulls and their eggs. + +Upon learning of the impending destruction of his mural, Wyland threatened legal action, citing the Visual Artists Rights Act which gives artists the right to protect their work. According to the contract he signed these rights were waived and Milwaukee County "reserves the right to remodel or demolish the building and/or remove the mural at any time." Since then, Wyland has offered to paint the Wells Street side of the Milwaukee Public Museum, the building he had originally wanted to do. However, as was the original problem, the museum has refused the offer due to the lack of any connection between Milwaukee and the ocean and therefore whales as well. + +A small section of the Whaling Wall containing an adult and baby dolphin was removed on May 2, 2006, prior to demolition. The dolphin section and a piece with the "Wyland" signature were installed at the northern portal of the Kilbourn Tunnel at I-43 northbound in February 2007, near the location of the former mural. + +See also +MacArthur sculpture +Gandhi sculpture +The Spirit of Polonia sculpture + +References + +External links + Milwaukee County Circuit Court + Emporis building listing + +McKim, Mead & White buildings +Landmarks in Wisconsin +Skyscraper office buildings in Milwaukee +Courthouse +County courthouses in Wisconsin +Courthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin +National Register of Historic Places in Milwaukee +Downtown Milwaukee +A records manager is the professional responsible for records management in an organization. This role has evolved over time and takes many forms, with many related areas of knowledge required for professional competency. Records managers are found in all types of organizations, including business, government, and nonprofit sectors. Generally, dedicated (i.e., full-time) records managers are found in larger organizations. + +History +Records management evolved from the development of archives in the United States government following World War II. With the explosion of paper records during that war, better systems of management were needed to retain and make the records available for current use. Records managers became specialists that bridged the gap between file clerks and archivists. The profession expanded into the corporate world in the 1950s. + +Competencies +The records manager generally provides expertise in records management, constituting knowledge areas of: + + Records creation and use + Active and inactive records systems + Records appraisal, retention and disposition + Vital records identification and protection + Records and information management technology + +The Records Manager may also have subject matter expertise in: + + Law + Privacy and data protection + Information technology and electronic storage systems + General business principles + +Specialization +Records managers are present in virtually every type of organization. The role can range from one of a file clerk to the chief information officer of an organization. Records managers may focus on operational responsibilities, design strategies and policies for maintaining and utilizing information, or combine elements of those jobs. + +The health care industry has a very specialized view of records management. Health information management involves not only maintaining patient files, but also coding the files to reflect the diagnoses of the conditions suffered by patients. The American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA) is the professional organization in this space. + +Records managers in the pharmaceutical industry are responsible for maintaining laboratory research, clinical trials data, and manufacturing information. + +Records managers in law firms often have responsibility for managing conflicts, as well as managing client matter files. + +In the United States, records managers in nuclear power plants specialize in compliance with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission rules regarding the handling of nuclear materials. NIRMA is their local professional organization. + +Education and certification +Records managers may have degrees in a wide variety of subjects in all disciplines, and few universities offer formal records management education. Graduate-level programs are often specialties within Library Science and Archival Science programs. Graduate-level Public History programs generally offer coursework in archives and records management. A recent addition to records management education in the United States is the MARA – the Master of Archives and Records Administration degree program — offered by the San Jose State University School of Information. + +Professional and trade organizations offer continuing education conferences, seminars, and workshops. Governmental archives and records management departments such as the National Archives and Records Administration offer educational programs of interest to government records managers. + +A professional certification, the Certified Records Manager credential is offered by the Institute of Certified Records Managers. Other organizations may offer certificates reflecting completion of a course of studies, attendance at a seminar, or passing a subject matter test. + +See also +Records management +Records management taxonomy +Institute of Certified Records Managers + +References + +Information management +Records management +HFHS may refer to: + Hales Franciscan High School, Chicago, Illinois, United States + Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States + Henry Ford High School (Detroit, Michigan), United States + Holy Family High School (disambiguation) +Harry Sparnaay (14 April 1944, Amsterdam – 12 December 2017, Lloret de Mar, Girona, Spain) was a noted Dutch bass clarinetist, composer, and teacher. + +Biography +Harry Sparnaay studied at the Conservatory of Amsterdam with Ru Otto. After graduating with a performer's degree for clarinet, he specialized in bass clarinet and won the first prize at the International Gaudeamus Interpreters Competition, the first time ever a bass clarinettist had won this prestigious competition. + +He played solo at numerous important music festivals including Warsaw, New York, Los Angeles, Zagreb, the Holland Festival, several ISCM Festivals, Madrid, Paris and Athens. Other festivals at which Harry Sparnaay has performed include Witten, Aarhus, Como, Bolzano, Naples, Torino, Bourges, Middelburg, Graz, Salzburg, Huddersfield, Saarbrücken, Royan, Houston and many others. + +Sparnaay was a featured performer with many major orchestras and ensembles including the ASKO Ensemble, BBC Symphony Orchestra, Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra, Concertgebouw Orchestra, Ensemble Intercontemporain, Melbourne Symphony, Pittsburgh New Music Ensemble, Netherlands Radio Chamber Philharmonic, Radio Filharmonisch Orkest, Residentie Orchestra, Rotterdam Philharmonic, Schönberg Ensemble, Seymour Group and has appeared with leading conductors including Luciano Berio, Riccardo Chailly, Richard Duffalo, Peter Eötvös, Reinbert de Leeuw, Diego Masson, Jacques Mercier, David Porcelijn, David Stock, Mark Summerbell, Lucas Vis and Hans Vonk. + +He gave concerts and made radio recordings throughout Asia, Europe, North America, Oceania, and South America, performing works written for and dedicated to him. More than 650 pieces have been written for him by composers such as Claudio Ambrosini, Luciano Berio, Gerard Brophy, Philip Czaplowski, Paul-Heinz Dittrich, Franco Donatoni, Morton Feldman, Brian Ferneyhough, Mary Finsterer, Andrew Ford, Jonathan Harvey, Maki Ishii, Sukhi Kang, Tristan Keuris, Mark Kopytman, Helmut Lachenmann, Ton de Leeuw, Theo Loevendie, Roderik de Man, Takayuki Rai, Michael Smetanin, Gérard Grisey, Maurice Weddington, Iannis Xenakis, Isang Yun and many others. + +He gave the world premiere of In Freundschaft (bass clarinet version) and Solo (bass-and contrabass clarinet version–adaption by Barry Anderson) by Karlheinz Stockhausen and was one of the soloists in Die Verwandlung by Paul-Heinz Dittrich and in the operas Naima by Theo Loevendie, Prometeo by Luigi Nono, and A King, Riding by Klaas de Vries. During the 1999 Holland festival he was one of the instrumental soloists in Kopernikus by Claude Vivier. + +His composition Bouwstenen (Building Blocks) for bass clarinet and multiple tape-delay system was chosen for the ISCM World Music Days in Denmark. + +Harry Sparnaay was musician-in-residence and gave masterclasses at several universities all over the world and was professor of bass clarinet and contemporary music at the Conservatory of Amsterdam for 35 years, where his unique bass clarinet program attracted students from all over the world, many of them prize winners of major competitions. + +Sparnaay founded the duo Fusion Moderne with pianist Polo de Haas, and also the Bass Clarinet Collective (9 bass clarinets, including 3 contrabass clarinets). + +Together with flautist Harrie Starreveld and pianist René Eckhardt he formed Het Trio in 1984. Over 180 pieces have been written for this group. With Annelie de Man (Harpsichord) he founded the Duo Double_Action performing new compositions written for them for bass clarinet and harpsichord by composers such as Joe Cutler, Roderik de Man, Victor Varela, David Vayo, and Raymond Deane. With his wife Silvia Castillo (organ) he formed the Duo LEVENT and together they performed in Europe, Canada, Mexico, Australia and the United States, playing several new pieces for organ and bass clarinet, especially written for them by composers such as Dai Fujikura, Matthias Kadar, Roderik de Man, Toek Numan, Ignacio Baca Lobera, and Lucien Goethals. + +He played as soloist, with the trio, or in other combinations on more than 60 CDs and his CD with HET TRIO of music by Ton de Leeuw received an EDISON award. + +In Barcelona he formed the Trio PHONOS with Jean-Pierre Dupuy piano and Peter Bacchus flute and with pianist Jean-Pierre Dupuy the Duo Sparnaay/Dupuy. + +His television productions have been broadcast in the Netherlands, Belgium, Poland, and Yugoslavia. He has been a jury member at the International Gaudeamus Contest several times and has also been a member of the Dutch Section of the ISCM. As the conductor of the ensemble for New Music he conducted compositions by Arnold Schoenberg (Pierrot Lunaire and Serenade), Pierre Boulez, Elliott Carter, Olivier Messiaen, Theo Loevendie, Franco Donatoni, Ross Harris, Joe Cutler, Toshio Hosokawa, Mary Finsterer, and Iannis Xenakis, and during the International Gaudeamus Music Week he conducted the ensemble in pieces by the youngest generation. + +From September 2005 until September 2010 he was Professor for bass clarinet at the ESMUC in Barcelona. + +Awards +First Prize Gaudeamus Contest (1972), Swedish Record Prize (1985), Bulgarian Composers Union Award (1987), Inaugural Sounds Australian Award (1988), Edison Award (1995), and Jan van Gilse Prize (1996). + +In April 2004 he was honoured by the Queen and decorated by the Mayor of Amsterdam and became KNIGHT IN THE ORDER OF THE LION OF THE NETHERLANDS. + +Teaching +In 30 years Sparnaay was professor of musicians who came from all over the world, a selection per country of origin: + +Austria: Petra Stump-Linshalm + +Germany: Tobias Klein, Lothar Ohlmeier + +Mexico: Fernando Dominguez + +Netherlands: Jelte Althuis, Henri Bok, Jacques Dubois, Fie Schouten + +Switzerland: Ernesto Molinari + +Turkey: Oguz Büyükberber + +UK: Sarah Watts + +USA: Laura Carmichael, Lori Freedman, Michael Lowenstern + +Remembering Sparnaay + +Sources + Diederichs-Lafite, Marion. 1976. Wittener Tage für neue Kammermusik. Österreichische Musikzeitschrift 31 (July–August): 382–84. + Heim, Norman. 1979. "Music for the Bass Clarinet". The Clarinet 6, no. 3 (Spring): 18–21. + Heim, Norman. 1979. "Music for the Bass Clarinet Part II". The Clarinet 7, no. 1 (Fall): 22–23, 26. + Heim, Norman. 1980. "Music for the Bass Clarinet Part III: A Sparnaay Collage". The Clarinet 7, no. 3 (Spring): 22–24. + Heim, Norman. 1980. "Music for the Bass Clarinet Part IV: An Interview with Harry Sparnaay". The Clarinet 7, no. 4 (Summer): 14–18. + Schwartz, Elliott. 1972. "Current Chronicle: The Netherlands". The Musical Quarterly 58, no. 4 (October): 653–58. + Slonimsky, Nicolas, Laura Kuhn, and Dennis McIntire. 2001. "Sparnaay, Harry". Baker’s Biographical Dictionary of Musicians, centennial edition, 6 vols., Nicolas Slonimsky, editor emeritus; Laura Kuhn, Baker's series advisory editor, 5:3416. New York: Schirmer Books. . [In the online edition as "Spamaay, Hany", New York: Schirmer Reference, 2001. Gale Virtual Reference Library. (Subscription access)] + Sparnaay, Harry. 2011. "The Bass Clarinet: A Personal History", translated by A. de Man and P. Roe. Barcelona: Periferia Sheet Music. Accompanied by a CD with over 100 audio examples. + Tra, Gijs. 1978. "Bass Clarinet Identity (Interview with H. Sparnaay)". Key Notes 7, no. 1:36–37. + Werker, Gerard. 1972. "Vrijpostig musiceren: het Gaudeamus-Concours 1972". Mens en Melodie, Tijdschrift voor muziek 27 (June): 171–74. + Werker, Gerard. 1974. "Harry Sparnaay, basklarinettist—de emancipatie van de basklarinet". Mens en Melodie, Tijdschrift voor muziek 29 (December): 370–73. + +References + +https://clarinet.org/remembering-harry-sparnaay/ + +External links + +1944 births +2017 deaths +Bass clarinetists +Dutch clarinetists +Musicians from Amsterdam +Conservatorium van Amsterdam alumni +The Plum River is a tributary of the Mississippi River, about long, in northwestern Illinois in the United States. It rises in Jo Daviess County and flows generally south-southwestwardly into Carroll County, where it joins the Mississippi at Savanna. Among its several short tributaries are: + The East Plum River, which rises in Stephenson County and flows southwestwardly into Carroll County, joining the Plum at + The Muddy Plum River, which flows for its entire length in Jo Daviess County. It joins the Plum River at +The Middle Fork Plum River joins the Plum River at +The North Fork Plum River has its confluence with the Plum River at + +See also +List of Illinois rivers + +References + +Columbia Gazetteer of North America entry +DeLorme (2003). Illinois Atlas & Gazetteer. Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme. . + +Rivers of Illinois +Tributaries of the Mississippi River +Rivers of Carroll County, Illinois +Rivers of Jo Daviess County, Illinois +Rivers of Stephenson County, Illinois +Dean Butler OAM (born 26 January 1977 in Warwick, Queensland) is a field hockey defender from Australia, who was a member of the team that won the gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. + +He is nicknamed Butts, and played club hockey for the Queensland Blades in his native country, with whom he won the national title in 2003. Butler was promoted to the senior squad following the 1998 Men's Hockey World Cup. In 2001 he was named Player of the Year in Queensland. + +References + Profile on Hockey Australia + +External links + + +1977 births +Australian male field hockey players +Olympic field hockey players for Australia +Male field hockey defenders +Field hockey players at the 2004 Summer Olympics +2002 Men's Hockey World Cup players +2006 Men's Hockey World Cup players +Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia +People from Warwick, Queensland +Living people +Olympic gold medalists for Australia +Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia +Field hockey players at the 2006 Commonwealth Games +Olympic medalists in field hockey +Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics +Commonwealth Games medallists in field hockey +Medallists at the 2006 Commonwealth Games +Sportsmen from Queensland +Grady High School may refer to: + + Grady High School (Arkansas) (closed) — Grady, Arkansas, Grady School District +Henry W. Grady High School — Atlanta, Georgia +Grady High School (New Mexico) — Grady, New Mexico +H. Grady Spruce High School — Dallas, Texas +Grady High School — Lenorah, Texas, Grady Independent School District +William E. Grady High School — New York City, New York +Curt Menefee (born July 22, 1965) is an American sportscaster who hosts the Fox Network's NFL pregame show Fox NFL Sunday. + +Early life and education +Menefee was born and raised in Atlanta, Georgia. + +Menefee earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Coe College in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. At Coe, he was a member of the Sigma Nu fraternity and inducted into the Sigma Nu Hall of Fame in 2016. He gave the commencement speech at Coe College in 2010 and was awarded an honorary doctorate in Journalism. In 2021, Menefee was attending Northwestern University enrolled in the university's Master's in Public Policy & Administration program with plans to relocate to Chicago full-time. + +Career +Prior to joining Fox Sports full-time, he was a sports reporter for MSG Network's SportsDesk show. Prior to that, he was the sports anchor for WNYW, New York City's Fox flagship station. He also appeared on-air on WTLV in Jacksonville, Florida. He also hosted a radio show on the popular Dallas, Texas sports radio station KTCK ("1310 The Ticket"). He worked at WISC-TV (CBS) in Madison, Wisconsin as a sports anchor and reporter. He was also the sports anchor for Dallas-Fort Worth's then-independent station +and now CBS affiliate KTVT. + +Fox Sports +He began his career at Fox Sports in 1997 as a sideline reporter, then moved to play-by-play for Fox's NFL Europe and Fox NFL coverage on FOX Sports and FSN. + +In 2007, Menefee became the host of Fox NFL Sunday. + +On May 24, 2008, Menefee made an appearance on MLB on Fox. He held play-by-play duties alongside José Mota during a game between the Los Angeles Angels and the Chicago White Sox. + +On May 22, 2010, Menefee hosted Fox's coverage of the UEFA Champions League Final between Inter Milan and Bayern Munich in the first broadcast of that tournament's championship game on over-the-air broadcast television in the United States. + +On November 12, 2011, Menefee became the host of the UFC on Fox with Randy Couture and Jon Jones. He continued to serve as host until ESPN took the rights to broadcast UFC. + +In 2015, he hosted the inaugural coverage of FOX Sports coverage of the U.S. Open Championship in 2015. + +On February 8, 2020, Menefee called an XFL game between the LA Wildcats and the Houston Roughnecks. + +NFL Preseason Football +Menefee called the NFL preseason for the Jaguars TV network from 2005 to 2007. He formerly called play-by-play for Seattle Seahawks preseason games from 2008 through the 2022 season, with Michael Robinson, Dave Wyman, and Matt Devlin doing color commentary on KCPQ and KZJO (replay). + +Boxing +Menefee also provided ringside commentary for Top Rank's coverage of the Pacquiao-Hatton fight. He was also the play-by-play announcer for Showtime Championship Boxing. +On January 7, 2012, Menefee announced he was leaving ShoBox. + +Personal life +Menefee resides in Los Angeles, California. + +References + +1965 births +Living people +African-American sports journalists +African-American television personalities +American sports journalists +American sports radio personalities +American television sports anchors +American television sports announcers +Association football commentators +Boxing commentators +Coe College alumni +Golf writers and broadcasters +Jacksonville Jaguars announcers +Major League Baseball broadcasters +Mixed martial arts broadcasters +National Football League announcers +Television anchors from New York City +NFL Europe broadcasters +XFL (2020) broadcasters +21st-century American journalists +21st-century African-American people +20th-century African-American people +Cee-Lo Green... Is the Soul Machine is the second studio album by Cee Lo Green, released on March 2, 2004. + +Legacy +The album was included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. + +Singles + "I'll Be Around" (#52) (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs) + "The One" (#82) (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs) + +Track listing +Credits adapted from the album's liner notes. + +Sample credits + "The Art of Noise" contains replayed elements from "These Eyes", written by Burton Cummings and Randy Bachman. + "The One" contains samples from: + "Devotion", written by Philip Bailey and Maurice White, and performed by Earth, Wind & Fire. + "Public Enemy No. 1", written by Carlton Ridenhour and Hank Shocklee, and performed by Public Enemy. + "My Kind of People" contains re-sung elements from "Pass the Dutchie", written by Donat Mittoo, Headley Bennett, Lloyd Ferguson, Leroy Sibbles, Robert Lyn, Huford Brown, and Fitzroy Simpson. + "Evening News" contains samples from "Return from the Ashes (Theme)", written and performed by John Dankworth. + "Glockapella" contains samples from "Holy Ghost", written by James Banks, Eddie Marion, and Henderson Thigpen, and performed by The Bar-Kays. + +Charts + +Weekly charts + +Year-end charts + +References + +2004 albums +CeeLo Green albums +Albums produced by Timbaland +Albums produced by the Neptunes +Albums produced by Jazze Pha +Albums produced by DJ Premier +Albums produced by Organized Noize +Lu Guang is the name of: + + Lü Guang (337–400), 3rd-century Chinese emperor + Lu Guang (painter), Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) Chinese landscape painter and poet + Lu Guang (photographer) (born 1961), Chinese photographer +"If You Want Me to Stay" is a 1973 hit single by Sly and the Family Stone, from their album Fresh. + +Background +Stone recorded the song without much input from the rest of the band; by the early 1970s, he had begun crafting most of his material by himself. An alternate version of "If You Want Me to Stay", as well as most of the rest of the Fresh album, was completed before Stone decided to scrap the masters and re-record the album. These alternate versions have surfaced in underground markets, online auctions, and specialty shops. However, five bonus tracks are included in Epic's 2007 reissue of Fresh, all of which are directly from the alternate mix of the album. + +Record World said that it "is as bizarre as his other outings and just as commercial." + +Song analysis +The lyrics of "If You Want Me to Stay" feature frontman Sly Stone informing his lover that she has to let him be himself, otherwise he feels that he would have to leave. The composition has its origins in an apology Stone wrote to his future wife, Kathleen Silva, after a fight. + +Chart performance +"If You Want Me to Stay" was the band's final Top 20 pop hit, and is the best-known of its post-There's a Riot Goin' On recordings. The single reached number 12 on the Pop Chart, and number three on the Billboard R&B Singles Chart. + +Personnel + Sly Stone — vocals, guitar, piano, organ, bass guitar + Andy Newmark — drums + Cynthia Robinson — trumpet + Jerry Martini — saxophone + Pat Rizzo — saxophone + +Note: A transcription of the bass part for this song appears in the October 2006 issue of Bass Player magazine (pages 78–81). According to the article "Rustee Allen’s Complete Bass Line: Sly & The Family Stone's 'If You Want Me To Stay'" accompanying the transcription, written by Chris Jisi: + +"The ambitiously named 'Fresh' hit the streets in early July. A stripped-down, more raw outing than previous Sly albums, the 11-track set was boosted by the bass waves of Graham's hand-picked replacement, Rustee Allen. Sly himself laid down some of the album's bass tracks." + +Mica Paris version + +British soul singer Mica Paris released a version of "Stay" in 1998, as the lead single from her fourth album, Black Angel (1998). Her version spent two weeks on the UK Singles Chart before peaking at number forty on May 16, 1998. It also reached the top forty of the New Zealand Singles Chart. + +Critical reception +British magazine Music Week wrote, "Paris adds characteristic — if slightly mannered — vocal swoops to a faithful rendition of the Sly & The Family Stone classic. Still, it's a welcome return for one of the best soul voices the UK has yet produced and provides a taste of her long-delayed forthcoming album Black Angel." + +Track listing +CD single + +Credits and personnel +Performers + Vocals - Mica Paris + Backing Vocals – Jackie Farris, Jackie Gouche, Jackie Smiley + Bass – Raphael Saadiq + Drum Programming – Richie Stevens + Guitar – Keven Frost + Keyboards – Pete Adams + Remix – Richie Stevens + Saxophone [Tenor] – Ben Castle + Trumpet – Raul D'Oliveira + +Charts + +Weekly charts + +Year-end charts + +Cover versions +The song has been covered extensively since its introduction, by artists including Etta James, Eric Benet, Mercury Rev, Victor Wooten, Soulive, Pama International, Ronny, Kermit Ruffins, and the Red Hot Chili Peppers. The song has also been featured in the movies Made in Heaven, Talk to Me, Dead Presidents, and Money Talks. + +In 2020, Ari Lennox and Anthony Ramos released a cover in partnership with Main Street Alliance — a nonprofit organization committed to supporting small businesses in the United States — and Crown Royal in donation to help the landmark small businesses and communities all over the country. + +Sample +As with most of Sly Stone's work, many songs have sampled the bass line from "If You Want Me to Stay", including: +Dre' Dog, aka Andre Nickatina, in his 1991 album The New Jim Jones in the song "Summer in Florida". +Dana Dane from the 1990 album Dana Dane 4 Ever in the song "Tales from the Dane Side". + +References + +1973 singles +Sly and the Family Stone songs +Prince (musician) songs +Red Hot Chili Peppers songs +Song recordings produced by Sly Stone +Songs written by Sly Stone +1973 songs +Epic Records singles +Mica Paris songs +1998 singles +Paul Leslie Snider (April 15, 1951 – August 14, 1980) was a Canadian nightclub promoter and pimp who murdered his estranged wife, Playboy model and actress Dorothy Stratten. Following her murder, Snider killed himself. + +Biography +Snider was born in Vancouver. By the mid-1970s, he was a nightclub promoter and pimp. In 1977, he met Dorothy Stratten at a Vancouver-area Dairy Queen, where she was working part-time while still attending high school. In 1979, Snider sent professionally taken nude photographs of Stratten to Playboy magazine and she was chosen as a Playmate for the month of August that year. Snider and Stratten moved to Los Angeles and married on June 1 in Las Vegas. + +While Stratten worked as a "bunny" at the Century City Playboy Club, and was cast in a few television and film roles, Snider had engaged in numerous get-rich-quick schemes, including building and selling exercise benches. Stratten helped support Snider financially throughout their short marriage. + +In 1980, Stratten was named Playboys Playmate of the Year and was cast in the movie They All Laughed (1981) directed by Peter Bogdanovich, with whom she began an affair. Stratten and Snider separated and he hired a private investigator to follow her. + +Death +On August 14, 1980, Dorothy Stratten was shot and killed in the West Los Angeles house she had shared with Snider, whose body was found next to hers. Police believed Snider raped and murdered Stratten, and then killed himself with the same shotgun. + +Snider's remains are buried at Schara Tzedeck Cemetery in New Westminster, British Columbia. + +In popular culture +Snider has been portrayed in three films. The first was a made-for-television movie about the murder titled Death of a Centerfold: The Dorothy Stratten Story (1981), which starred Jamie Lee Curtis as Stratten and Bruce Weitz as Snider. Bob Fosse's film Star 80 (1983) dramatized Stratten's life and death. Mariel Hemingway played Stratten, and Eric Roberts portrayed Snider. In the series Welcome to Chippendales, he was played by Dan Stevens. + +References + +External links + +1951 births +1980 deaths +1980 murders in the United States +1980 suicides +20th-century Canadian criminals +Burials in British Columbia +Canadian Jews +Canadian rapists +Canadian male criminals +Canadian murderers +Crime in California +Deaths by firearm in California +Domestic violence in the United States +Male murderers +Murder–suicides in California +People from Vancouver +Suicides by firearm in California +Violence against women in the United States +In statistics, (between-) study heterogeneity is a phenomenon that commonly occurs when attempting to undertake a meta-analysis. In a simplistic scenario, studies whose results are to be combined in the meta-analysis would all be undertaken in the same way and to the same experimental protocols. Differences between outcomes would only be due to measurement error (and studies would hence be homogeneous). Study heterogeneity denotes the variability in outcomes that goes beyond what would be expected (or could be explained) due to measurement error alone. + +Introduction + +Meta-analysis is a method used to combine the results of different trials in order to obtain a quantitative synthesis. The size of individual clinical trials is often too small to detect treatment effects reliably. Meta-analysis increases the power of statistical analyses by pooling the results of all available trials. + +As one tries to use meta-analysis to estimate a combined effect from a group of similar studies, the effects found in the individual studies need to be similar enough that one can be confident that a combined estimate will be a meaningful description of the set of studies. However, the individual estimates of treatment effect will vary by chance; some variation is expected due to observational error. Any excess variation (whether it is apparent or detectable or not) is called (statistical) heterogeneity. +The presence of some heterogeneity is not unusual, e.g., analogous effects are also commonly encountered even within studies, in multicenter trials (between-center heterogeneity). + +Reasons for the additional variability are usually differences in the studies themselves, the investigated populations, treatment schedules, endpoint definitions, or other circumstances ("clinical diversity"), or the way data were analyzed, what models were employed, or whether estimates have been adjusted in some way ("methodological diversity"). Different types of effect measures (e.g., odds ratio vs. relative risk) may also be more or less susceptible to heterogeneity. + +Modeling + +In case the origin of heterogeneity can be identified and may be attributed to certain study features, the analysis may be stratified (by considering subgroups of studies, which would then hopefully be more homogeneous), or by extending the analysis to a meta-regression, accounting for (continuous or categorical) moderator variables. Unfortunately, literature-based meta-analysis may often not allow for gathering data on all (potentially) relevant moderators. + +In addition, heterogeneity is usually accommodated by using a random effects model, in which the heterogeneity then constitutes a variance component. The model represents the lack of knowledge about why treatment effects may differ by treating the (potential) differences as unknowns. The centre of this symmetric distribution describes the average of the effects, while its width describes the degree of heterogeneity. The obvious and conventional choice of distribution is a normal distribution. It is difficult to establish the validity of any distributional assumption, and this is a common criticism of random effects meta-analyses. However, variations of the exact distributional form may not make much of a difference, and simulations have shown that methods are relatively robust even under extreme distributional assumptions, both in estimating heterogeneity, and calculating an overall effect size. + +Inclusion of a random effect to the model has the effect of making the inferences (in a sense) more conservative or cautious, as a (non-zero) heterogeneity will lead to greater uncertainty (and avoid overconfidence) in the estimation of overall effects. In the special case of a zero heterogeneity variance, the random-effects model again reduces to the special case of the common-effect model. + +Common meta-analysis models, however, should of course not be applied blindly or naively to collected sets of estimates. In case the results to be amalgamated differ substantially (in their contexts or in their estimated effects), a derived meta-analytic average may eventually not correspond to a reasonable estimand. +When individual studies exhibit conflicting results, there likely are some reasons why the results differ; for instance, two subpopulations may experience different pharmacokinetic pathways. In such a scenario, it would be important to both know and consider relevant covariables in an analysis. + +Testing + +Statistical testing for a non-zero heterogeneity variance is often done based on Cochran's Q or related test procedures. This common procedure however is questionable for several reasons, namely, the low power of such tests especially in the very common case of only few estimates being combined in the analysis, as well as the specification of homogeneity as the null hypothesis which is then only rejected in the presence of sufficient evidence against it. + +Estimation + +While the main purpose of a meta-analysis usually is estimation of the main effect, investigation of the heterogeneity is also crucial for its interpretation. A large number of (frequentist and Bayesian) estimators is available. Bayesian estimation of the heterogeneity usually requires the specification of an appropriate prior distribution. + +While many of these estimators behave similarly in case of a large number of studies, differences in particular arise in their behaviour in the common case of only few estimates. An incorrect zero between-study variance estimate is frequently obtained, leading to a false homogeneity assumption. Overall, it appears that heterogeneity is being consistently underestimated in meta-analyses. + +Quantification + +The heterogeneity variance is commonly denoted by τ², or the standard deviation (its square root) by τ. Heterogeneity is probably most readily interpretable in terms of τ, as this is the heterogeneity distribution's scale parameter, which is measured in the same units as the overall effect itself. + +Another common measure of heterogeneity is I², a statistic that indicates the percentage of variance in a meta-analysis that is attributable to study heterogeneity (somewhat similarly to a coefficient of determination). +I² relates the heterogeneity variance's magnitude to the size of the individual estimates' variances (squared standard errors); with this normalisation however, it is not quite obvious what exactly would constitute "small" or "large" amounts of heterogeneity. For a constant heterogeneity (τ), the availability of smaller or larger studies (with correspondingly differing standard errors associated) would affect the I² measure; so the actual interpretation of an I² value is not straightforward. + +The joint consideration of a prediction interval along with a confidence interval for the main effect may help getting a better sense of the contribution of heterogeneity to the uncertainty around the effect estimate. + +See also + + Homogeneity (statistics) + Random effects model + Standard deviation, scale parameter, variance + Meta-regression + +References + +Further reading + + + + + + + +Systematic review +Meta-analysis +(English: Curtain, Jug and Fruit Bowl) is an oil on canvas painting created to 1894 by French artist Paul Cézanne. It is a formal still life composition that displays Cézanne's exploration of form, balance and symmetry in objects. On 10 May 1999, the painting was sold at Sotheby's auction for $60.5 million, making it the most expensive still life painting ever sold at an auction. + +Background +Cézanne explored various genres throughout his artistic career, including landscapes and portraiture, but repeatedly returned to the subject of still life. It was a genre that historically had been disregarded in art as unimaginative, yet Cézanne challenged the establishment by focusing on everyday objects. He was particularly drawn to fruit, which he used to explore the correspondence between objects and the harmony and balance of composition. Although his objects appear to have been placed randomly, the images were carefully constructed to experiment with perspective. + +Cézanne was fascinated by the exploration of optics in art. His still life paintings were a study in the geometric forms of objects and also in the shifting ways that our eyes view them. He attempted to depict objects from various perspectives to capture the complexity of the visual image. He wrote that, "Painting from nature is not copying the object, it is realising one's sensations". + +Cézanne's distinctive brushwork and distortion of the subject eventually influenced new art styles during the 20th century such as Cubism. + +Description +This painting is a formal representation of its subject title, depicting a wooden table upon which are placed a large earthenware jug and a fruit bowl stacked with apples and oranges. To the left of the painting a curtain hangs in front of a patterned wall. A white cloth has been draped across the table with various fruits placed among its folds. The composition displays a study of outlines and a symmetry of objects. The earthenware jug has been depicted in a unique manner, in contradiction to ordinary perspective, and has been adapted to the shapes of the fruit and the other elements of the composition. The rich colours of the objects have been individually rendered with a full range of varying shades. + +Provenance +The painting was owned by Paul Gauguin and subsequently owned by Ambroise Vollard, Cornelis Hoogendijk, Paul Rosenberg, Albert C. Barnes, and the Carroll Carstairs Gallery. On 10 May 1999, the painting was sold at Sotheby's, New York City for $60,502,500 (equivalent to $ million in ), a record price, during the sale of the Whitney family collection. Billionaire Ken Griffin purchased the painting to add to his private collection. The painting was later resold to Steve Wynn in August 1999 in a private sale for an undisclosed price. + +Other version + +A second version of the work, painted by Cézanne in the same year under the same title, is in a private collection. + +See also +List of paintings by Paul Cézanne +The Basket of Apples +Still Life with Teapot +List of most expensive paintings + +References + +External links +Artnet + +1894 paintings +Paintings by Paul Cézanne +Still life paintings +Upchuck may refer to: + The act of vomiting + +Characters + An alien in the animated series Ben 10 + The nickname for the character Charles Ruttheimer from the animated series Daria +Howard David is an American sportscaster. + +Biography +Over the years, David has been the radio play-by-play man for several pro sports teams including the NBA's New Jersey Nets, Milwaukee Bucks and Boston Celtics and the NFL's New York Jets and Miami Dolphins. He also had stints with the New York Cosmos soccer team and as the voice of Princeton University basketball and football. + +Mizlou Television Network, CBS Radio/Westwood One +Howard David was discovered by Mizlou Television Network President Bill Schwing while working as a morning DJ in Trenton, New Jersey. He soon became the top announcer for Mizlou, covering more than 300 sporting events including major college football bowl games, NIT basketball, NASL soccer and college bowling. + +David also worked for the CBS Radio (later Westwood One) network as lead play-by-play voice for its Sunday Night Football coverage until 1995, when he was promoted by CBS Radio to take Jack Buck's place on the network's Monday Night Football broadcasts. In 1998, David added a second full-time position when he joined WFAN (also a CBS property) to become the play-by-play voice for the New York Jets after Ian Eagle became a part of CBS television's return to NFL coverage. + +David's Jets assignment took precedence over his Westwood One duties, requiring a substitute when the Jets would play on Monday night or in the playoffs. One prime example of this came on Conference Championship weekend in 1999. At the time, CBS would send the Monday night crew to cover the NFC Championship Game, which featured Falcons and the Vikings in Minneapolis. However, the Jets had also advanced to championship weekend and were to take on the Broncos in Denver later that afternoon. David followed the Jets' broadcast team to Denver while John Rooney, one of the network's secondary announcers, called the NFC title game alongside Matt Millen. + +At the end of the 1999 season, the Jets returned to their long-time radio home at WABC and David followed the team there while keeping his contract with Westwood One. Following Super Bowl XXXVI, David left the Jets and departed Westwood One to take a job in Miami, where he served as the Miami Dolphins' radio voice on WQAM and also hosted a talk show, known as Moe Howard David on the station. Moe’s favorite catchphrase: “Doy Doy Doy” was a favorite among the stations listeners. His contract was not renewed after the 2004 season, as he and analyst Jim Mandich were fired by new coach Nick Saban. After his assignments ended, David returned to national broadcasts, becoming one of SportsUSA's NFL voices. He called games for that network until 2008. + +Recent assignments +David became one of Westwood One's NFL voices, having replaced Bill Rosinski in the booth for the Sunday doubleheader coverage the network carries. He also served as a substitute for Dave Sims on Sunday nights when his other broadcasting endeavors left him unavailable. David was joined in the booth by Tony Boselli until 2012. Tom McCarthy replaced David in the booth. As of 2012, Dial Global's other NFL play-by-play announcers include Kevin Kugler, Kevin Harlan, Dave Sims and Ian Eagle. + +In 2006, David provided hand-by-hand coverage for many events at the World Series of Poker for Sirius Satellite Radio. + +In 2012, David became the play-by-play voice for the United Football League broadcasts on the CBS Sports Network. In 2013, he served as a fill-in play-by-play commentator for Major League Baseball on Fox. + +References + +External links +GolfPodium.com profile + +College football announcers +College basketball announcers in the United States +American radio sports announcers +New York Jets announcers +Miami Dolphins announcers +United Football League broadcasters +Milwaukee Bucks announcers +National Basketball Association broadcasters +Boston Celtics announcers +Living people +New Jersey Nets announcers +WFAN people +Year of birth missing (living people) +Poker commentators +Major League Baseball broadcasters +Princeton Tigers football +Princeton Tigers men's basketball +Association football commentators +National Football League announcers +North American Soccer League (1968–1984) commentators +No Exit (also known as Fatal Combat) is a 1995 Canadian action film directed by Damian Lee and starring Jeff Wincott and Sven-Ole Thorsen as the leading hero and main villain, respectively. It is about deadly martial arts combat, and the hero is forced into fights by evil money-men. + +Plot +Far above the Arctic Circle is based a TV channel, on which there is only one program—"No Exit". Melee and death in the air. University Professor John Stoneman is abducted be the channel owner. No way out and no chance to survive. For John Stoneman there seems to be no escape. + +References + +External links + + + +1995 films +1995 action films +1995 martial arts films +Films directed by Damian Lee +Films produced by Damian Lee +Films about kidnapping +Films with screenplays by Damian Lee +1990s English-language films +Canadian martial arts films +Troy Elder OAM (born 15 October 1977 in Bunbury, Western Australia) is a field hockey striker and midfielder from Australia, who was a member of the Men's National Team that won the golden medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. Four years earlier, when Sydney hosted the Olympic Games, Elder finished in third spot with The Kookaburras, as the national team is called. + +Elder originated from Bundaberg, Queensland, where he played for the All Blacks Hockey Club. Nicknamed Woody, Elder shot into limelight as a player with the National Junior Squad, that won the Hockey Junior World Cup at Milton Keynes in 1997 against India. After the 1998 Australian Hockey League season with the Queensland Blades, Elder got into the senior National Squad at the 1998 Champions Trophy in Lahore, where Australia won the bronze. He was part of the winning team in the 1999 Champions Trophy at Brisbane. + +Just like his countrymen Jay Stacy and Michael Brennan, Elder moved to the Netherlands, where he played club hockey for Eindhoven's Oranje Zwart, with whom he won the Dutch title in the spring of 2005. The price was high, because during the Dutch play-offs he neglected the call from Australia's Head Coach Barry Dancer to come over for a training session with the men's National Team. He therefore had to miss the 2005 Champions Trophy in Chennai and the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne. + +Having retired from international hockey, Elder played club hockey for United Hockey in Brisbane for some time whilst still representing the Queensland Blades. A plumber by profession, he is fond of surfing and fishing. + +References + +External links + + Profile on Hockey Australia + +1977 births +Olympic field hockey players for Australia +Australian male field hockey players +Male field hockey forwards +Male field hockey midfielders +Field hockey players at the 2000 Summer Olympics +2002 Men's Hockey World Cup players +Field hockey players at the 2004 Summer Olympics +2006 Men's Hockey World Cup players +Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia +Sportspeople from Bunbury, Western Australia +Field hockey people from Western Australia +Living people +Olympic gold medalists for Australia +Olympic bronze medalists for Australia +Olympic medalists in field hockey +Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics +Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics +Commonwealth Games medallists in field hockey +Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia +Oranje Zwart players +Australian expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands +Expatriate field hockey players +Field hockey players at the 2002 Commonwealth Games +Medallists at the 2002 Commonwealth Games +Sportsmen from Western Australia +Jimmie Lee Sloas is an American session musician, producer, and songwriter, who plays bass guitar. + +History +Jimmie Lee Sloas, born in Ashland, Kentucky, grew up in Fairborn, Ohio and Isonville, Kentucky. His father, Dave, was a member of the popular bluegrass group, The Sloas Brothers. His older brother, David, served as Tammy Wynette's lead guitarist from the early 1980s until her death. + +In 1982, Sloas co-founded, with singer-songwriter Robert White Johnson, the album-oriented rock band RPM. The band released two albums between 1982 and 1984, with the albums produced by Brent Maher and Gary Langan, respectively. + +From 1986 to 1990, Sloas was a member of the contemporary Christian vocal band The Imperials (as lead singer and sometimes bass player). He holds several session musician and production credits, primarily in country & contemporary Christian music with artists such as Garth Brooks, Carrie Underwood, Keith Urban, Carman, LeAnn Rimes, Kellie Pickler, Reba McEntire, PFR, Switchfoot, and Jessica Simpson. In 1996, he co-founded the group Dogs of Peace with former Whiteheart guitarist Gordon Kennedy. Sloas also recorded with the heavy metal band Megadeth on their album The System Has Failed. He was nominated for Top Bass Player of the Year in the 2006, 2008, and 2009 Academy of Country Music awards. + +Sloas is co-producer, with Bob Ezrin, of the artist Christian Kane for Bigger Picture Group, at Anarchy Studios in Nashville. + +References + +American country bass guitarists +American heavy metal bass guitarists +Living people +People from Fairborn, Ohio +American male bass guitarists +Guitarists from Ohio +Country musicians from Ohio +1959 births +Addison Airport is a public airport in Addison, in Dallas County, Texas, United States, north of downtown Dallas. It opened in 1954 and was purchased by the town of Addison in 1976. It is home to the Cavanaugh Flight Museum. + +The Addison Airport Toll Tunnel, completed in 1999, allows east–west automobile traffic to cross the airport under the runway. + +Facilities and aircraft +Addison Airport covers ; its one runway, 16/34, is concrete. In 2015 it had 96,476 aircraft operations, averaging 264 per day: 93% general aviation, 7% air taxi, <1% airline and <1% military. 621 aircraft were then based at the airport: 323 single-engine, 111 multi-engine, 176 jet and 11 helicopter. In 2022, its runway designation was changed from 15/33 to 16/34. + +The currently fixed-base operators at Addison airport are Atlantic Aviation, Landmark Aviation, Million Air and Galaxy. + +Charter services are available from a variety of companies, with Business Jet Solutions and Bombardier FlexJet having large operations. + +The airport is the headquarters of Ameristar Jet Charter, GTA Air, and Martinaire, and also has scheduled freight flights from AirNet Express, Flight Express, and Flight Development. + +It is also a training hub, with primary to advanced flight instruction available from Thrust Flight School, American Flyers, ATP Flight School, Monarch Air and PlaneSmart!. + +Airlines and destinations + +Cargo + +Accidents and incidents + +July 19, 1986: All four occupants of a Cessna 421, aircraft registration N6VR, were killed when the aircraft suffered an apparent right-hand engine failure, rolled over, and dived into a vacant lot immediately after takeoff from Addison Airport. The post-crash investigation revealed that the right-hand engine did not show any obvious signs of failure and its controls were not set to deliver full takeoff power. The crash was attributed to incorrect engine control operation; the pilot had recently purchased the Cessna 421 but had not been formally trained to fly it, and most of his twin-engined experience had been in an airplane with engine controls that operated in the reverse direction of those in the Cessna. +June 20, 1992: The pilot of a Piper J3C-65 Cub, registered N3128M, reported trouble and attempted to return to Addison Airport soon after taking off to test a newly installed engine. While turning to line up with the runway, the airplane suddenly lost altitude, rolled upside down, and crashed in the middle of nearby Beltway Drive, killing the pilot and his passenger. The crash was attributed to breakage of the left-hand elevator control tube due to corrosion. +January 1, 2004: The pilot and passenger of a Bellanca 17-30A Super Viking, registered N4104B, died when the aircraft struck houses in the Preston Hollow neighborhood of nearby Dallas, Texas, after departing from Addison Airport bound for Amarillo, Texas. An intense post-crash fire destroyed two houses and the remains of the Bellanca, but an elderly resident of one house escaped injury after being dragged out of the burning structure by his caregiver, who was also unhurt. The crash was attributed to spatial disorientation in densely clouded IFR conditions; the pilot had reported a partial instrument panel failure, after which radar data indicated that he was making left turns instead of right turns as directed by air traffic controllers. +October 24, 2011: A Cirrus SR22, registered N227TX, attempted to return to Addison Airport shortly after takeoff. After several missed approaches, the aircraft crashed on a railroad track next to Hebron High School, killing one passenger and seriously injuring the pilot and a second passenger. The accident was attributed to "the pilot's failure to adequately preflight the airplane prior to departure, which resulted in a loss of engine power due to fuel exhaustion." + +June 30, 2019: A Beechcraft King Air 350i, registered N534FF, crashed into a hangar on airport grounds after taking off for a flight to St. Petersburg, Florida, killing all eight passengers and two pilots on board. The hangar was unoccupied at the time of the crash and nobody on the ground was harmed. The aircraft reportedly dropped its left wing on takeoff and immediately veered to the left. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the National Transportation Safety Board investigated. The investigation determined an engine failure was followed by the pilot moving the rudder the wrong way, causing the aircraft to roll over and crash. + +Motor racing + +In 1989, 1990, and 1991, Addison Airport hosted the Dallas Grand Prix, consisting of Trans-Am Series, SCCA Formula Super Vee, SCCA Corvette Challenge, and SCCA RaceTruck Challenge races. The Dallas Grand Prix previously took place on a street circuit in Fair Park, but complaints from nearby homeowners prompted organizers to seek a less noise-sensitive venue, and they decided on Addison Airport because the surrounding area was largely industrial in nature. The 1989 event was held on May 12–14 on a temporary circuit that traversed public streets, taxiways, and the south end of the runway. The races benefited Addison hotels and restaurants, but setup and teardown of the circuit and grandstands disrupted airfield operations for weeks, prompting airport businesses and the airport management company to lodge complaints with the town and the FAA in 1990. After the 1991 event, the FAA, the town, the race organizers, and airport managers and tenants agreed that 1992 would be the last year the event would be held at the airport. The agreement became moot when the race organizers, who had lost money on the previous events, cancelled the 1992 event citing financial reasons. + +References + +Citations + +Bibliography + +External links + +Addison Airport, official site + +Cavanaugh Flight Museum +Addison Fire Department +DFW Instrument Corporation + +Addison, Texas +Airports established in 1954 +Airports in Texas +Airports in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex +Buildings and structures in Dallas County, Texas +Defunct motorsport venues in the United States +Motorsport venues in Texas +Transportation in Dallas County, Texas +The Edward T. Breathitt Pennyrile Parkway was the designation for the controlled-access highway from Henderson to Hopkinsville, Kentucky. The parkway originally began at an interchange with the Audubon Parkway and US 41 near the city of Henderson. It travelled south through rolling hills to its former southern terminus at Interstate 24 (I-24) south of Hopkinsville. A section was left unconstructed from US 41 Alternate south to I-24 despite its approval in 1976 from the Parkway Authority for construction. This connection was completed and opened to the public on March 1, 2011. The first of the extension to the US 68 bypass (exit 6) were completed and opened to traffic in September 2008. The construction was then completed to exit 5, with the final section to I-24 opened on March 1, 2011. The parkway's northern terminus was truncated south to the Western Kentucky Parkway in 2013 when Interstate 69 was extended along that section of the highway. The remaining section of the Parkway (from I-69 to I-24) was redesignated as Interstate 169 on May 7, 2017, thereby replacing the last section of the Pennyrile Parkway. Despite the designation changes, it continues to be referred to as the Pennyrile Parkway by most in the area. + +The next phase of the extension—now completed—encompassed the portion of the parkway between US 41 Alternate and I-24. As of May 2010, the Lover's Lane interchange (exit 5) opened to local traffic via US 68 ramp (exit 5). The final segment, from US 68 to I-24, opened on March 1, 2011. + +It was one of nine highways that are part of Kentucky's parkway system. The section between the Wendell H. Ford Western Kentucky Parkway near Mortons Gap and the northern terminus in Henderson became part of I-69 with the passage of federal legislation on June 6, 2008. The length of the road carried the unsigned designation Kentucky Route 9004 (EB 9004). + +The road was named after Edward T. Breathitt, a former Kentucky governor. Originally called the Pennyrile Parkway from its opening in October 1969 at a cost of $69.2 million, it was renamed for Breathitt in 2000. + +The parkway passed through the cities of Madisonville, Sebree, Mortons Gap, Slaughters, and Earlington. It intersected with the Wendell H. Ford Western Kentucky Parkway near Madisonville. + +History + +As a toll road +The Pennyrile Parkway, as with all nine parkways, was originally a toll road. By Kentucky state law, toll collection ceases when enough toll has been collected or funds received from other sources, such as a legislative appropriation, to pay off the construction bonds for the parkway. In the case of the Pennyrile, toll booths were removed in 1992 when bonds were paid off ten years ahead of schedule. + +A section near the middle of the parkway, in the Madisonville area, during much of the parkway's path through Hopkins County, was free from tolls from the road's opening; this section was also signed as US 41. The US 41 designation has since been removed and applied to the former US 41A through Madisonville and other nearby cities; this road was the original US 41 before the parkway opened. This redesignation followed a horrendous blizzard on January 17, 1994, which forced the then-Kentucky governor Brereton C. Jones to close all Interstates and limited access highways in the state. Heavy trucks were forced to take US 41A through downtown Madisonville for a week, snarling local traffic. The parkway between exits 7 and 9 was also toll free. + +Upgrades and re-designations +In 2008, funding was established for the extension of Interstate 69 through Kentucky as a part of a larger nationwide project to extend the Interstate to Laredo, Texas. The KYTC designated portions of the Pennyrile and Western Kentucky Parkways, and all of the Purchase Parkway to be integrated into the Interstate System. Work began almost immediately to upgrade deficiencies in the parkways to full Interstate Standards, such as upgrading bridge railing, converting several interchanges into conventional diamond interchanges, and reconstructing the interchange between the Pennyrile and Western Kentucky parkways to allow for free-flowing traffic on I-69. This work was completed on the Pennyrile stretch, exits were renumbered to match I-69's statewide mileage, and I-69 signs finally went up in 2013. In 2017, the remainder of the parkway was redesignated as Interstate 169. + +Exit list + +References + +External links + + KentuckyRoads.com — Edward T. Breathitt Pennyrile Parkway + Exit Guide for Edward T. Breathitt Pennyrile Parkway + +9004 +Interstate 69 +Kentucky parkway system +Viteri is a Basque surname. Notable people with the surname include: + +Pedro Viteri y Arana (born 1883), Spanish philanthropist +Cynthia Viteri (born 1965), Ecuadorian politician and journalist +Efraín Andrade Viteri (1920–1997), Ecuadorian artist +Oswaldo Viteri (born 1931), Ecuadorian artist +Robert "Bob" Longfield is an American composer, arranger, conductor and educator, best known for his compositions for Concert Band and String Orchestra. He is currently the Music Director of the Greater Miami Symphonic Band. + +Early life and education +Longfield was born and raised in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He graduated with honors from the University of Michigan where he studied with Jerry Bilik and Paul Boylan, and was a member of the band under William D. Revelli and George R. Cavender where he played saxophone. He received his master's degree in Music Education from the University of Miami where he was a student and personal friend of Alfred Reed. + +Career +For fifteen years, Longfield was the band and orchestra director at Davison High School in Davison, Michigan. Since 1987, he has held a similar position at Miami Palmetto Senior High School in Pinecrest, Florida. Longfield was the recipient of the Teacher of the Year Award by the Michigan School Band and Orchestra Association. In 1996, he received the Mr. Holland Award from the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences and Sciences for outstanding contributions to music education. + +A member of ASCAP, Longfield has received several commissions and his compositions and arrangements have been played and recorded by bands throughout the United States as well as in Europe and Japan. + +In honor of Longfield's accomplishments, Miami-Dade County officially recognizes April 5, 2006 as Robert Longfield Day. + +Selected compositions and arrangements + +Music for concert band: +Hallelujah Chorus (from "The Messiah") +Allegretto +Cross Current +America +The Avengers +Downton Abbey (arrangement) +Purple Twilight +Eine Kleine "Pop" Music +El Camino Real (arrangement) +El Relicario (arrangement) +Freedom, Justice, Honor +In Glory Triumphant +In Quest of Excellence +Italian Holiday +Menuetto +Passacaglia on an Old English Carol +Russian Sailor Dance +Rapp's Woods Ramble +Oblivion (arrangement) +Sanctuary +Symphony No.2 in C minor +Take the Blues Train +The Abduction from Seraglio +The Honor Roll +The Hounds of Spring (arrangement) +The "X" Brigade +Turkish March +When Summer's in the Meadow +Where Valor Proudly Sleeps +Vortex +Fanfare for a Celebration +Fanfare for the Common Man (arrangement) + +Music for string orchestra: + +American Heritage Suite No. 1 +Fugue No. 5 in D Major +Intrigue (A Tangoed Web) +Over the Waves +Plaisir d'amour +Prelude in E Minor +Rondo in Blue +The Skaters' Waltz +The Journey of the Magi +When Summer's in the Meadow +The Godfather (Love Theme) +Turning Point +Vortex (there is also an orchestra form) +Music from Frozen +La La Land Medley + +References + +American male composers +21st-century American composers +Living people +People from Davison, Michigan +Musicians from Grand Rapids, Michigan +University of Miami alumni +University of Michigan alumni +21st-century American male musicians +Year of birth missing (living people) +Flip4Mac from Telestream, Inc. was a digital media software for the macOS operating system. It was known for being the only QuickTime component for macOS to support Windows Media Video, and was distributed by Microsoft as a substitute after they discontinued their media player for Macintosh computers. + +Features +Telestream previously offered a free standalone player also known as Flip Player while charging for their Pro and Studio features until the release of v3.3 on May 1, 2014, when they began charging for Flip4Mac Player (plug-in and standalone player combined). + +There are four versions of Flip4Mac Player: + Flip4Mac Player ($9.99) + +Play Windows Media files (.wma and .wmv) directly in QuickTime applications and view Windows Media content on the Internet using a web browser + Flip4Mac Player Pro ($29) + +Adds the ability to import WMV and WMA files for editing and conversion to QuickTime formats or iOS devices + Flip4Mac Studio ($49) + +Includes all the features of Player Pro, and adds the ability to create standard definition (up to 768 x 576) WMV files using preset templates and custom encoding profiles + Flip4Mac Studio Pro HD ($179) + +Includes all the features of Studio, and adds two-pass HD (up to 1920 x 1080), VBR encoding and pro audio features + +Technical specifications +Below is the following technical specifications for Flip4Mac Player: + +Codec support + +NOTE: Exporting WMV9 Advanced and WMA Professional and Lossless is supported only by Flip4Mac Studio Pro HD + +Network stream protocols + +Frame sizes available for export + +System requirements +In order to run Flip4Mac, you need to meet the following specifications: + Intel-based Mac + Mac OS X Snow Leopard or later +NOTE: Please note if running on Snow Leopard, you need to update to 10.6.8 via Apple Software Update. + +Windows Media Components for QuickTime + +Windows Media Components for QuickTime allow free transparent playback of the most common Windows Media Video and Windows Media Audio formats on macOS inside QuickTime applications and web browsers. + +On January 12, 2006, Microsoft discontinued the Macintosh version of Windows Media Player and began distributing Flip4Mac Player for free until May 1, 2014, when Telestream began charging for Flip4Mac Player. Microsoft's website refers the product as Windows Media Components for QuickTime while Telestream just refers to Flip4Mac. + +Windows Media + +Advanced Stream Redirector + +Advanced Stream Redirector (ASX) file format is a type of Extensible Markup Language (XML) metafile designed to store a playlist of Windows Media files for a multimedia presentation. Flip4Mac currently supports the following MIME types: + +{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" +|- +| video/x-ms-wmv +| audio/x-ms-wma +|- +| video/x-ms-wm +| video/x-ms-asf +|- +| video/x-ms-wvx +| video/x-ms-wmx +|- +| audio/x-ms-wax +| video/x-ms-asx +|- +|} + +Advanced Systems Format + +Advanced Systems Format (ASF) is Microsoft's proprietary digital audio/digital video container format, especially meant for streaming media. + +Windows Media Audio + +Windows Media Audio (WMA) is an audio data compression technology developed by Microsoft. The name can be used to refer to its audio file format or its audio codecs. + +Windows Media Digital Rights Management + +Flip4Mac is unable to play content that has been protected using digital rights management. + +Windows Media Video + +Windows Media Video (WMV) is a video data compression technology developed by Microsoft. + +Version history + Flip4Mac 2.1 was released in July 2006 with support for Intel-based Macs. + Flip4Mac 3.0 was released in September 2012 with support for 64-bit improvements as well as Gatekeeper. It also includes Flip Player, a new multi-format video player with the ability to play the most common Windows Media formats. + Flip4Mac 3.1 was released in February 2013 with support for the third generation MacBook Pros, MacBooks (relaunched version of the original MacBook line), and iMacs with Retina display. It also includes the ability to export videos to iTunes from Flip Player. + Flip4Mac 3.2 was released in May 2013 with support for dramatically improved load time for ASF (.wmv, .wma, .wm, .wmp, .asf, etc.) file formats. + Flip4Mac 3.3 was released in May 2014 with several minor 3.3.X updates with 3.3.7 being the latest update. Several updates include re-supporting Mac OS X Snow Leopard (after the support being removed in 3.0), and natively supporting OS X Yosemite (10.10) and OS X El Capitan (10.11). + The software is no longer supported higher than OS X El Capitan (10.11). As a replacement Telestream advises users to try their Switch4Player software. + +See also + Perian + +References + +Further reading +Flip4Mac has been mentioned in the following books: + Switching to the Mac: The Missing Manual, OS X Yosemite Edition () + +External links + – official site + +MacOS multimedia software +MacOS media players +Off the Record is the fifth studio album by the English glam rock band Sweet. It was recorded at Audio International Studios in London between October 1976 and January 1977. The band produced with assistance from engineers Louis Austin and Nick Ryan. + +Track listing +All songs written and composed by Brian Connolly, Steve Priest, Andy Scott and Mick Tucker. + +European release +Side one +"Fever of Love" - 4:03 +"Lost Angels" - 4:06 +"Midnight to Daylight" - 3:34 +"Windy City" - 7:30 +Side two +"Live for Today" - 3:19 +"She Gimme Lovin'" - 4:08 +"Laura Lee" - 4:18 +"Hard Times" - 4:01 +"Funk It Up" - 3:34 + +Bonus tracks on 1990 reissue +"A Distinct Lack of Ancient" (B-side of 'Fever Of Love') - 4:07 +"Stairway to the Stars" - 3:05 +"Why Don't You Do It to Me" (B-side of 'Stairway To The Stars') - 3:11 + +Bonus tracks on 1999 reissue +"A Distinct Lack of Ancient" - 4:09 +"Why Don't You Do It to Me" - 3:14 + +Bonus tracks on 2005 reissue +"A Distinct Lack of Ancient" - 4:07 +"Funk It Up" (disco mix - US B-side of 'Funk It Up') - 5:27 +"Stairway to the Stars" - 3:03 +"Why Don't You Do It to Me" - 3:13 +"Midnight to Daylight" (extended version) - 4:09 +"Lost Angels" (demo version) - 3:46 +"She Gimme Lovin'" (alternative version - previously unreleased) - 4:06 +"Hard Times" (alternative version - previously unreleased) - 4:40 + +US release (LP only) +Side one +"Fever of Love" (different intro) - 3:59 +"Lost Angels" - 4:02 +"Midnight to Daylight" - 3:30 +"Laura Lee" - 4:16 +"Windy City" - 7:27 + +Side two +"Stairway to the Stars" (additional track) - 3:05 +"Live for Today" (clean version) - 3:22 +"Funk It Up (David's Song)" (same as RCA version) - 3:33 +"Hard Times" - 4:00 +"She Gimme Lovin'" - 4:04 + +Unlike the RCA issue, the Capitol cover featured the album title. + +Singles +"Stairway to the Stars" was withheld from the RCA album release and later issued as a single as a follow-up to "Lost Angels" and "Fever of Love". All three singles proved to be commercial flops (except some countries like Sweden, Germany, Austria, South Africa, and Denmark, where all or some broke the top 10 and 20). + +Songs covered +Raul Sepper recorded a cover of "Funk It Up" in Estonian, titled "Sein On Ees", in 1979. The German power metal act Gamma Ray covered "Lost Angels" on their 2013 Master of Confusion EP. + +Personnel +Sweet +Brian Connolly – lead vocals +Steve Priest – bass guitar, harmonica, lead and backing vocals +Andy Scott – guitar, keyboards, synthesizers, backing vocals +Mick Tucker – drums, percussion, backing vocals + +References + +The Sweet albums +1977 albums +RCA Records albums +The term Clayton, New York could refer to either of two locations on St. Lawrence River: + + Clayton (town), New York + Clayton (village), New York + +See also + Clayton (disambiguation) +Damian Lee is a Canadian film director, writer, and producer responsible as well as notable for such films as Abraxas, Guardian of the Universe, No Exit and Ski School. He started his own production company, Rose & Ruby Productions, in the 1980s. + +Film + +References + +External links + + +Canadian film directors +Canadian film production company founders +Canadian male screenwriters +Living people +1950 births +20th-century Canadian screenwriters +20th-century Canadian male writers +Princess Shi (; personal name unknown), who might have taken the title Empress Shi () at one point, was the wife of Lü Guang (Emperor Yiwu), the founder of the Di-led Later Liang dynasty of China. + +Very little is known about her. What is known is that when Lü Guang, who was then a Former Qin general, was sent by the Former Qin emperor Fu Jiān in 383 on a mission to subdue the Xiyu (西域, modern Xinjiang and former Soviet Central Asia) kingdoms, she did not accompany her husband but remained in the Former Qin capital Chang'an with his son Lü Shao, who was probably her son as well. + +When Chang'an fell to Western Yan forces in 385, they fled to the semi-independent state Chouchi, and after Lü Guang established Later Liang after returning from his Xiyu mission and seizing Liang Province (涼州, modern central and western Gansu), they arrived in his capital Guzang (姑臧, in modern Wuwei, Gansu) in 389. Lü Guang, who then carried the title Prince of Sanhe, created her his princess and created Lü Shao heir apparent. + +By the time he claimed the imperial title "Heavenly Prince" (Tian Wang) in 396 and created Lü Shao crown prince, she was not mentioned, implying that she might have died by that point, and there was no further reference to her in history. If she had in fact survived to 396, she would have likely been created empress. The table below assumes that she survived to 400 when Lü Guang died, but that was in fact not likely. + +References + +|- style="text-align: center;" + +|- style="text-align: center;" + +|- + +|- + +|- + +Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms) empresses +4th-century deaths +Year of birth unknown +Olympian spirits (or Olympic spirits, Olympick spirits) refers to seven (or sometimes fourteen) spirits mentioned in several Renaissance and post-Renaissance books of ritual magic/ceremonial magic, such as the Arbatel de magia veterum, The Secret Grimoire of Turiel and The Complete Book of Magic Science. The Arbatel of Magick says of the Olympian spirits: "They are called Olympick spirits, which do inhabit in the firmament, and in the stars of the firmament: and the office of these spirits is to declare Destinies, and to administer fatal Charms, so far forth as God pleaseth to permit them." + +In this magic system, the universe is divided into 196 provinces (a number which in numerology adds up to 7: 1+9+6=16; 1+6=7) with each of the seven Olympian spirits ruling a set number of provinces. Aratron rules the most provinces (49), while each succeeding Olympian rules seven fewer than the former, down to Phul who rules seven provinces. Each of the Olympic spirits rules alternately for 490 years. Each Olympian spirit is also associated with one of the seven luminaries which figure in ancient and medieval Western magic. + +The seven Olympian spirits +Aratron (or Arathron), "the alchemist who commanded seventeen million six hundred and forty thousand spirits". He rules 49 provinces. His planet is Saturn. + Bethor, "who commanded twenty-nine thousand legions of spirits". He rules 42 provinces. His planet is Jupiter. + Phaleg (or Phalec, Pharos), "the War-Lord". His planet is Mars. He rules 35 provinces. + Och, "the alchemist, physician, and magician". He rules 28 provinces. His "planet" is the Sun. + Hagith, "transmuter of metals, and commander of four thousand legions of spirits". He rules 21 provinces. His planet is Venus. + Ophiel, "who commanded one hundred thousand legions of spirits". He rules 14 provinces. His planet is Mercury. + Phul, "lord of the powers of the moon and supreme lord of the waters". He rules 7 provinces. His "planet" is the Moon. + +The seven archangels and the seven Olympian spirits + +In ritual magic, the seven Olympian spirits are not confused with the seven traditional archangels, which usually are Michael (usually the Sun), Anael (Venus), Raphael (usually Mercury), Gabriel (the Moon), Cassiel (Saturn), Samael (Mars) and Zadkiel (Jupiter), or a variation thereof. + +The seven Olympian spirits are often evoked in conjunction with the seven classic archangels, and magic seals often associate one of the classic seven with one of the Olympian spirits. For example, a magic seal from Frederick Hockley's The Complete Book of Magic Science shows the form of a seal which binds a spirit of Jupiter, Pabiel, to the magician: Pabiel's name appears in a band stretched between two circles: the circle on the left bearing the name and sigil of Bethor, the circle on the right bearing the name and sigil of Sachiel (equivalent to Zadkiel). + +See also + Archangel + Hierarchy of angels + Twelve Olympians + Seven archangels + +References + +External links + Davidson, Gustav, A Dictionary of Angels, Including the Fallen Angels. 1967. Free Press, + Hall, Manly Palmer, The Secret Teachings of All Ages, 1928; Diamond Jubilee Edition, 1988. Pgs. 103-104. + Agrippa von Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius, 1486?-1535., Arbatel De magia veterum (Arbatel: Of the Magic of the Ancients), digital edition. Joseph H. Peterson. +Olearia, most commonly known as daisy-bush, is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Asteraceae, the largest of the flowering plant families in the world. Olearia are found in Australia, New Guinea and New Zealand. The genus includes herbaceous plants, shrubs and small trees. The latter are unusual among the Asteraceae and are called tree daisies in New Zealand. All bear the familiar daisy-like composite flowerheads in white, pink, mauve or purple. + +Description +Plants in the genus Olearia are shrubs of varying sizes, characterised by a composite flower head arrangement with single-row ray florets enclosed by small overlapping bracts arranged in rows. The flower petals are more or less equal in length. The centre of the bi-sexual floret is disc shaped and may be white, yellowish or purplish, generally with 5 lobes. Flower heads may be single or clusters in leaf axils or at the apex of branchlets. Leaves may be smooth, glandular or with a sticky secretion. The leaves may grow opposite, alternate, arranged sparsely or clustered. Leaf margins either entire or lobed, with or without a stalk. The fruit are dry slightly compressed, one-seeded, narrow-elliptic or egg-shaped with longitudinal ridges and smooth or with sparse hairs. + +Taxonomy and naming +The genus Olearia was first described in 1802 by Conrad Moench in Supplementum ad Methodum Plantas and is named after Johann Gottfried Olearius, a 17th-century German scholar and author of Specimen Florae Hallensis. Originally a large genus, a molecular study has found it to be polyphyletic. + +Distribution +There are approximately 180 species of Olearia, of which about 112 species are endemic to Australia. Olearia are found in all states of Australia. + +Species + +The following is a list of Olearia species accepted by the Australian Plant Census or the New Zealand Plant Conservation Network or listed in the Census of Vascular Plants of Papua New Guinea as at May 2021: + +Olearia adenocarpa Molloy (N.Z.) +Olearia adenolasia (F.Muell.) F.Muell. ex Benth. – woolly-glandular daisy-bush (W.A.) +Olearia aglossa (Betche & Maiden) Lander (N.S.W., Vic.) +Olearia albida (Hook.f.) Hook.f. – tanguru (N.Z.) +Olearia algida N.A.Wakef. – alpine daisy-bush (N.S.W., A.C.T., Vic. Tas.) +Olearia allomii Kirk – Great Barrier tree daisy (N.Z.) +Olearia alpicola F.Muell. ex Benth. – alpine daisy-bush (N.S.W., Vic.) +Olearia angulata (Kirk) Allan (N.Z.) +Olearia angustifolia Hook.f. – teteaweka (N.Z.) +Olearia arborescens (G.Forst.) Cockayne & Laing – common tree daisy, glossy tree daisy (N.Z.) +Olearia archeri Lander (Tas.) +Olearia arckaringensis P.J.Lang – Arckaringensis daisy (S.A.) +Olearia argophylla (Labill.) F.Muell. ex Benth. – musk daisy-bush, native musk, silver shrub (N.S.W., Vic.) +Olearia arguta Benth. (W.A., N.T., Qld.) + Olearia arguta Benth. var. arguta (W.A., N.T.) + Olearia arguta var. lanata Benth. (W.A., N.T., Qld.) +Olearia arida E.Pritz. (W.A., S.A., N.T.) +Olearia asterotricha (F.Muell.) Benth. – rough daisy-bush (N.S.W., Vic.) +Olearia astroloba Lander & N.G.Walsh – marble daisy-bush (Vic.) +Olearia avicenniifolia (Raoul) Hook.f. – akeake (N.Z.) +Olearia axillaris (DC.) F.Muell. ex Benth. – coast daisy-bush (W.A., S.A., N.S.W., Vic., Tas.) +Olearia ballii (F.Muell.) Hemsl. – mountain daisy (Lord Howe Island) +Olearia brachyphylla (F.Muell. ex Sond.) N.A.Wakef. (W.A., S.A.) +Olearia brevipedunculata N.G.Walsh (N.S.W., Vic.) +Olearia bullata H.D.Wilson & Garn.-Jones (N.Z.) +Olearia burgessii Lander (N.S.W.) +Olearia calcarea F.Muell. ex Benth. – limestone daisy bush (W.A., S.A., Vic., N.S.W.) +Olearia canescens (Benth.) Hutch. (N.S.W., Qld.) +Olearia cassiniae (F.Muell.) F.Muell. ex Benth. (W.A.) +Olearia chathamica Kirk (N.Z.) +Olearia cheesmanii Cockayne & Allan – streamside tree daisy (N.Z.) +Olearia chrysophylla (DC.) Benth. (N.S.W., Qld.) +Olearia ciliata (Benth.) F.Muell. ex Benth. – fringed daisy-bush (W.A., S.A., Vic., Tas.) +Olearia colensoi Hook.f. – tupare, leatherwood (N.Z.) +Olearia cordata Lander (N.S.W.) +Olearia covenyi Lander (N.S.W.) +Olearia coriacea Kirk (N.Z.) +Olearia crebra E.K.Cameron & Heenan (N.Z.) +Olearia crosby-smithiana Petrie (N.Z.) +Olearia cuneifolia A.R.Bean & M.T.Mathieson (Qld.) +Olearia curticoma N.G.Walsh (Vic.) +Olearia cydoniifolia (DC.) Benth. (Qld., N.S.W.) +Olearia cymbifolia (Hook.f.) Cheeseman (N.Z.) +Olearia decurrens (DC.) Benth. – clammy daisy-bush (W.A., S.A., N.S.W., Vic.) +Olearia durifolia J.Kost. (P.N.G.) +Olearia elaeophila (A.Cunn. ex DC.) F.Muell. ex Benth. (W.A.) +Olearia elliptica DC. – sticky daisy-bush (Qld., N.S.W.) +Olearia eremaea Lander (W.A.) +Olearia ericoides (Steetz) N.A.Wakef. (Tas.) +Olearia erubescens (Sieber ex Spreng.) Dippel (S.A., N.S.W., A.C.T., Vic., Tas.) – pink-tip daisy-bush, moth daisy-bush +Olearia exiguifolia (F.Muell.) F.Muell. ex Benth. (W.A., S.A.) +Olearia ferresii (F.Muell.) Benth. (W.A., N.T., S.A., Qld.) +Olearia fimbriata Heads (N.Z.) +Olearia floccosa J.Kost. (P.N.G.) +Olearia flocktoniae Maiden & Betche – Dorrigo daisy-bush (N.S.W.) +Olearia floribunda (Hook.f.) Benth. – heath daisy-bush (N.S.W., Vic., S.A.) +Olearia fluvialis Lander (W.A.) +Olearia fragrantissima Petrie (N.Z.) +Olearia frostii (F.Muell.) J.H.Willis – Bogong daisy-bush (Vic.) +Olearia furfuracea (A.Rich.) Hook.f. – akepiro (N.Z.) +Olearia gardneri Heads (N.Z.) +Olearia glandulosa (Labill.) Benth. – swamp daisy-bush (S.A., Qld., N.S.W., A.C.T., Vic., Tas.) +Olearia glutinosa (Lindl.) Benth. – sticky daisy-bush (S.A., Vic. Tas.) +Olearia gordonii Lander (Qld.) +Olearia grandiflora Hook. – Mount Lofty daisy-bush (S.A.) +Olearia gravis (F.Muell.) Benth. (Qld., N.S.W.) +Olearia hectorii Hook.f. (N.Z.) +Olearia heterocarpa S.T.Blake – Nightcap daisy bush (Qld., N.S.W.) +Olearia heterolepis Mattf. (P.N.G.) +Olearia heterotricha Mattf. (P.N.G.) +Olearia homolepis (F.Muell.) Benth. (W.A.) +Olearia hooglandii J.Kost. (P.N.G.) +Olearia hookeri (Sond.) Benth. (Tas.) +Olearia humilis Lander (W.A.) +Olearia hygrophila (DC.) Benth. (Qld.) +Olearia ilicifolia Hook.f. – mountain holly (N.Z.) +Olearia imbricata (Turcz.) Benth. – imbricate daisy bush (W.A.) +Olearia incana (D.A.Cooke) Lander (W.A., S.A., Vic., N.S.W.) +Olearia incondita Lander (W.A.) +Olearia iodochroa (F.Muell.) Benth. – violet daisy-bush (N.S.W., Vic.) +Olearia kernotii F.Muell. (P.N.G.) +Olearia laciniifolia Lander (W.A.) +Olearia lacunosa Buchanan – lancewood tree daisy (N.Z.) +Olearia lanata J.Kost (P.N.G.) +Olearia lanuginosa (J.H.Willis) N.A.Wakef. – woolly daisy bush (W.A., S.A., Vic.) +Olearia lasiophylla Lander (N.S.W.) +Olearia laxiflora Kirk (N.Z.) +Olearia ledifolia (DC.) Benth. – rock daisy bush (Tas.) +Olearia lehmanniana (Steetz) Lander (W.A.) +Olearia lepidophylla (Pers.) Benth. – club-moss daisy-bush (W.A., S.A., N.S.W., Vic., Tas.) +Olearia lepidota Mattf. (P.N.G.) +Olearia leptocephala J.Kost (P.N.G.) +Olearia liniata (Kirk) Cockayne (N.Z.) +Olearia lirata (Sims) Hutch. – snowy daisy-bush (N.S.W., A.C.T., Vic., Tas.) +Olearia lyallii Hook.f. – subantarctic tree daisy (N.Z.) +Olearia macdonnellensis D.A.Cooke (N.T.) +Olearia magniflora (F.Muell.) Benth. – splendid daisy-bush (W.A.,, S.A., N.S.W., Vic.) +Olearia megalophylla (F.Muell.) F.Muell. ex Benth. – large-leaf daisy-bush (N.S.W., A.C.T., Vic.) +Olearia microdisca J.M.Black (S.A.) +Olearia microphylla (Vent.) Maiden & Betche – small-leaf daisy-bush (Qld., N.S.W., A.C.T.) +Olearia minor (Benth.) Lander (N.S.W., Vic., S.A., W.A.) +Olearia montana Lander (N.S.W.) +Olearia monticola F.M.Bailey (P.N.G.) +Olearia mooneyi (F.Muell.) Hemsl. (L.H.I) +Olearia moschata Hook.f. (N.Z.) +Olearia mucronata Lander (W.A.) +Olearia muelleri (Sond.) Benth. – Goldfields daisy, Mueller's daisy bush (W.A., S.A., Vic., N.S.W.) +Olearia muricata (Steetz) Benth. – rough-leaved daisy bush (W.A.) +Olearia myrsinoides (Labill.) F.Muell. ex Benth. – blush daisy-bush, silky daisy-bush (N.S.W., A.C.T., Vic., Tas.) +Olearia nernstii (F.Muell.) F.Muell. ex Benth. (Qld., N.S.W.) +Olearia newbeyi Lander (W.A.) +Olearia nummulariifolia (Hook.f.) Hook.f. (N.Z.) +Olearia obcordata (Hook.f.) Benth. (Tas.) +Olearia occidentissima Lander (W.A.) +Olearia odorata Petrie – scented tree daisy (N.Z.) +Olearia oliganthema F.Muell. ex Benth. (N.S.W.) +Olearia oporina (G.Forst.) Hook.f. (N.Z.) +Olearia oppositifolia (F.Muell.) Lander (Qld., N.S.W.) +Olearia orientalis A.R.Bean & Jobson (Qld.) +Olearia pachycephala J.Kost (P.N.G.) +Olearia pachyphylla Cheeseman (N.Z.) +Olearia pallida J.Kost (P.N.G.) +Olearia paniculata (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Druce (N.Z.) – akiraho +Olearia pannosa Hook. – velvet daisy-bush (S.A., Vic.) +Olearia passerinoides (Turcz.) Benth. (W.A., S.A., N.S.W., Vic.) +Olearia paucidentata (Steetz.) F.Muell. ex Benth. (W.A.) +Olearia persoonioides (DC.) Benth. (Tas.) +Olearia phlogopappa (Labill.) DC. – dusty daisy-bush, alpine daisy-bush (N.S.W., A.C.T., Vic., Tas.) +Olearia picridifolia (F.Muell.) Benth. (W.A., S.A., Vic.) +Olearia pimeleoides (DC.) Benth. – pimelea daisy-bush (W.A., S.A., Qld., N.S.W., Vic.) +Olearia pinifolia (Hook.f.) Benth. (Tas.) +Olearia platyphylla Mattf. (P.N.G.) +Olearia plucheacea Lander (W.A.) +Olearia polita H.D.Wilson & Garn.-Jones (N.Z.) +Olearia quercifolia Sieber ex DC. – oak-leaved daisy-bush (N.S.W.) +Olearia quinquevulnera Heenan (N.Z.) +Olearia racemosa Domin (Qld.) +Olearia ramosissima (DC.) Benth. (W.A., Qld., N.S.W.) +Olearia ramulosa (Labill.) Benth. – twiggy daisy-bush (S.A., Qld., N.S.W., A.C.T., Vic., Tas.) +Olearia rani (A.Cunn.) Druce – heketara (N.Z.) +Olearia revoluta Benth. (W.A.) +Olearia rosmarinifolia (DC.) Benth. (Qld., N.S.W.) +Olearia rudis (Benth.) F.Muell. ex Benth. (S.A., N.S.W., Vic.) +Olearia rufa J.Kost (P.N.G.) +Olearia rugosa (F.Muell. ex W.Archer bis) Hutch. – wrinkled daisy-bush (N.S.W., Vic., Tas.) +Olearia solandri (Hook.f.) Hook.f. – coastal tree daisy (N.Z.) +Olearia speciosa Hutch. (Vic.) +Olearia spectabilis J.Kost (P.N.G.) +Olearia stellulata (Labill.) DC. (Vic., Tas.) +Olearia stenophylla N.G.Walsh (N.S.W.) +Olearia stilwelliae Blakely (N.S.W.) +Olearia strigosa (Steetz) Benth. – bristly daisy bush (W.A.) +Olearia stuartii (F.Muell.) Benth. (W.A., N.T., S.A., Qld.) +Olearia subspicata (Hook.) Benth. (W.A., N.T., S.A., Qld., N.S.W., Vic.) +Olearia suffruticosa D.A.Cooke – clustered daisy-bush (S.A., N.S.W., Vic.) +Olearia tasmanica W.M.Curtis (Tas.) +Olearia telmatica Heenan & de Lange – shell akeake, swamp akeake (N.Z.) +Olearia tenuifolia (DC.) Benth. – thin-leaf daisy-bush (N.S.W., A.C.T., Vic.) +Olearia teretifolia (Sond.) Benth. – cypress daisy-bush (S.A., Vic.) +Olearia tomentosa (J.C.Wendl.) Benth. – toothed daisy-bush (N.S.W., Vic.) +Olearia towsonii Cheeseman – Coromandel tree daisy (N.Z.) +Olearia traversiorum (F.Muell.) Hook.f. – hakapiri, Chatham Island akeake (N.Z.) +Olearia trifurcata Lander (W.A.) +Olearia tubuliflora (Sond. & F.Muell. ex Sond.) Benth. (S.A., Vic.) +Olearia velutina J.Kost (P.N.G.) +Olearia vernonioides C.T.White & Francis (P.N.G.) +Olearia virgata (Hook.f.) Hook.f. (N.Z.) +Olearia viscidula (F.Muell.) Benth. – viscid daisy-bush (N.S.W.) +Olearia viscosa (Labill.) Benth. – sticky daisy-bush (Vic., Tas.) +Olearia xerophila (F.Muell.) Benth. (W.A., Qld.) + +Use in horticulture +Several species are cultivated as ornamental garden plants, and there are hybrids of uncertain or mixed parentage. Among these, the following have been given the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit:- +Olearia macrodonta, New Zealand holly +Olearia × mollis ‘Zennorensis’, daisy bush ‘Zennorensis’ +Olearia × scilloniensis +Olearia × scilloniensis ‘Master Michael’ + +They are generally hardy down to , but require a sheltered spot in full sun. + +References + + +Asteraceae genera +The Thurniaceae are a family of flowering plants composed of two genera with four species. The botanical name has been recognized by most taxonomists. + +The APG II system, of 2003, also recognizes such a family, and assigns it to the order Poales in the clade commelinids, in the monocots. The family consists of two genera, totalling only a few species, perennial plants of wet habitats in South America and South Africa. + +This represents a slight change from the APG system, 1998, which treated the two genera as each constituting their own family (Prioniaceae and Thurniaceae), both placed in the order Poales. + +The Cronquist system of 1981 also recognized such a family and placed it in the order Juncales in the subclass Commelinidae in class Liliopsida in division Magnoliophyta. + +The Wettstein system, last updated in 1935, placed the family in order Liliiflorae. + +References + + +Poales families +Taxa named by Adolf Engler +The Westfield Heritage Village is a heritage centre located just west of Rockton, Ontario, Canada. The village contains over 30 historic buildings on a site. It is operated by the Hamilton Conservation Authority. + +Brief history + +In 1961, the Westfield Pioneer Village Association was established by two Brantford high school teachers, D. Glenn Kilmer and Golden Macdonnell, who purchased land near Rockton, Ontario, using their own money. Doreen Kilmer, a teacher and wife of Glenn Kilmer wasn't part of the Association. However, she participated equally in the development and management of Westfield. It acquired the original of land. Their goal was to save heritage buildings that were in danger of being destroyed and also to create a hands-on educational facility to teach pioneer life. Glenn Kilmer's father had been a builder and owner of Kilmer Lumber Company in Aylmer Ontario (subsequently sold to Beaver Lumber Co). Golden Macdonnell was a science teacher who had a keen interest in the history of Ontario. Both men were able to reconstruct the donated buildings which arrived at Westfield. Golden built the forges from fieldstone on the site and Doreen managed the General Store. The original name of the facility was the Westfield Pioneer Village. The Village unofficially opened in June 1963 and officially opened in 1964. Westfield Village was open to the public on weekends in June, September and October and during the summer holidays, seven days a week from 10:00 a.m to 5:00 pm. It provided jobs for students as well as ladies in the area who operated school tours. There were 12 buildings open at this time staffed by students. + +In May 1968 the former Wentworth County purchased the village for CAD $32,700. Ownership transferred to the Wentworth County on November 1, 1968. + +The name was changed to Wentworth Heritage Village in 1981 because much of the collection was not of the pioneer era. + +The village ceased operation on September 3, 1984 due to a financial crisis. Over the next few years various ideas were discuss ranging from moving the facility to creating a theme park. + +Starting in 1985, several scenes from the Anne of Green Gables movie series were shot in the village. Including buildings such as the saw mill, church, train station and general store. + +A five-year redevelopment began in 1990. The goal was to create a "special events theme centre" and the facility was renamed the Westfield Heritage Centre. + +In 2010 the village received a substantial grant from the TD (Toronto Dominion) bank to plant several groves of fruit trees and construct two beehives. As of May 2010 one was in operation and awaiting the arrival of more bees to enlarge the colony. A second beehive is being planned. The aim of the apiary program is to illustrate the importance of the European honey bee (Apius Mellifera ) to the settlers and to raise awareness for Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) . + +Affiliations +The Museum is affiliated with: CMA, CHIN, and Virtual Museum of Canada. + +See also + List of tourist attractions in Hamilton, Ontario + +References + +External links +Westfield homepage +Cultural Landmarks of Hamilton-Wentworth: Westfield Heritage Centre +Avonlea Treasures - fansite with information on the filming of Anne of Green Gables at Westfield. + +Museums in Hamilton, Ontario +Open-air museums in Canada +History museums in Ontario +Beaumont Municipal Airport is seven miles west of downtown Beaumont, in Jefferson County, Texas. The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021 categorized it as a general aviation facility. + +Airlines at Beaumont operate from Jack Brooks Regional Airport (BPT) south of the city. + +Facilities +The airport covers 276 acres (112 ha) at an elevation of 32 feet (10 m). It has one runway: 13/31 is 4,001 by 75 feet (1,220 x 23 m) asphalt. + +In the year ending April 4, 2023, the airport had 15,320 aircraft operations, average 42 per day: 95% general aviation,3% military, and 2% air taxi. At that time, 46 aircraft were based at the airport: 38 single-engine, 5 multi-engine, 1 jet and 2 helicopter. + +History +The airport opened in 1937; construction was a Works Project Administration project. The airport was used during World War II by the Army Air Corps for antisubmarine patrols. In 1940, Eastern Air Lines stopped their one way daily routes between Beaumont and Houston. No regularly scheduled flights have taken place since. + +Improvements +A $230,000 building replaced the original terminal building in the late 1970s. Other improvements included paved runways, taxiway, parking apron and lighting costing $593,000. + +Runway and taxiways were improved in 2009; partial financing was from a $2.9 million grant from the Texas Department of Transportation. + +In 2014 facilities were completely renovated. Upcoming improvements include a 12,500 sq ft hangar, a 2,500 sq ft office building, removal of a two unit T-Hangar replaced by an eight unit T-Hangar. + +References + +External links + Aerial image as of February 1989 from USGS The National Map + + +Airports in Texas +Transportation in Jefferson County, Texas +Buildings and structures in Beaumont, Texas +Yves Rocher is a French skin care, cosmetics and perfume company, founded in 1965 by French entrepreneur Yves Rocher in La Gacilly. The company is present with over 3,000 stores, about half of them franchised, in 88 countries on five continents and employs 13,500 personnel. The company's headquarters is located in Rennes, Brittany, France. It maintains a botanical garden, the Jardin botanique Yves Rocher de La Gacilly, which is open to the public without charge at its factory site in La Gacilly. + +For the company's national and international experience in sustainable development and eco-friendly products, the Environment Possibility Award conferred the "Environmental Heroes of the Year" to Yves Rocher in 2020. + +Rocher Group, formerly Yves Rocher Group, had a turnover of 2.75 billion euros in 2019. The group also includes the brands Daniel Jouvance, Dr Pierre Ricaud, Isabel Derroisné, Petit Bateau, Kiotis, Stanhome and Galérie Noémie. + +History + +Laboratoires de Biologie Végétale Yves Rocher was established in 1965 to incorporate the local business focused on selling hemorrhoid salve and cosmetics based on traditional recipes through mail orders Yves Rocher ran since 1956. As the mayor of his hometown La Gacilly, France since the late 1950s, Rocher hoped that the establishment of a local business would help create jobs and stop people from fleeing the village in search of work. In 1959 the company opened its botanical garden and a laboratory to experiment with new recipes along with searching for potential ingredients worldwide. In 1965 the company built its first factory and an expanded botanical garden with a modern laboratory named Le Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche en Cosmetologie (Center for the Study and Research of Beauty Care). The same year the company produced its first Green Book of Beauty catalog. + +Focused on transforming botanical substances into cosmetic ingredients, Rocher had anticipated the boom of interest in natural cosmetics and ecology in general. In 1969 Yves Rocher launched a new production facility in La Gacilly, and in 1970 the first retail store opened in Paris. The company rapidly expanded its retail network through its stores and selling franchises, and expanded its mail order and retail business to the rest of Europe. By the early 1970s, the company sales had topped Fr 80 million. Yves Rocher avoided public listing and found a strategic partner to fund future growth. In 1973 the 60% share in the company was sold to Elf Aquitaine subsidiary Sanofi, yet Rocher himself retained 57% of the company's voting rights. By 1981 the company reached Fr 1 billion in sales with mail orders accounting for 70%, and retail along with in-home party sales providing the rest. + +In 1982 the company's new Center for Applied Research claimed to develop a technique to extract the DNA of certain plants and re-engineer them to produce heightened benefits. The A.D.N Revitalizing Resource line of skincare products based on that research boosted the company sales worldwide up to Fr 2.6 billion by 1984. + +In 2023 Yves Rocher took the decision to close all physical stores in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, having already closed stores in the Netherlands. + +Foundation +The Yves Rocher Foundation was founded in 2016 by Yves Rocher under the aegis of the institute of France since 2001. + +Controversy +Yves Rocher Vostok, the company's East European subsidiary, sued Russian opposition politician Alexei Navalny and his brother for fraud and money laundering. New Gazette accused Bruno Leproux, managing director of Yves Rocher Vostok, of assisting the Russian government's campaign against Alexei Navalny. + +Since August 2014 the "One Question for Yves Rocher" movement has been expanding in Europe in order to get the Yves Rocher corporation to take a definitive position on the case against Navalny. + +On 30 December 2014, Alexei Navalny's brother Oleg was sentenced to 3 years of forced labor, and Alexei Navalny himself to a suspended sentence of 3 years. + +On 17 October 2017, European Court of Human Rights decided that the case of fraud against Alexei and Oleg Navalny on the complaint of the company "Yves Rocher" was considered in Russia with a violation of the right to a fair trial. The court concluded that the verdict was arbitrary and unreasonable. According to the decision of the ECHR, Russia must pay the brothers Navalny 76 thousand euros. The ECHR refused to consider the issue of political motivation. At the same time, three judges of the ECHR Dmitry Dedov, Helen Keller and Georgios Sergidez expressed the opinion that it was necessary to consider a possible political background of the case. + +Despite the decision of the ECHR on 25 April 2018, the Presidium of the Supreme Court of Russia refused to revoke the verdict to the Navalny brothers in the case of Yves Rocher and decided to resume the case to consider new circumstances. + +On February 2, 2021, the court changed Navalny's probation to a real one and sent him to a colony for 2 years 8 months (taking into account the period spent by the politician under house arrest). After the verdict, the oppositionist was declared a political prisoner. Yves Rocher refused to support Navalny in any way, which provoked criticism The winner of the Nobel Peace Prize for 2021, Dmitry Muratov, at the ceremony of presenting this award, said the following: “Opposition politician Alexei Navalny is being kept in the camp on a false denunciation by the Russian director of the largest perfume company from France. The director wrote a statement, but he was not summoned to court and did not recognize himself as a victim ... But Navalny is in prison. The perfume company itself chose to step aside, hoping that the smell of this case would not harm the scent of its products. + +References + +External links + + + Groupe Rocher official website + Yves Rocher Foundation + +Cosmetics companies of France +Companies based in Brittany +French brands +Chemical companies established in 1959 +Manufacturing companies established in 1959 +Retail companies established in 1959 +1959 establishments in France +Nowhere to Run is a 1993 American action film directed by Robert Harmon. The film stars Jean-Claude Van Damme, Rosanna Arquette, Kieran Culkin, Ted Levine, and Joss Ackland. + +Nowhere to Run was released in the United States on January 15, 1993, by Columbia Pictures. The film was the second collaboration between Van Damme and producer Craig Baumgarten, after Universal Soldier (1992). + +Plot + +A prison bus flips on the road when it's cut off by a car driven by Billy, who frees prisoner and partner-in-crime Sam Gillen. They escape in the car but Billy is fatally shot by a guard. + +Sam buys some food from a roadside store and camps near a pond. He finds the money from their latest heist in the car trunk and listens to a tape recording left by Billy before pushing the car into the pond. That night, Sam sneaks up to a nearby house and sees a woman and her two children inside. He breaks in but is nearly discovered by one of the kids; he takes a salt shaker and leaves. The next night he breaks in again to return it; the boy named Mike (nicknamed "Mookie") finds Sam's campsite. + +Nearby demolition from real estate development disturbs Clydie Anderson, the owner of the home. Corrupt developer Franklin Hale seeks to drive her off the land with the help of his lackey, Mr. Dunston, and the local sheriff, Lonnie Poole, who is dating her. + +One night, goons attack Clydie and her children, but Sam arrives and fights them off. He claims he is camping and hunting on her land, and Clydie insinuates that he is not welcome, but later offers him shelter in her barn out of gratitude. + +Sam also purchases her dead husband's old Triumph Bonneville motorcycle and repairs it with Mookie's help. Later Sam thwarts an attempt by Hale to ruin Clydie's farmland by coating it with oil. + +A town council meeting gets heated when another resident, Tom, refuses to sell his land to Hale. That night, his goons burn down Tom's barn. Mookie (who discovers the fire) awakens Sam; Sam saves Tom and puts out the fire with their water tower before their fuel tanks can ignite, further angering Hale. + +Noticing that Clydie is taking a liking to Sam, Lonnie beats him and demands he leave. While tending his wounds, Clydie and Sam have sex. Lonnie continues to grow suspicious of Sam and Clydie's relationship; he finds out Sam is a fugitive and informs Clydie. Sam tells her that he and Billy robbed a bank, but Billy killed a guard defending him. He got caught, while his friend escaped. + +Clydie tells him to leave, so Sam returns to his campsite. Hale enlists the sheriff's department to hunt him down, so he leads them on a motorcycle chase and ultimately escapes, but returns to Clydie. + +Running out of time and growing desperate, Hale and Dunston go to Clydie's house with guns and force her to sign over the land. Sam arrives just in time to stop them from burning down the house and kills Dunston with a revolver . The police arrive and arrest Hale (who is holding Clydie at gunpoint). + +Sam allows Lonnie to arrest him, having decided to stop running but promises to return to Clydie and the kids, whom he loves. + +Cast + + Jean-Claude Van Damme as Sam Gillen + Rosanna Arquette as Clydie Anderson + Kieran Culkin as Mike 'Mookie' Anderson + Tiffany Taubman as Bree Anderson + Joss Ackland as Franklin Hale + Ted Levine as Mr. Dunston + Edward Blatchford as Sheriff Lonnie Poole + Anthony Starke as Billy + James Greene as Country Store Clerk + John Finn as Cop in chase + John Kerry as big thug John + Tony Epper as fire thug Al + +Production + +Development and writing +Joe Eszterhas wrote the original script with director Richard Marquand, with whom he had made two films. He had originally written the script as more of a serious drama film with action elements, however, according to Eszterhas "The script was taken and destroyed many years later by Jean-Claude Van Damme as Nowhere to Run," said Eszterhas. "It lost its sensitivity, it lost everything. I don't like to remember that movie." + +The film was the first in a three picture deal between Van Damme and Columbia Pictures. His fee was $3.5 million. Columbia said the film is ”true to his audience and goes beyond his audience." + +Van Damme later said, "the script was... not that good. The writer told me he was going to fix everything. I was in his house, he shook my hand, he promised me, but he didn't fix it." + +Reception + +Box office +Nowhere to Run opened January 15, 1993, in 1,745 theaters. In its opening weekend, the film made $8,203,255, at #4 behind Aladdin's tenth weekend, A Few Good Men's sixth, and Alive's first weekend. + +The film finally grossed $22,189,039 in the United States and Canada. The film performed better internationally, grossing $41.9 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $64 million. + +Critical response +The film received mostly mixed reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes reports that 36% of 25 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 4.2/10. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale. Despite that, the film has a cult following with most fans declaring it as "one of Van Damme's better films". + +References + +External links + + + + +1993 films +1993 action films +1993 action thriller films +1993 crime films +1993 crime drama films +1993 crime thriller films +1993 drama films +1993 action drama films +1990s American films +1990s English-language films +American action films +American action drama films +American action thriller films +American crime drama films +American crime thriller films +Films set in Los Angeles +Columbia Pictures films +Films directed by Robert Harmon +Films scored by Mark Isham +Films with screenplays by Joe Eszterhas +hit104.7 (call sign: 2ROC) is a commercial FM radio station broadcasting in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia, on a frequency of 104.7 MHz, and is part of Southern Cross Austereo's Hit Network. + +hit104.7 and sister station MIX 106.3 broadcast from Crace in the Australian Capital Territory. + +History + +In 1987, Canberra radio station 2CA was awarded the licence to operate a supplementary FM service. The station was assigned the call-sign 2ROC and on-air branding FM104 (later changed to FM104.7). It commenced broadcasting on 27 February 1988 at 8 am on the frequency 104.7 MHz FM. FM104, along with rival KIX106, were the first new commercial FM radio stations to be licensed in Australia in eight years and were the first supplementary FM licences in Australia. Just a day before the station's launch, on Friday 26 February 1988, then-owner of 2CA, John Fairfax Ltd announced it had sold Macquarie Radio Network to a Queensland-based consortium, Sonance Ltd for an undisclosed sum believed to be in the region of $100 million. + +By April 1988, 2CA and FM104.7 were sold to Austereo from Sonance Ltd for $15.25 million. In June the results of the first survey since the introduction of the new FM stations gave FM104.7 9.5% of the radio audience with its rock music format, behind its sister station 2CA, with 11.6% of the radio audience with its news-talk format. Station manager of Macquarie Canberra, Greg St John, said the recent sale to Austereo had left the stations in 'financial limbo' and unable to package their product during the ratings period earlier in the year. + +In the mid-1990s, due to AM radio's dwindling audience and the increasing popularity of the music based FM stations Austereo - owner of 104.7 & 2CA and ARN - owner of Mix 106.3 & 2CC, merged to form a joint venture ownership of both FM stations - Canberra FM Pty Ltd. The AM stations were sold off, moved to other premises and are currently owned by Capital Radio Network and Grant Broadcasters. + +In December 2015, Southern Cross Austereo and Australian Radio Network announced that FM104.7 would rebrand to hit104.7 in 2016. + +On Monday 18 January 2016, hit104.7 launched with a new breakfast show, Ryan & Tanya, as the station joined the Hit Network. As well as a new name and branding it gives the station even greater access to the network's on-air, online and social content. Since 4 December 2017, the hit104.7 breakfast show has been hosted by Ned & Josh, after Ryan & Tanya left the station and Canberra in November 2017. + +On 14 April 2021, it was revealed that the station lost to Mix 106.3 in the Canberra radio ratings. + +On 30 October 2023, Ned & Josh left hit104.7. + +References + +External links + +Radio stations in Canberra +Radio stations established in 1988 +Contemporary hit radio stations in Australia +Southern Cross Media Group +Australian Radio Network +The Muras are an indigenous people who live in the central and eastern parts of Amazonas, Brazil, along the Amazon river from the Madeira to the Purus. They played an important part in Brazilian history during colonial times and were known for their quiet determination and subsequent resistance to the encroaching Portuguese culture. Formerly a powerful people, they were defeated by their neighbors, the Munduruku, in 1788. + +Of the original diversity of Muran languages, only Pirahã survives today. + +Historical encounter with the Portuguese +According to Adélia Engrácia de Oliveira in Autos da devassa contra os índios Mura do Rio Madeira e nações do Rio Tocantins (1738–1739) (CEDEAM, 1986:1): "It is known that they, who used their canoes as homes, nomadic indians ("Índios de Corso"), controlled a wide area of land from the border of Peru to River Trombetas, that they stood out for their great effort to repel the encroaching of the Portuguese, that they were valiant and fearless warriors, using special attack tactics, and that their incursions and raids frightened 18th century Amazonas." + +Territory + +There are about 15,713 Mura people in Brazil. +About 587 of them occupy the Cunhã-Sapucaia Indigenous Territory along the Igapó-Açu River, which runs through the territory from west to east. +The lower part of the Matupiri River enters the territory, where it flows into the Igapó-Açu River. +The Matupi provides the main way to access the Matupiri State Park. +In an unusual arrangement, the Mura people have an "indigenous special use zone" in the state park that allows them to continue to fish and extract forest products, as they have for many generations. + +References + +Sources + +Indigenous peoples in Brazil +Indigenous peoples of the Amazon +Gentlemen & Players is a novel by Joanne Harris first published in 2005. A dark psychological thriller, some of the themes may be partly based on Harris' experiences as a teacher at Leeds Grammar School. Set in the present day during Michaelmas term at St Oswald's, a grammar school for boys somewhere in the North of England, the book is a psychological thriller about class distinctions, damaged childhood, secrets, identity and revenge. + +Plot introduction +St Oswald's is a long-established boys' grammar school in the North of England. A new academic year has just begun and change is afoot. Roy Straitley, the Classics master and a veteran of St Oswald's, is contemplating retirement. Increased paperwork, computers, Health & Safety and a new generation of administrators have finally persuaded him that he no longer has a place in the world of education. However, St Oswald's is about to suffer a cataclysmic upheaval. + +It begins with a series of small acts of mischief conducted by someone on school premises. At first, no one thinks of connecting these seemingly isolated incidents. But gradually, as the incidents become increasingly serious, it becomes clear that someone with inside knowledge is intent on causing real damage. Only Mr Straitley may have the key to the identity of the mysterious saboteur - but can he expose the enemy in time to prevent a murder? + +Plot summary + +As the new school year starts in September, Roy Straitley is looking forward to his 100th term at St Oswald's, where he has been teaching for 33 years. Having never married, he lives alone and has devoted his life to his career. His sitting room walls are full of pictures of "his boys", and St Oswald's represents his only family. He is slightly overweight and ugly by conventional standards (his nickname among his pupils is "Quaz", short for "Quasimodo"). Popular with the students, he adheres to the old principle of being "firm but fair" where teaching and disciplinary matters are concerned. An incurable optimist, Straitley is only uncomfortable when he has to deal with the opposite sex. He is a keen observer, and hardly anything connected with life at the school, however insignificant, ever escapes his notice. A firm believer in the advantages and importance of a classical education, he shuns computers, resorts to Latin to swear and insult his colleagues (which they do not understand), and opposes the idea of any competition between schools other than the kind which is carried out on the playing fields. Smoking Gauloises in his empty form room is his "one concession to the influence of the Modern Languages", and there is long-standing enmity between Straitley and Dr Devine, the Head of German. + +The other masters are mostly set in their ways, St Oswald's having made an indelible imprint on their lives. There is Pat Bishop, the Second Master, who has also remained unmarried and who occasionally, at busy times, spends the night in his office doing administrative work. Always intent on mediating between rivalling factions, Bishop has been able to keep his affair with his secretary a secret so as not to blemish the school's reputation. There is Bob Strange, the Third Master, a bureaucrat unpopular with the pupils who has been trying for years to get rid of Straitley and force him into early retirement ("Young blood is cheaper."). There are the members of the German department ("Teutons", according to the old Latin master), among them Geoff and Penny ("League of") Nations, a married couple described by Straitley as hypocrites and sycophants. There is Tony Beard, head of computer science and eo ipso Straitley's natural adversary. And there is Isabelle Tapi, a part-time French teacher who is said to have made passes at each new male addition to the staff. + +At the beginning of the new term, it is the "freshers" on whom Straitley focuses his observations. There are five of them, among them Jeff Light, a Games master who has become a teacher because he thinks it is an easy job; Chris Keane, who teaches English but actually wants to be a novelist; and Dianne Dare, an attractive young woman who teaches French. + +The new term starts with a number of minor yet inexplicable occurrences. For the first time in his life, Straitley's register goes missing without ever turning up again. Also, his coffee mug is no longer at the place in the Common Room where it has sat for many years. Pupils report that various objects are missing from their classrooms or lockers. In particular, a 13-year-old Jewish boy from Straitley's form deplores the alleged theft of his expensive fountain pen, a Bar Mitzvah present. Presently, the boy's mother accuses the school and especially Straitley of anti-Semitism. Soon afterwards, a pupil in Straitley's class nearly dies, following another malicious trick, and closely guarded secrets in the lives of the St Oswald's staff are anonymously revealed. Life at St Oswald's begins to suffer a gradual disintegration. One morning, after the discovery of a computer virus on the school's computer system, Pat Bishop is arrested, because child pornography has been downloaded onto his computer and paid for with his credit card. Bishop denies this, but the damage to his career has been done. Meanwhile, a mysterious figure called "Mole" publishes in the local newspaper damaging allegations about St Oswald's. + +Straitley begins to suspect that, not only are all these incidents orchestrated by the same malicious individual, but that this person is deliberately trying to bring down St. Oswald's. + +The novel is written using Harris' typical split-narrative technique. The first narrator (indicated at the beginning of each chapter by a white King) is Straitley himself, and focuses on the day-to-day events at St Oswald's as the situation develops. The second is marked by a Black Pawn, and is the voice of the mysterious enemy within St Oswald's, whose identity is only revealed at the end of the book, and who, little by little, reveals the bitterness and hatred that drives a person to fake an identity, break the law and even to commit murder - all in the name of revenge. + +Characters in Gentlemen & Players +Roy Straitley – unmarried Classics master, called "Quaz" by his pupils. Highly intelligent, defiantly old-fashioned, very observant, devoted to his pupils and the School, he is totally unambitious, dislikes being told what to do, despises all innovations in teaching and has the habit of swearing in Latin at people who don't know the language. +Pat Bishop – the Second Master, also unmarried, a keen sportsman devoted to St Oswald's. +Bob Strange – the Third Master, a bureaucrat unpopular with the pupils; ambitious, narrow-minded and unscrupulous. +Geoff and Penny Nation – a married couple, part of the German department. +Gerry Grachvogel – a “well-meaning ass with a predilection for flashcards.” +Dr ‘Sourgrape’ Devine – Head of Department, with no interest in Classics. +Tony Beard – head of computer science. +Isabelle Tapi – a part-time French teacher, "rather useless in a leggy, Gallic kind of way" +Jeff Light – a Games master. Boorish and lazy. +Chris Keane – a young man who teaches English but wants to be a novelist. +Dianne Dare – an attractive young woman who teaches French. +The New Head: headmaster of St Oswald's. A born administrator, still referred to as the "New Head" by Straitley, even though he has been at St Oswald's for fifteen years. + +Major themes +Apart from the thrilling plot, Gentlemen and Players offers rich food for thought. Firstly, there is ample discussion of the teaching profession—its pros and cons, its beauty and its dangers. For example, in the novel a male teacher is accused by a malicious pupil, who only wants to divert attention from the student's own truancy, of having an affair with a 15-year-old girl. The ploy works, the unpleasant teacher is suspended and never seen again ("Mud sticks."). On a different note, in recent years the paradox has cropped up of having to view pupils as "paying customers" whose wishes have to be respected at all times and at the same time as individuals in their formative years who must not only be encouraged and praised but also punished for their misbehaviour. + +Secondly, the novel gives an insight into the power structure which dominates a large institution of learning, where an individual teacher can never be sure whether a perceived attack on his own well-being has happened out of malice or sheer stupidity, or a combination of both. Siding with the winners or those in power to prevent such nuisances from happening or to advance one's own career is only one of the many human weaknesses which are on display in a professional environment where teamwork is actually supposed to be a prerequisite. + +Finally, Gentlemen and Players highlights class differences and class consciousness in Britain at the turn of the millennium. Compared to the pupils at the local comprehensive, the boys attending St Oswald's are a privileged group. In their world, if there is peer pressure, it is to fit in, learn and succeed rather than to misbehave, ridicule ambition and eventually drop out. + +More about + +"Gentlemen and Players" is a reference to class differences and snobbery. In cricket, the Gentlemen v Players game was a first-class cricket match regularly played from 1806 until 1962 between a team made up of elite amateurs (the "Gentlemen"), young sportsmen of independent means (from the Universities), and one made up of professionals (the "Players"). Until the Sixties, Gentlemen and Players had separate changing rooms and entered the grounds through separate gates (You can still see these gates at Lord's) + +In Harris's novel, the enemy within St Oswald's and his opponent, Roy Straitley, are represented by chess pieces, a black pawn and a white king, as the deadly game unfolds. + +Although St. Oswald's, the staff, and the pupils are imaginary, Harris was a teacher at Leeds Grammar School. Therefore there are similarities between them, especially the staff. + +"Gentlemen and Players" is also the title of a short story by E. W. Hornung, starring Raffles, "the gentleman thief". + +Literary significance & criticism + +Narrative technique +The story is told by two alternating first person narrators. One of them is Roy Hubert Straitley, a 65-year-old Classics master who has devoted all his life to St Oswald's and who now, nearing the end of his professional career, finds himself the last surviving member of the dying breed of classics teachers. The other narrator is the perpetrator, whose identity is only revealed in the final part of the book, and whose plotting the reader is able to follow first hand. Time and again, flashbacks detail the second narrator's childhood, adolescence and young adulthood, thus giving a fully rounded picture of a deranged mind and explaining why someone should want to demolish a school's reputation and do harm to members of the staff. + +Release details +2005, UK, Doubleday (), Pub date 1 October 2005, hardback (First edition) +2005, UK, Corgi Audio (), Pub date 2 October 2005, audio book cassette (narrated by Derek Jacobi) +2005, UK, Corgi Audio (), Pub date 2 October 2005, audio book CD (narrated by Derek Jacobi) +2006, UK, Black Swan (), Pub date 5 June 2006, paperback +2006, USA, William Morrow (), Pub date ? Jan 2006, hardback +2006, USA, Thorndike Press (), Pub date 20 April 2006, hardback +2007, USA, HarperCollins (), Pub date ? 2007, paperback + +See also + + School and university in literature + An incomplete list of mystery novels. + +References +The Joanne Harris Website +Independent review of Books + +External links + A link to various reviews of the novel (Caveat lector: The review by Mario Bruzzone in the San Francisco Chronicle gives away the whole plot of the book, including its twist ending, so it will be best to avoid even skimming it before finishing the book.) + A reading guide + A short history of English cricket + +2005 British novels +British mystery novels +Novels by Joanne Harris +Doubleday (publisher) books +Novels set in elementary and primary schools +Perfect Promise, sired by Caesour out of Meretricious is a South African thoroughbred race mare who raced in Australia. On 11 February 2006, she claimed her first Australian Group One victory by winning the C F Orr Stakes at Caulfield Racecourse, Melbourne. +She was bred by Heinrich Winterbach at Varsfontein Stud in the Western Cape, and sold to and raced by Peter Cowley during her South African career. +Perfect Promise won the Cape Fillies Guineas Gr 1, the Diana Stakes Gr 3 and was 2nd in the Fancourt Stakes Gr 1. +Her younger full sister was Irridescene who raced for Team Valour and won the Queen Elizabeth II Cup Gr1 in Hong Kong. + +External links + Perfect Promise's racing record + +1999 racehorse births +Thoroughbred family 3-i +Racehorses bred in South Africa +Racehorses trained in South Africa +Racehorses trained in Australia +Gokuldham is a densely populated neighborhood in Mumbai, India, close to Goregaon railway station. It has over a hundred residential buildings from 5 to 45 floors high and forthcoming constructions are promised to be higher. + +There are several schools in Gokuldham, Yashodham High School & Jr College, St Xavier's High School, Oberoi International School, Gokuldham High School, Lakshdham High School and Ryan International School. Also, Gokuldham has its own shopping malls & complexes (Oberoi Mall, Shagun Mall, Gagan Shopping Arcade). The local population congregates in and around the large temple - Gokuldham Temple - located near the entrance. There are many grounds and maidans here too. + +In popular culture + Fictional setting of Gokuldham society in Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah sitcom is purportedly located in Goregaon. + +References + +Neighbourhoods in Mumbai +Erika Helga Ruth Böhm-Vitense (June 3, 1923 – January 21, 2017) was a German-born American astrophysicist known for her work on Cepheid variables and convection in stellar atmospheres. + +Early life +Böhm-Vitense was born Erika Helga Ruth Vitense on 3 June 1923 in Kurau, Germany. She was the second of three girls. Her parents, Wilma and Hans Vitense were both teachers. She, along with her sisters, was raised in Lübeck, Germany. + +Education +Erika started her undergraduate studies at University of Tübingen in 1943. However, she moved to Kiel University in 1945 in favor of a stronger astronomy department than at her first institution. She completed her undergraduate degree in 1948. + +She remained at Kiel for her graduate studies, working with Albrecht Unsöld. Erika successfully defended her thesis Continuous absorption coefficients as a function of pressure and temperature in the Sun in 1951 and received her doctorate degree. + +Work and research efforts +After receiving her Ph.D., Erika remained at Kiel as a Research Associate. + +Two years after receiving her Ph.D., she published Die Wasserstoffkonvektionszone der Sonne. Mit 11 Textabbildungen which translates to The hydrogen convection zone of the Sun. With 11 text illustrations. This is one of her most famous works as it has been cited 287 times since its publication. + +After getting married in 1954, she and her husband visited Lick Observatory and University of California, Berkeley for one year. Upon their return to Kiel, her husband, who was also an astrophysicist, was given a tenure track position, but she was not. + +In 1968, they both moved to the University of Washington where she started as Senior Research Associate. She was awarded a full-time professor position in 1971, and became a professor emeritus later on. During her time at the University of Washington, she made fundamental contributions to the understanding of stellar binaries, stellar temperatures, chromospheric activity, rotation, and convection. She also made substantial contributions to the fundamentals of Mixing Length Theory. She continued this work through the rest of her career. + +Around 1978, Erika realized that the ultraviolet band of light was the best way to make observations of stellar chromospheres. The International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) launched in January 1978, and she was able to use this data to further her work. + +Notable works +Erika has over 300 academic papers on the Harvard Astrophysics Data System, of which she is the first author on more than two-thirds of these publications. + +Die Wasserstoffkonvektionszone der Sonne. Mit 11 Textabbildungen (Zeitschrift für Astrophysik: 1953) +Introduction to Stellar Astrophysics (Cambridge University Press: 1989) + +Personal life +Erika met her husband, Karl-Heinz Böhm at Kiel, where he was also in astrophysics. They married in 1953 and had four children: Hans, Manfred, Helga, and Eva. + +Death +Erika died on 21 January 2017 in Seattle, Washington. + +Honors and awards + Best thesis prize at Kiel University in 1951. + Annie Jump Cannon Prize from the American Astronomical Society in 1965. + Elected as Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. + Karl Schwarzschild Medal from the Astronomische Gesellschaft in 2003 + +References + +External links +Karl Schwarzschild Medal laudation +UWA obituary +AAS obituary +IAU affiliations + +1923 births +2017 deaths +American women astronomers +German astrophysicists +Recipients of the Annie J. Cannon Award in Astronomy +University of Washington faculty +Emigrants from West Germany to the United States +People from Ostholstein +Mudanya (also: Mudania, , ta Moudaniá [Pl.]) (the site of ancient Apamea Myrlea) is a municipality and district of Bursa Province, Turkey. Its area is 369 km2, and its population is 108,011 (2022). It is located on the Gulf of Gemlik, part of the southern coast of the Sea of Marmara. Between 1875 and 1948, it was connected with Bursa by the Mudanya–Bursa railway. Mudanya has only an open anchorage usable in calm weather. The town produces olive oil and there is a pier used by local fishing and cargo boats. + +History +According to the Ottoman General Census of 1881/82-1893, the kaza of Mudanya of Hüdavendigâr vilayet had a total population of 16,683, consisting of 11,792 Greeks and 4,891 Muslims. A port city, it also had a railway connection to Bursa which was completed in 1875. The railway had a pier at the seaport of Mudanya for exporting. Istanbul was often the recipient of exported goods from Mudanya. Silk was a popular export. During the Turkish War of Independence, Mudanya was bombarded by the Royal Navy and thus partially burned by the British Fleet during the Greek Summer Offensive of 1920. Sergeant Şükrü from Mudanya and 9 of his brothers-in-arms were killed during the Allied bombardment and subsequent landing by the Greek troops and the British Royal Marines. + +Liberation of Mudanya +Mudanya and its environs were liberated by the Turkish Kocaeli Army Corps under the Command of Halit (Karsıalan) Paşa on the 12th of September 1922. The Greek 11th Infantry Division (Manisa Division) and the 45th &17th Infantry regiments along with their commanders and with Major-General Nikolaos Kladas were captured. + +The town was the signing place of the Armistice of Mudanya between Turkey, Italy, France and Britain on October 11, 1922, following the Turkish War of Independence. + +After the Treaty of Lausanne and the Greco-Turkish population exchange agreement, the Greeks of the town were transferred into mainland Greece, establishing a settlement to which they gave the name of their previous town, Nea Moudania (New Moudania, located on the Chalkidiki peninsula, in the Macedonia region of Greece). In return, a number of Cretan Turks were settled in Mudanya. + +Composition +There are 47 neighbourhoods in Mudanya District: + + Akköy + Altıntaş + Aydınpınar + Bademli + Balabancık + Çağrışan + Çamlık + Çayönü + Çekrice + Çepni + Çınarlı + Dedeköy + Dereköy + Eğerce + Emirleryenicesi + Esence + Evciler + Göynüklü + Güzelyalı Burgaz + Güzelyalı Eğitim + Güzelyalı Siteler + Güzelyalı Yalı + Halitpaşa + Hançerli + Hasanbey + Hasköy + İpekyayla + Işıklı + Kaymakoba + Küçükyenice + Kumyaka + Mesudiye + Mirzaoba + Mürsel + Mütareke + Ömerbey + Orhaniye + Söğütpınar + Şükrüçavuş + Tirilye + Ülkü + Yalıçiftlik + Yaman + Yaylacık + Yenimahalle + Yörükali + Yörükyenicesi + +Traditional architecture in Mudanya + +See also + Nea Moudania + +References + +External links + + District governor's official website + District municipality's official website + + + +Cities in Turkey +Populated places in Bursa Province +Populated coastal places in Turkey +Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey +Districts of Bursa Province +Great Oakley may refer to: +Great Oakley, Essex, England +Great Oakley, Northamptonshire, England +{{Infobox award +| name = Zee Cine Award for Best Actor (Popular) +| image = AnupamKher5.jpg +| caption = The 2023 recipient: Anupam Kher +| awarded_for = Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role +| presenter = Zee Entertainment Enterprises +| country = India +| year = Shah Rukh Khan, Dil To Pagal Hai (1998) +| holder = Anupam Kher The Kashmir Files (2023) +| website = Zee Cine Awards (from the web archive (7 Nov 2020) +}} + +The Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Male is chosen by the viewers of Zee Entertainment Enterprises as part of its annual award ceremony for Hindi films, to recognise a male actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role. Following its inception in 1998, a ceremony was not held in 2009 and 2010, but resumed back in 2011. Shah Rukh Khan, with seven awards holds the record of the maximum wins in this category. + +† - indicates the performance also won the Filmfare Award +‡ - indicates the performance was also nominated'' for the Filmfare Award + +Superlatives + +Multiple Winners +7 Wins : Shah Rukh Khan +3 Wins : Hrithik Roshan – Salman Khan +2 Wins : Aamir Khan + +List of winners and nominees + +1990s + +2000s + +2010s + +2020s + +See also + Zee Cine Awards + Bollywood + Cinema of India + +References + +Best Actor- Male +Kunlong () is the capital town of Kunlong Township in Shan State. its coordination is 23 25' 00" N and 98 39' 00" E. + +The Wa people inhabit the hills immediately overlooking the Nam Ting valley. + +History +It is the home of Kunlong Bridge over the Salween River. There was a 42 days-long battle between Burma Communist Party (BCP) and Myanmar Army from November 1971 to January 1972 to control that strategic bridge. + +Further reading + Myanmar States/Divisions & Townships Overview Map + +References + +Township capitals of Myanmar +Little Oakley may refer to: +Little Oakley, Essex +Little Oakley, Northamptonshire +The Orang Batin Sembilan, Orang Rimba or Anak Dalam are mobile, animist peoples who live throughout the lowland forests of southeast Sumatra. Kubu is a Malay exonym ascribed to them. In the Malay language, the word Kubu can mean defensive fortification, entrenchment, or a place of refuge. It is metaphor for how the majority and dominant Islamic Melayu villagers believe them to use the interior forests as a means for resisting inclusion in the larger Malay social and Islamic religious world. As is the case with other forest peoples in the region, the term Kubu is associated with very negative connotations. + +Following Malay classifications, early Europeans divided the Kubu into two categories: 'tame' or 'civilized' Kubu, who were predominantly swidden farmers, and 'wild' Kubu, who lived deep in the forests, and made much stronger efforts to avoid close relations with the outside world. While closely related to Malay speaking peoples, these peoples represent two separate cultural groups, which have different economic and socio-religious systems. + +Orang Batin Sembilan +Traditionally referred to as civilized Kubu, the Orang Batin Sembilan are a larger population of swidden-based peoples who live in the central and eastern lowland forests of South Sumatra (pop. ~35,000) and Jambi (pop. ~10,000) . Like other people in the region, these people traditionally use the swidden field as a base camp from which to exploit resources in the forests, particularly when collecting forest products for trade. + +Orang Rimba + +The Orang Rimba ('people of the forest') are a much smaller population of people (~3000) who live in the upstream regions of Jambi and South Sumatran. They have a unique, diverse economy, which shifts in and out of two base subsistence strategies: swidden farming and a very nomadic life based on foraging wild yams. This is traditionally combined with hunting, trapping, fishing, and the collection of forest products for trade. For many, part-time rubber tapping and participation in logging has gradually replaced the collection of forest products. + +Orang Rimba life is characterized by small and changing camps, which can be the size of a nuclear family when digging for wild yams, but more commonly is based around an extended family, and can include several extended families whenever swidden farming. Their social relations are very egalitarian, while hierarchies are largely based upon age, gender and knowledge of religion and culture law. + +Sokola Rimba is a 2013 Indonesian film featuring the lifestyle of the Rimba people. + +Deforestation and government settlements +Since the 1970s, many of these peoples have been displaced from their traditional lands by logging companies and palm oil plantations, and for some time have been the target of government settlement projects. Additionally, the peoples of these tribes are frequently being forcibly converted to state-approved religions, primarily Islam. + +Language +The various Kubu languages belong to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family. They are isolects of the Malay language (Bahasa Melayu) spoken in the upstream regions of Palembang and Jambi, Sumatra. All are related to the Indonesian language, which is based upon a variant of Malay. + +References + +External links +Description of the tribe by Warsi, the Indonesian Conservation Community +WALHI (Friends of the Earth Indonesia) page about the Orang Rimba fighting for influence over how the Bukit Duabelas National Park is run. +Sager, Steven. The Sky is our Roof, the Earth our Floor: Orang Rimba Customs and Religion in the Bukit Duabelas Region of Jambi, Sumatra. + +Hunter-gatherers of Asia +Ethnic groups in Indonesia +Ethnic groups in Sumatra +Sumatra +Catharine "Katy" D. Garmany (born March 6, 1946) is an astronomer with the National Optical Astronomy Observatory. She holds a B.S. (astrophysics), 1966 from Indiana University; and a M.A. (astrophysics), 1968, and Ph.D. (astronomy), 1971, from the University of Virginia. Catharine's main areas of research are massive stars, evolution and formation; astronomical education. + +Garmany served as board member of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific from 1998 to 2001, and then the vice president from 2001 to 2003. She is most recognized in association with her work on star formation. In 1976, Garmany received the Annie J. Cannon Award in Astronomy from the American Astronomical Society. From 1976 to 1984, Garmany was a research associate at the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics (JILA). Since 1981, Dr. Garmany has been a professor with in the Department of Astrophysical, Planetary, and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Colorado. Garmany is the former chair of JILA and has experience teaching undergraduate, graduate, elementary, and general public audiences through her work with the University of Virginia, University of Colorado, and the Sommers-Bausch Observatory and Fiske Planetarium, on Colorado's campus. She is also a member of the International Astronomical Union, the American Astronomical Society, the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, and the International Planetarium Society. + +Research +Garmany's dissertation built upon three years of research on OB association III Cepheus at the Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona. Dr. Garmany and her research team study O- and B-type stars (see OB star), the largest and hottest stars of the galaxy. These stars form in OB associations, which defy typical gravitational bounds. Dr. Garmany was quoted, "an OB association is the closest thing to nothing that is still something." The significance of this research is associated with the star's potential to produce heavy elements when they explode. Garmany says that without OB stars, "there would be no planets like earth." + +Professional History +Starting 1971 and lasting through 1973, Garmany worked as a research associate for the department which awarded her doctorate degree, the University of Virginia's Department of Astronomy. Garmany also taught for 3 semesters at Sweet Briar College in Virginia. In 1975, Garmany moved to Colorado when she obtained an associate position researching with JILA and teaching general undergraduate and graduate level astronomy at the University of Colorado. + +Garmany was selected as a fellow at the Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy (CASA) at the University of Colorado in 1985. Then beginning in 1990 she joined as a fellow of JILA of the University of Colorado, while maintaining her fellowship with CASA. She also led as director of the Sommers-Bausch Observatory and Fiske Planetarium and as a research professor at the University of Colorado. As director of the observatory and planetarium, Garmany was tasked with overseeing graduate students and maintaining the mission of the facility: to support instruction, provide public education through shows and displays, and to reach out to public school groups. " + +From 2000 to 2003 Garmany taught as an associate professor at Columbia University and as director of the Astronomy Program with Biosphere 2, a science research facility located in Oracle, Arizona. S + +Since 2004, she has worked as Sr. Science Education Specialist in the Office of Education and Public Outreach for the National Optical Astronomy Observatory. + +Personal History +Garmany was accepted to and attended the Bronx High School of Science. There Catharine met lifelong friends who would also pursue doctorates in chemistry and biology. + +In 1970 she was married to George P. Garmany Jr., the two are now divorced. Garmany has two sons, Rick, born 1974, and Jeff, 1980. + +Recognition +Garmany received the Annie J. Cannon Award in astronomy in 1976. This award was distinguished to Garmany for "promise in her field," according to the American Association of University Women. After receiving this award, Garmany was offered an associate position for postdoctoral work at the University of Colorado with the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics, of which she would later become chair. Garmany articulated the impact of this award on her and for future female candidates, saying "Young women who enter science begin with low self-esteem. And the ones who leave science feel that they are not doing well enough, when, in fact, they are doing as well as the men." + +She was elected a Legacy Fellow of the American Astronomical Society in 2020 + +References + +External links +Astronomical Society of the Pacific +Hot Stars: 6 years of progress. A NASA publication by Catharine Garmany + +1945 births +Living people +American women astronomers +Recipients of the Annie J. Cannon Award in Astronomy +University of Virginia alumni +Indiana University alumni +Fellows of the American Astronomical Society +In numerical linear algebra, the Gauss–Seidel method, also known as the Liebmann method or the method of successive displacement, is an iterative method used to solve a system of linear equations. It is named after the German mathematicians Carl Friedrich Gauss and Philipp Ludwig von Seidel, and is similar to the Jacobi method. Though it can be applied to any matrix with non-zero elements on the diagonals, convergence is only guaranteed if the matrix is either strictly diagonally dominant, or symmetric and positive definite. It was only mentioned in a private letter from Gauss to his student Gerling in 1823. A publication was not delivered before 1874 by Seidel. + +Description +Let be a square system of linear equations, where: + +When and are known, and is unknown, we can use the Gauss–Seidel method to approximate . The vector denotes our initial guess for (often for ). We denote as the -th approximation or iteration of , and is the next (or k+1) iteration of . + +Matrix-based formula +The solution is obtained iteratively via + +where the matrix is decomposed into a lower triangular component , and a strictly upper triangular component such that . More specifically, the decomposition of into and is given by: + +Why the matrix-based formula works +The system of linear equations may be rewritten as: + +The Gauss–Seidel method now solves the left hand side of this expression for , using previous value for on the right hand side. Analytically, this may be written as: + +Element-based formula +However, by taking advantage of the triangular form of , the elements of can be computed sequentially for each row using forward substitution: + +Notice that the formula uses two summations per iteration which can be expressed as one summation that uses the most recently calculated iteration of . The procedure is generally continued until the changes made by an iteration are below some tolerance, such as a sufficiently small residual. + +Discussion +The element-wise formula for the Gauss–Seidel method is similar to that of the Jacobi method. + +The computation of uses the elements of that have already been computed, and only the elements of that have not been computed in the -th iteration. This means that, unlike the Jacobi method, only one storage vector is required as elements can be overwritten as they are computed, which can be advantageous for very large problems. + +However, unlike the Jacobi method, the computations for each element are generally much harder to implement in parallel, since they can have a very long critical path, and are thus most feasible for sparse matrices. Furthermore, the values at each iteration are dependent on the order of the original equations. + +Gauss-Seidel is the same as successive over-relaxation with . + +Convergence +The convergence properties of the Gauss–Seidel method are dependent on the matrix A. Namely, the procedure is known to converge if either: + is symmetric positive-definite, or + is strictly or irreducibly diagonally dominant. + +The Gauss–Seidel method sometimes converges even if these conditions are not satisfied. + +Golub and Van Loan give a theorem for an algorithm that splits into two parts. Suppose is nonsingular. Let be the spectral radius of . Then the iterates defined by converge to for any starting vector if is nonsingular and . + +Algorithm + +Since elements can be overwritten as they are computed in this algorithm, only one storage vector is needed, and vector indexing is omitted. The algorithm goes as follows: + + algorithm Gauss–Seidel method is + inputs: , + + + + repeat until convergence + for from 1 until do + + for from 1 until do + if ≠ then + + end if + end (-loop) + + end (-loop) + check if convergence is reached + end (repeat) + +Examples + +An example for the matrix version + +A linear system shown as is given by: + +We want to use the equation + +in the form + +where: + +We must decompose into the sum of a lower triangular component and a strict upper triangular component : + +The inverse of is: + +Now we can find: + +Now we have and and we can use them to obtain the vectors iteratively. + +First of all, we have to choose : we can only guess. The better the guess, the quicker the algorithm will perform. + +We choose a starting point: + +We can then calculate: + +As expected, the algorithm converges to the exact solution: + +In fact, the matrix is strictly diagonally dominant (but not positive definite). + +Another example for the matrix version + +Another linear system shown as is given by: + +We want to use the equation + +in the form + +where: + +We must decompose into the sum of a lower triangular component and a strict upper triangular component : + +The inverse of is: + +Now we can find: + +Now we have and and we can use them to obtain the vectors iteratively. + +First of all, we have to choose : we can only guess. The better the guess, the quicker will perform the algorithm. + +We suppose: + +We can then calculate: + +If we test for convergence we'll find that the algorithm diverges. In fact, the matrix A is neither diagonally dominant nor positive definite. +Then, convergence to the exact solution + +is not guaranteed and, in this case, will not occur. + +An example for the equation version + +Suppose given equations where xn are vectors of these equations and starting point x0. +From the first equation solve for x1 in terms of For the next equations substitute the previous values of xs. + +To make it clear consider an example. + +Solving for and gives: + +Suppose we choose as the initial approximation, then the first approximate solution is given by + +Using the approximations obtained, the iterative procedure is repeated until the desired accuracy has been reached. The following are the approximated solutions after four iterations. + +The exact solution of the system is . + +An example using Python and NumPy +The following numerical procedure simply iterates to produce the solution vector. + +import numpy as np + +ITERATION_LIMIT = 1000 + +# initialize the matrix +A = np.array( + [ + [10.0, -1.0, 2.0, 0.0], + [-1.0, 11.0, -1.0, 3.0], + [2.0, -1.0, 10.0, -1.0], + [0.0, 3.0, -1.0, 8.0], + ] +) +# initialize the RHS vector +b = np.array([6.0, 25.0, -11.0, 15.0]) + +print("System of equations:") +for i in range(A.shape[0]): + row = [f"{A[i,j]:3g}*x{j+1}" for j in range(A.shape[1])] + print("[{0}] = [{1:3g}]".format(" + ".join(row), b[i])) + +x = np.zeros_like(b, np.float_) +for it_count in range(1, ITERATION_LIMIT): + x_new = np.zeros_like(x, dtype=np.float_) + print(f"Iteration {it_count}: {x}") + for i in range(A.shape[0]): + s1 = np.dot(A[i, :i], x_new[:i]) + s2 = np.dot(A[i, i + 1 :], x[i + 1 :]) + x_new[i] = (b[i] - s1 - s2) / A[i, i] + if np.allclose(x, x_new, rtol=1e-8): + break + x = x_new + +print(f"Solution: {x}") +error = np.dot(A, x) - b +print(f"Error: {error}") + +Produces the output: + +System of equations: +[ 10*x1 + -1*x2 + 2*x3 + 0*x4] = [ 6] +[ -1*x1 + 11*x2 + -1*x3 + 3*x4] = [ 25] +[ 2*x1 + -1*x2 + 10*x3 + -1*x4] = [-11] +[ 0*x1 + 3*x2 + -1*x3 + 8*x4] = [ 15] +Iteration 1: [ 0. 0. 0. 0.] +Iteration 2: [ 0.6 2.32727273 -0.98727273 0.87886364] +Iteration 3: [ 1.03018182 2.03693802 -1.0144562 0.98434122] +Iteration 4: [ 1.00658504 2.00355502 -1.00252738 0.99835095] +Iteration 5: [ 1.00086098 2.00029825 -1.00030728 0.99984975] +Iteration 6: [ 1.00009128 2.00002134 -1.00003115 0.9999881 ] +Iteration 7: [ 1.00000836 2.00000117 -1.00000275 0.99999922] +Iteration 8: [ 1.00000067 2.00000002 -1.00000021 0.99999996] +Iteration 9: [ 1.00000004 1.99999999 -1.00000001 1. ] +Iteration 10: [ 1. 2. -1. 1.] +Solution: [ 1. 2. -1. 1.] +Error: [ 2.06480930e-08 -1.25551054e-08 3.61417563e-11 0.00000000e+00] + +Program to solve arbitrary no. of equations using Matlab +The following code uses the formula + +function x = gauss_seidel(A, b, x, iters) + for i = 1:iters + for j = 1:size(A,1) + x(j) = (b(j) - sum(A(j,:)'.*x) + A(j,j)*x(j)) / A(j,j); + end + end +end + +See also +Conjugate gradient method +Gaussian belief propagation +Iterative method: Linear systems +Kaczmarz method (a "row-oriented" method, whereas Gauss-Seidel is "column-oriented." See, for example, this paper.) +Matrix splitting +Richardson iteration + +Notes + +References + . + . + +External links + +Gauss–Seidel from www.math-linux.com +Gauss–Seidel From Holistic Numerical Methods Institute + Gauss Siedel Iteration from www.geocities.com +The Gauss-Seidel Method +Bickson +Matlab code +C code example + +Numerical linear algebra +Articles with example pseudocode +Relaxation (iterative methods) +Articles with example Python (programming language) code +Articles with example MATLAB/Octave code +Indolamines are a family of neurotransmitters that share a common molecular structure (namely, indolamine). Indolamines are a classification of monoamine neurotransmitter, along with catecholamines and ethylamine derivatives. A common example of an indolamine is the tryptophan derivative serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved in mood and sleep. Another example of an indolamine is melatonin. + +In biochemistry, indolamines are substituted indole compounds that contain an amino group. Examples of indolamines include the lysergamides. + +Synthesis + + Indolamines are biologically synthesized from the essential amino acid tryptophan. Tryptophan is synthesized into serotonin through the addition of a hydroxyl group by the enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase and the subsequent removal of the carboxyl group by the enzyme 5-HTP decarboxylase. + +See also +Indole +Tryptamine + +References + +Neurotransmitters +Indoles +Amines +Stephen Mowlam OAM (born 22 December 1976 in Victoria) is a field hockey goalkeeper from Australia, who was a member of the team that won the golden medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens by beating title holders The Netherlands in the final. + +He made his debut earlier that year during the Sultan Azlan Shah Cup in Kuala Lumpur, in the match against South Korea on 10 January. Mowlam is nicknamed Gimpy. + +External links + + Profile on Hockey Australia + +1976 births +Australian male field hockey players +Male field hockey goalkeepers +Olympic field hockey players for Australia +Olympic gold medalists for Australia +Field hockey players at the 2004 Summer Olympics +2006 Men's Hockey World Cup players +Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia +Sportsmen from Victoria (state) +Living people +Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia +Field hockey players at the 2006 Commonwealth Games +Olympic medalists in field hockey +Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics +Commonwealth Games medallists in field hockey +Medallists at the 2006 Commonwealth Games +Mallu Adil Shah, of the Adil Shahi dynasty, was the king of the Bijapur Sultanate of modern-day southern India. He ruled for a short period in 1534, before being deposed and blinded. + +Reign +Mallu Adil Shah succeeded his father Ismail Adil Shah's death. He was supposed to be in the company of evil habits. Punji Khatun, Mallu Adil Shah's paternal grand mother with the help of General Asad Khan deposed Mallu Adil Shah and declared his younger brother Ibrahim Adil Shah I as the king. + +References + + A Visit to Bijapur by H. S. Kaujalagi + "Avalokana" a souvenir published by the Government of Karnataka + Centenary Souvenir published by the Bijapur Municipal Corporation + Wakiyate Mumlikate Bijapur by Basheeruddin Dahalwi + Tareekhe Firishta by Muhammad Kasim Firishta + Shawahidul Awliyae Bijapur by Sayyad Murtuza Quadri Gachi Mahal + +16th-century Indian monarchs +16th-century Indian Muslims +Sultans of Bijapur +Adil Shahi dynasty +Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 142 (VMFA-142) was an aviation unit of the United States Marine Corps Reserve that was active from 1942 to 2008. At the time of its inactivation, the squadron was based at Naval Air Station Atlanta, Georgia and fell under the command of Marine Aircraft Group 42 (MAG-42), 4th Marine Aircraft Wing (4th MAW). Due to a re-organization within Marine aviation, the squadron moved to Naval Air Station Fort Worth Joint Reserve Base, Texas and was placed in a cadre status under Marine Aircraft Group 41. + +Mission +Plan for the conduct of air operations in support of the Fleet Marine Force, supervise and train selected Marine Corps Reserve units, provide administrative and logistical support for selected Marine Corps Reserve units, and ensure mobilization readiness. + +History + +World War II + +VMFA-142 was first activated on 1 March 1942 at Camp Kearny, California as Marine Scout Bombing Squadron 142 (VMSB-142), Marine Aircraft Group 14, 1st Marine Aircraft Wing, Fleet Marine Force. It was assigned during August 1942 to Marine Aircraft Group 12, 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing before being reassigned during September 1942 to Marine Aircraft Group 11. The squadron was deployed from October to November 1942 to Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides, and reassigned to Marine Aircraft Group 11. During the next ten months they flew in support of operations on Guadalcanal and did not lose one pilot in combat over that time. The squadron was equipped with the Douglas SBD Dauntless. + +During World War II, VMFA-142 participated in the following Campaigns: + Guadalcanal + Southern Solomons + Luzon + Southern Philippines + +The squadron relocated in August 1943 to Marine Corps Air Station El Toro, California, and was reassigned to Marine Base Defense Aircraft Group 41. It relocated during April 1944 to Marine Corps Air Station Ewa, Hawaii, and was reassigned to Marine Aircraft Group 32. + +Post World War II + +The squadron was deactivated 21 September 1945 and reactivated 1 July 1946 at Naval Air Station Miami, Florida, as Marine Fighting Squadron 142 (VMF-142) and assigned to Marine Air Detachment, Naval Air Reserve Training Unit, Naval Air Station, Miami, Florida. The "Flying Gators" were reassigned in December 1946 to the Marine Air Reserve Training Command, Naval Air Reserve Training Unit, Naval Air Station, Miami, Florida. + +The squadron was redesignated 1 April 1949 as Marine Fighter Squadron 142, Marine Air Reserve Training Command, Naval Air Station Miami, Florida, later itself redesignated in February 1952 as Marine Corps Air Station Miami, Florida. + +The squadron was redesignated in September 1953 as Marine Fighter Squadron 142, Marine Air Reserve Training Detachment, Marine Air Reserve Training Command, Marine Corps Air Station Miami, Florida. The squadron was yet again redesignated on 15 May 1958 as Marine Attack Squadron 142 (VMA-142) and relocated during March 1959 to Naval Air Station Jacksonville, Florida. + +The squadron was reassigned during January 1971 to the 4th Marine Aircraft Wing, Fleet Marine Force before relocating during December 1978 from NAS Jacksonville to nearby Naval Air Station Cecil Field, Florida. Soon thereafter, in January 1979, the squadron was reassigned to Marine Aircraft Group 42 Detachment, 4th Marine Aircraft Wing, Fleet Marine Force and, a year later in January 1980, reassigned again to Marine Aircraft Group 42, Detachment A, 4th Marine Aircraft Wing, Fleet Marine Force. + +During the early 70's the squadron flew the J-65 powered A-4L before transitioning to the newer J52-P-408 powered A-4F. The last A-4L departed in the summer of 1976. As active duty A-4 units transitioned to the AV-8B during the 80's, their A-4M's replaced reserve unit A-4F's. + +The squadron converted from the A-4M Skyhawk II to the F/A-18A Hornet and was formally redesignated on 21 December 1990 as Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 142 (VMFA-142). + +In August 1997, due to the pending BRAC 93-mandated closure of NAS Cecil Field by the end of 1999, the squadron relocated to Naval Air Station Atlanta, approximately North of Atlanta in Marietta, Georgia. It was the second F/A-18 squadron to be transferred to NAS Atlanta, having been preceded by the Naval Air Reserve's Strike Fighter Squadron TWO ZERO THREE (VFA-203), which was also previously based at NAS Cecil Field. + +VMFA-142 became part of the Department of the Navy TACAIR concept, which integrates both Marine Corps F/A-18 fighter/attack squadrons and Navy F/A-18 strike fighter squadrons into Navy carrier air wings. As a Marine Air Reserve squadron, VMFA-142 integrated into Carrier Air Wing Reserve TWENTY (CVWR-20). + +In May 2000, in a first for CVWR-20, five Marine Hornets from VMFA-142 joined the wing for carrier qualification, qualifying all five pilots. Three of the Hornets then flew to Naval Station Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico for additional Fleet training operations. + +Global War on Terror + +In February 2005, VMFA-142 became the first fixed wing Marine reserve fighter unit activated to combat since the Korean War. They deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom and served at Al Asad Air Base, providing combat support in the Al Anbar province of Iraq until September 2005. + +In accordance with a Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Commission decision directing the closure of Naval Air Station Atlanta and its transfer to the Air Force Reserve Command as part of Dobbins Air Reserve Base, VMFA-142 was placed in cadre status in July 2008. Plans from 2010 to transition the squadron to the F-35B Lightning II Joint Strike Fighter by 2019 have since been scrapped, and the squadron no longer appears in the transition plan Marine Corps Aviation Plan 2017. + +Notable former members + Christopher George - actor that served with the squadron during the 1950s + +See also + United States Marine Corps Aviation + List of active United States Marine Corps aircraft squadrons + List of decommissioned United States Marine Corps aircraft squadrons + +References + +Notes + +Bibliography + +External links + VMFA-142's official website + Page showing the squadron's Iraq deployment + +Fighter attack squadrons of the United States Marine Corps +Military units and formations in Georgia (U.S. state) +Inactive units of the United States Marine Corps +Luis Enrique Sam Colop or Sam-Colop (born in Cantel, 1955, died July 15, 2011) was a Guatemalan/Native American linguist, + +lawyer, poet, writer, newspaper columnist, promoter of the K'iche' language, +and social activist. + +Early life + +He was born in Cantel, Guatemala in 1955. + +Education + +Sam Colop graduated in Law at the Rafael Landivar University + Alberto M. Fernández, + [http://www.drclas.harvard.edu/revista/articles/view/499 Review of Kay B. Warren's Pan-Maya Activism in Guatemala] . + ReVista online journal, Harvard (Spring 1999). + +and obtained his Ph.D. at SUNY, Buffalo in 1994 with a dissertation on Maya poetry. + +Teaching career + +He taught K'iche' Language at the Universidad de San Carlos, Guatemala. Starting in 1999 he was a Fulbright-sponsored visiting scholar at St. Mary's College of Maryland + +Books and articles +Published works by Luis Sam-Colop include two poem collections, Versos sin refugio and La copa y la raíz as well as various essays and articles. He is best known outside Guatemala for a new edition of the Popol Vuh'' in the native language. +He recently received a Guggenheim fellowship in connection with this work. + +External links + Ucha'xik - A growing collection of his newspaper columns in the Guatemalan newspaper Prensa Libre from 1996 to 2011. + +References + +Linguists from Guatemala +St. Mary's College of Maryland faculty +K'iche' +Guatemalan Maya people +People from Quetzaltenango Department +1955 births +2011 deaths +Guatemalan male writers +Rafael Landívar University alumni +University at Buffalo alumni +Academic staff of Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala +Bolt is the codenamed assigned to multiple fictional characters appearing in American comic books pbulished DC Comics. These characters, although unrelated, share the commonality of adopting the codename "Bolt" for their respective roles within the DC Universe. + +The original Bolt's real name is Lawrence "Larry" Bolantisky, whom also worked as an egineer and assassin. The character is later known to be a member of several groups, including the Killer Elite and Injustice League. The character was eventually killed off by son, Terry Bolantisky, who operates under the name Dreadbolt. Another unrevealed Bolt would take up the name, having been said to worked with Lawrence and sought to carry on his legacy. + +The name is also used by two unrelated superheroes in DC Comics. One is Alinta, a character created by Robbie Thompson and Javi Fernandez for the Teen Titans. Alinta, of Australian descent and with a disability, gains powers linked to the Flash through a fragment of the Speed Force formula. Initially involved in aiding her parents in stolen goods trafficking, she loses her legs as repayment for their debt. Found by Amanda Waller, Alinta receives prosthetics as part of their alliance. She later joins the Teen Titans Academy as "Bolt" while Waller attempts to recruit her for the Suicide Squad. + +Another unrelated superhero, Malik Adam White is a fictional superhero in created by writer Christopher Priest and artist Rafa Sandoval. He first appeared in the comic books and is depicted as an African-American man of Egyptian/Kahndaqi heritage. Malik is a descendant of the legendary character Black Adam. Throughout his comic book appearances, Malik adopts two different codenames, initially known as White Adam and later settling on "Bolt". + +Publication history +Bolt first appeared in Blue Devil #6 (November 1984) and was created by Gary Cohn, Dan Mishkin, Paris Cullins, and Ernie Colón. + +Fictional character biographies + +Supervillain Bolts + +Larry Bolatinsky +Larry Bolatinsky is a special effects artist and assassin. He designed a special suit that gives him the power to teleport and project energy blasts. Now calling himself Bolt, he has faced the superheroes Blue Devil, Captain Atom, and Starman (Will Payton). + +Bolt appears in Suicide Squad #63–66 (March through June 1992) as part of a more villainous version of the Squad propping up the dictatorship in the island of Diabloverde. Amanda Waller and her Squad take out him and his colleagues while attempting to remove the dictator. + +He joins a sub-group of assassins that call themselves the Killer Elite. One of their many battles puts them up against the merc team called the Body Doubles. Bolt is hospitalized in an off-panel battle. + +He joins the third incarnation of the Suicide Squad and apparently dies on his first mission alongside Killer Frost, Putty, Eliza and Larvanaut. He falls through a shaft, breaks his leg and is attacked by killer ants. He is seen dead in the hands of Killer Frost. He later turns up alive again in the pages of Identity Crisis #1 and is badly injured by two street kids, suffering a punctured lung and two punctured kidneys. He has since joined The Society. His seemingly miraculous resurrections have been noted by other characters, most notably during his recovery from his gunfire-related injuries. + +Bolt is member of Luthor, Joker and Cheetah's Injustice League Unlimited and is one of the villains featured in Salvation Run. He is one of the villains sent to retrieve the Get Out of Hell free card from the Secret Six. + +Bolt is later killed by his son Dreadbolt who uses his own suit's teleporting ability to send him into a brick wall. He has been identified as one of the deceased entombed below the Hall of Justice. He was subsequently revived as a member of the Black Lantern Corps. + +Terry Bolatinsky +Bolt's son Terry Bolatinsky appears in Teen Titans #55. He initially attempts to befriend Blue Devil's former sidekick, Kid Devil, before revealing he is following in his father's footsteps as Dreadbolt. He tries to persuade Kid Devil to join his team, the Terror Titans, but when Kid Devil refuses, he joins the rest of the Terror Titans in defeating him. Later, at the request of the new Clock King, he is sent to help defeat Ravager, who already took out Persuader and Copperhead. He threatens to kill Wendy and Marvin, but Ravager calls his bluff and defeats him alone. He regroups with his teammates and attempts to take her down again, but is apparently killed in the ensuing explosion caused by Ravager breaking a gas pipe. He is later revealed to have used the teleportation system in his suit to get himself and his teammates to safety. + +In the Terror Titans miniseries, Dreadbolt is tasked by Clock King to kill his father, thereby proving himself worthy to lead his fellow Terror Titans. Clock King then renames him Bolt when he finally does. Disruptor, having lost favor from Clock King to Ravager, tried to manipulate Terry into killing her, but Terry was not fooled. When Clock King sets in motion his plan to destroy Los Angeles with an army of brainwashed metahumans, Ravager sets out to stop him. Bolt and the Terror Titans battled her, only to be outmaneuvered. Miss Martian, who had posed as one of the metahumans, freed the others from their brainwashing, and they came after the Terror Titans. Retreating to Clock King's lair for help, Bolt and the others are aghast to see Clock King kill Disruptor for her failure, and leave them at the mercy of the oncoming metahumans. Bolt offers to hold them off while his teammates get away, but they insist on fighting together and are eventually subdued, with Dreadbolt being defeated by electromagnetic-powered superhero Static. Two weeks later, Bolt and the remaining Terror Titans escape from custody, planning revenge on Clock King. + +Bolt III +A new villain inspired by Bolt debuted as part of a team of supervillains hired by Prometheus. He later appeared, hired by Calculator, to help kidnap the Birds of Prey and kill Oracle. Calling himself Current, he explains that he worked with the late Larry Bolatinsky and wished to carry on his legacy. Following DC's "Infinite Frontier" relaunch, an incarnation of Bolt (possibly Larry or Current) appears as a member of the Suicide Squad under Peacemaker. He is immediately killed by an unstable Talon of the Court of Owls the team was meant to rescue. + +Powers and abilities + +Larry Boltanisky's abilites and equipment +Larry Boltanisky is a skilled electrical engineer and thief. Thanks to a special suit that he designed, Bolt can teleport or fly short distances instantaneously. The suit contains an energy blaster, which can also be used as a weapon. + +Terry Boltanisky's abilites and equipment +Terry's suit has all of the same abilities. + +References + +DC Comics supervillains +DC Comics characters who can teleport +Comics characters introduced in 1984 +Fictional assassins in comics +Fictional engineers +Fictional thieves +Suicide Squad members +The Zee Cine Award Best Actor in a Supporting Role- Male is chosen by a jury organized by Zee Entertainment Enterprises, and the winner is announced only at the ceremony. + +Actors Abhishek Bachchan and Anil Kapoor have won the awards thrice while Saif Ali Khan has won the award twice. The most recent recipient is Anil Kapoor. + +Multiple wins + +Winners +The winners are listed below:- + +References + +See also + + Zee Cine Awards + Bollywood + Cinema of India + +Supporting Role- Male +K95 or K-95 may refer to: + K-95 (Kansas highway), a highway in Kansas + K-95, a rating for ski jumping hills indicating a construction point of 95 + K95 FM, radio station + K. 95, a Mozart symphony + +See also +K-9 to 5 +In geometry, a truncated 5-cell is a uniform 4-polytope (4-dimensional uniform polytope) formed as the truncation of the regular 5-cell. + +There are two degrees of truncations, including a bitruncation. + +Truncated 5-cell + +The truncated 5-cell, truncated pentachoron or truncated 4-simplex is bounded by 10 cells: 5 tetrahedra, and 5 truncated tetrahedra. Each vertex is surrounded by 3 truncated tetrahedra and one tetrahedron; the vertex figure is an elongated tetrahedron. + +Construction + +The truncated 5-cell may be constructed from the 5-cell by truncating its vertices at 1/3 of its edge length. This transforms the 5 tetrahedral cells into truncated tetrahedra, and introduces 5 new tetrahedral cells positioned near the original vertices. + +Structure + +The truncated tetrahedra are joined to each other at their hexagonal faces, and to the tetrahedra at their triangular faces. + +Seen in a configuration matrix, all incidence counts between elements are shown. The diagonal f-vector numbers are derived through the Wythoff construction, dividing the full group order of a subgroup order by removing one mirror at a time. + +Projections + +The truncated tetrahedron-first Schlegel diagram projection of the truncated 5-cell into 3-dimensional space has the following structure: + + The projection envelope is a truncated tetrahedron. + One of the truncated tetrahedral cells project onto the entire envelope. + One of the tetrahedral cells project onto a tetrahedron lying at the center of the envelope. + Four flattened tetrahedra are joined to the triangular faces of the envelope, and connected to the central tetrahedron via 4 radial edges. These are the images of the remaining 4 tetrahedral cells. + Between the central tetrahedron and the 4 hexagonal faces of the envelope are 4 irregular truncated tetrahedral volumes, which are the images of the 4 remaining truncated tetrahedral cells. + +This layout of cells in projection is analogous to the layout of faces in the face-first projection of the truncated tetrahedron into 2-dimensional space. The truncated 5-cell is the 4-dimensional analogue of the truncated tetrahedron. + +Images + +Alternate names + Truncated pentatope + Truncated 4-simplex + Truncated pentachoron (Acronym: tip) (Jonathan Bowers) + +Coordinates + +The Cartesian coordinates for the vertices of an origin-centered truncated 5-cell having edge length 2 are: + +More simply, the vertices of the truncated 5-cell can be constructed on a hyperplane in 5-space as permutations of (0,0,0,1,2) or of (0,1,2,2,2). These coordinates come from positive orthant facets of the truncated pentacross and bitruncated penteract respectively. + +Related polytopes +The convex hull of the truncated 5-cell and its dual (assuming that they are congruent) is a nonuniform polychoron composed of 60 cells: 10 tetrahedra, 20 octahedra (as triangular antiprisms), 30 tetrahedra (as tetragonal disphenoids), and 40 vertices. Its vertex figure is a hexakis triangular cupola. + +Vertex figure Bitruncated 5-cell + +The bitruncated 5-cell (also called a bitruncated pentachoron, decachoron and 10-cell) is a 4-dimensional polytope, or 4-polytope, composed of 10 cells in the shape of truncated tetrahedra. + +Topologically, under its highest symmetry, [[3,3,3]], there is only one geometrical form, containing 10 uniform truncated tetrahedra. The hexagons are always regular because of the polychoron's inversion symmetry, of which the regular hexagon is the only such case among ditrigons (an isogonal hexagon with 3-fold symmetry). + +E. L. Elte identified it in 1912 as a semiregular polytope. + +Each hexagonal face of the truncated tetrahedra is joined in complementary orientation to the neighboring truncated tetrahedron. Each edge is shared by two hexagons and one triangle. Each vertex is surrounded by 4 truncated tetrahedral cells in a tetragonal disphenoid vertex figure. + +The bitruncated 5-cell is the intersection of two pentachora in dual configuration. As such, it is also the intersection of a penteract with the hyperplane that bisects the penteract's long diagonal orthogonally. In this sense it is a 4-dimensional analog of the regular octahedron (intersection of regular tetrahedra in dual configuration / tesseract bisection on long diagonal) and the regular hexagon (equilateral triangles / cube). The 5-dimensional analog is the birectified 5-simplex, and the -dimensional analog is the polytope whose Coxeter–Dynkin diagram is linear with rings on the middle one or two nodes. + +The bitruncated 5-cell is one of the two non-regular convex uniform 4-polytopes which are cell-transitive. The other is the bitruncated 24-cell, which is composed of 48 truncated cubes. + + Symmetry + +This 4-polytope has a higher extended pentachoric symmetry (2×A4, [[3,3,3]]), doubled to order 240, because the element corresponding to any element of the underlying 5-cell can be exchanged with one of those corresponding to an element of its dual. + + Alternative names + Bitruncated 5-cell (Norman W. Johnson) + 10-cell as a cell-transitive 4-polytope + Bitruncated pentachoron + Bitruncated pentatope + Bitruncated 4-simplex + Decachoron (Acronym: deca) (Jonathan Bowers) + + Images + + Coordinates +The Cartesian coordinates of an origin-centered bitruncated 5-cell having edge length 2 are: + +More simply, the vertices of the bitruncated 5-cell can be constructed on a hyperplane in 5-space as permutations of (0,0,1,2,2). These represent positive orthant facets of the bitruncated pentacross. Another 5-space construction, centered on the origin are all 20 permutations of (-1,-1,0,1,1). + + Related polytopes + +The bitruncated 5-cell can be seen as the intersection of two regular 5-cells in dual positions. = ∩ . + + Configuration +Seen in a configuration matrix, all incidence counts between elements are shown. The diagonal f-vector numbers are derived through the Wythoff construction, dividing the full group order of a subgroup order by removing one mirror at a time. + + Related regular skew polyhedron + +The regular skew polyhedron, {6,4|3}, exists in 4-space with 4 hexagonal around each vertex, in a zig-zagging nonplanar vertex figure. These hexagonal faces can be seen on the bitruncated 5-cell, using all 60 edges and 30 vertices. The 20 triangular faces of the bitruncated 5-cell can be seen as removed. The dual regular skew polyhedron, {4,6|3}, is similarly related to the square faces of the runcinated 5-cell. + + Disphenoidal 30-cell + +The disphenoidal 30-cell is the dual of the bitruncated 5-cell. It is a 4-dimensional polytope (or polychoron) derived from the 5-cell. It is the convex hull of two 5-cells in opposite orientations. + +Being the dual of a uniform polychoron, it is cell-transitive, consisting of 30 congruent tetragonal disphenoids. In addition, it is vertex-transitive under the group Aut(A4). + + Related polytopes + +These polytope are from a set of 9 uniform 4-polytope constructed from the [3,3,3] Coxeter group. + + References + H.S.M. Coxeter: + H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular Polytopes, 3rd Edition, Dover New York, 1973 + Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H.S.M. Coxeter', edited by F. Arthur Sherk, Peter McMullen, Anthony C. Thompson, Asia Ivic Weiss, Wiley-Interscience Publication, 1995, + (Paper 22) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi Regular Polytopes I, [Math. Zeit. 46 (1940) 380-407, MR 2,10] + (Paper 23) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes II, [Math. Zeit. 188 (1985) 559-591] + (Paper 24) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes III, [Math. Zeit. 200 (1988) 3-45] +Coxeter, The Beauty of Geometry: Twelve Essays, Dover Publications, 1999, p. 88 (Chapter 5: Regular Skew Polyhedra in three and four dimensions and their topological analogues, Proceedings of the London Mathematics Society, Ser. 2, Vol 43, 1937.) +Coxeter, H. S. M. Regular Skew Polyhedra in Three and Four Dimensions. Proc. London Math. Soc. 43, 33-62, 1937. + Norman Johnson Uniform Polytopes, Manuscript (1991) + N.W. Johnson: The Theory of Uniform Polytopes and Honeycombs'', Ph.D. (1966) + + x3x3o3o - tip, o3x3x3o - deca + +Specific + +4-polytopes +Mark Christopher Hickman OAM (born 22 August 1973 in Darwin, Northern Territory) is a field hockey goalkeeper from Australia. He was a part of the team that won the gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. + +References + +External links + + + +1973 births +Living people +Australian male field hockey players +Olympic field hockey players for Australia +Male field hockey goalkeepers +Olympic gold medalists for Australia +2002 Men's Hockey World Cup players +Field hockey players at the 2004 Summer Olympics +Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia +Sportspeople from Darwin, Northern Territory +People educated at Hale School +Olympic medalists in field hockey +Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics +Commonwealth Games medallists in field hockey +Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia +Field hockey players at the 1998 Commonwealth Games +Field hockey players at the 2002 Commonwealth Games +Medallists at the 1998 Commonwealth Games +Medallists at the 2002 Commonwealth Games +Sportsmen from the Northern Territory +Amy J. Barger (born January 18, 1971) is an American astronomer and Henrietta Leavitt Professor of Astronomy at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. She is considered a pioneer in combining data from multiple telescopes to monitor multiple wavelengths and in discovering distant galaxies and supermassive black holes, which are outside of the visible spectrum. Barger is an active member of the International Astronomical Union. + +Education and career +Barger earned a Bachelor of Arts in astronomy-physics in 1993 from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. She was a Marshall scholar at King's College, University of Cambridge and received a doctor of philosophy in astronomy from the university in 1997. Barger holds positions as a Henrietta Leavitt Professor of Astronomy at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and as an affiliate graduate faculty member in the University of Hawaii Department of Physics and Astronomy. + +Notable research +Barger's research discoveries concern distant Universe activity and objects, including dusty galaxies, quasars and supermassive black holes. Her research has overturned current and widely accepted models of how galaxies and supermassive black holes evolve. + +University of Hawaii +From 1996 to 2000, Barger received a postdoctoral fellowship from the University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy. During this time, she was a part of the MORPHS collaboration, a research group that studied the formation and morphologies of distant galaxies. Based on the data they retrieved from Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 images, photometry and spectroscopy, the group was able to analyze and catalogue approximately 2,000 distant galaxies in 10 clusters and conclude that the spectral and morphological transformation of the galaxies were affected by two different timescales and/or physical processes. + +Barger also used the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array (SCUBA), a far-infrared camera, to discover new quasars, and as a 1999 Hubble Fellow and Chandra Fellow at large, she was granted access to NASA's Chandra X-Ray Observatory (CXO). + +In January 2000, the results of Barger and her colleagues' search for the origins of the cosmic X-ray background were presented at the 195th national meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Atlanta, Georgia. With the data they gathered from their research in the CXO, the team furthered previous research in finding that about one-third of the origins of the X-ray background are active galactic nuclei (AGNs) that emit light not on the visible spectrum. The AGNs contain a massive black hole that produces X-rays as gas is pulled toward them at virtually the speed of light. The team also found that ultra-faint galaxies are a source of another third of the X-ray background. The ultra-faint galaxies emit little to no visible light due to dust formation around them or due to the absorption of visible light by cool gas. The team concluded that more optical observations with more powerful telescopes, such as the Next Generation Space Telescope and Constellation-X, were required to gain more insight into the two types of far-distant objects they observed. + +As a follow-up to the research presented in January, Barger lead a team in surveying black holes. The team used a Keck 10-meter telescope, James Clerk Maxwell Telescope and the Very Large Array of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory to study the time intervals for black hole growth and found that the activity of an abundance of black holes in nearby galaxies was greater and more recent than once thought. The team concluded that, contrary to widespread belief, not all black holes formed when galaxies did. Rather, there are black holes currently growing slowly, taking more than one billion years to form. In December 2000, Barger led the presentation of the findings at a press conference at the 20th Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics, in Austin, Texas. + +University of Wisconsin-Madison +In 2000, Barger became an assistant professor of astronomy at the University of Wisconsin-Madison while completing her University of Hawaii fellowship and eventually joining the faculty as a visiting adjunct astronomer. + +In 2001, she received the American Association of University Women Annie Jump Cannon Award in Astronomy for her investigation of the X-ray background, which would lead to future spectroscopic research. During this time, Barger was on +faculty leave from the University of Wisconsin-Madison to conduct research at the University of Hawaii and had earned a grant from the National Science Foundation +to fund her work. + +In 2002, she won the Newton Lacy Pierce Prize in Astronomy for outstanding achievement in observational astronomical research over the past five years. In October 2003, Barger was awarded a $625,000 Packard Foundation Fellowship for Science and Engineering toward her research. + +In 2005, the results of a study led by Barger concerning how black holes and galaxies grow was published in The Astronomical Journal. The team captured and observed long-exposure X-ray images of black holes normally obscured by gas and dust to determine that they are between one and 12 billion light-years away from Earth. With Chandra Deep Field North and South, the Hubble Deep Field and images of the Lockman Hole, the researchers were able to accurately count the number of black holes that exist in between those that are the closest and farthest away from Earth. The team discovered that the earliest black holes, which are a part of the early Universe and have at least 100 million times the mass of the Sun, quickly reach a size limit and stop accumulating matter. The black holes with a mass between 10 million and 100 million times that of the Sun continue to accumulate matter and grow slowly in comparison. The researchers found that one or more systems connect a galaxy's formation of stars to its loss of cosmic materials through its black hole because the processes occur simultaneously. Barger and her team refer to the apparent shift in star formation from massive galaxies to relatively lightweight ones as 'cosmic downsizing' and as this phenomenon continues, dwarf galaxies will be the main source of star formation before the universe darkens as older galaxies fade away. + +Barger and her colleagues' research on the early Universe has informed cosmic stratigraphy, which is the process of obtaining redshifts of galaxies through deep-field images to chronologize galaxy and star formation since the Big Bang. The more redshifted galaxies are—or the closer to red the wavelength of the stretched light from galaxies are—the older, brighter, less numerous and farther away they are from Earth. + +In 2013, Barger, former advisee Ryan Keenan and astronomer Lennox Cowie published the results of a study on the density of galactic matter in The Astrophysical Journal. The team used redshift surveys and spectroscopy to observe and estimate the distribution of luminous and dark matter in a sample of galaxies and found that Earth's galaxy, the Milky Way, is inside of a large void named the KBC Void for the research team. As of 2017, the KBC Void is the largest-known void with a diameter of approximately 2 billion light-years. In that same year, Barger's former student Benjamin Hoscheit presented the results of their follow-up study, in which Hoscheit used the linear kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (kSZ) effect to measure galaxy clusters' motions and confirm the existence of the spherical-shaped KBC Void, which is surrounded by a shell of galaxies, stars and other cosmic materials. + +Honors and awards + + 1992 Barry M. Goldwater Scholarship +1993 Marshall Scholarship +1999 NASA Hubble Fellowship +1999 Chandra Fellow +2001 Annie J. Cannon Award in Astronomy + 2002 Newton Lacy Pierce Prize of the American Astronomical Society + 2002 Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellow +2003 Kavli Frontiers of Science Fellow + 2003 David and Lucille Packard Fellow +2007 American Physical Society Fellow + 2007 Maria Goeppert-Mayer Award of the American Physical Society + 2015 John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellow +2011 Vilas Associates Award at University of Wisconsin-Madison + 2017 American Association for the Advancement of Science Fellow +2017 Kellett Mid-Career Award at University of Wisconsin-Madison +2021 American Astronomical Society Fellow + +Notes + +External links +Popular Science +Outreach +Dr. Barger's personal webpage + +1971 births +Living people +Alumni of King's College, Cambridge +American women astronomers +Marshall Scholars +University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty +Recipients of the Annie J. Cannon Award in Astronomy +Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science +Place of birth missing (living people) +20th-century American astronomers +21st-century American astronomers +20th-century American women scientists +21st-century American women scientists +Fellows of the American Physical Society +Nathan Smith (January 8, 1770December 6, 1835) was a United States senator from Connecticut. + +Biography +Nathan Smith was born in Woodbury, Connecticut, son of Richard and Annis (Hurd) Smith; brother of Nathaniel Smith and uncle of Truman Smith. He received a modest education. He studied law with his brother and at Litchfield Law School in 1790; was admitted to the bar in 1792, and commenced the practice of his profession in New Haven. In 1808 Smith received an honorary master's from Yale. He was also an incorporator of Washington College, later known as Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut. + +Career +Smith was prosecuting attorney for New Haven County from 1817 until his death in 1835. He was also a delegate to the State constitutional convention in 1818. In 1825, he was an unsuccessful candidate for governor of Connecticut, but was appointed United States Attorney for the district of Connecticut, serving in 1828 and 1829. + +Elected as a National Republican to the United States Senate, Smith served from March 4, 1833, until his death. He was 63 when he took his seat in the US Senate, one of the oldest serving members of that body and his only time in elected office. + +Death +Smith died in Washington, D.C., on December 6, 1835 (age 65 years, 332 days). President Jackson and his Cabinet attended Smith's funeral in the Senate Chamber and there was also a large funeral service held in New Haven. He is interred at the Grove Street Cemetery, New Haven, Connecticut. There is a cenotaph at Congressional Cemetery, Washington, D.C. + +See also +List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899) + +References + +External links + + +1770 births +1835 deaths +People from Woodbury, Connecticut +People of colonial Connecticut +Connecticut Federalists +National Republican Party United States senators from Connecticut +United States Attorneys for the District of Connecticut +Trinity College (Connecticut) +Burials at Grove Street Cemetery +The Government District is an area in south-central downtown Dallas, Texas (USA). It lies south of the Main Street District, southeast of the West End Historic District, north of the Convention Center District, west of the Farmers Market District, and east of the Reunion District. + +Notable structures +The district is home to Dallas City Hall, the J. Erik Jonsson Central Library, and several other local, regional, state, and federal government buildings. The United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas, which exercises original jurisdiction over 100 counties in North and West Texas, convenes in the Earle Cabell Federal Building and Courthouse in the district. The same building additionally houses United States Bankruptcy and Magistrate Courts and a United States Attorney office. The historic Santa Fe Freight Terminal also lies in this district, stretching from Young to Commerce Street. + +Education +The district is zoned to schools in the Dallas Independent School District. + +Residents of the district are zoned to City Park Elementary School, Billy Earl Dade Middle School, and James Madison High School. + +References + +Government of Dallas +Art Good is an American radio personality who helped make smooth jazz popular during the 1980s through his program JazzTrax. + +Before becoming a disk jockey, he contemplated becoming a minister. In 1981, while he was Program Director for KIFM, a struggling adult contemporary station in San Diego, he began an evening program of jazz-tinged instrumentals entitled Lites Out San Diego. By 1987, KIFM had changed its format to contemporary jazz. Good left KIFM for a brief period to host a program on competitor KSWV 102.9 but returned when the station discontinued its smooth jazz format. + +In 1987, he founded the Catalina JazzTrax Festival on Santa Catalina Island in California. That festival hosted Spyro Gyra, Al Di Meola, Earl Klugh, and Andy Narell. + +He was given an Industry Achievement Award at the National Smooth Jazz Awards in San Diego. His mellow-toned, soothing voice has been characterized as the quintessential Jazz DJ voice. + +References + +External links + JazzTrax + +American radio personalities +Radio personalities from San Diego +Year of birth missing (living people) +Living people +Flock of Dodos: The Evolution-Intelligent Design Circus is a documentary film by American marine biologist and filmmaker Randy Olson. It highlights the debate between proponents of the concept of intelligent design and the scientific evidence and consensus that supports evolution, as well as the potential consequences of science rejection. + +The documentary was first screened publicly on February 2, 2006, in Kansas, where much of the public controversy on intelligent design began, as well as the starting point of discussion in the documentary. Other public screenings followed in universities, including Harvard and Stony Brook University, marking the celebration of Charles Darwin's birthday. + +Synopsis +Flock of Dodos examines the disagreements that proponents of intelligent design have with the scientific consensus position of evolution. Olsen also expressed concerns in relation to the potential to distrust and reject science in general. + +The evolutionarily famous dodo (Raphus cucullatus) is a now-extinct bird that lived on the island of Mauritius. Due to its lack of fear of humans and inability to fly, the dodo was easy prey, and thus became known for its apparent stupidity. + +The film attempts to determine who the real "dodos" are in a constantly evolving world: the scientists who are failing to effectively promote evolution as a scientifically accepted fact, the intelligent design advocates, or the American public who get fooled by the "salesmanship" of evolution critics. The film gives equal air time to both sides of the argument, including intelligent design proponent Michael Behe and several of his colleagues. + +While Randy Olson ultimately sides with the scientists who accept evolution, the scientists are criticized for their elitism and inability to efficiently present science to the general public, which ultimately contributes to the spread of misconceptions. + +The film begins by going over the history of intelligent design thought from Plato and Paley to the present-day incarnation promoted by the Discovery Institute. Olson mixes in humorous cartoons of squawking dodos with commentary from his mother and interviews with proponents on both sides of the intelligent design/evolution debate. + +On the intelligent design side, Olson interviews Behe, John Calvart (founder of the Access Research Network) and a member of the Kansas school board. Olson also unsuccessfully tries to interview Kansas Board of Education member Connie Morris (associated with Kansas evolution hearings) and members of the Discovery Institute. + +Release +The documentary premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in New York, in April 2006, and since then has played at film festivals all over the U.S. and abroad. The documentary was shown in museums and universities as part of a "Dodos Darwin Day" event (celebrating Charles Darwin's birthday) on or around February 12, 2007. Flock of Dodos: the Evolution-Intelligent Design Circus is currently (as of January 2008) in rotation on Showtime in the US and available on DVD. + +The documentary was praised by the journal Nature and a variety of other publications. + +In 2007, Olson released a collection of "pulled punches," of unreleased material that he chose to leave out that reflected poorly on intelligent design supporters. + +Discovery Institute response +Olson invited the Discovery Institute, a hub of the intelligent design movement, to appear in the film. Instead the institute responded by creating a website, Hoax of Dodos, characterizing the documentary as "revisionist history," and a "hoax" filled with inaccuracies and misrepresentations. + +Biologist PZ Myers responded to the institute's "bogus complaint that Olson was lying in the movie" about Ernst Haeckel's drawings of embryos is false. Myers explained the drawings have not been used in recent biology textbooks "other than a mention that once upon a time Haeckel came up with this idea of ontogeny recapitulating phylogeny." Myers and other critics of intelligent design have shown that each of these texts treats Haeckel's theory of ontogeny recapitulating phylogeny as an example of an outdated exaggeration. Myers notes in his rebuttal of the criticism from design proponents that, "I would add that progress in evolutionary biology has led to better explanations of the phenomenon that vertebrate embryos go through a period of similarity: it lies in conserved genetic circuitry that lays down the body plan." + +In early 2007, in response to Olson's claim, "the Discovery Institute is truly the big fish in this picture, with an annual budget of around $5 million," the Institute responded that their budget is only $4.2 million, and that they spend close to $1 million per year funding intelligent design. + +References + +External links +Flock of Dodos +Science Friday Commentary (Feb. 23. 07) +Profile of "Flock of Dodos" director Randy Olson by Eric Sorensen in (2007) Forward thinkers: People to watch in 2007. Conservation, 8(1). +PZ Myers responding to the criticisms about Haeckel's drawings + + + +2006 films +2006 documentary films +Works about creationism +Intelligent design +American documentary films +Documentary films about education in the United States +Documentary films about science +2000s English-language films +2000s American films +The Convention Center District is an area in southern downtown Dallas, Texas (USA). It lies south of the Government District, north of the Cedars, west of the Farmers Market District, and east of the Reunion District. Visitdallas is contracted by the City to attract conventions, although an audit released in January 2019 cast doubts on its effectiveness. + +Attractions + Dallas Convention Center + Pioneer Plaza + Pioneer Park Cemetery + +Transportation + +Highways + - Interstate 30 + - Interstate 35E + +Trains + DART: and + Convention Center Station + +Air + Dallas CBD Vertiport + +Education +The district is zoned to schools in the Dallas Independent School District. + +Residents of the district are zoned to City Park Elementary School, Billy Earl Dade Middle School, and James Madison High School. + +References + +External links +Dallas Convention & Visitors Bureau +Charles Edward Rhodes Bruce (C.E.R. Bruce) (19 Apr 1902 in Shettleston – 30 Dec 1979) was a Scottish electrical engineer and amateur astrophysicist. + +Education and career +Bruce was the son of a tailor. His family moved soon after his birth from Glasgow to Newport-on-Tay, where he went to primary school. At the age of 14, he went to Dundee to be educated at the High School of Dundee. He then matriculated at the University of Edinburgh where he graduated MA and BSc in 1924 with First Class Honours in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy. + +He then started training at the Moray House Teachers Training College, and was offered teaching positions at the High School of Dundee and Daniel Stewart's College, where he had carried out his practical teacher training; instead, he joined the Electrical Research Association (now ERA Technology Ltd) in Leatherhead, England, on the recommendation of his former professor, E. T. Whittaker. + +Bruce was elected as a fellow of the Institute of Physics in 1946 and of the Institute of Electrical Engineers in 1947. In 1952, he submitted his papers on electrical discharges to Edinburgh University and was subsequently awarded a Doctorate of Science in 1953. + +Bruce retired from ERA in 1967. He married in 1971, late in his life, Jenny Davidson, a childhood friend to whom he had been briefly engaged while he was a university student. He died in 1979, after a long illness. + +Electrical work +Bruce's first years at ERA were spent working on the analysis of oil-based circuit breakers. He published a sequence of papers on the subject including one that won the Institute of Electrical Engineers' Kelvin Premium award, and helped keep ERA on top of the then-rapid growth in circuit breaker technology. In 1939, still at ERA, he shifted his attention to lightning. His 1941 paper "The lightning discharge" is heavily cited, and was again the winner of the Kelvin premium. His contributions included a significant strengthening of the electrical gradients known to occur in lightning strikes, and a demonstration that grounding of transmission lines may be counterproductive. + +Astrophysics +Beginning in 1941, when he attended a lecture on astrophysics at Edinburgh University, Bruce's own interests headed in the same direction. He immediately developed a theory that solar prominences consisted of electrical discharges in plasma, rather than of moving solar matter, and he eventually published over 100 papers concerning the electrical basis of various cosmological phenomena. However, his work in this area has been largely ignored by mainstream science. + +Notes + +External links + Bibliography + Electrical Discharge Theory + Papers of Dr. Charles Edward Rhodes Bruce + SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) + +1902 births +1979 deaths +Scientists from Glasgow +Scottish electrical engineers +Scottish astronomers +People educated at the High School of Dundee +Alumni of the University of Edinburgh +People from Newport-on-Tay +Jim Cummins may refer to: + +Jim Cummins (photographer) (born 1944), American photographer +Jim Cummins (reporter) (1945–2007), American television reporter +Jim Cummins (ice hockey) (born 1970), professional ice hockey player +Jim Cummins (professor), instructor at the University of Toronto + +See also +James Cummins (disambiguation) +James Cummings (disambiguation) +Jim Cummings (born 1952), American voice actor and singer +The City Center District is an area in north-central downtown Dallas, Texas (USA). It lies south of the Arts District, north of the Main Street District, northwest of Deep Ellum, southwest of Bryan Place and east of the West End Historic District. The district contains a large concentration of downtown commercial space which prior to 1950 had been concentrated along Main Street. The district also contains remnants of Theatre Row, the historical entertainment area along Elm Street which contained theatres such as the Majestic Theatre. + +Notable structures and parks + + 2100 Ross Avenue + Sheraton Dallas Hotel + Bryan Tower + The Drever + Energy Plaza + Fidelity Union Tower + Republic Center + Harwood Center + JPMorgan Chase Tower + KPMG Centre + Majestic Theatre + Patriot Tower + Plaza of the Americas + Renaissance Tower + Ross Tower + Thanksgiving Tower + U.S. Post Office + Corrigan Tower + 211 North Ervay + 505 North Ervay + Hartford Building + Thanks-Giving Square + Aston Park + +Transportation + +Highways + US 75 Central Expressway/ I-45 connection (unsigned I-345) + +Trains +DART , , listed south to north + Akard Station + St. Paul Station + Pearl Station + +Education + +The City Center District is served by the Dallas Independent School District. + +The neighborhood schools for downtown are outside of the loop. + +Four elementary schools—City Park, Sam Houston, Hope Medrano, and Ignacio Zaragoza; three middle schools—Billy Earl Dade, Thomas J. Rusk, and Alex W. Spence; and two high schools—James Madison and North Dallas, serve the district. + +Private Schools + +Holy Trinity Catholic School has served Dallas' central neighborhoods since 1914 and is located at the corner of Oak Lawn Avenue and Gilbert Avenue. Providing early education for three-year-olds through eighth grade, Holy Trinity is the oldest continually operating Catholic school in North Texas. + +Residents are also served by First Baptist Academy of Dallas, a Biblically-integrated, college preparatory K-12 school located in the city center district of downtown Dallas. + +References + +Neighborhoods in Downtown Dallas +Holy Family School may refer to: + +Holy Family School (Seattle, Washington) in Seattle, Washington +Holy Family School (Port Allen) in Port Allen, Louisiana +Holy Family Catholic School,West Yorkshire(England) + +See also +Holy Family High School (disambiguation) +Holy Family Catholic High School (disambiguation) +Holy Family (disambiguation) +Karl Cortlandt Schuyler (April 3, 1877July 31, 1933) was an American attorney and politician from Colorado. A Republican, he was most notable for his service as a United States senator from 1932 to 1933. + +A native of Colorado Springs, Schuyler was educated in Colorado Springs public schools and worked at a variety of occupations, including teaching school and stenographer in a law office. After deciding on a career as an attorney, he attended the University of Denver's law school. He graduated in 1898, was admitted to the bar, and practiced successively in Cripple Creek, Colorado Springs, and Denver. Schuyler was recognized as a highly skilled corporate attorney, and represented railroads, mines, utilities, and other companies. He was also a civic activist, and served as a trustee of the University of Denver and Colorado Women's College. + +Schuyler was a delegate to the 1916 Republican National Convention, and in 1919 he served as chairman of Colorado's state Republican convention. In 1920, he was an unsuccessful candidate for the U.S. Senate. In 1932, Schuyler ran for the U.S. Senate again, winning the Republican nomination. He was a candidate for both the regular and special elections, and narrowly won the special election as he handily lost the regular election. As a result, he served from December 7, 1932, to March 3, 1933. + +On July 17, 1933, Schuyler was visiting Central Park in New York City when he was struck by an automobile. He was hospitalized, but did not recover, and he died on July 31. Schuyler was interred in Fairmount Mausoleum at Fairmount Cemetery in Denver. + +Early life +Karl C. Schuyler was born in Colorado Springs on April 3, 1877, a son of Frederick and Eleanor (Nellie) Farnan Schuyler. Schuyler attended the public schools of Colorado Springs, after which he became an employee of the Colorado Midland Railroad, taught school, and worked as a stenographer in a law office. + +Schuyler was a descendant of Harmanus Schuyler (1727–1796), a cousin of Philip Schuyler, who served as an Assistant Deputy Commissary General during the American Revolution, responsible for acquiring and distributing supplies and equipment to soldiers of the Continental Army. As a result of this relationship, Karl Schuyler was a member of the Sons of the American Revolution. + +Career +He graduated from the University of Denver's law school in 1898, and was admitted to the bar. Schuyler practiced in Cripple Creek, and then Colorado Springs until he moved to Denver in 1905. Schuyler was a successful corporate attorney, and served as general counsel for the Florence and Cripple Creek Railroad, Midland Terminal Railway, Colorado Telephone Company, and the United States Reduction and Refining Company. + +Schuyler was also a director or executive of several other corporations. He was a founder of the Midwest Oil and Refining Company, and served on the board of directors and as the company's counsel. In addition, he served as president of the Flower of the West Gold Mining Company and the Merritt Oil Corporation, and a member of the board of directors of the Gulf Oil Companies and the Amalgamated Royalty Oil Corporation. He also served as president of the Kinney-Coastal Oil Company and a director of the Denver National Bank. + +In addition to practicing law, Schuyler was a civic activist; he was member of the board of trustees for both the University of Denver and the Colorado Women's College. During World War I, he was an organizer of several Liberty bond campaigns in Colorado, as well as fundraising campaigns for the American Red Cross. His fraternal memberships included the Elks and Masons. + +United States senator +A Republican, Schuyler was a delegate to the 1916 Republican National Convention, and chairman of Colorado's 1919 state Republican convention. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the U.S. Senate in 1920. + +In 1932, he was elected to the Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Charles W. Waterman; he served from December 7, 1932 to March 3, 1933. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the full term beginning on March 4, 1933. After leaving the Senate, Schuyler resumed his legal and business interests in Denver. + +Fatal crash +Schuyler was struck by a motorist in New York City on July 17, 1933. He had been staying at the St. Regis Hotel, and was walking in Central Park when the crash occurred. + +Death and burial +Schuyler was hospitalized for his injuries, and died on July 31. He had given the police an alias at the time of the accident, and later told a friend that he did so because he believed his injuries were not serious and he did not want to alarm his friends and family. He provided his real name when he was admitted to Lenox Hill Hospital, but the police report was not corrected until after his death. His wife was notified of the accident while he was hospitalized, and she arrived from Denver in time to be at his bedside when he died. Interment was in Fairmount Mausoleum at Fairmount Cemetery in Denver. + +Family +In 1905, Schuyler married Delia Alsena Shepard (1882–1973) of Colorado Springs. They were the parents of three children— William (born and died in 1908), Eleanor (1912–1999), and Karl Jr. (1914–1979). After Schuyler's death, his widow married Senator Eugene Millikin. + +References + +External links + + + + +Road incident deaths in New York City +American people of Dutch descent +1877 births +1933 deaths +Republican Party United States senators from Colorado +Colorado Republicans +Schuyler family +Pedestrian road incident deaths +Denny Zeitlin (born April 10, 1938) is an American jazz pianist, composer, and clinical professor of psychiatry at University of California, San Francisco. Since 1963, he has recorded more than 100 compositions and was a first-place winner in the DownBeat International Jazz Critics' Poll in 1965 and 1974. He composed the soundtrack for the 1978 science-fiction horror film Invasion of the Body Snatchers. + +Early life +Zeitlin was born in Chicago, Illinois, and grew up in the Chicago suburb of Highland Park. He began improvising on the piano at the age of two. His father was a radiologist who played piano by ear. His mother was a speech pathologist and his first piano teacher. He began formal study in classical music at the age of six, switching to jazz in the eighth grade. In high school, he played professionally in and around Chicago, and by college at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, was playing with Ira Sullivan, Johnny Griffin, Wes Montgomery, Joe Farrell, Wilbur Ware, and Bob Cranshaw, among others. Mentors included pianist Billy Taylor and George Russell. Pianist Bill Evans, an early supporter, frequently recorded Zeitlin's composition "Quiet Now" and made it the title track of a 1970 album. + +Later life and career +Signed by Columbia Records's John Hammond, Zeitlin began his recording career in 1963 while studying medicine at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, debuting as the featured pianist on the Jeremy Steig album Flute Fever, which also featured Ben Riley and Ben Tucker. Zeitlin's recording debut as a leader was the album Cathexis, with bassist Cecil McBee and drummer Freddie Waits. Zeitlin then moved to San Francisco in 1964 to intern at the University of California, San Francisco, followed by a residency. His next album was Carnival, with bassist Charlie Haden and drummer Jerry Granelli. That trio had a regular gig at The Trident in Sausalito, California, and recorded Zeitlin's next album, Shining Hour, there. + +Jazz critic Leonard Feather called Zeitlin "the most versatile young pianist to come to prominence in the early 1960s". Reflecting on Zeitlin's Columbia period, jazz historian Ted Gioia wrote that the pianist "had assimilated the breakthroughs of the previous decade, from the impressionism of Bill Evans to the free-fall explorations of Ornette Coleman, and blended them into a personal style that anticipated the next fifteen years of keyboard advances. He stood out from the crowd for the unbridled creativity of his work, the richness of his harmonic palette, and the sheer beauty of his piano tone". + +Between 1968 and 1978, Zeitlin integrated electronic keyboards, synthesizers, and sound-altering devices with acoustic instruments, working in multiple musical genres. The results were first heard in 1969 when Zeitlin composed and performed music for the "Jazzy Spies" sequences on the first season of Sesame Street, featuring vocal overdubs by Grace Slick. In 1973, he released Expansion, a trio album with George Marsh and Mel Graves, which DownBeat magazine awarded its highest rating. The period culminated with Zeitlin's writing the score for the 1978 remake of Invasion of the Body Snatchers, which turned out to be his only film score, despite numerous subsequent offers, because of the extreme workload of many 20-plus-hour days. While New Yorker film critic Pauline Kael thought the music occasionally overpowered the action, she called the score "generally dazzling" and a large contributor to both the humor and terror of the film. + +Beginning in 1978, Zeitlin focused primarily on acoustic music, continuing to play concerts internationally and recording some 22 albums. His projects included the solo album Soundings, the duo album Time Remembers One Time Once with Charlie Haden, and Denny Zeitlin Trio in Concert with bassist Buster Williams and drummer Matt Wilson. Zeitlin continued to draw strong reviews. Critic Doug Ramsey wrote that "Trio in Concert", released in 2009, "catches Dr. Zeitlin, at age 70, in his musical prime and his trio afire". He recorded his 2020 album, Live at Mezzrow, at age 82, + +Dual careers +Since 1968, Zeitlin has been on the teaching faculty at the University of California, San Francisco, where he is clinical professor of psychiatry. He has a private practice in San Francisco and Marin County. He had a 30-year mentorship with psychoanalyst Joseph Weiss, founder of Control Mastery Theory. Zeitlin has combined his two disciplines in a lecture and workshop entitled "Unlocking the Creative Impulse: The Psychology of Improvisation". + +In comparing his two careers, Zeitlin has said it would be a mistake to think that psychiatry served merely to support his passion for music, when in fact he has a passion for both. "In each setting, communication is utterly paramount. There has to be a depth of empathy that allows you to really inhabit the other person's world. It comes out as a collaborative journey in both settings." + +Personal life +Zeitlin lives in Marin County, California, is an avid mountain biker and wine aficionado, the latter interest shared with his trio. He has been married to actress Josephine Shady since 1969. + +Discography + +As leader/co-leader + +As sideman + David Friesen, Other Times Other Places (Global Pacific, 1989) + David Friesen, Two for the Show (Summit, 2000) + David Grisman, Dawg Duos (Acoustic Disc, 1999) + Jeremy Steig, Flute Fever (Columbia, 1963) + +References + +External links +Official site + + +1938 births +Living people +American film score composers +American jazz pianists +American male pianists +Jazz musicians from Chicago +Columbia Records artists +20th-century American pianists +21st-century American pianists +American male film score composers +20th-century American male musicians +21st-century American male musicians +American male jazz musicians +Sunnyside Records artists +Concord Records artists +Windham Hill Records artists +ECM Records artists +The LVI Legislature of the Congress of Mexico met from 1994 to 1997. + +Members of the LVI Legislature + + Dip. Aburto Torres Taide + Dip. Acebo Salman Jesús Guillermo + Dip. Aceves del Olmo Carlos Humberto + Dip. Aceves Hernández Pablo Pedro + Dip. Acosta Ruelas Miguel + Dip. Aguiar Ortega Gabriel + Dip. Aguilar Martínez José Luis + Dip. Aguilar Zinser Adolfo Miguel + Dip. Aguirre Corral Leobardo + Dip. Aispuro Torres José Rosas + Dip. Alarcón Bárcena Gonzalo + Dip. Alavez Mendoza Baruc Efraín + Dip. Alba Padilla Audomaro + Dip. Alvarado Castañón Marta + Dip. Alvarado García Antelmo + Dip. Alvarez Ayala Roldán + Dip. Alvarez Bernal María Elena + Dip. Alvarez Cuevas Guillermo Héctor + Dip. Alvárez Salgado Roberto + Dip. Alvarez Trasviña Víctor Manuel + Dip. Amaya Medina Alfredo + Dip. Amaya Téllez Rodimiro + Dip. Anaya Gutiérrez Alberto + Dip. Andrade Quezada Humberto + Dip. Arce Islas René + Dip. Arceo Castro Jaime Jesús + Dip. Arciniega Portillo Manuel + Dip. Arellano Aguilar Gerardo de Jesús + Dip. Arellano López Osbelia + Dip. Arias Aparicio Eduardo + Dip. Arreola Arreola José Roberto + Dip. Audry Sánchez Alejandro Iván + Dip. Avila Rodríguez Gaspar + Dip. Avila Zúñiga Salvador Othón + Dip. Ayala López Rafael + Dip. Baeza González Manuel + Dip. Balleza Sánchez Josefina Silvia + Dip. Ballinas Mayes Armando Octavio + Dip. Baños Baños Tomás + Dip. Bautista López Héctor Miguel + Dip. Becerra Rodríguez Salvador + Dip. Beltrán del Río Madrid Salvador + Dip. Benítez Gálvez Edgar Román + Dip. Beristain Gómez Manuel + Dip. Bernal Arenas Olga + Dip. Betanzos Moreno María Virginia + Dip. Blanco Casco Ma.de los Angeles Marina + Dip. Bolaños Bolaños Francisco Andrés + Dip. Botello Treviño Consuelo + Dip. Botey Estape Carlota Angela Rosa + Dip. Bravo Padilla Izcóatl Tonatiuh + Dip. Burgos Ochoa Leticia + Dip. Cabrera Lotfe Rosa María + Dip. Calderón y Cecilio Carlos Rubén + Dip. Calvillo Ramos Ramiro Javier + Dip. Calzada Gómez Ma. Leticia + Dip. Camacho Garibo Desiderio + Dip. Camero Gómez Leticia + Dip. Campa Cifrián Roberto Rafael + Dip. Cancino Herrera Alí + Dip. Cantón Zetina Oscar + Dip. Carbajal Cárdenas Ramona + Dip. Cárdenas Gudiño Ramón + Dip. Cárdenas Lebrija Eduardo Amador + Dip. Cárdenas Monroy Oscar Gustavo + Dip. Carrillo Zavala Abelardo + Dip. Casillas Ontiveros Ofelia + Dip. Castañeda Pérez José Alberto + Dip. Castaño Contreras Cristian + Dip. Castelazo y de los Angeles José R. + Dip. Castellanos Hernández Raúl Gonzalo + Dip. Castillo Cabrera Jorge de Jesús + Dip. Castillo Flores Ignacio + Dip. Castro López Florentino + Dip. Catalán Sosa Jorge Antonio + Dip. Catalán Valdez Florencio + Dip. Ceballos Cancino Rafael + Dip. Cedillo y Amador Irma Eugenia + Dip. Cejudo Díaz Jorge Adolfo + Dip. Cepeda de León Ana Lilia + Dip. Cerón Nequiz Irene Maricela + Dip. Céspedes Arcos Alicia + Dip. Chable Gutiérrez Manuel de Atocha + Dip. Chávez Castillo César Antonio + Dip. Chávez Zavala Lorenzo + Dip. Cisneros Fernández Joaquín + Dip. Coello Herrera Claudio Manuel + Dip. Contreras Flores Ignacio + Dip. Contreras Salazar Luis Alberto + Dip. Coronel Zenteno Manuel Alberto + Dip. Cortés Vences Jorge + Dip. Cortez Cervantes María Teresa + Dip. Cota Montaño Leonel Efraín + Dip. Covarrubias Ramos Daniel + Dip. Cruz Acevedo Juan Manuel + Dip. Cruz Malpica Amado Jesús + Dip. Cruz Martínez Marcos Carlos + Dip. Cruz Merino Fernando + Dip. Cruz Ramírez Víctor + Dip. Cuauhtémoc Paleta José Ignacio + Dip. Cueva Aguirre Arnulfo + Dip. Dávila Juárez Jorge Enrique + Dip. Dávila Montesinos Marco Antonio + Dip. De la Fuente Lazo Carlos Mario + Dip. De la Torre Hernández Mario + Dip. De la Vega García Netzahualcóyotl + Dip. De León Contreras Eustaquio + Dip. De los Cobos Silva José Gerardo + Dip. Decanini Livas Dante + Dip. Del Angel Amador Genaro Alfonso + Dip. Del Río Navarro Jaime Mariano + Dip. Delgado Guerra Erasmo + Dip. Díaz Chávez Rafael + Dip. Díaz Salazar María Cristina + Dip. Díaz Suárez Servando Andrés + Dip. Díaz y Pérez Duarte Alejandro + Dip. Domínguez García Francisco + Dip. Domínguez Rivero Leonel + Dip. Duarte Zapata Lorenzo + Dip. Durán Ruíz José Jesús + Dip. Elizondo Torres Rodolfo + Dip. Equihua Equihua Martín + Dip. Escalante Castillo Gabriel + Dip. Escobar Toledo Saúl Alfonso + Dip. Escobedo Miramontes José Eduardo + Dip. Espino Barrientos Manuel de Jesús + Dip. Espinosa Mejía Ezequiel Juan de Dios + Dip. Esqueda Llanes Ma. Claudia + Dip. Esquinca Gurrusquieta Jesús + Dip. Esteva Melchor Luis Andrés + Dip. Etienne Llano Pedro René + Dip. Everardo Medrano + Dip. Fernández Gavaldón Matías Salvador + Dip. Fernández Rivera Régulo Pastor + Dip. Fernández Serna Gabino + Dip. Figueroa Montes Blas Fortino + Dip. Flores Espinosa Felipe Amadeo + Dip. Flores Gómez González Fernando Jesús + Dip. Flores González Gerardo Roberto + Dip. Flores González Roberto Modesto + Dip. Flores Méndez José Luis + Dip. Flores Olvera Pedro + Dip. Flores Rodríguez Adolfo Ramón + Dip. Flores Rodríguez Ezequiel + Dip. Flores Valdez Anastacia Guadalupe + Dip. Flores Vizcarra Carlos + Dip. Fuentes Alcocer Manuel Jesús + Dip. Gaber Arjona Tuffy + Dip. Galindo Quiñones Heriberto Manuel + Dip. Galván Rivas Andrés + Dip. Gamboa Enríquez Armando + Dip. García Castañeda Julio Felipe + Dip. García Cervantes Ricardo Francisco + Dip. García Cruz Anselmo + Dip. García García José Manuel + Dip. García García Miguel Angel + Dip. García Peraza José Feliciano + Dip. García Ramírez Abel + Dip. García Sáenz Eliezar + Dip. García Villa Juan Antonio + Dip. Garduño Morales Patricia + Dip. Garfías Magaña Luis + Dip. Garzacabello García Fernando + Dip. Garzón Franco María Elisa + Dip. Garzón Santibáñez Alfonso + Dip. Godina Herrera Ricardo Luis Antonio + Dip. Godoy Rangel Leonel + Dip. Gómez García Jorge Humberto + Dip. Gómez Hernández Vito Lucas + Dip. Gómez Mont y Urueta María Teresa + Dip. Gómez Pasillas Jacinto + Dip. Gómez Uranga Manlio Fabio + Dip. Gómez Vega Guillermo Alejandro + Dip. Gómez Villanueva Augusto + Dip. González Achem José Luis Fernando + Dip. González Aguilera José Luis + Dip. González Alba Sabino + Dip. González Alcocer Alejandro + Dip. González Cerecedo Alicia + Dip. González Garza Javier + Dip. González González Jorge + Dip. González Hernández Yolanda Eugenia + Dip. González Herrera Saúl + Dip. González Luna Mendoza José Mauro + Dip. González Macías Rodolfo + Dip. González Magallón César Humberto + Dip. González Mocken Héctor Armando + Dip. González Paras José Natividad + Dip. González Quiroga César + Dip. González Rebolledo Ignacio + Dip. González Reyes Héctor + Dip. González y Guardado Guillermo + Dip. González Yáñez Oscar + Dip. Guerra Díaz María del Rosario + Dip. Guerra Ochoa Juan Nicasio + Dip. Guizar Macías Francisco Javier + Dip. Gutiérrez Bravo Horacio Alejandro + Dip. Gutiérrez Gutiérrez Alejandro + Dip. Gutiérrez Hernández Prisciliano Diego + Dip. Gutiérrez Robles Javier de Jesús + Dip. Gutiérrez Vidal Javier Alberto + Dip. Hernández Armenta Francisco Javier + Dip. Hernández Balderas Florencio Martín + Dip. Hernández Castillo Rolando + Dip. Hernández Cruz Antonio + Dip. Hernández Deras Ismael Alfredo + Dip. Hernández Domínguez Jorge + Dip. Hernández Fraguas José Antonio + Dip. Hernández Hernández Virginia + Dip. Hernández Labastida Ramón Miguel + Dip. Hernández Martínez Jesús Carlos + Dip. Hernández Reyes Antonio + Dip. Hernández Ríos María Cecilia + Dip. Hernández Vázquez Lázaro + Dip. Hernández Vélez Jesús Salvador + Dip. Hidalgo y García B. Matilde del Mar + Dip. Higuera Osuna Alejandro + Dip. Hinojosa Juárez Manuel + Dip. Ibarra de la Garza María del Rosario + Dip. Iñiguez Cervantes José + Dip. Islas Chío Miguel Angel + Dip. Islas Hernández Adrián Víctor Hugo + Dip. Jacobo García Rafael + Dip. Jiménez Gómez Germán + Dip. Jiménez Leal Saúlo Rubén + Dip. Jiménez Lemus Luis Manuel + Dip. Jordán Arzate Agustín Mauro + Dip. Juárez Cisneros René + Dip. Juárez del Angel Joaquín + Dip. Juárez Santiago Pascual + Dip. Kondo López Jorge + Dip. Krauss Velarde Franciscana + Dip. Lara Chanes Raúl + Dip. Leal Angulo Augusto César + Dip. Ledezma Durán Francisco + Dip. Ledezma Magaña Israel Reyes + Dip. Leñero Alvarez Mónica Gabriela + Dip. León Montoya Walter Antonio + Dip. Lepe Bautista Cecilio + Dip. Lerdo de Tejada Covarrubias Sebastián + Dip. Levin Coppel Oscar Guillermo + Dip. Leyson Castro José Luis + Dip. Leyva Acevedo Efrén Nicolás + Dip. Leyva Mendívil Juan + Dip. Licona Spínola Ana María Adelina + Dip. Lima Malvido María de la Luz + Dip. Limón Tapia José Francisco + Dip. Linares González Nohelia + Dip. Livas Vera Raúl Alejandro + Dip. Lizárraga Zatarain Heriberto Tomáz + Dip. Llado Castillo Zaida Alicia + Dip. Llamas Monjardín Gustavo Gabriel + Dip. Longoria Hernández Martín Gerardo + Dip. López Barraza Héctor Humberto + Dip. López Cárdenas Fructuoso + Dip. López Orduña Salvador + Dip. López Sánchez Jorge Abel + Dip. López y Macías Pedro Guadalupe + Dip. Lozada Chávez José Francisco + Dip. Lucero Palma Lorenzo Miguel + Dip. Luján Peña Guillermo Alberto + Dip. Luna Parra y Trejo Lerdo Adriana Ma. + Dip. Luque Feregrino Ernesto de Jesús + Dip. Macías Beilis Giuseppe + Dip. Maldonado Ruíz Francisco + Dip. Manzo Godínez Miguel Humberto + Dip. Marcué y Pardiñas Manuel + Dip. Marín Huazo Aurelio + Dip. Márquez Cabrera María Rosa + Dip. Martínez Alvarez José Luis + Dip. Martínez Della Rocca Salvador Pablo + Dip. Martínez Guerra Alfonso + Dip. Martínez Hernández Ifigenia Martha + Dip. Martínez López José de la Cruz + Dip. Martínez Maldonado Agustín + Dip. Martínez Rivera Francisco + Dip. Martínez Sánchez Everardo + Dip. Martínez Tapia Jaime + Dip. Martínez Torres José Antonio + Dip. Martínez Veloz Jaime Cleofas + Dip. Martínez Verdugo Arnoldo + Dip. Mata Bracamontes José Luis + Dip. Meade Ocaranza Jorge Armando + Dip. Medina Ojeda Antonio + Dip. Meléndez Franco Jesús Manuel + Dip. Mena Salas Luis Felipe + Dip. Méndez Márquez Victoria Eugenia + Dip. Méndez Meneses Apolonio + Dip. Mendoza Peña Martha Patricia + Dip. Menéndez Haces Ricardo + Dip. Meneses Carrasco Hugo + Dip. Merlín Castro Gladys + Dip. Meza Galván Humberto + Dip. Meza López Sergio Teodoro + Dip. Michel Díaz Marco Antonio + Dip. Mikel Rivera Salvador + Dip. Miranda Añorve Marcelino + Dip. Molina Martínez Néstor + Dip. Molina Ruibal Alfonso + Dip. Montaño Arteaga Martín Aureliano + Dip. Montenegro Espinoza Martina + Dip. Montenegro Villa Liberato + Dip. Morales Ledesma María Guadalupe + Dip. Moreno Berry Alejandro + Dip. Moreno Carbajal José Noé Mario + Dip. Moreno Collado Jorge Efraín + Dip. Moreno Cota Pablo + Dip. Moreno Muñoz Eusebio + Dip. Moyao Morales Eliseo + Dip. Muñoz Covarrubias Emma + Dip. Muñoz Rivera Wilfrido Isidro + Dip. Muza Simón Sara Esther + Dip. Narro Céspedes José + Dip. Nava Bolaños Gerardo Gabriel + Dip. Navarrete Montes de Oca Ricardo T. + Dip. Navarrete Ruíz Carlos + Dip. Nieto Guzmán Jorge Ricardo + Dip. Noguera Corona Virgilia + Dip. Norzagaray Norzagaray Lauro + Dip. Noyola Bernal Jesús Eduardo + Dip. Núñez Hurtado Carlos + Dip. Núñez Pellegrín Rafael + Dip. Núñez Ramos Serafín + Dip. Nuño Luna Carlos Alfonso + Dip. Ocejo Moreno Jorge Andrés + Dip. Ochoa Samayoa Hildiberto + Dip. Ojeda Zubieta César Raúl + Dip. Olivares Ventura Héctor Hugo + Dip. Olivera Orozco Ma. Remedios + Dip. Olvera Méndez Jesús + Dip. Ordaz Moreno Gerardo + Dip. Orihuela Carmona Fernando + Dip. Orozco Loreto Ismael + Dip. Ortega Espinoza Javier + Dip. Ortega Martínez J. Jesús + Dip. Ortiz Jonguitud Miguel + Dip. Ortiz Walls Eugenio + Dip. Osorio Palacios Juan José + Dip. Ovalle Fernández Ignacio + Dip. Pacheco Arjona Manuel Jesús + Dip. Pacheco Martínez Fernando + Dip. Pacheco Rodríguez Ricardo Fidel + Dip. Padilla Martín Ricardo + Dip. Padilla Olvera Jorge Humberto + Dip. Padilla Padilla José de Jesús + Dip. Palacios Sosa Víctor Manuel + Dip. Palma César Victor Samuel + Dip. Parra Gómez Marcos Efrén + Dip. Patiño Cardona Francisco + Dip. Patiño Terán José Enrique + Dip. Pedraza Martínez Roberto + Dip. Peniche Bolio Francisco José + Dip. Peralta Burelo Francisco + Dip. Pérez Bonilla Manuel + Dip. Pérez Corona Juan Manuel + Dip. Pérez Cuéllar Cruz + Dip. Pérez Fernández Francisco Curi + Dip. Pérez García Fidel + Dip. Pérez Hernández Antonio + Dip. Pérez Jácome Dionisio Eduardo + Dip. Pérez Noriega Fernando + Dip. Pérez Rico Carlos + Dip. Pérez Vázquez Severiano + Dip. Pérez Verduzco Cándido + Dip. Pereznegrón Pereznegrón Horacio + Dip. Pineda Valdez J. Fidel + Dip. Pineda y Serino Javier + Dip. Piza Soberanis Antonio + Dip. Ponce de León Coluby Carlos Servando + Dip. Preciado Bermejo José de Jesús + Dip. Priego Ortíz Luis + Dip. Prieto Gamboa Sergio Emigdio + Dip. Quintana Silveyra Victor Manuel + Dip. Quintero Martínez Raúl Armando + Dip. Quintero Peña Daniel + Dip. Quiroz Durán Primo + Dip. Quiroz Preza José Arturo + Dip. Ramírez Chávez Raúl + Dip. Ramírez Córdova Pascual + Dip. Ramírez Gamero José + Dip. Ramírez Garrido Abreu Graco Luis + Dip. Ramírez Ortega María del Socorro + Dip. Ramírez Pérez Filemón + Dip. Ramírez Ramírez Marcelo + Dip. Ramírez Vargas Sergio Inocencio + Dip. Ramos Damián José Santos + Dip. Ramos Dávila Yrene + Dip. Ramos Rodríguez Enrique + Dip. Rascón Córdoba Marco Antonio Ignacio + Dip. Rendón Castrejón Lauro + Dip. Reta Martínez Carlos Alfonso + Dip. Reyes Medrano Alfonso + Dip. Reyes Retana Márquez Regina + Dip. Ricardez Vela Ma. del Carmen + Dip. Rico Samaniego Luis Alberto + Dip. Ríos Magaña Raúl + Dip. Ríos Vázquez Alfonso Primitivo + Dip. Rivadeneira y Rivas Fernando Jesús + Dip. Rivera Barrón Antonio + Dip. Rivera Díaz Calixto Javier + Dip. Rivera Pavón Pedro Guillermo + Dip. Rivera Torres Primo + Dip. Robledo Silva Rodrigo + Dip. Robles Berlanga María del Rosario + Dip. Robles Garnica Roberto + Dip. Robles Villaseñor Mara Nadiezhda + Dip. Rodríguez López Jaime + Dip. Rodríguez Lugo Joaquín + Dip. Rodríguez Martínez Hugo Fernando + Dip. Rodríguez Ramírez Miguel + Dip. Rodríguez Rivera Gerardo Macario + Dip. Rodríguez y Rodríguez Jesús + Dip. Rojas Cruz Graciela + Dip. Rojas Díaz Durán Alejandro + Dip. Rojo Gutiérrez Jesús Ramón + Dip. Romero Castillo Ma. Guadalupe Cecilia + Dip. Romero Montaño Enrique + Dip. Romero Oropeza Octavio + Dip. Romero Tobón Fidencio + Dip. Roque Villanueva Humberto + Dip. Rosales Anaya Mario Alejandro + Dip. Ruán Ruiz Luis + Dip. Rubín Cruz Tito + Dip. Rubio Barthell Eric Luis + Dip. Rubio y Ragazzoni Víctor Manuel + Dip. Russek Valles Manuel Enrique + Dip. Ruvalcaba León Jesús Rafael + Dip. Salazar Pérez Luz de Jesús + Dip. Salcedo Solís José Luis + Dip. Saldaña Pérez María Lucero + Dip. Salgado Brito Juan + Dip. Salgado Delgado Fernando + Dip. Salido Almada Crisóforo Lauro + Dip. Salinas Iñiguez Gustavo + Dip. Salinas Ortíz Aurelio + Dip. San Román Arreaga Héctor + Dip. Sánchez Aguilar Luis + Dip. Sánchez Anaya Alfonso Abraham + Dip. Sánchez Ascencio José Pedro + Dip. Sánchez Gochicoa Antonio + Dip. Sánchez Hernández Gloria + Dip. Sánchez Juárez José + Dip. Sánchez Ochoa José de Jesús + Dip. Sánchez Ramírez Edgar + Dip. Sandoval Ramírez Cuauhtémoc + Dip. Santana Rubio Heriberto + Dip. Santos Covarrubias Francisco Javier + Dip. Sauri Riancho Dulce María + Dip. Segura Dorantes Miguel Alberto + Dip. Segura Rangel María del Carmen + Dip. Siller Rojas Jesús + Dip. Silva Tejeda Víctor Manuel + Dip. Solórzano Fraga José Alfonso + Dip. Solórzano Solís Emiio + Dip. Sosamontes Herrera Moro Ramón + Dip. Soto Correa J. Carmen + Dip. Suárez Dávila Francisco + Dip. Tallabs Ortega Jesús Antonio + Dip. Tejeda Martínez Max + Dip. Tenorio Adame Francisco Antonio + Dip. Thomsen D'Abbadie Kurt Antonio + Dip. Torreblanca Galindo Carlos Zeferino + Dip. Torres Aguilar Alejandro + Dip. Torres Delgado Agustín + Dip. Torres Ortega José Luis + Dip. Tovar Estrada Juan Manuel + Dip. Trejo González Abel + Dip. Trélles Iruretagoyena Daniel Ernesto + Dip. Urdapilleta Núñez Jorge + Dip. Uribe Caldera Julieta + Dip. Urióstegui Miranda Píndaro + Dip. Valdés Mondragón Josué + Dip. Valdez Gaxiola Alfredo + Dip. Valencia Abundis Sofía + Dip. Vargas Garza Carlota Guadalupe + Dip. Vargas Santos David + Dip. Vázquez Hernández Mario Enrique + Dip. Vázquez Olivas Sergio + Dip. Vela González Joaquín Humberto + Dip. Velasco Velasco Abel Eloy + Dip. Velázquez Hernández Froylán + Dip. Verteramo Pérez Carlos José + Dip. Villalobos Chávez Oscar + Dip. Villanueva Mukul Eric Eber + Dip. Villaseñor Tatay Alejandro + Dip. Viniegra Zubiria Javier + Dip. Viornery Mendoza Mario Alberto + Dip. Wade González Jorge + Dip. Xochihua Valdez Zenén + Dip. Xochihua Valdez Zenén + Dip. Zambrano Grijalva José de Jesús + Dip. Zamora Barradas Rogelio + Dip. Zamorano Ayala Homar + Dip. Zapata Perogordo José Alejandro + Dip. Zarrazaga Molina Lidia Isabel M. + Dip. Zavala Medel Ma. del Carmen + Dip. Zúñiga Martínez Guillermo Héctor + +Sources +Mexican Chamber of Deputies + +Congress of Mexico by session +Jazztrax, formally known as the Jazztrax Showcase of the Absolute Newest, is a weekly countdown of America's Top 20 Smooth Jazz singles by Art Good. The show was founded in 1985 by Good in San Diego and is currently broadcast out of the San Fernando Valley, the heart of smooth jazz. Each week, Art has an interview with a guest performer, while also playing a historic recording from the Jazztrax Archive. The show is syndicated to 44 different stations around the country, and webcast around the world. It is typically five hours long. Jazztrax has also expanded to include the world-famous Catalina Island Jazztrax Festival, the Jazztrax Baseball Train, the Big Bear Lake Jazztrax Summer Festival, and other events, most of which are also simulcast over the web. Also broadcast every Tuesday from 10PM to Wednesday 2AM on Crossover Radio Online + +External links + The Official Jazztrax Homepage - Always Trax with an x + +Smooth jazz +American jazz radio programs +Neil Mitchell AO (born 21 November 1951) is an Australian former newspaper and magazine journalist, radio presenter and television personality, best known for his long-stint on Melbourne AM talk-back station 3AW. + +Early career +The son of a school teacher, Mitchell entered journalism aged 17, straight after completing high school. He has had involvement in newspapers, radio and television. + +Newspaper and magazine journalist +He was one of the youngest ever editors of a major Australian metropolitan newspaper, The Herald, holding that position from 1985 to 1987. + +Mitchell was also a reporter, columnist and news executive at The Age for 16 years, including four years as sports editor. He has also worked for Time Magazine + +Television +He presented documentaries and his own talk back TV program on both the Nine and Ten networks which were both short-lived. He also worked on two programs on the Seven Network and on Sky News Australia. + +Radio career 3AW +Mitchell began working at Melbourne station 3AW in March 1987. Initially he worked part-time on weekends and as a morning fill-in host for former broadcaster Derryn Hinch and later became the host of the drive time program in October 1987. In 1990, he moved to the morning program where he has been a successful and influential figure ever since. In 1994 he appeared as himself in the first season of Australian comedy television series Frontline. + +Mitchell has a reputation for looking out for "the little guys" and spends plenty of on-air time trying to rectify problems brought to his attention by his listeners, who are encouraged to contact the program with examples of bureaucratic bungling and red-tape. A well-known example is his successful effort to have speed-camera fines from faulty cameras in Melbourne reversed, which resulted in the refunding of AUD26 million to motorists. + +Although Mitchell is on-air 08:30 to noon weekdays, his time commitment is much longer as he starts work at 5am and rarely finishes before 3pm. + +In December 2009, Mitchell was the subject of a concerted effort by rival newcomer talk station, MTR, to gain his services. After protracted negotiations between 3AW and soon to be out of contract Mitchell, he eventually stayed at 3AW, citing loyalty to his listeners as his ultimate reason for continuing at the station. He rejected a more lucrative offer from MTR. + +In August 2011, Mitchell signed a new three-year, multimillion-dollar contract with 3AW, which started in January 2012. + +In September 2023, Mitchell announced he would step down from his role at 3AW at the end of the year. + +Charity and community work +Mitchell is involved in community and charity work both professionally and in his private life. Some of his successful on-air campaigns have included raising awareness for the building of a new facility for adolescents at Melbourne's Royal Children's Hospital and helping to set up Blue Ribbon Day for Victoria Police after the death of officers in 1988. + +Acknowledgement of Mitchell's hard work in this area is in the citation for his Order of Australia honour which includes the words, for services ".. to the community through a range of charitable institutions". + +Honours and awards +In the June 2007 Queen's Birthday Honours List Neil Mitchell was made an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) "For service to the print, radio and television media, and to the community through a range of charitable institutions". + +Over his years in the media Mitchell has won eight Melbourne Press Club Quill Awards for best radio current affairs report and one best columnist award. + +In 2011, Mitchell won the Melbourne Press Club Graham Perkin Australian Journalist of the Year Award, for excellence in radio journalism over a quarter of a century. He is the first radio journalist to win the coveted award. Mitchell is especially proud of this award as, in his words, "I’ve never thought too much about personal awards, but this is a very special one because I worked with him, and because it's about real journalism. You can get the Walkley just by being at the right place at the right time and doing a good job, whereas the Perkin is a recognition of a year of consistency." + +In November 2013, Mitchell won his first Walkley Award, in the radio/audio news and current affairs category, for his report that the Ford Motor Company would stop manufacturing vehicles in Australia after 2016. + +In March 2014, Mitchell was named as the winner of the 2013 Best Radio Current Affairs Report at the Melbourne Press Club's annual Quill awards. This award was for Mitchell's scoop on the Ford Motor Company's decision to end local manufacturing in Australia. + +Australian Commercial Radio Awards +Mitchell has won many Australian Commercial Radio Awards (ACRAs) including:- + + 2007 Inducted into the Australian Commercial Radio Hall of Fame + 2008 Best talk presenter + 2011 Best talk presenter + 2012 Best current affairs presenter + 2013 Best current affairs presenter + +Personal life +Mitchell has been married since the 1980s and has a son and a daughter. He rarely mentions his family life publicly. He is a keen supporter of the Melbourne Football Club. + +References + +External links +3AW website + +1951 births +3AW presenters +Living people +Australian monarchists +Journalists from Melbourne +Radio personalities from Melbourne +Shock jocks +The Herald (Melbourne) people +Puckapunyal (more formally the Puckapunyal Military Area, but also known as the Puckapunyal Camp or Puckapunyal Army Base, and colloquially as "Pucka") is an Australian Army training facility and base 10 km west of Seymour, in central Victoria, south-eastern Australia. + +Description +Puckapunyal is a small restricted-access town inhabited mainly by about 280 families of the Australian Defence Force community, with an associated area of about 400 km2 of bushland and former pasture used for field training exercises. It is home to the Australian Army's School of Armour, the School of Artillery and the School of Transport, along with the Combined Arms Training Centre, the Joint Logistics Unit, and two transport squadrons. The Royal Australian Armoured Corps Memorial and Army Tank Museum is on the base's grounds, and the facilities are used by the Victorian Australian Army Cadets Brigade. Apart from the military education and training venues, most accommodation consists of single-storey brick houses with backyards. It contains a primary school, shops, a variety of sporting facilities, and a theatre. + +History + +Military use +The area was first used as a mobilisation and training area during World War I. During the early 1920s, an ordnance store and rifle range were built on the site. In 1939, the area was formally established as Puckapunyal Camp: the name was taken from the Aboriginal name for a large hill within the training area, which has been variously translated as "death to the eagle", "the outer barbarians", "the middle hill", "place of exile", and "valley of the winds". The base was used to train the Second Australian Imperial Force, as other Army establishments were at capacity training Militia units. The original site was too small for wartime training, and an additional were acquired. As well as Australian units, the United States Army's 41st Infantry Division trained at Puckapunyal. + +In 1949, the 1st Armoured Regiment was raised at Puckapunyal. The regiment remained based at Puckapunyal until it relocated to Darwin in June 1995. + +During the 1950s, Puckapunyal was host to the 3rd National Service Training Brigade (see National Service Act 1951). During the Vietnam War, national servicemen conscripted under the National Service Act 1964 outside of Queensland and New South Wales were sent to Puckapunyal (soldiers from these states trained at Kapooka or Singleton). They were trained by the 2nd Recruit Training Battalion, with up to 4,000 soldiers at Puckapunyal at any given time. + +By 1988, subsequent land acquisitions had increased the training area to . + +The National Service barracks were transferred to the Third Training Group in the 1980s to provide recruit and promotion training for General Reserve soldiers and also promotion training for Reserve Officers attending the Reserve Command and Staff College. This continued until the closure of the Training Group in June 2000. + +During 1999 and 2000, citizens from Kosovo were housed in the Training Group barracks (as well as at other military barracks around the country) as part of a temporary protection program called Operation Safe Haven in support of the NATO activity in the province. They returned to Kosovo once the situation there had stabilized. + +It serves as a testing ground for armoured fighting vehicles. + +Puckapunyal Restoration and Conservation Project +In the 1970s and 1980s, the Army undertook a land rehabilitation program, as decades of heavy use had caused major land degradation. At the time, it was "one of the largest single landscape revegetation operations yet attempted in Australia and perhaps anywhere." Wilkie summarises the project as follows: Historical land use impacts and heavy military usage, with little attention paid to land management or maintenance, eventually left the area barren and denuded. Although attempts at revegetation occurred in the 1950s, by the 1960s parts of the site were impassable because of waterlogging and severe erosion. For the tanks of the armored division, these areas were unsafe and unusable. One newspaper described it as the “most desolate and barren military camp in Victoria.” + +By 1969, the Army was faced with two alternatives: “(1) to rehabilitate the area, or (2) to abandon it with consequent loss of facilities and the certainty of having to face similar problems elsewhere in the future.” The former option was taken. The Puckapunyal Restoration and Conservation Project began work in 1971. Officially operating under the auspices of Defence, the research and scientific support for the project was provided by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), while the Victorian Soil Conservation Authority managed operations and provided its expertise in soil erosion and land restoration. + +By 1985, the extensive program of earthworks, soil and water erosion control, and revegetation had been completed on 20,000 hectares of land. Some 5,000 hectares of barren and denuded landscape was repaired, and 16,000 hectares of improved pasture had been established. At the completion of the project, land management and scientific officers were appointed to continually monitor and research the Puckapunyal site. A rest and restore program was implemented, creating “no go” areas where the land was overused, where new vegetation was establishing itself or was otherwise sensitive to environmental changes, or where research was being conducted. +Elsewhere, Wilkie has argued that "Although conservation programmes emphasised utility for defence requirements, the restoration project of the 1970s and 1980s had, in reality, reimagined Puckapunyal as both a military training area and a natural landscape for vegetation and habitat for animals ... the restoration project appears to have been a net benefit to native animal populations, providing habitat and sanctuary for various species that are endemic to the grassy woodlands that have otherwise not been well protected under traditional conservation models ... Puckapunyal provided a testing ground for defence approaches to animal conservation that continue to develop to this day." + +Environment + +The Puckapunyal Military Area (PMA) experiences cool to cold winters, when most of the average annual rainfall of 596 mm occurs, and dry, warm to hot, summers. The site is characterised by a series of rocky hills and ridges trending north to south, with the highest parts around Mount Puckapunyal (413 m) and Mount Kappe (384 m). The soils are mainly duplex, having low natural fertility and water holding capacity, with smaller areas of deep alluvium. Surface drainage is oriented towards the north and north east, with surface runoff flowing into the Goulburn River. All streams in the PMA are seasonal. + +Flora and fauna +The PMA contains box-ironbark forest that forms one of the largest discrete remnants of this threatened ecosystem in Victoria. Some 706 species of vascular, and 170 of non-vascular, plant have been recorded. Two species, clover glycine and trailing hop-bush, are nationally threatened. Records have been made of 44 mammals, 18 reptiles, 12 frogs, 11 fish and over 140 invertebrates. + +Birds + +The entire PMA, along with two small reserves and an army munitions storage site at nearby Mangalore, has been identified by BirdLife International as a 435 km2 Important Bird Area (IBA) because it supports the largest known population of bush stone-curlews in Victoria. It is also regularly visited by endangered swift parrots, often in large numbers. Diamond firetails are common residents. Other significant birds recorded from the site (out of a total of 207 species) are regent and painted honeyeaters, flame and pink robins, Australasian and black-backed bitterns, powerful and barking owls, and white-throated and spotted nightjars. + +In popular culture +Puckapunyal is mentioned in the song "I Was Only 19", the No. 1 single by Redgum from the 1983 album Caught in the Act. It is also mentioned in episode 84 of the TV series Prisoner (alternatively known as Prisoner: Cell Block H). + +References + +Notes + +Sources + +External links + Royal Australian Armoured Corps Memorial and Tank Museum + Welcome to Puckapunyal + +Towns in Victoria (state) +Shire of Mitchell +Australian Army bases +Important Bird Areas of Victoria (state) +1939 establishments in Australia +Box-ironbark forest +Hermann III (c.994/995 - April 1, 1012) was a member of the Conradine dynasty. He was Duke of Swabia from 1003 until 1012. + +Life +Hermann was the son of Herman II, Duke of Swabia and his wife Gerberga of Burgundy, daughter of Conrad I of Burgundy. He had many illustrious relatives. Through his father, Hermann was descended from Henry the Fowler; through his mother from Louis IV of France, Alfred the Great and Charlemagne. Hermann's sister, Gisela of Swabia, married Emperor Conrad II. + +Inheritance and regency +In 1003, when Hermann was about nine years old, his father died and Hermann inherited the duchy of Swabia. Since he was a minor, Hermann's reign as duke was effectively controlled by his cousin, the King of Germany, Henry II, who was his guardian. Henry II was mistrustful of the Conradines. Herman III's father, Herman II, had opposed the election of Henry II as king of Germany in 1002, and promoted himself as a rival candidate for the throne. Henry II thus used his position as Hermann's guardian to limit the power of the dukes of Swabia. He took control of key places in Swabia himself (including Hohentwiel, Breisach and Zürich), and replaced the ducal mint with a royal mint. He separated Alsace from the duchy of Swabia and gave control of Alsace to one of his relatives, Count Gerhard. Henry's control over Swabia was still present when Hermann died, aged about eighteen, in 1012. + +Hermann III did not marry and had no heirs. The male line of the Conradines of Swabia came to an end with his death. Henry III selected Ernest to succeed him; two years later, Ernest married Hermann's sister Gisela of Swabia. + +Notes + +Sources + +S.Weinfurter, Heinrich II. (1002-1024) Herrscher am Ende der Zeiten + +External links +Hermann III, Herzog von Schwaben (in German) + +1012 deaths +Dukes of Swabia +Medieval child monarchs +Conradines +Year of birth unknown +Year of birth uncertain +Thomas Albert Roberts (born October 5, 1972) is an American television journalist who served as a news anchor for MSNBC, a cable-news channel. He ended his seven-year stint anchoring MSNBC Live, the daytime news platform of NBC News, on weekends from 5-7pm ET. Before that he was anchor of Way Too Early and a contributor to Morning Joe. He was also an NBC News correspondent and a fill-in anchor on Today and NBC Nightly News. On November 18, 2017, it was announced that Roberts had decided to leave MSNBC for other endeavors. On August 14, 2020, it was announced that Roberts will be the host of season four of DailyMailTV. + +Early life and education +Roberts grew up in a Roman Catholic family in Towson, Maryland, and attended Catholic schools there, graduating from Calvert Hall College High School. In 1994, Roberts graduated from Western Maryland College (now McDaniel College) with a major in communication and a minor in journalism. + +Career +Roberts landed his first job reporting for a small cable station in Westminster, Maryland. He then moved to San Diego, California, and worked as a writer and field producer for NBC affiliate KNSD before relocating to Lincoln, Nebraska, where he worked as a general-assignment reporter with ABC affiliate KLKN-TV. + +Roberts went on to become a nightly news anchor and investigative reporter for Fox affiliate WFTX-TV in Fort Myers, Florida, and later for WAVY-TV, an NBC affiliate in Portsmouth, Virginia, which serves the Hampton Roads area. At WAVY-TV, he co-anchored an afternoon newscast and was also the station's investigative and consumer correspondent. + +CNN and Entertainment journalism +Roberts joined CNN, a cable-news channel, in December 2001 and was based in Atlanta, Georgia. He was a weekday anchor on CNN Headline News, co-anchoring alongside Judy Fortin, Sophia Choi, and Kathleen Kennedy. He co-anchored the CNN Headline News coverage of the 2003 Space Shuttle Columbia disaster and the channel's ongoing Iraq War coverage. He received an Emmy Award nomination in 2002 for his investigation into a local puppy mill that was eventually shut down due to his reporting, according to his profile at CNN. He resigned from CNN on May 1, 2007, to pursue "new journalistic opportunities" in the Washington, D.C. area and to be with his partner. + +After some time in DC, he moved to Los Angeles to work for the syndicated entertainment programs Entertainment Tonight and The Insider before determining tabloid journalism was not for him and he was dismissed. Roberts then was a correspondent for CBS News in Los Angeles, covering aspects of the trial of Conrad Murray. + +MSNBC and NBC News +In late April 2010, Roberts began freelance anchoring for MSNBC in New York City and was named full-time anchor in December. Roberts primarily anchored Live with Thomas Roberts until its cancelation in 2016. The show is a recipient of an Emmy Award for its coverage of the Supreme Court decision on marriage equality. Roberts also hosted Out There with Thomas Roberts, a weekly news and discussion show focused on LGBT equality issues, for Shift, an MSNBC digital live streaming network, through 2015. + +Roberts is seen at the end of the Marvel film The Avengers speaking about the "extraterrestrial invasion" for MSNBC. + +Roberts was also a fill-in news anchor on the weekday and weekend versions of Today and a correspondent for NBC News. From December 2010 through February 2011 Roberts anchored the 3 p.m. ET hour of MSNBC until he was moved to the 2 p.m. ET hour. +Roberts substituted for Keith Olbermann as the host of MSNBC's Countdown with Keith Olbermann on November 5 and 8, 2010, when Olbermann was suspended from MSNBC for making campaign contributions to candidates in the U.S. 2010 elections. In July 2015, he became the first openly gay evening news anchor on network television when he anchored NBC Nightly News for a day. He later anchored the program on numerous occasions. After having his role minimized, Roberts left MSNBC and NBC in November 2017 and then New York when he was unable to find work at other networks. + +Post MSNBC Career +In June 2018, Roberts became evening anchor on WGCL-46, the CBS affiliate in Atlanta. Roberts resigned from the position on August 16, 2019. Roberts explained his departure by saying, “Sometimes things just aren’t the right fit and there is nothing wrong with that. What matters is how it is handled. CBS46 is a class act and I have nothing but gratitude for how they handled my request.” Steve Doerr, WGCL's news director, commented on the resignation stating: “Thomas is a great journalist, and he has made a wide variety of contributions to CBS46 and the Atlanta market. We thank him for his relentless pursuit of the truth and wish him the best of luck in the future.” He added the change "was a mutual, amicable decision.” However, his tenure at the station was mired in controversy after being accused of contributing to a toxic work environment, making disparaging comments and gossiping about coworkers with co-anchor Sharon Reed, who also left the station. + +From September 2020 to August 2022, Roberts served as host of The Daily Mail TV. + +Miss Universe and Miss USA pageant host +Roberts co-hosted the 2013 Miss Universe pageant along with Melanie Brown from Moscow. He also co-hosted the Miss USA 2014 with Giuliana Rancic and 2014 Miss Universe pageant with Natalie Morales from Miami, Florida +in 2015. + +Personal life + +Survivor of sexual abuse +In 2005, after years of silence, Roberts came forward to testify against Jerome F. Toohey Jr., a former priest who had abused Roberts at Calvert Hall College High School. Toohey pleaded guilty to the sexual abuse charges and received a five-year jail sentence with all but eighteen months suspended in February 2006. Toohey served only ten months before his sentence was converted in December with the remaining eight months to be served in home detention. Roberts discussed his abuse in a special segment on CNN's Anderson Cooper 360 called "Sins of the Father" on March 12, 2007. + +Sexual orientation and coming out +Roberts publicly acknowledged he was gay while speaking at the annual convention of the National Lesbian and Gay Journalists Association (NLGJA) in Miami, Florida, held on 8 September 2006. His comments were first reported by Johnny Diaz for the Boston Globe. Along with Craig Stevens, a co-anchor of Miami's WSVN Channel 7, and other local gay anchors, Roberts was a member of a panel called "Off camera: The challenge of LGBT TV anchors." He told the audience that the conference was the "biggest step" he had taken to really be out in public and that he had slowly been coming out at CNN over the past several years. + +Diaz reported that Roberts, who has been a member of the NLGJA since 2005, said he was proud of his partner, and that staying in the closet was a difficult thing for a national news anchor. "When you hold something back, that's all everyone wants to know". + +Reporter Christie Keith published an interview with Roberts, on 15 September 2006 on the website AfterElton.com, who stated that he actually came out to coworkers in 1999, when he was living in Norfolk, Virginia. "I was happy, I was in a relationship, and I was very proud. I had the support of family, and of my friends. It was ... about not wasting any more time. I'd wasted enough time." He further commented, on the subject of coming out, "Hopefully, everyone, gay or straight, journalists or doctors or otherwise, can overcome that obstacle, because it stands in the way of you being the best you can be, with your job, with your family, with everything, and not have to be afraid anymore." + +Roberts also told Keith that he had been approached in 2005 by People magazine, to be one of the publication's 50 "sexiest bachelors", but he declined. "I'm not a bachelor: I thought it would be false advertising ... [and] I didn't think it was the right venue to talk about it." + +He has been in a relationship with Patrick Abner since 2000. On 25 June 2011, one day after same-sex marriage in New York was legalized, Roberts announced his engagement to Abner on his Twitter page. The couple was married on 29 September 2012. + +See also + LGBT culture in New York City + List of LGBT people from New York City + New Yorkers in journalism + United States cable news + +References + +External links + + "Thomas Roberts: The Exclusive ATLANTAboy 'It Gets Better' Interview" at Atlantaboy blogsite; accessed December 8, 2010. + Way Too Early with Thomas Roberts on MSNBC + "The Soup Cans Interview Thomas Roberts + +1972 births +Living people +American male journalists +American television news anchors +CBS News people +CNN people +Gay journalists +American LGBT broadcasters +American LGBT journalists +LGBT people from Maryland +LGBT people from Washington, D.C. +LGBT Roman Catholics +Western Maryland College alumni +MSNBC people +NBC News people +People from Towson, Maryland +Catholics from Maryland +Charles Winfield Waterman (November 2, 1861August 27, 1932) was a Colorado attorney and politician. He is most notable for his service as a United States senator from Colorado. + +Born in Waitsfield, Vermont, Waterman graduated from the University of Vermont in 1885 and taught school before attending the University of Michigan Law School. Following his 1889 graduation, Waterman moved to Denver, where he became a successful corporate and railroad attorney and was active in politics as a Republican. After serving as a delegate to the 1916 Republican National Convention and running unsuccessfully for the Republican U.S. Senate nomination in 1918, Waterman was the Colorado manager for Calvin Coolidge's 1924 presidential campaign. After Coolidge won, he appointed Waterman general counsel for the Federal Oil Conservation Board. He was a delegate to the 1924 Republican National Convention, and later that year ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. Senate in a special election, losing the Republican nomination for a two-year term to Rice W. Means, who went on to win the general election. + +In 1926, Waterman defeated Means for the Republican nomination for a full six-year term. He defeated Democrat William Ellery Sweet in the general election, and served from 1927 until his death. Waterman became ill in 1932, and announced that he would not be a candidate for re-election that year. His health continued to worsen, and he died in Washington, D.C., on August 27. He was buried at Cedar Hill Cemetery in Suitland, Maryland. + +Waterman was also a noted philanthropist; in addition to creating a charitable fund for Colorado attorneys, he donated a substantial amount to the University of Vermont, including funds for the construction of a campus building named for Waterman and his wife. + +Early life +Waterman was born in Waitsfield, Washington County, Vermont, on November 2, 1861, the son of John Waterman and Mary (Leach) Waterman. He worked on his family's farm, attended the Waitsfield public schools, and graduated from St. Johnsbury Academy. He graduated from the University of Vermont in Burlington in 1885, and was a school teacher and principal in Mooers, New York, Groton, Connecticut, and Fort Dodge, Iowa, from 1885 to 1888. + +Legal career + +Waterman graduated from the University of Michigan Law School in 1889, was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice in the Denver office of Republican politician John F. Shafroth. He later practiced as the partner of Edward O. Wolcott, and then as the principal of his own firm. Waterman was a successful corporation lawyer, and his clients included the Great Western Sugar Company, Great Western Railway of Colorado, Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, and New York Life Insurance Company. + +Political career +He was also active in Republican politics, and was a delegate to the 1916 Republican National Convention. In 1918, he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination for U.S. Senator; he lost to Lawrence C. Phipps, who went on to defeat John F. Shafroth (now a Democrat) in the general election. + +Waterman was a member of the University of Vermont board of trustees from 1921 to 1925; in 1922, he received the honorary degree of LL.D. from UVM. + +In 1923 and 1924, Waterman was active in the effort to elect Calvin Coolidge to a full term as president, and managed his campaign in Colorado; In December 1924, Coolidge rewarded Waterman with appointment as general counsel for the newly created federal Oil Conservation Board, a panel made up of the Secretaries of War, Navy, Interior, and Commerce. In addition, he was a delegate to the 1924 Republican National Convention. + +In 1924, Waterman was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination for the U.S. Senate seat left vacant by the death of Samuel D. Nicholson. He lost to Rice W. Means, a candidate supported by the Ku Klux Klan; Means went on to win the general election for the remainder of Nicholson's term, defeating John Shafroth's son Morrison Shafroth. + +Waterman ran again in 1926, and defeated Means for the Republican nomination. He then defeated former Governor William Ellery Sweet, the Democratic nominee, in the general election. He served in the Senate from March 4, 1927, until his death. During his Senate term, Waterman was chairman of the Committee on Patents and the Committee on Enrolled Bills (72nd Congress). According to one source, Waterman's Senate record made him the most conservative member ever of either the U.S. House or U.S. Senate. + +Philanthropy +Bequests from the estate of Charles Waterman and his wife included the creation of a charitable trust to benefit Colorado attorneys who face financial burdens because of age or illness. In addition, the Watermans donated funds to the University of Vermont for the design and construction of the Charles Winfield Waterman and Anna R. Waterman Memorial Building. The Waterman building has been used for several purposes since it opened in 1941, and in recent years has been the location of admissions and other administrative offices. + +Death and burial + +Waterman became ill in 1932 and announced that he would not be a candidate for reelection. He died at the Wardman Park Hotel in Washington, D.C., on August 27, 1932. His remains were cremated and interred at Cedar Hill Cemetery in Suitland, Maryland. + +Family +On June 18, 1890, Waterman married Anna Rankin Cook (1865–1939) of Burlington, Vermont. + +See also + List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49) + +References + +Sources + +Books + +Newspapers + +Internet + +External links + +1861 births +1932 deaths +St. Johnsbury Academy alumni +Colorado Republicans +University of Vermont alumni +People from Waitsfield, Vermont +Republican Party United States senators from Colorado +Politicians from Fort Dodge, Iowa +University of Michigan Law School alumni +Mirvac is an Australian property group with operations across property investment, development, and retail services. + +History +Mirvac was founded in 1972 by Bob Hamilton and Henry Pollack. It first project was a block of 12 apartments in Rose Bay. In October 2004 Mirvac purchased the James Fielding Group. + +Notable projects +CSR Refinery, New Farm redevelopment +Harold Park Paceway and Rozelle Tram Depot redevelopment +Waverley Park redevelopmentWaverley Park Mirvac + +Office buildings +Notable office buildings owned by Mirvac include: +Allendale Square +David Malcolm Justice Centre (50%) +Westpac Place (50%) + +Shopping centres +Notable shopping centres owned by Mirvac include: +Birkenhead Point Outlet Centre +Broadway Shopping Centre (50%) +Cherrybrook Village Shopping Centre +Cooleman Court +Harbourside Shopping Centre +Kawana Shoppingworld (50%) +Rhodes Waterside (50%) +Waverley Gardens Shopping Centre + +References + +Companies based in Sydney +Companies listed on the Australian Securities Exchange +Property management companies +Real estate companies of Australia +1972 establishments in Australia +Malayikkuthu (Malayikuthu, Malayikkuth) is a dance ritual performed by the people of Malayi sect in Kerala, South India. Devakanni and Narada are two characters that comprise Malayikkuthu. Davakanni's costume consists of gold and silver ornaments, pleated cloths and dotted dresses. Narada wears silver ornaments and other colorful clothes. The face is decorated with turmeric and body paint. It is performed in front of a lighted lamp. (see: Nilavilakku) Devakanni enters first. Other designates too accompany. Narada enters later and they dance together. + +The theme of Malayikkuthhu is as follows: Seven virgins descended on earth to collect flowers. One lost her way and could not join others. Others headed back to heaven. A wandering Narada happened to see her and he wanted her to continue in this world itself. + +Malayikkuth is performed in the district of Kannur at Cherukunnu Thekkumpadath. This is also known as Devakkuth. + +See also + Arts of Kerala + Kerala Folklore Akademi + +Dances of Kerala +The Sporting Shooters' Association of Australia (SSAA) is a federated non-government organisation established in 1948 as a representative body to promote shooting sports and protect the legal rights and interests of firearm owners in Australia. the SSAA has a membership of around 210,000. In addition to the state branches overseeing various clubs and gun ranges, SSAA also has a national political lobbying department and an insurance arm. State branches run local- and state-level shooting competitions, while the SSAA also coordinates competitions at the national and international levels. + +History +On April 15, 1948, about 100 shooters met in the Sydney's Railway Institute Building in Elizabeth Street to form The Sporting Shooters’ Association of Australia. One of the most notable changes since that time is the number of members, which continues to increase each year. In 1959, it had a mere 250 members, compared to today’s 209,000 members. Membership fees have also increased since the SSAA first formed in 1948, with urban members paid 10 shillings and country members paid 7/6. + +The SSAA began in New South Wales because of the government’s increasing involvement in firearms legislation. In 1950, NSW adopted the title of "SSAA NSW" so everyone was clear that it was not just a "one-state organisation". State branches came into being at different times, with Victoria in 1951, Queensland in 1957, South Australia in 1964, the Northern Territory in 1965-66, the ACT in 1965, Western Australia in 1967 and Tasmania in 1969. + +In 1962, SSAA National came to life as a result of a meeting consisting of 12 people. The group agreed that there was a need for a federal body, whose purpose would be to assist and advise state bodies. + +Structure +The SSAA is organised at the bottom level as local sporting clubs, around locations and/or speciality shooting disciplines or conservation activities. Members may be unaffiliated with a club, or members of one or more clubs. Clubs are organised in branches, where each club sends two voting delegates to the branch AGM. A state may have one or more branches according to the population and size of membership. State level executive teams deal with state level sporting management and legislative issues, and elect the SSAA National Executive Board. SSAA states it is independent of any political party and supports politicians who support recreational shooting and hunting while condemning those that work against its members' interests. Tim Bannister is the organisation's inaugural CEO. + +Activities +The SSAA at the club and branch level has many thousands of volunteers and officials running competitions and managing facilities of their clubs for all levels of competition. The SSAA manages more than 16 handgun, rifle and shotgun shooting competitions at the local, state, national and international levels, as well as having several branches devoted to historic and collectible firearms. + +The SSAA runs its own political lobbying department, the SSAA Legislative Action (SSAA-LA). The SSAA-LA is "dedicated to ensuring Australians are able to exercise their freedoms and calling out those who threaten those freedoms", and focuses on important political news, national and international perspectives on legislative and regulatory developments and other time-sensitive matters. The SSAA National E-newsletter is a free-of-charge subscription email service available to SSAA members, which allows subscribers to select preferred contents between regular and/or SSAA-LA news. Regular news includes current and upcoming news, views and events about firearms ownership, sport shooting and recreational hunting issues, plus special offers. SSAA-LA news includes important political news, national and international perspectives on legislative and regulatory developments and other time-sensitive matters. + +The SSAA also comprises an insurance arm, the SSAA Insurance Brokers Pty Ltd, which is based in Fullarton, South Australia and provides general insurance for the majority of major shooting organisations within Australia, as well as public liability insurance for SSAA members while shooting or hunting. + +Conservation and wildlife management +SSAA South Australia created its Conservation & Wildlife Management (C&WM) branch in the 1990s, which focuses on the management of feral animals in South Australia. These include goats, gats, pigs, foxes and wild dogs, as well as occasional native species (in particular kangaroos) which are having a negative impact on the environment. C&WM collaborates with government departments, non-government organisations, private landholders and universities, and offers a free service to land managers to target a specific species. One of their most successful projects was "Operation Bounceback" in the Flinders Ranges of South Australia. It has won recognition and awards from government, the University of Adelaide, volunteer groups and the Nature Foundation. + +Facilities +Each SSAA state branch runs/leases a number of shooting ranges and facilities, open to both SSAA members and non-members with varying fees and rules: + +New South Wales +Metropolitan + + ANZAC (at Malabar Headland) + St. Marys + Silverdale + Hornsby + Holroyd (at Greystanes) + +Regional + + Coffs Harbour (at Dairyville) + Ballina + Kempsey + Macksville + Port Macquarie + Cessnock + Grafton (at South Grafton) + Taree/Wingham + Merriwa + Newcastle (at East Seaham) + Snowy River (Coolamatong) + Southern Highlands (at Berrima) + Goulburn + Illawarra (at Hill Top) + Batemans Bay + Tenterfield + Urbenville/Woodenbong + Guyra (at Armidale) + Kyogle + Northern Rivers (at Casino) + Glen Innes (at Emmaville) + Armidale (at Balala) + Mudgee (at Cudgegong) + Orange + Bathurst + Deep Lead (at Parkes) + Parkes (at Eugowra) + Coonabarabran (at Ulamambri) + Dubbo (at Wuuluman) + Fairlight (at Moonan Flat) + Forbes + Gilgandra + Grenfell + Albury (at Ettamogah) + Tumut + Wagga Wagga (near Livingstone National Park) + West Wyalong + Hay + Leeton/Narrandera (at Yanco) + Griffith (also at Rankins Springs) + Narrabri/Gunnedah + Broken Hill + +ACT + Majura + +Victoria +Metropolitan + + Springvale + Eagle Park (at You Yangs, near Little River) + +Regional + + Bendigo (at Marong) + Cobaw/Kyneton (at Lancefield) + Bonang (at Bendoc) + Nhill (at Kaniva and Lillimur) + Daylesford (at Trentham East) + East Gippsland (at Buchan South) + Wodonga (at Barnawartha North) + Portland + Warrnambool (at Allansford) + Mildura (at Cardross) + Shepparton (at Pine Lodge) + +Queensland +Regional + + Biloela + +South Australia + +Western Australia + +Tasmania +Metropolitan + + Oakdale (at Warrane) + Glenorchy + +Regional + + Bracknell + Westbury + Sheffield (at Lake Barrington and East Sassafras) + Scottsdale + Huon (at Franklin) + Blue Hills (at Copping) + St. Helens + Waratah + Spring Bay (at Ashgrove) + Bruny Island (at Alonnah) + Macquarie (at Ross) + King Island (at Lymwood) + +Northern Territory + + Micket Creek (at Berrimah) + Alice Springs (at Ilparpa) + +Publications +The SSAA publishes a range of publications, including: + Australian Shooter (monthly) + Australian Hunter (quarterly) + Australian & New Zealand Handgun (annual) + The Junior Shooter (biannual) + SSAA's Comprehensive Guide to Shooting & Hunting in Australia + Shooting and the SSAA - A Beginner's Guide + A Journalist's Guide to Firearms and the Shooting Sports + ASJ: The political voice of the SSAA + SSAA National E-newsletter + Field to Fork - The Australian Game Cookbook. + +Revenue +The national branch of the SSAA collects tens of millions of dollars in annual fees. + +See also + Gun laws in Australia + +References + +External links + + +Gun politics in Australia +Gun rights advocacy groups +Shooting sports in Australia +Sports clubs and teams established in 1948 +1948 establishments in Australia +Najas, the water-nymphs or naiads, is a genus of aquatic plants. It is cosmopolitan in distribution, first described for modern science by Linnaeus in 1753. Until 1997, it was rarely placed in the Hydrocharitaceae, and was often taken as constituting (by itself) the family Najadaceae. + +The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system, of 1998), places the genus in family Hydrocharitaceae, in the order Alismatales of the monocots. + +An infrageneric classification of two sections is proposed: Section Americanae and sect. Caulinia. + +Species + Najas affinis Rendle - South America, Senegal, Guinea-Bissau + Najas ancistrocarpa A.Braun ex Magnus - China, Japan, Taiwan + Najas arguta Kunth - Cuba, Costa Rica, Panama, South America + Najas australis Bory ex Rendle - India, Madagascar, Mauritius, KwaZulu-Natal, Seychelles + Najas baldwinii Horn - West Africa + Najas brevistyla Rendle - Assam + Najas browniana Rendle - southern China, India, Taiwan, Java, Cavern Island in Northern Territory of Australia + Najas chinensis N.Z.Wang - Primorye, China, Taiwan, Japan + Najas conferta (A.Braun) A.Braun - Cuba, Hispaniola, Panama, Brazil + Najas faveolata A. Br. ex Magnus + Najas filifolia R.R.Haynes - southeastern United States (Georgia, Alabama, Florida) + Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & W.L.E. Schmidt (1824) - temperate Northern Hemisphere + Najas gracillima (A.Braun ex Engelm.) Magnus - Asia, North America + Najas graminea Delile (1813) - Africa, Asia, New Guinea, Melanesia, northern Australia; naturalized in California and parts of Europe + Najas grossareolata L.Triest - Sri Lanka + Najas guadalupensis (Spreng.) Magnus - North and South America, Caribbean + Najas hagerupii Horn - Ghana, Mali + Najas halophila L.Triest - Java, New Guinea, Queensland + Najas heteromorpha Griff. ex Voigt - eastern India + Najas horrida A.Braun ex Magnus - Africa, Madagascar, Sinai + Najas indica (Willd.) Cham. (1829) - Indian Subcontinent, China, Southeast Asia, New Guinea + Najas kurziana Rendle - Bihar, East Timor + Najas madagascariensis Rendle - Madagascar; naturalized in Mauritius + Najas malesiana W.J.de Wilde - India, Bangladesh, Indochina, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines; naturalized in eastern Brazil + Najas marina L. (1753) - widespread and nearly cosmopolitan + Najas minor All. (1773) - widespread in Europe, Asia, Africa; naturalized in eastern North America + Najas oguraensis Miki - East Asia, Himalayas (Pakistan, Nepal, northern India) + Najas pectinata (Parl.) Magnus - Sahara + Najas pseudogracillima L.Triest - Hong Kong + Najas rigida Griff. - eastern India + Najas schweinfurthii Magnus - Senegal, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Sudan, Tanzania + Najas tenuicaulis Miki - Honshu Island in Japan + Najas tenuifolia R.Br. - Hong Kong, Southeast Asia, Australia + Najas tenuis Magnus – India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar + Najas tenuissima (A.Braun ex Magnus) Magnus - Finland, Russia, Hokkaido + Najas testui Rendle - western + central Africa + Najas welwitschii Rendle - tropical Africa, western India + Najas wrightiana A.Braun - Mexico, Central America, Cuba, Bahamas, Venezuela; naturalized in Florida + +References + +External links + Najadaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards) [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ The families of flowering plants] : descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval. Version: 9 March 2006. http://delta-intkey.com . +Najas japonica Nakai- Flavon's art gallery +Najadaceae of Mongolia in FloraGREIF + + +Aquatic plants +Hydrocharitaceae genera +Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus +Matthew Wells OAM (born 2 May 1978 in Hobart, Tasmania) is a field hockey defender from Australia, who was a member of the team that won the gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens by beating title holders The Netherlands in the final. Four years earlier, when Sydney hosted the Summer Games, he finished in third spot with The Kookaburras, as the Men's National Team is called. He had to miss the 2006 Men's Hockey World Cup due to injury. + +External links + + Profile on Hockey Australia + +1978 births +Australian male field hockey players +Olympic field hockey players for Australia +Male field hockey defenders +Olympic gold medalists for Australia +Olympic bronze medalists for Australia +Field hockey players at the 2000 Summer Olympics +2002 Men's Hockey World Cup players +Field hockey players at the 2004 Summer Olympics +Field hockey players at the 2006 Commonwealth Games +Field hockey players at the 2008 Summer Olympics +Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia +Sportspeople from Hobart +Living people +Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia +Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics +Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics +Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics +Commonwealth Games medallists in field hockey +Olympic medalists in field hockey +Medallists at the 2006 Commonwealth Games +Sportsmen from Tasmania +is a Japanese jazz pianist, composer and writer. His piano style is influenced by free jazz, modal jazz and soul jazz. + +Since the late 1980s, Yamashita's main performing group has consisted of Cecil McBee (bass), Pheeroan akLaff (drums), and often Joe Lovano (saxophone). + +Early life +Yamashita was born in Tokyo, Japan, on 26 February 1942. He had violin lessons between the ages of nine and 15, and switched to piano in his teens. + +Later life and career +Yamashita first played piano professionally in 1959, at the age of 17, and attended the Kunitachi College of Music and studied classical composition from 1962 to 1967. In the early 1960s, he "was part of a group, with Terumasa Hino and Masabumi Kikuchi, that met at a jazz club called to play and discuss jazz every night". Yamashita's first released recording was in 1963, and he became a pioneer of avant-garde and free jazz. He was part of Masahiko Togashi's free jazz quartet in 1965, but it disbanded after three months without recording. The pair were part of Sadao Watanabe's band in 1966, but Yamashita and Togashi disagreed about rhythms, leading to the pianist leaving. He formed his own trio in August 1966, with bassist Satoshi Shigami and drummer Shigenori Honjo; around ten months later, they were replaced by Motoharu Yoshizawa and Yoshisaburo Toyozumi, respecitvely. Saxophonist Seiichi Nakamura was added a short time later. The quartet recorded for the film Inflatable Sex Doll of the Wastelands in 1967. Near the end of that year, Yamashita developed pleurisy, which meant that he was not musically active for almost a year. + +In 1969, he formed the Yosuke Yamashita Trio. In 1974, the trio of Yamashita, Akira Sakata (alto sax) and Takeo Moriyama (drums) went on the first of a series of successful European tours, which helped spread beyond Japan Yamashita's and the trio's reputation as driving, fully committed free jazz musicians. The trio broke up in 1983. + +In the 1980s, Yamashita formed his New York Trio with bassist Cecil McBee and drummer Pheeroan akLaff. In 1994, he was invited to perform at the 50th anniversary concert of jazz label Verve, held at Carnegie Hall. He provided the music for the film Dr. Akagi. He has also led a big band "that combined swing music with free jazz". He has been a visiting professor of music at Senzoku Gakuen College of Music, Nagoya University of Arts, and his alma mater, Kunitachi College of Music, in addition to publishing work on improvisation and music. + +Yamashita performed on a burning piano in 1973 when asked by Japanese graphic designer Kiyoshi Awazu to be the subject in his short film, burning piano. Thirty-five years later, clothed in a protective firefighter's uniform, Yamashita repeated the performance on a beach in western Japan, playing jazz improvisations on a piano which had been set alight. + +Yamashita is in charge of visiting professor of Jazz course in Kunitachi College of Music since 2010. + +Playing style and influence +Critic Marc Moses, writing for The Japan Times in 1990, commented that "It is not an exaggeration to say that Yamashita is probably more responsible than any other individual for broadening the horizon of the creative Japanese jazz scene." + +Awards +In 1990, he was awarded the Fumio Nanri award. +In 1999, at the Mainichi Film Concours he was awarded "Best Film Score" for Dr. Akagi. +In 2003, he was awarded the for his contributions to the arts and academia. + +Discography + +Jazz albums + +As leader/co-leader + (self released, 1969) – the first live recording at Waseda University with Seiichi Nakamura and Takeo Moriyama + Concert in New Jazz (Teichiku/Union Jazz, 1969) - the first professional live recording with Seiichi Nakamura and Takeo Moriyama + Mina's Second Theme (Victor, 1969) – studio, trio with Seiichi Nakamura and Takeo Moriyama + (Victor, 1970) – studio, trio with Seiichi Nakamura and Takeo Moriyama + April Fool: Coming Muhammad Ali (URC, 1972) – studio, trio with Seiichi Nakamura and Takeo Moriyama + with Masahiko Sato, Piano Duo (Columbia, 1974) – live at Asahi Seimei Hall, + Clay (Enja, 1974) – studio, trio with Akira Sakata, Takeo Moriyama + Yosuke Alone (Bellwood, 1974) – solo + with Manfred Schoof, Akira Sakata, Takeo Moriyama, Distant Thunder (Enja, 1975) – live + Breathtake (Frasco, 1975) – solo + Chiasma (MPS, 1976) – with Akira Sakata, Takeo Moriyama, recorded in 1975 + Banslikana (Enja, 1976) – solo, recorded in 1975 + with Yasutaka Tsutsui, (Frasco, 1976) – recorded in 1975-76 + A day in Music (Frasco, 1976) – duo with Adelhard Roidinger + Montreux Afterglow (Frasco, 1976) – trio live at Montreux Jazz Festival + (Frasco, 1976) – with Gerald Oshita, + Umbrella Dance' (Frasco, 1977) + with Adelhard Roidinger, Inner Space (Enja, 1977) + Wave Song (Frasco, 1977) – with Adelhard Roidinger + with Yasutaka Tsutsui, (Victor/Super Fuji Discs, 1978) + (Frasco, 1978?) + Invitation – Yosuke In The Gallery (Frasco, 1979) + First Time (Frasco, 1979) + with Haruna Miyake, Exchange (Victor, 1979) + Vol. 1 and Vol.2 (Frasco, 1981) + Picasso - Live, And Then... (Columbia, 1983) - recorded in 1982. CD reissue in 2015. + (Columbia, 1983) + It Don't Mean a Thing (DIW, 1984) – solo + with Hozan Yamamoto, Masahiko Togashi, Breath (Denon, 1984) + It Don't Mean A Thing (DIW, 1984) + with Ruri Shimada, Goji Hamada, V.A., Winter Music (Locus Solus, 1985) + Sentimental (Kitty, 1985) + with Mal Waldron, Piano Duo Live At Pit Inn (CBS/Sony, 1986) + with Kodō, In Live (Denon, 1986) + Rhapsody in Blue (Kitty, 1986) + with Hozan Yamamoto, Bolero (Enja, 1986) + Plays Gershwin (Kitty, 1989) + Crescendo - Live At Sweet Basil (Kitty, 1989) + Sakura (Verve, 1990) – with Cecil McBee and Pheeroan Aklaff + Sakura Live (Verve, 1991) – with Cecil McBee and Pheeroan Aklaff + Kurdish Dance (Verve, 1992) – with Cecil McBee and Pheeroan Aklaff + Dazzling Days (Verve, 1993) – with Lovano, Cecil McBee and Pheeroan Aklaff + Asian Games (Verve Forecast, 1993) – with Bill Laswell and Ryuichi Sakamoto + Playground (Verve, 1993) + Ways of Time (Verve, 1995) – with Tim Berne, Lovano, Cecil McBee and Pheeroan Aklaff + Spider (Verve, 1996) – with Cecil McBee and Pheeroan Aklaff + Canvas In Quiet - Homage To Morio Matsui (Verve, 1996) + Stone Flower - Homage To A.C. Jobim (JVC, 1997) + Duo Live in Warehouse with Eitetsu Hayashi (King/Raijin, 1998) - live in Tokyo + Ballads For You (Trial, 1998) - live in Fuji, Shizuoka + Golden Circle "6" (Trial, 1999) - live in Hamamatsu + Fragments 1999 (Verve, 1999) – with Cecil McBee and Pheeroan Aklaff + Resonant Memories (Verve, 2001) – solo. recorded in 2000. + Graceful Illusion (Universal Music, 2004) + Delightful Contrast (Universal, 2011) – with Cecil McBee and Pheeroan Aklaff + Yamashita, Yosuke Trio (DIW, 2012) - recorded in 1973 + Grandioso (Universal, 2013) – with Cecil McBee and Pheeroan Aklaff + (JamRice, 2014) – with special bigband + (Velvet Sun, 2014) – with + (JamRice, 2015) - with special bigband + In Europe 1983 -complete edition- (Columbia, 2015) - recorded in Germany 1983 + with Cecil McBee and Pheeroan Aklaff (Verve, 2018)As chamber ensemble “”(with Shigeharu Mukai and Yahiro Tomohiro) + (Zizo, 2002) + +Other appearancesAs sideman Masahiko Togashi & Masayuki Takayanagi, (TBM, 1972) - the first recording in 1963 + Isso Yukihiro, (King, 1990) + , Gathering (Sony, 1991) - live + Nobuyasu Okabayashi, Made in Japan (Toshiba EMI, 1992) + Magokoro brothers, (Sony/"Ki/oon", 1992) + Kim Dae-hwan, Black Roots (nices, 1993) - live in Seoul, recorded in 1991 + Sachi Hayasaka & Stir Up! 2.26 (Enja, 1994) - live, recorded in 1992 + Kazumi Watanabe, (Universal/domo, 1994) + Shuichi Murakami, Welcome to My Life (Victor, 1998) + Black Out (Jazz), 1999/2.26 Live (Nbagi, 1999) + Yuki Maeda, Jazz Age: Gershwin Song Book (ewe, 1999) + T-Square (band), (SMA, 2012) + Toshi Ichiyanagi, Piano Concerto No.4 "Jazz", Piano Concerto No.5 "Finland", Concerto for Marimba and Orchestra (Camerata Tokyo, 2013) + Saki Takaoka, Sings - Bedtime Stories (Victor, 2014) + Bennie Wallace, Brilliant Corners (Denon, 2015) - recorded in 1986 + Nobuyasu Okabayashi, Requiem – The Heart of Misora Hibari (EMI Music Japan, 2010) + Nao Takeuchi, Obsidian (What's New, 2010) + Shinnosuke Takahashi, Blues 4 Us - Live at Shinjyuku Pit Inn (Pit Inn, 2011) + Akira Horikoshi & , Lotus Position (Waternet Sound, 2016) + Asako Motojima, Melodies of Memories (Greenfin, 2017) + Nobuyasu Okabayashi, (DIW, 2018) + +Omnibus Albums + Jazz in Tokyo '69 (Tact, 1969) + Memories of Bill Evans (Victor, 1999) + Gets Gilberto + 50 (verve, 2013) + +Soundtrack + (Tokuma Japan, 1986; re-issue 2002) + Dr. Kanzo Original Soundtrack / Yosuke Yamashita on Cinema (Verve, 1998) + Vengeance for Sale Original Soundtrack (Vap, 2002) + Soundtrack (Ultra-Vybe, 2008) - recorded in 1972 + Shirō Sagisu, (King, 2013) + (Avex Classics, 2018) - with Minami Kizuki(vo) + (Avex Classics, 2018) - with Minami Kizuki(vo) + +Selective classical compositions + "Yōsuke Yamashita: Piano Concerto No.1 ENCOUNTER for Improviser" + in Yōsuke Yamashita, Yutaka Sado and RAI National Symphony Orchestra Yōsuke Yamashita: Piano Concerto No.1 ENCOUNTER (Avex Classics, 2007) + and Yōsuke Yamashita, Yutaka Sado and Rhapsody in Blue (Avex Classics, 2014) + + "Yōsuke Yamashita: Piano Concerto No.3 EXPLORER" in Yōsuke Yamashita, Yutaka Sado Explorer×Sudden Fiction'' (Avex Classics, 2008) - with Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra + +ReferencesBibliogrpahy' + +External links +Official site + +1942 births +Living people +Enja Records artists +Japanese jazz pianists +Musicians from Tokyo +Recipients of the Medal with Purple Ribbon +Kunitachi College of Music alumni +21st-century pianists +Bellaphon Records artists +is a Japanese actor, comedian, singer, and director from Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, affiliated with From First Production. He is married to idol singer and actress Midori Kinouchi. He is also known as the voice of Samuel L. Jackson in the dubbed version of the Avengers, as Nicholas "Nick" Fury. + +Filmography + +Film +Director +Munō no Hito (1991) +119 (1994) +Tōkyō Biyori (1997) +Rendan (2001) +Sayonara Color (2005) +Yamagata Scream (2009) +Downfall (2023) + +Actor + +Gonza the Spearman (1986) +Fancy Dance (1989) +Best Guy (1990) +Chizuko's Younger Sister (1991) +Hiruko the Goblin (1991) +Until the end of the World (1991) +Sumo Do, Sumo Don't (1992) +Like a Rolling Stone (1994) +Rampo (1994) +Tokyo Fist (1995) +Gonin (1995) +East Meets West (1995) +Shall We Dance? (1996) – Tomio Aoki +By Player (2000) – Taiji Tonoyama +Agitator (2001) +Waterboys (2001) +The Happiness of the Katakuris (2001) +Ping Pong (2002) +Muscle Heat (2002) +Azumi (2003) +Swing Girls (2004) – Tadahiko Ozawa +Sayonara Color (2005) +Midnight Sun (2006) +The School of Water Business (2006) +Catch a Wave (2006) +26 Years Diary (2007) +Kurosagi (2008) +My Girlfriend is a Cyborg (2008) +Tokyo! (2008) +Hana Yori Dango Final (2008) +4 Shimai Tantei Dan (2008) +Shinjuku Incident (2009) +On Next Sunday (2009) +Mutant Girls Squad (2010) +Hara-Kiri: Death of a Samurai (2011) +Karate-Robo Zaborgar (2011) +Hello, My Dolly Girlfriend (2013) +Lady Maiko (2014) +The Big Bee (2015) +Gonin Saga (2015) +125 Years Memory (2015) – Kudo +Gold Medal Man (2016) +Manhunt (2017) +Color Me True (2018) +Reon (2018) +Out and Out (2018) +Talking the Pictures (2019) +Fly Me to the Saitama (2019), the governor of Kanagawa Prefecture +Toshimaen (2019) +Samurai Marathon (2019) +Life on the Longboard: 2nd Wave (2019) +Enter the Fat Dragon (2020) +Dosukoi! Sukehira (2019) +Not Quite Dead Yet (2020) +The Grapes of Joy (2021) +The Blue Danube (2021) +Your Turn to Kill: The Movie (2021) +The Way of the Househusband (2022) – Kikujirō Eguchi +The Broken Commandment (2022) +Maku wo Orosuna! (2023) – Matsuo Bashō +Six Singing Women (2023) +Dare to Stop Us 2 (2024) + +Television +Hideyoshi (1996) – Toyotomi Hideyoshi +Harlock Saga (1999) - Harlock +100 Tales Of Horror (2003) +Good Luck!! (2003) +Nodame Cantabile (2006) – Franz von Stresemann +Teki wa Honnoji ni Ari (2007) – Hashiba Hideyoshi +Kami no Shizuku (2009) – Doi Robert +Saka no Ue no Kumo (2009–11) – Komura Jutarō +Garo: Makai Senki (2011) (Episode 1) – Eiichi Anan/Cigarein +Gunshi Kanbei (2014) – Toyotomi Hideyoshi +Kamen Rider Ghost (2015) – Hermit, Edith +Natsume Sōseki no Tsuma (2016) +Saigo no Restaurant (2016) – Oda Nobunaga +Byplayers (2017) – himself +Samurai Gourmet (2017) – Takeshi Kasumi +Totto-chan! (2017) – Sōsaku Kobayashi +Chichi, Nobunaga (2017) – Oda Nobunaga +Your Turn to Kill (2019) +The Way of the Househusband (2020) – Kikujirō Eguchi +Koeharu! (2021) – Enjō Kinakuji +Reach Beyond the Blue Sky (2021) – Tokugawa Nariaki +Okehazama (2021) – Hotta Dōkū +I Will Be Your Bloom (2022) – Trinity Kasuga + +Television animation +One Piece (2009) – Shiki the Golden Lion +D4DJ First Mix (2020) – Dennojō Inuyose +Digimon Ghost Game (2021) – Ghost Navigator + +Theatrical animation +Patlabor 2: The Movie (1993) – Shigeki Arakawa +Pocket Monsters the Movie: Emperor of the Crystal Tower ENTEI (2000) – Entei, Doctor Shurī (Dr Spencer Hale in the dub) +Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence (2004) – Kimu +Sword of the Stranger (2007) – Kachū +The Sky Crawlers (2008) – Master +One Piece Film: Strong World (2009) – Shiki the Golden Lion +Penguin Highway (2018) – Hamamoto's Father +One Piece: Stampede (2019) +Over the Sky (2020) – Mogari + +Video games +Binary Domain (PlayStation 3, Sega, 2012) – Yoji Amada +Ryū ga Gotoku Kenzan! (PlayStation 3, Sega, 2008) – Nagayoshi Marume +Haunting Ground (PlayStation 2, Capcom, 2005) – Cinematics director +Nioh 2 (2020) – Tōkichirō + +Dubbing roles + +Live-action +Batman Forever (1995) – Bruce Wayne/Batman (Val Kilmer) +Batman & Robin (1997) – Bruce Wayne/Batman (George Clooney) +The Avengers (2012) – Nick Fury (Samuel L. Jackson) +Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014) – Nick Fury (Samuel L. Jackson) +Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015) – Nick Fury (Samuel L. Jackson) +Avengers: Infinity War (2018) – Nick Fury (Samuel L. Jackson) +Captain Marvel (2019) – Nick Fury (Samuel L. Jackson) +Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019) – Nick Fury (Samuel L. Jackson) +Secret Invasion (2023) – Nick Fury (Samuel L. Jackson) +The Marvels (2023) – Nick Fury (Samuel L. Jackson) + +Animation +Postman Pat (1994) – Narrator and all voices +The Hunchback of Notre Dame II (2002) – Sarousch +Ice Age (2002) – Diego +Shrek 2 (2004) – Puss in Boots +Ice Age: The Meltdown (2006) – Diego +Shrek the Third (2008) – Puss in Boots +Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (2009) – Diego +Shrek Forever After (2011) – Puss in Boots +Puss in Boots (2011) – Puss in Boots + +Discography + +Singles +"Wrestler" (1984) +"Postman Pat no Uta" (1994) +"Dokutoku-kun" (1995) +"Deka Melon" (1997) +"Kimi ni Hoshi ga Furu" (1997) +"Nichiyōbino Shokuji" (1998) + +Albums +Kawatta Katachi no Ishi (1984) +Naoto Takenaka no Kimi to Itsumademo (1995) +Merci Boku (1995) +Merci Boku, Unpeu Boku ~ Live in Japan (1995) +Eraserhead (1996) +Kuchibue to Ukulele (2000) + +Other appearances +Demento (PlayStation 2, Capcom, 2005) – Cinematics director, motion actor (Riccardo) + +Film awards +1991 +Blue Ribbon Awards Best Actor (Munō no Hito) +Hochi Film Award Rookie of the Year (Munō no Hito) +Venice Film Festival FIPRESCI Prize (Munō no Hito) +1992 +Japan Academy Prize Best Supporting Actor (Shiko Funjatta) +1995 +Japan Academy Prize Best Supporting Actor (East Meets West) +1996 +Japan Academy Prize Best Supporting Actor (Shall We Dance?) + +References + +External links + + +1956 births +Japanese male film actors +Japanese male television actors +Japanese male video game actors +Japanese male voice actors +Japanese male comedians +Japanese film directors +Japanese impressionists (entertainers) +Living people +Male actors from Yokohama +Singers from Yokohama +Taiga drama lead actors +Tama Art University alumni +20th-century Japanese male actors +20th-century Japanese male singers +20th-century Japanese singers +21st-century Japanese male actors +21st-century Japanese male singers +21st-century Japanese singers +The Spooners of Porthmadog refers to the Spooner family of Porthmadog, North Wales who made important contributions to the development of narrow gauge railways both locally and throughout the world. James Spooner, together with his sons James Swinton and Charles Easton and other members of their family, constructed and managed the Ffestiniog Railway for over fifty years. In North Wales they were involved in the promotion of numerous railway schemes including many quarry lines, the Talyllyn Railway, the Festiniog and Blaenau Railway, the North Wales Narrow Gauge Railways and the Carnarvonshire Railway. Through publications and overseas family commissions they influenced narrow gauge railway construction in Russia, America and throughout the British Empire. + +James Spooner +Dates 1790–1856 + +Family +James Spooner was born at Leigh near Worcester in 1790. He trained as a land surveyor and is believed to have worked as a civilian member of an Ordnance Survey team. He married in 1813 and his first three children were Matthew, James Swinton, and Caroline. From 1818 to 1824, they lived at Maentwrog where Charles Easton, Louisa, Thomas and Amelia were born. When the North Wales survey was completed in 1823, Spooner, with his growing family, stayed and worked as a freelance surveyor. In 1825, Spooner took a lease of Wm. Madocks house Tanyrallt Isa at Tremadog where Elizabeth and Harriet were born and Caroline was accidentally shot dead by Matthew. Finally, the family moved to Morfa Lodge in Porthmadog where William was born in 1834. + +Ffestiniog Railway survey +Spooner was already well established as a local surveyor and he had surveyed inclines and a tramway (never to be built) from the Moelwyns to Porthmadog via the Croesor valley, when, in 1830, Henry Archer commissioned him to survey a suitable route for the Ffestiniog Railway. James Swinton and Charles Easton both assisted their father in this work. Spooner also had an experienced assistant in Thomas Prichard who had worked for Stephenson. + +Robert Stephenson +The survey completed, Robert Stephenson walked the route with Archer, Spooner and his sons and Prichard. Stephenson gave his full approval to their plans. There has been much confusion and discussion concerning the Robert Stephenson involvement. The elder Robert Stephenson, who was the younger brother of George Stephenson, surveyed and laid out the route of the Nantlle Tramway c.1825 and, especially in recent years, it has generally been thought that he was the inspector of the Ffestiniog route. However, Dr. M.J.T. Lewis argues convincingly (on the basis of the published content of Stephenson's evidence to the Parliamentary Committee in 1832) that it was indeed George Stephenson's distinguished son Robert who advised the Ffestiniog promoters. + +Gravity working +Spooner introduced to the Ffestiniog Railway, from the start, the 'horse dandy', that peculiar practice (which may have been first used in Northumberland) whereby the horse, having fought against gravity for twelve long miles hauling empty slate wagons from bottom to top in four or five hours, was rewarded with a bag of oats and a ride from top to bottom behind eighty loaded slate wagons and propelled by 'that very same gravity against which he had for so long toiled upwards' – as a contemporary report put it. The carefully engineered downhill route with a continuous grade of about 1 in 80 for twelve miles was specifically designed for gravity operation and resulted in gravity and horse operation being successful and economical but slow. The line was soon operating to maximum capacity. As built the line was a pioneering model instantly appealing to many (in the mid nineteenth century) seeking to solve the problems of moving heavy loads down hill. + +Charles Easton Spooner +Dates 1818–1889 + +Work for Ffestiniog Railway +As a boy, with his eldest brother James he had assisted his father in laying out the Ffestiniog Railway and subsequently during construction. He appears to have remained in Porthmadog and been involved with the railway under his father who was Clerk to the company. Charles became Treasurer of the company in 1848 and following his father's death in 1856 was appointed Manager and Clerk. He held the position for thirty years and dominated Ffestiniog Railway management and engineering until his own health began to fail in 1887. Under Charles the blacksmiths' forge at Boston Lodge was developed into comprehensive railway manufacturing and repair workshops. + +Capacity problem +Spooner was faced with the seemingly intractable problem of a railway working to maximum capacity yet unable to cope with the volume of traffic on offer. He was also aware that others were seeking alternative routes for the transport of Blaenau Ffestiniog's growing slate traffic. Spooner investigated the option of conversion to double track but the added capacity could not have paid for the construction costs involved. + +Steam power +Steam locomotives, never before tried on a narrow gauge line and declared by all the leading designers to be unworkable on so narrow a gauge, were inevitable. But they would not have been possible when the line was built in 1836 and could only be introduced 27 years later when locomotive development had advanced and after the line had been relaid with heavier steel rails. + +George England locomotives +Charles Easton Spooner engaged Charles Holland to design the first six small engines built by George England and Co. for the Ffestiniog. The first four engines delivered in 1863 required significant modification by the Spooners in the light of experience. Two of the original four locomotives are still in regular operation. Later engines were delivered on the newly opened Cambrian Railways to Minffordd where Spooner had laid out a pattern of exchange sidings that inspired many visitors from abroad to adopt narrow gauge as the inexpensive feeder line to the standard gauge. + +Fairlie locomotives +It was through George England that Spooner commissioned Robert Francis Fairlie to design and build 'Little Wonder' an articulated locomotive ideally suited to a relatively short, heavily curved and steeply graded narrow gauge line. Spooner and Fairlie brought the world to Porthmadog in February 1870 for a remarkable series of locomotive trials at which Russian observers were very prominent as were observers from the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad. These trials and the writings of Spooner and Fairlie influenced the promotion of narrow gauge railways throughout the world. Concerning C. E. Spooner, on 27 December 1872 "Engineering" wrote "He shows an earnestness and enthusiasm, we may almost say an absolute devotion for the Festiniog Railway". + +Spooner and Company + +James Swinton Spooner +Dates 1816–1884 +James Swinton, an elder brother of Charles Easton, was the engineer to the Talyllyn Railway built in 1865. + +George Percival Spooner +Dates 1850–1917 +George Percival (son of Charles Easton and a graduate of Karlsruhe Polytechnic) remained with the family firm (often catalogued as Spooner & Co., Portmadoc, England) and designed fine engines for the Ffestiniog Railway and other railways. The Ffestiniog Carriages Nos. 15 & 16 were built in 1872 to his design by Brown, Marshalls and Co. Ltd., Birmingham. These were the first bogie passenger carriages of any gauge to run in the United Kingdom. These historic iron-framed carriages, the forerunners of all the carriages now running on British Railways, are still in use, and were fully restored in 2001 with the aid of a grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund. In 1879, George Percival was exiled to India (owing to the pregnancy of Eleanor Davies, one of the servants) where his career blossomed and he eventually became Locomotive Superintendent of the Indian State Railways. Unfortunately, he was not a businessman and lost most of his money. He eventually returned to England, becoming a Special Constable at Kings Cross, London during World War I. He died in 1917. + +Charles Edwin Spooner +Dates 1853–1909 +Charles Edwin Spooner, youngest son of Charles Easton, was resident engineer of the North Wales Narrow Gauge Railways from 1874 to 1876 during its construction. Afterwards he had a distinguished railway career in Malaya. + +Postscripts + +Garden railway +Charles Easton Spooner was a Victorian 'family man' and he established his family at Bron y Garth where in 1869 he built a garden railway for the entertainment of family and friends. Such a feature was an undoubted novelty at that time. The brass trackwork and the engine and rolling stock were all made in the FR works at Boston Lodge (where the surviving track is now stored). 'Topsy', the famous 3¼ inch gauge model of an England engine was built at Boston Lodge by W. Williams, Works Engineer and it was thought to have been lost. However it was discovered and brought to Porthmadog Harbour Station in 1963 and it is now on display. This is the earliest known model of the first narrow gauge locomotive in the world. + +Spooner Family Grave +In 1998, the Ffestiniog and the Welsh Highland Railway Heritage Groups together undertook the restoration of the Spooner Family Grave in Beddgelert Churchyard. This consists of a large double plot with two carved slate memorial tops surrounded by iron railings, which had been specially made in the Ffestiniog Railway Boston Lodge works. One stone commemorates Charles Easton Spooner and his eldest son John Eryri, the other his wife Mary, with their infant son James and also their daughter Mary who died aged five allegedly of bubonic plague but more probably of typhoid. A separate grave alongside the first is that of the nurse Elizabeth Preece who cared for Mary and who herself died of the same disease two days later. The restoration work, which involved heavy weed clearance, the cleaning of the stones, and the rust proofing and painting the railings, caught the attention of Cadw, resulting in the graves now being listed as grade 2 monuments. + +Footnote +The reference above to bubonic plague seems improbable. Typhoid is far more likely; it was both endemic and epidemic at the period, killing Prince Albert in 1861, but bubonic plague had a heyday from 1348 to about 1700. Cholera is just possible; there were outbreaks in 1832 in Liverpool and reputedly as late as 1860 in London. + +References + +Notes + +Sources + C.E.Spooner; Narrow Gauge Railways, 1871, revised edn 1879 + Railways or No Railways – The Battle of the Gauges Renewed. by R.F. Fairlie, London, Effingham Wilson, Royal Exchange, 1872. + M.J.T.Lewis; How Ffestiniog got its Railway, 1965. + + M.J.T. Lewis, The 1870 Locomotive Trials in the Local Press, in the Heritage Group Journal (FR Society) No. 57. Spring 1999 (pages 21–27). + The North Wales Chronicle and the Carnarvon & Denbigh Herald, Feb 1870. +The Ffestiniog Railway's website + +British civil engineers +Locomotive builders and designers +Ffestiniog Railway +Talyllyn Railway +Esther Sandoval (28 December 1925 – 6 February 2006) was a Puerto Rican actress and a pioneer in Puerto Rico's television. + +Early years +Sandoval was born Esther María González in Ponce where she received her primary and secondary education. After graduating from Salinas High School, she attended Colegio Percy de Ponce (Percy College of Ponce) and earned a degree in secretarial sciences. + +Radio actress +Sandoval went to work for El Día, a local newspaper in Ponce. She first came into contact with the field of communications when she went to work as a secretary for Emilio Huyke in the radio station WPAB. She auditioned and was named director of a program directed towards a female audience. In 1949, she informed her parents that she wanted to become an entertainer and she left for San Juan, despite their protests, and went to work for Ángel Ramos' "Radio El Mundo", which later became known as WKAQ. She was given the surname "Sandoval" by the Argentine actress Queca Guerrero. Sandoval landed roles in radionovelas (radio soap operas) and became known in Puerto Rico as "The Queen of the Radio Operas". + +Television debut +In 1954, Sandoval became a pioneer in the island's television when she participated, alongside Mario Pabón and Lucy Boscana, in Puerto Rico's first televised telenovela Ante La Ley which was transmitted through Telemundo. The soap opera caused a national scandal in Puerto Rico because in one scene she kissed her co-star Pabon in the mouth, an act that was totally unheard of in those days. + +Theater in New York City +Sandoval traveled to New York City, where she joined Míriam Colón's theatrical group "El Circulo Dramatico" (The Drama Circuit). Later she founded her own theatrical group and named it "Experimental Hall of Theater". They were located at the Lucerne Hotel of New York. There she produced and starred in Té y Simpatía (Tea and Sympathy) and Dondé esta la Luz? (Where is the Light?). Before returning to Puerto Rico, Sandoval made several presentations in the Teatro Puerto Rico. + +Return to Puerto Rico +In 1959, Sandoval returned to the island and married Ivan Goderich, a Cuban soap opera musical director. They had two daughters, Yara Goderich and Ivonne Goderich. Ivonne would follow her mother's footsteps and become an actress herself. Sandoval continued working in soap operas, such as Bodas de Sangre (Blood Wedding), La Novia (The Bride), La Rosa Taluada, Un Tren Travia llamada Deseo, Santa Juana de America and Los Soles Truncos, where she acted alongside her daughter Ivonne and her son-in-law Xavier Cifre. She also lent her voice in the Spanish translation of movies. She was the voiceover of Joan Crawford, Barbara Stanwyck and Rosalind Russell. In 1978, her supporting role in the Telemundo soap opera Cristina Bazán was thoroughly acknowledged, alongside José Luis Rodríguez and Johanna Rosaly. In 1979, she participated alongside Norma Candal, Alicia Moreda, Gladys Rodríguez and Otilio Warrington in Jacobo Morales' movie Dios los Cría (And God Created Them), where she played the role of a prostitute. + +Awards and recognitions +According to El Vocero (See reference) Sandoval received many awards and recognitions, including: + Best Actress and Best Actress of the Year (1955) + Golden Coqui for Best Actress (1966) + Golden Aqueybana (1968 and 1974) + Selected amongst the most distinguished Puerto Rican women during the celebration of the International Year of the Women + The Golden Coral Award from the Festival of the New Latin Movie in Havana for her role in Díos los Cría + The Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico approved a life pension for her in 1998 in honor of her valuable contributions to the Puerto Rican theater + The Puerto Rican Institute of Culture dedicated its 46th Festival of the Puerto Rican Film industry to her (1998) + +Amongst the movies in which she participated are: + + Creature from the Haunted Sea (1961) + Thunder Island (1963) - Rena + Traitors of San Angel (1967) - Doña Consuelo + Las Pasiones Infernales (1969) + "Cristina Bazán (1978) TV series - Rosaura Alsina + Dios los Cría (1979) - Old Prostitute + La Otra Mujer (1980) TV series + +Later years +In the late 1990s, Sandoval suffered from the complications of various health problems such as Alzheimer's disease, chronic diabetes and a cerebral hemorrhage, which left part of her body paralysed. She had been hospitalized at the Antiilas Hospital of Rio Piedras for several years, before dying on February 6, 2006. Her body was cremated on February 10, in accord with her wishes. + +See also + + List of Puerto Ricans +History of women in Puerto Rico + +References + +External links + + El Vocero - Adios a Esther Sandoval + +1925 births +2006 deaths +Actresses from Ponce, Puerto Rico +Deaths from Alzheimer's disease +Deaths from diabetes +Neurological disease deaths in Puerto Rico +Puerto Rican film actresses +Puerto Rican stage actresses +Puerto Rican telenovela actresses +20th-century American actresses +20th-century Puerto Rican actresses +The Explorer Newspaper is a weekly newspaper in Tucson, Arizona, United States. + +Its coverage area includes the towns of Oro Valley and Marana and the communities of Catalina Foothills, Casas Adobes, Catalina, SaddleBrooke, Tortolita, Oracle, along with neighborhoods in the City of Tucson and Pima County. + +It is the 9th largest newspaper in Arizona, with a circulation of 47,475. In 2007, it was sold to Thirteenth Street Media. It became part of 10/13 Communications, owner of the East Valley Tribune, in 2010. In April 30, it was sold to Times Media Group. + +References + +External links +Official site +The Explorers YouTube page + +Newspapers published in Arizona +Mass media in Tucson, Arizona +Newspapers established in 1993 +Weekly newspapers published in the United States +1993 establishments in Arizona +The Chew Valley is an affluent area in North Somerset, England, named after the River Chew, which rises at Chewton Mendip, and joins the River Avon at Keynsham. Technically, the area of the valley is bounded by the water catchment area of the Chew and its tributaries; however, the name Chew Valley is often used less formally to cover other nearby areas, for example, Blagdon Lake and its environs, which by a stricter definition are part of the Yeo Valley. The valley is an area of rich arable and dairy farmland, interspersed with a number of villages. + +The landscape consists of the valley of the River Chew and is generally low-lying and undulating. It is bounded by higher ground ranging from Dundry Down to the north, the Lulsgate Plateau to the west, the Mendip Hills to the south and the Temple Cloud, Clutton and Marksbury plateau areas to the east. The valley's boundary generally follows the top of scarp slopes except at the southwestern and southeastern boundaries where flat upper areas of the Chew Valley grade gently into the Yeo Valley and eastern Mendip Hills respectively. The River Chew was dammed in the 1950s to create Chew Valley Lake, which provides drinking water for the nearby city of Bristol and surrounding areas. The lake is a prominent landscape feature of the valley, a focus for recreation, and is internationally recognised for its nature conservation interest, because of the bird species, plants and insects. + +The area falls into the domains of councils including Bath and North East Somerset, North Somerset and Mendip. Part of the area falls within the Mendip Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Most of the undeveloped area is within the Bristol/Bath Green Belt. Many of the villages date back to the time of the Domesday Book and there is evidence of human occupation since the Stone Age. There are hundreds of listed buildings with the churches being Grade I listed. The main commercial centre is Chew Magna. + +Etymology + +There is no clear origin for the name "Chew", found scarcely anywhere else; however, there have been differing explanations of the etymology, including "winding water", the 'ew' being a variant of the French eau, meaning water. The word chewer is a western dialect for a narrow passage, and chare is Old English for turning. One explanation is that the name Chew began in Normandy as Cheux, and came to England with the Norman Conquest during the eleventh century. However, others agree with Ekwall's interpretation that it is derived from the Welsh cyw meaning "the young of an animal, or chicken", so that afon Cyw would have been "the river of the chickens". Other possible explanations suggest it comes from the Old English word ceo, 'fish gill'. + +Government and politics + +The villages in the valley have their own parish councils which have responsibility for local issues. They also elect councillors to district councils e.g. Mendip and Somerset County Council or unitary authorities e.g. Bath and North East Somerset or North Somerset, which have wider responsibilities for services such as education, refuse and tourism. + +Each of the villages is also part of a constituency, either North East Somerset or North Somerset. Avon and Somerset Constabulary provides police services to the area. + +History + +Geology + +The western end of the area (around Nempnett Thrubwell) consists of the Harptree Beds which incorporate silicified clay, shale and Lias Limestone. Clifton Down Limestone, which includes calcite and dolomitic mudstones of the Carboniferous period, is found in the adjoining central band and dolomitic conglomerate of the Triassic period. There are two main soil types, both generally well-drained. The mudstones around the lakes give rise to fertile silty clay soils that are a dull dusky red colour because of their high iron content. The clay content means that where unimproved they easily become waterlogged when wet, and hard with cracks and fissures during dry periods. The main geological outcrops around the lake are mudstone, largely consisting of red Siltstone resulting in the underlying characteristic of the gently rolling valley landscape. Bands of Sandstone of the Triassic period contribute to the undulating character of the area. There are also more recent alluvial deposits beside the course of the River Chew. The transition between the gently sloping landscape of the Upper Chew and Yeo Valleys and the open landscape of the Mendip Hills plateau is a scarp slope of 75 to 235 metres (250–770 ft). The predominant formation is Dolomitic Conglomerate of the Triassic period. It formed as a result of desert erosion and weathering of the scarp slopes. It takes the form of rock fragments mainly derived from older Carboniferous Limestone cemented together by lime and sand which hardened to give the appearance of concrete. The northern boundary is formed by the sides of the Dundry Plateau where the most significant geological formation is the Inferior Oolite of the Jurassic period found on the higher ground around Maes Knoll. This overlays the Lower Lias Clay found on the adjoining slopes. The clays make a poor foundation and landslips are characteristic on the slopes. This area was once connected to the Cotswolds. The intervening land has subsequently been eroded leaving this outlier with the characteristics of the Cotswold Plateau. The unusual geological features have been recognised as Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) for their geological interest including Barns Batch Spinney, Hartcliff Rocks Quarry and Dundry Main Road South Quarry. + +The oldest geological formation in the valley is the Supra-Pennant Measures of the Carboniferous period. It is a significant feature towards the north-eastern part of the area and is represented by the Pensford Syncline coal basin, which formed part of the Somerset coalfield. It is a complex formation containing coal seams and is made up of clay and shales. The landscape is typically undulating and includes outcrops of sandstone. Most of the area around Stanton Drew have neutral to acid red loamy soils with slowly permeable subsoils. Soils to the eastern part of the area are slowly permeable clayey and fine silty soils. They are found on Carboniferous clay and shales typical of the Supra-Pennant Measures. They are frequently waterlogged where the topography dictates. They tend towards being acid and are brown to grey brown in colour. In the south and south east of the area there are coal measures which are sufficiently near the surface for coal mining to have taken place around Clutton and High Littleton. In the eastern area of the valley as the River Chew flows through Publow, Woollard and Compton Dando before joining the River Avon at Keynsham there are alluvial deposits of clay soils. + +Natural history +The valley has several areas designated as Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) for biological interest, including Blagdon Lake, Burledge Hill, Chew Valley Lake, Compton Martin Ochre Mine, Harptree Combe and two sites at Folly Farm. + +Flora +The small and medium-sized fields of the valley are generally bounded by hedges and occasionally by tree belts and woodland, some of which date back to the most evident period of enclosure of earlier open fields which took place in the late medieval period. Hedgerows support the nationally rare Bithynian vetch (Vicia bithynica). Mature oak (Quercus) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior) trees are characteristic of the area with occasional groups of scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and chestnuts (Castanea sativa). Elm (Ulmus) trees have been lost in this area, and dead/dying elms are also evident in the surrounding landscape. + +Fauna +Wildlife abounds in the valley, particularly the water birds around the rivers and lakes, with Chew Valley Lake considered the third most important site in Britain for wintering wildfowl. In addition to the water birds including ducks, northern shoveler, gadwall and great crested grebes, a wide variety of other bird species can be seen. These range from small birds such as great tits and wrens to mistle thrush. Larger birds include great spotted woodpeckers and common buzzard. + +The valley also has a wide variety of small mammals with larger species including Eurasian badger and deer. The valley is home to fifteen of the sixteen bats found in England including a roost, at Compton Martin Ochre Mine, for greater horseshoe bats. A rare and endangered species, the greater horseshoe bat is protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 and is listed in Annex II of the 1992 European Community Habitats Directive. + +Human habitation + +Archaeological excavations carried out before the flooding of Chew Valley Lake found evidence of people belonging to the consecutive periods known as Upper Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic (Old, Middle and New Stone Age), Bronze Age and Iron Age, comprising implements such as stone knives, flint blades and the head of a mace, along with buildings and graves. Other evidence of occupation from prehistoric times is provided by the henge monument at Stanton Drew, long barrow at Chewton Mendip, and Fairy Toot tumulus at Nempnett Thrubwell. Maes Knoll fort, on Dundry Down in the northern reaches of the valley, is a Scheduled Ancient Monument that dates from the Iron Age; it later served as a terminus for the early medieval Wansdyke earthworks. + +There is evidence of Roman remains in particular a villa and burial pits. Artefacts from the valley were sent to the British Museum. Other Roman artefacts from the lake are on display at the Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery. The Chew Valley Hoard consists of coins from the 11th century. There are historic parks and mansion houses, including Stanton Drew, Hunstrete, Stowey House, Chew Court, Chew Magna Manor House and Sutton Court. Almost all of the villages have churches dating back to the fifteenth or sixteenth century. + +The area around Pensford was an important coal mining area during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries when it formed part of the Somerset Coalfield, although there are no working coal mines today. The line of the now disused Bristol and North Somerset Railway runs south from Bristol crossing over the River Chew on the surviving distinctive Pensford Viaduct and on to Midsomer Norton. The area suffered serious flooding during the storm of 10 July 1968, prompting localised evacuation of populated valley areas in the lower parts of the valley, around Pensford and Keynsham. + +Field patterns +The small fields in the western part of the area are particularly characteristic of the Chew Valley and date back to the most evident period of enclosure of earlier open fields which took place in the late medieval period. Fields of this category are generally small in size, regular in outline and often the boundaries preserve the outlines of the earlier strip field system. Regional variations in field size and pattern do occur. For example, there is evidence of medieval clearance of woodland on the slopes around Nempnett Thrubwell, south of Bishop Sutton and west and south of Chelwood. + +Climate +Along with the rest of South West England, the Chew Valley has a temperate climate which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of the country. The annual mean temperature is approximately . Seasonal temperature variation is less extreme than most of the United Kingdom because of the adjacent sea temperatures. The summer months of July and August are the warmest with mean daily maxima of approximately . In winter mean minimum temperatures of or are common. In the summer the Azores high pressure affects the south-west of England, however convective cloud sometimes forms inland, reducing the number of hours of sunshine. Annual sunshine rates are slightly less than the regional average of 1,600 hours. In December 1998 there were 20 days without sun recorded at Yeovilton. Most of the rainfall in the south-west is caused by Atlantic depressions or by convection. Most of the rainfall in autumn and winter is caused by the Atlantic depressions, which is when they are most active. In summer, a large proportion of the rainfall is caused by sun heating the ground leading to convection and to showers and thunderstorms. Average rainfall is around . About 8–15 days of snowfall is typical. November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, and June to August have the lightest winds. The predominant wind direction is from the south-west. + +Population and demographics + +Many of the large houses in the valley were built or bought by wealthy merchants from Bristol and Bath who employed local people in their households. Bess of Hardwick (1527–1606) is known to have lived in Sutton Court, Stowey, for a few years in the sixteenth century when, after the death of her first husband Sir William Cavendish, she married Sir William St. Loe, who was Chief Butler of England and captain of the guard to Queen Elizabeth, and owned several manors within the valley and surrounding areas. Around this period a close neighbour was Sir John Popham (1533–1607) who was a judge and the Speaker of Parliament. In the seventeenth century the eminent philosopher John Locke (1632–1704) lived in Belluton; his house is still known as John Locke's cottage. In the eighteenth century the poet John Langhorne (1735–1779) became the curate at Blagdon around the time that Augustus Montague Toplady (1740–1778) was the priest. Geologist William Smith (1769–1839) moved to the valley in 1791 to make a valuation survey of the Sutton Court estate and later worked for the Somersetshire Coal Canal Company. + +John Sanger, the circus proprietor, was born in Chew Magna in 1816. William Rees-Mogg, former editor of The Times, took the title Baron Rees-Mogg of Hinton Blewett in 1988. Jazz clarinettist Acker Bilk lived in Pensford. Dr Phil Hammond and wildlife television producer Richard Brock also live in the valley. + +In the past part of the population worked in coal mining, although there are no working mines in the area now. There is still a fairly large agricultural workforce and in light industry or service industries, although many people commute to surrounding cities for work. According to the 2011 Census the valley has a population of approximately 5,000, largely living in one of the dozen or so villages and in isolated farms and hamlets. The average age of the population is 42 years, with unemployment rates of 1–4% of all economically active people aged 16–74, however these figures are approximations because the ward areas covered and described in the census statistics do not relate exactly to the area of the valley. In the Indices of deprivation 2010 all of the areas within the valley were considered to be in the most affluent third in England. + +Buildings and settlements + +The villages tend to have been built at the points where it was possible to cross the rivers and streams. Chew Magna is the business centre with a range of shops, banks etc. Other villages have local shops, often combined with post offices. Most villages have pubs and village halls which provide the majority of the social activity. + +The traditional building material is white Lias Limestone, sometimes incorporating red sandstone or conglomerate, with red clay tiled roofs. Buildings, particularly the churches, date back hundreds of years, for example those at Marksbury and Compton Martin, the latter incorporating a columbarium. + +Listed buildings +There are hundreds of listed buildings in the valley. Listing refers to a building or other structure officially designated as being of special architectural, historical or cultural significance. The authority for listing is granted by the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 and is administered by English Heritage, an agency of the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport. Grade I covers buildings of exceptional interest, Grade II* particularly important buildings of special interest and Grade II buildings of special interest. Listed buildings in the valley include five churches dating back to the fourteenth century or even earlier, with grade I status: Church of St Andrew, Chew Magna, Church of St Bartholomew, Ubley, Church of St James, Cameley, Church of St Margaret, Hinton Blewett and the Church of St Michael the Archangel, Compton Martin. + +Railway connections +Trains serve Keynsham railway station on the Great Western Main Line and Wessex Main Line with services provided by Great Western Railway and South Western Railway. Buses also connect with Bristol Temple Meads. + +Transport + +At the western end of the valley is the A38 and Bristol Airport, which means parts of the valley are on the flight path. The valley is also crossed by the A37 and they are joined by the A368. Most of the roads in the valley are small single track lanes with little traffic although a bottleneck often occurs within Chew Magna. The "Chew Valley Explorer" bus route 672/674 provided access to the villages in the valley. The nearest mainline railway station for most of the valley is Bristol Temple Meads. Cyclists can gain access via part of the Padstow to Bristol West Country Way, National Cycle Network Route 3. + +The Monarch's Way long distance footpath crosses the valley. + +Schools +Chew Valley School is the main secondary school (11–18 years) for the valley. It is situated between Chew Magna and Chew Stoke. The latest (2011) Ofsted Inspection Report describes this specialist Performing Arts College as a mixed comprehensive school with 1,201 pupils on roll. The school is popular and oversubscribed with 226 students in the sixth form. The school has been successful in gaining a number of national and regional awards. There are state primary schools (4–11 years) in most of the local villages. + +Sport and leisure facilities +The local villages have football pitches and children's play areas. Gymnasium facilities, squash courts, badminton etc., and outdoor all-weather pitches are available at the Chew Valley Leisure Centre between Chew Magna and Chew Stoke. There are a range of clubs and societies for young and old, including Scout groups, gardening society, and the Women's institute. There are areas in the valley which the Countryside Agency has designated as access land: Burledge Hill (south of Bishop Sutton)(), Castle Earthworks (between Stowey and Bishop Sutton)(), Knowle Hill (Newtown south of Chew Magna)(), Round Hill (Folly Farm)() and Shortwood Common (Litton) (). + +A Bowls club is in Chew Stoke, cricket pitches and teams in Chew Magna and Blagdon. There are football teams in the valley including Chew Valley Football Club and Bishop Sutton F.C. The rugby club is based next to the leisure centre. The Bishop Sutton Tennis club is the largest in the valley, and there are also tennis clubs at Pensford and East Harptree. Both Chew Valley Lake and Blagdon Lake provide extensive fishing under permit from Bristol Water. The River Chew and most of its tributaries also have fishing but this is generally under licences to local angling clubs. Chew Valley Sailing Club is situated on Chew Valley Lake and provides dinghy sailing at all levels and hosts national and international competitions. Swimming is not allowed in the lakes and there are no swimming pools in the valley; however these are available locally in Bristol, Bath, Cheddar and Midsomer Norton. + +Each October the Chew Valley Arts trail takes place in venues around the valley during which over 50 local artists display their works in such media as painting, printmaking, sculpture, decorative glass, pottery, photography, jewellery and sugar craft. The valley and lakes have been an inspiration to artists and there is a small art gallery at Chew Valley Lake. Live music and comedy events take place in local pubs and village halls, with the village of Pensford holding a music festival every year. + +References + +External links + +River Chew Web Site + +Bath and North East Somerset +Environment of Somerset +Valleys of Somerset +Mendip Hills +North Somerset +John Albert Carroll (July 30, 1901 – August 31, 1983) was an American attorney and politician who served as a Democratic United States Representative and United States Senator from Colorado. He also served as a special assistant to President Harry Truman. + +Early life and education +Born in Denver, he attended the public schools, and during the First World War served in the United States Army (1918–1919). He graduated from Westminster Law School in Denver in 1929, and was admitted to the bar the same year and commenced practice in Denver. + +Legal career +In 1933 and 1934, he was assistant United States attorney, and was district attorney of Denver from 1937 to 1941. He was regional attorney for the Office of Price Administration in 1942 and 1943, and served in the Second World War as a commissioned officer in the U.S. Army from 1943 to 1945, after which he resumed the practice of law. + +Political career + +Congress +In 1946 and 1948, Carroll was elected as a Democratic representative to the Eightieth and Eighty-first Congresses (January 3, 1947 to January 3, 1951). + +Senate campaigns +Rather than run for re-election to the House in 1950, he was an unsuccessful candidate for election as a Democrat to the United States Senate. He ran for the Senate again in 1954 but was again defeated. + +He was a special assistant to President Harry Truman from 1951 to 1952. + +He was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate in 1956, after defeating former United States Secretary of Agriculture Charles F. Brannan in the Democratic primary and former Republican Governor Daniel I.J. Thornton in the general election by a margin of less than one-half of one percent. He served in the Senate from January 3, 1957 to January 3, 1963. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1962, having been defeated by Republican Peter H. Dominick. + +Retirement and death +He was a resident of Denver until his death. Interment was at Fort Logan National Cemetery, Denver. + +Electoral history + +References + +1901 births +1983 deaths +Politicians from Denver +Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Colorado +Democratic Party United States senators from Colorado +District attorneys in Colorado +United States Army officers +United States Army personnel of World War I +United States Army personnel of World War II +20th-century American lawyers +20th-century American politicians +Sturm College of Law alumni +Burials at Fort Logan National Cemetery +Military personnel from Colorado +Fellows of the American Physical Society +Ronald Dale Prince (born September 18, 1969) is an American football coach. He served as the head football coach at Kansas State University from 2006 to 2008 and Howard University in 2019, compiling a career college football head coaching record of 18–28. Prince was the assistant head coach and offensive line coach for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL) from 2015 to 2017. + +College coaching career + +Early years +From 1993 through 2002, Prince worked at five college football programs as offensive line coach: Alabama A&M, South Carolina State, James Madison, Cornell, and Virginia. From 2003 through 2005, he was the offensive coordinator for Virginia under head coach Al Groh. + +Kansas State +Prince succeeded head coach Bill Snyder at Kansas State following the 2005 season. When he started his first season at Kansas State, in 2006, he was 36 years old and the third-youngest head coach in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision. + +During the 2006 season, Prince led Kansas State to its first winning record since 2003 with a 7–6 mark, as well as a berth in the inaugural Texas Bowl. The hallmark win of the regular season was a 45–42 upset of then #4 Texas on November 11, 2006. However, the Wildcats lost to intrastate rival Kansas 39–20. Kansas State lost the 2006 Texas Bowl to #16 Rutgers, 37–10. + +In Prince's second season, Kansas State slipped to a 5–7 record, including a four-game losing streak to end the year and a second loss to Kansas 30–24. + +On National Signing Day in February 2008, 19 junior college recruits signed to play football at Kansas State, although only 15 of them were able to enroll in the fall. As a result, Kansas State's 2008 recruiting class reportedly contained more junior college players than any other class ever compiled by current BCS teams. Some criticized it as "panicking" to get good players, while others praised Prince's moves, pointing out predecessor Bill Snyder's success with using junior college players. + +At the beginning of his third season, on August 7, 2008, Prince agreed to a new contract through the 2012 season. The deal was retroactive to January 1, 2008, and ran through December 31, 2012, replacing the original contract signed in December 2005. Prince's base salary for 2008 was $143,000 with a total guaranteed package of $1.1 million, which also included payments from endorsements such as television, radio, internet, personal appearances and apparel. Prince could have earned up to an additional $950,000 per year in performance-based incentives. + +During the 2008 season, Prince led the Wildcats to another 5–7 record and a third loss to Kansas, 52–21. With three games remaining to be played, University officials announced on November 5, 2008, that Prince would not return as head coach in 2009. He finished his tenure 0–9 against Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska. + +On November 5, 2008, Prince was fired from his position as head coach. He received a $1.2 million buyout and an additional $150,000 of a $250,000 longevity bonus. + +Kansas State buyout +On May 20, 2009, Kansas State University and its athletic corporation filed suit to have an allegedly secret agreement between Prince and former athletic director Bob Krause from 2008 declared invalid. The agreement required Kansas State to pay a total of $3.2 million in three deferred payments to a corporation called In Pursuit of Perfection, LLC, if the school terminated Prince before December 31, 2008. The payments were scheduled to be made in 2015, 2016, and 2020. + +The agreement was entered into separately by Krause on the same day that Prince signed a five-year contract extension, on August 7, 2008. The agreement was allegedly discovered on May 11, 2009, as the university responded to "routine informational requests" for a lawsuit involving former coach Tim Tibesar. University president Jon Wefald denied any prior knowledge of this agreement and immediately called for Krause to resign, which he did, effective May 20, 2009. + +In a subsequent release, interim Kansas State athletic director Jim Epps stated: "On May 11, 2009, I learned of a secret deferred compensation agreement that Bob Krause apparently negotiated with Ron Prince's attorney. This alleged deal was made without the knowledge of anyone else in the athletics department, including its attorney. This deal was apparently constructed as a further supplement to the buyout provision contained in Prince's employment contract. I do not know why any additional supplement was justified, or why Bob Krause concealed this agreement from everyone until it was inadvertently discovered last week." + +On August 10, 2009, attorneys for Prince filed a counterclaim against Kansas State Athletics seeking $3 million in punitive damages. The filings claim that Wefald and other high-ranking members of the athletic department were aware at all times of the agreement. The claim also contended that Krause directed the department's attorney to reword the public contract to allow for a supplemental buyout. + +Kansas State University announced on May 6, 2011, that an agreement for settlement between Prince and K-State Athletics, Inc. and the university had been reached. K-State Athletics, Inc. will pay one lump sum of $1.65 million to Prince's company, In Pursuit of Perfection, LLC, on or before May 25, 2011. This is in addition to the $1.2 million Prince had already received per his employment contract, for a total buyout payment of $2.85 million. K-State President Kirk Schulz stated: "We are pleased to have this matter resolved. We appreciate the work that our University counsel has provided during this process and can now maintain focus on moving forward as a University community." K-State Athletics, Inc. reported paying $395,000 in external legal fees during the dispute. The university made the agreement public as a news release and was bound to provide this statement: "Neither the University nor K-State Athletics contends or believes that in negotiating his employment agreement or the MOU, Coach Prince engaged in any wrongful or unethical conduct. Discovery has demonstrated that this situation was not of Coach Prince’s making." + +Virginia (second stint), Rutgers, Michigan +In 2009, Prince was rehired by the University of Virginia as special teams coach, and spent one season with the program. After spending the 2010 through 2012 seasons coaching in the NFL, Prince was hired as offensive coordinator of the Rutgers Scarlet Knights on February 19, 2013, and spent one season in that role. Prince spent the 2018 season as an offensive analyst for the Michigan Wolverines. + +Howard University +In December 2018, Prince was hired as the head coach for the Howard Bison. In early November 2019, Prince was placed on administrative leave by the university, "after allegations of verbal abuse and intimidation of players." The team was 1–8 at the time that Prince was placed on leave. On December 6, 2019, he resigned his position. + +Professional coaching +Indianapolis Colts +On March 21, 2010, the Indianapolis Colts announced the hiring of Prince as the assistant offensive line coach. On January 31, 2012, Prince was fired by new Colts head coach Chuck Pagano. + +Jacksonville Jaguars +In February 2012, Prince was hired as assistant offensive line coach by the Jacksonville Jaguars and new head coach Mike Mularkey. Prince spent one season with the team. + +Detroit Lions +After spending the 2013 season with Rutgers, Prince was hired as the assistant head coach and tight ends coach of the Detroit Lions on January 18, 2014. New Lions head coach Jim Caldwell had previously worked with Prince on the staff of the Indianapolis Colts. Prince was fired by the Detroit Lions on January 1, 2018. + +Personal life + +Although Prince was born in Omaha, Nebraska, he was raised in Junction City, Kansas, a town 20 minutes west of Kansas State's campus in Manhattan, Kansas. He was raised by Ernest and Georgeanne Prince. He has three sons and a daughter. + +Prince attended Junction City High School, where he graduated in 1988. He began his college football career at Dodge City Community College, then transferred to Appalachian State University, where he graduated and played on the offensive line under coach Jerry Moore. + +Head coaching record + +Notes + +References + +Further reading + +External links + + +1969 births +Living people +American football offensive tackles +Alabama A&M Bulldogs football coaches +Appalachian State Mountaineers football players +Cornell Big Red football coaches +Detroit Lions coaches +Dodge City Conquistadors football coaches +Dodge City Conquistadors football players +Howard Bison football coaches +Indianapolis Colts coaches +Jacksonville Jaguars coaches +James Madison Dukes football coaches +Kansas State Wildcats football coaches +Rutgers Scarlet Knights football coaches +South Carolina State Bulldogs football coaches +Virginia Cavaliers football coaches +People from Junction City, Kansas +Sportspeople from Omaha, Nebraska +Coaches of American football from Kansas +Players of American football from Kansas +African-American coaches of American football +African-American players of American football +20th-century African-American sportspeople +21st-century African-American sportspeople +Paul Morris may refer to: + + Paul Morris (educationalist) (born 1951), educational writer who published an influential work on the Hong Kong School Curriculum in 1998 + Paul Morris (hurler) (born 1990), Irish hurler + Paul Morris (musician) (born 1959), former keyboardist for Rainbow + Paul Morris (PA announcer) (born 1938), Canadian PA announcer for the Toronto Maple Leafs + Paul Morris (producer), American pornography film producer and owner of Treasure Island Media + Paul Morris (racing driver) (born 1967), Australian V8 Supercar driver + Paul Morris (professor), English-born New Zealand religious diversity scholar + Paul Morris (writer) (born 1958), Scottish film writer + Paul Morris (rugby league, born 1962), Australian rugby league footballer of the 1980s + Paul Morris (1990s rugby league), Australian rugby league footballer of the 1990s + +See also + Paul Maurice (born 1967), Canadian ice hockey coach +Hrehory Chodkiewicz (, ; – 9 November 1572) was a Ruthenian noble and military officer of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. He was a son of Aleksander, brother of Hieronim and Yurii, and uncle of Jan Hieronimowicz Chodkiewicz. He commanded the Grand Ducal Lithuanian Army during the latter part of the Livonian War after he had become the Grand Hetman of Lithuania in 1566. + +Early career +Chodkiewicz was long held to have been born around 1505. However, Lithuania historian Genutė Kirkienė noted that in such a case Chodkiewicz began his political career in his mid-forties, when most nobles started in late twenties or early thirties. Kirkienė suggested that his father's marriage and birth of children should be moved from 1500s to mid-1510s. As a young boy Chodkiewicz was sent to the court of Albert, Duke of Prussia. He returned in 1532 with personal recommendation letters from Albert to King Sigismund I the Old, Prince Sigismund II Augustus and Queen Bona Sforza. The relationship and correspondence with Albert continued for decades; Chodkiewicz sent both of his sons to be educated at Albert's court. + +He received his first position at the court in October 1544 when incoming Grand Duke Sigismund Augustus made a series of new appointments and elevated Chodkiewicz to court chamberlain (podkomorzy). Soon, however, the Chodkiewicz family fell from royal grace when they opposed the marriage between Sigismund Augustus and Barbara Radziwiłł. It seems that Hrehory Chodkiewicz remained close with Sigismund Augustus and often accompanied the Grand Duke to hunting. After his father's death in 1549, he inherited Supraśl and surrounding territories, including Zabłudów and Choroszcz. Chodkiewicz family slowly regained royal favor after Barbara's death in 1551 and when other Radziwiłłs opposed the proposed Union of Lublin in 1562. + +Military achievements +As voivode of Kiev, Chodkiewicz defended the region from Tatar invasion. In 1558, he achieved a victory in Podolia against the Crimean Khanate. This victory raised prestige of Chodkiewicz as a military commander. On the onset of the Livonian War, he was promoted to castellan of Trakai with intention to use his skill in the war. In 1561, Grand Hetman Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł, Chodkiewicz, and his brother Hieronim led the Lithuanian army into Livonia where they achieved victory against the Tsardom of Russia. After this campaign, Chodkiewicz was promoted to Field Hetman of Lithuania. On 20 January 1564 the Lithuanians under his command killed Russian commander Shuisky and defeated the Russian army in the Battle of Ula, which significantly improved Lithuania's standing in the war. He was hailed as war hero and promoted to castellan of Vilnius. Royal favor continued: Hrehory's nephew Jan Hieronimowicz received his late father's position as Elder of Samogitia in 1564, brother Yurii, who traveled to Moscow for diplomatic negotiations, became castellan of Trakai and Hrehory was appointed Grand Hetman of Lithuania in 1566. Thus, Hrehory Chodkiewicz became the second man after Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł and the Chodkiewiczs controlled three out of five top seats in the Lithuanian Council of Lords. In 1567, Chodkiewicz achieved another victory in Livonia, this time against the Kingdom of Sweden. + +Cultural activities +Chodkiewicz devoted much attention to military matters. In 1562 and 1566, he wrote military regulations, which dealt with defense of fortresses and other matters. He also built and strengthened a number of border posts and conducted the military census of 1568 to determine how many troops each noble had to provide for the army. In 1563 Chodkiewicz founded an Eastern Orthodox church and a hospital for the poor in Zabłudów. Kirkienė found hints that Chodkiewicz was not strictly Orthodox and supported church union—eastern liturgy under the Pope in Rome. In 1566, Chodkiewicz sponsored Pyotr Mstislavets and Ivan Fyodorov, book printers who defected from Russia, and opened a printing press in Zabłudów. They published religious texts until Chodkiewicz's death. + +Titles and positions +Chodkiewicz held the following positions: + Court chamberlain (podkomorzy, 1544–1559) + Starost of Kaunas (1546–1551), Rumšiškės (1551–1555), Karmėlava (1551–1563), Hrodna (1563–1569), Mogilev (1564–1569) + Voivode of Vitebsk (1554) and Voivode of Kiev (1555–1558) + Castellan of Trakai (1559–1564) and Vilnius (1564–1572) + Elder of Samogitia (1562–1563) + Field Hetman of Lithuania (1561–1566) and Grand Hetman of Lithuania (1566–1572) + +Family +Around 1537, Chodkiewicz married Katarzyna from the Wiśniowiecki family who brought many new lands into the Chodkiewicz family. Chodkiewicz sued Konstanty Ostrogski and his son Ilia for various territories belonging to his wife. They had two sons and three daughters. The sons had no heirs and the Supraśl line of the family became extinct. The possessions passed to Yurii Chodkiewicz, brother of Hrehory. All daughters married members of the Lithuanian Council of Lords. The children were: +Andrzej (born 1549) was starost of Mogilev (1574–1575). His father wanted him to marry a daughter of Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł, but he died in 1575. +Aleksander (born 1550) married Aleksandra, daughter of Wasyl Tyszkiewicz. Died in 1578 with no heirs. +Anna married Pawel Sapieha, castellan of Kiev, and Pawel Pac, castellan of Vilnius +Zofia married Duke Janusz Zasławski (died 1562) and Filon Kmita Czernobylski, voivode of Smolensk +Aleksandra married famous military leader , voivode of Bratslav and Lithuanian Field Hetman, in 1559 + +References +Notes + +Bibliography + +External links + Closest family of Grzegorz Chodkiewicz + +1510s births +1572 deaths + +Year of birth uncertain +Military personnel from Vilnius +People from Vilnius Voivodeship +Grzegor Chodkiewicz +Field Hetmans of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania +Great Hetmans of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania +Voivodes of Kiev +Thomas James Chilton (born 15 March 1985) is a British racing driver who currently drives for Bristol Street Motors with EXCELR8 in the British Touring Car Championship. He has spent most of his career competing in touring car racing, and his younger brother, Max, is also a racing driver. + +Career + +Early life +Chilton was born in Reigate. His father, Grahame Chilton, is a businessman who co-owned the insurance company Benfield Group up until 2008, when it was taken over by Aon plc for £738m. Chilton became vice-chairman of Aon after the deal and also collected around £77m for his stake. Chilton was educated at Reigate St Mary's School and Shiplake College. A keen racer from an early age, he competed in the BRSCC T Cars Championship in 1999 and 2000, going on to take the BRSCC Saloon Car winter championship in 2001. His brother, Max Chilton, is also a racing driver. + +British Touring Car Championship + +Barwell Motorsport (2002) + +Turning his attention to the BTCC, he was teammate to ex-Superbike racer Aaron Slight in 2002 driving a Vauxhall Astra Coupé for Barwell Motorsport. He proved to be very quick, and although his lack of experience counted against him he nevertheless finished the season in 15th place overall and 5th in the Independents' Cup. + +Arena Motorsport (2003–2005) +In 2003 he finished in 9th place overall driving a works Honda Civic Type-R run by Arena Motorsport alongside Matt Neal and Alan Morrison. With Honda withdrawing manufacturer support for 2004, Arena only had the budget to run a single car for Chilton. However, the car was still well-prepared and he came through to take his first victory during the 9th race of the season, at Silverstone, in the process becoming the youngest winner of a BTCC race. He won again in the 29th race at Donington. + +His plans for 2005 centred around the DTM with a new programme backed by MG Rover, but this fell through with the demise of the British marque. He and Arena rejoined the BTCC at the second meeting of the season and combined his touring car duties with racing for Zytek in the ALMS and LMS endurance series. Chilton won in both ALMS and LMS racing. He was classified 5th in the 2005 British Touring Car Championship despite only starting 24 of the 30 races. Chilton's involvement with Zytek continued, subject to funding and availability; Tom and his brother Max drove the car at the Silverstone 1000 km in September 2007. + +VX Racing (2006–2007) + +VX Racing signed him for 2006 to drive the No. 5 Vauxhall Astra Sport Hatch. In a disappointing season for Vauxhall, Chilton never won a race and slipped to 7th overall. However, Vauxhall retained Chilton and Fabrizio Giovanardi for 2007, however the team built the car around Giovanardi. Chilton finished 9th overall. Chilton decided he did not want to stay at VX Racing in 2008. + +Team Halfords (2008) +He left to partner Gordon Shedden at Team Dynamics for the 2008 BTCC season and replacing VX Racing-bound Matt Neal. In the final round of the championship, Chilton won his first race since round 25 of the 2005 season with a dominant victory at Brands Hatch. This also ensured his 10th place in the championship. + +Team Aon (2009–2011) +For 2009 Chilton returned to Arena Motorsport to drive a Ford Focus ST in the BTCC under the Team Aon banner, but spent much of the year developing the car and he ended the season 13th in the drivers' standings. + +He remained with the team for 2010. The LPG-powered car was more competitive, taking four of the first five poles, but bad luck meant teammate Tom Onslow-Cole took better results than Chilton initially. Both were on the podium in race two at Snetterton. At Silverstone the team was dominant, and Chilton was allowed to take both wins ahead of teammate Tom Onslow-Cole. Onslow-Cole finished ahead in the overall drivers' championship but Chilton secured the Independents' Trophy by a two-point margin over Steven Kane. + +For 2011 the team developed a new car based on the new third generation Ford Focus which ran to Super 2000 regulations powered by an NGTC turbocharged engine. Results were poor initially as the car was developed but Chilton took the car to pole position at Knockhill, going on to win race one. He also won the final race of the season at Silverstone. He finished the year 7th in the drivers' championship on 197 points. + +Power Maxed Racing (2017) + +After five seasons absent, Chilton returned to the BTCC in 2017, driving a factory-supported Power Maxed Racing Vauxhall Astra. He took a third-place finish in the third race at the opening round at Brands Hatch, after starting from pole. + +Team Shredded Wheat Racing with Gallagher (2018-19) +On 20 December 2017, Chilton decided to focus on his BTCC career. Signing into the team who have won the 2016 Independents title, Motorbase Performance under the name of Team Shredded Wheat Racing with Gallagher due to its sponsorship. Chilton took his first win after 2011, winning at Knockhill after started from pole in 3rd race. + +BTC Racing (2020) +On 10 January 2020, it was announced that Chilton would join the BTC Racing team for the upcoming season as part of an expanded three-car team. Chilton took a best finish of 2nd at Thruxon and finished 10th in the Driver's Championship and 4th in the Independent Driver's Championship. + +Ciceley Motorsport (2021) +On 12 January 2021, Ciceley Motorsport announced that Chilton would be joining the team for the 2021 Season. + +World Touring Car Championship + +Team Aon (2012) + +Chilton made his debut in the World Touring Car Championship in 2012, driving for the Arena Motorsport team with their Ford Focus S2000 TC alongside fellow WTCC debutant James Nash. Although he was new to the championship, Chilton was ruled out of the Yokohama Trophy due to his experience in the BTCC as both a privateer and a works driver. In race one in Morocco, he scored the first points for Ford in their WTCC return after coming home in seventh place. He scored another point in race two in Slovakia. Chilton was given a five place grid penalty for a collision during qualifying for the Race of Austria, he locked up down the inside of Franz Engstler and made contact, putting Engstler out of Q1. An engine change for both Fords at the Race of Japan sent Chilton to the back of the grid for the first race. In the final race at Macau, Chilton lost control in the oil left on the track from Alex MacDowall's collision with the barrier on lap 4, the subsequent crash forced him to retire. Chilton finished 19th in the drivers' standings, two places behind teammate Nash. After the season, the Arena Motorsport suspended their WTCC programme after losing technical backing from Ford and closed down, leaving Chilton without a drive for 2013. + +RML (2013) +Chilton moved to RML for the 2013 season, driving a Chevrolet Cruze 1.6T alongside former world champion Yvan Muller. He finished second behind Muller at the season opening Race of Italy He took his first WTCC pole position at the Race of the United States, beating teammate Muller. From pole he held off Tiago Monteiro to claim his first race win in the World Touring Car Championship. During the final race of the season, the 2013 Guia Race of Macau, Chilton dropped out with exhaust problems but not before being involved in the accident that caused the second red flag of race 2, as Eurico de Jesus hit him and under the subsequent safety car multiple drivers barreled into each other at the scene to cause the red flag. + +ROAL Motorsport (2014–2015) +On 12 December 2013 Chilton announced that in 2014 he would drive Car nr. 3. for the Italian-based team ROAL Motorsport in an all-new Chevrolet Cruze to be built by RML under the new TC1 regulations. His teammate in the season will be Dutch driver Tom Coronel. Chilton managed to take pole, fastest lap and victory in the first race at Beijing becoming the only non-Citroen driver to win the first race of any race weekend in 2014. A second-place finish followed in Japan and Chilton ended the season in 8th place. He continued with ROAL Motorsport in 2015. + +Sébastien Loeb Racing (2016 - 2017) +In 2016 Chilton raced in a Citroën for Sébastien Loeb Racing, together with Moroccan driver Mehdi Bennani. Chilton won the race in Argentina. He took 6 podiums in that season. In independents, Chilton managed to finish 2nd in the standings after losing to Mehdi Bennani, who secured his independents title in Shanghai due to advantage for his DNF after contact with Gabriele Tarquini in Race 1. + +Chilton continued as a Sébastien Loeb Racing driver in the 2017 WTCC season. He took 3 wins in that season at Monza, Motegi, and Losail. When he won at Losail, Chilton also claimed his independent's title in 20th and final race of the season. When he won the independent's title, in overall standings, Chilton finished 3rd behind two championship contenders, Norbert Michelisz and that season's champion, Thed Björk. Also, it was the last race under "World Championship" name before changed into World Touring Car Cup. + +TV appearances +He has appeared in five series of Top Gear. In Series 5, Episode 5, he was one of the drivers in the People Carrier Race. He then again appeared in the first episode of series 6 as one of the drivers in the Toyota Aygo football match. More recently he has appeared in Series 10 episode 6 when he raced a Chevrolet motorhome with other touring car drivers as well as Richard Hammond. In Series 12 episode 5 he raced (and then rolled over) a Leyland Olympian, and had earlier on in the episode raced against Jeremy Clarkson whilst driving a BMW M3. On 6 December 2009, he appeared in a further episode of Top Gear, racing against other touring car drivers in airport vehicles. In Series 20, episode 2, he raced a taxi cab against Richard Hammond. + +In 2009 he appeared with Anthony Reid in a music video for singer-songwriter Andy J Gallagher. + +Chilton appeared as a single man in Episode 4 of the first series of the ITV show Take Me Out hosted by Paddy McGuinness. + +Racing record + +Racing career summary + +* Season still in progress. + +Complete British Touring Car Championship results +(key) Races in bold indicate pole position (1 point awarded – 2002 all races, 2003–present just in first race) Races in italics indicate fastest lap (1 point awarded all races) * signifies that driver lead race for at least one lap (1 point given – 2002 just in feature race, 2003–present all races) + +Complete World Touring Car Championship results +(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) + +† Did not finish the race, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance. +‡ Half points awarded as less than 75% of race distance was completed. + +Complete European Le Mans Series results +(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) + +References + +External links + +btcc:action profile +Profile from btccinfo.co.uk + +1985 births +Living people +People from Reigate +People educated at Reigate St Mary's School +People educated at Shiplake College +English racing drivers +British Touring Car Championship drivers +American Le Mans Series drivers +European Le Mans Series drivers +World Touring Car Championship drivers +Sébastien Loeb Racing drivers +Arena Motorsport drivers +Nürburgring 24 Hours drivers +Hyundai Motorsport drivers +Anicuns is a city and municipality in central Goiás state, Brazil. + +Geographys +Anicuns is located in the Anicuns Microregion, which includes 13 cities with a population of 103276 inhabitants in a total area of 5483.10 km2. +It forms boundaries with the following the municipalities: +North and Northeast: Itaberaí, Mossâmedes and Aurilândia +South: Nazário and Palmeiras de Goiás +East: Inhumas and Trindade +West: São Luís de Montes Belos + +The distance to Goiânia is 86 km. Highway connections are made by GO-060 / Trindade / Claudinápolis de Goiás / GO-326. See Seplan + +Anicuns is situated on the right bank of the Rio dos Bois, the main river in the region and a tributary of the Paranaíba River. The important Rio Turvo also has its source in the municipality. The average elevation is 600 meters. The climate is tropical humid and the average annual temperature is 23 °C. + +Districts, Villages and Hamlets +Districts: Capelinha and Choupana. +Village: Poncionário. +Hamlet: Boa Vista. + +Demographics +Population density: 18.41 inhabitants/km2 (2007) +Population growth rate: -0.13% +Population in 1980: 23,150 +Population in 2007: 17,705 +Urban population: 15,228 + +The economy +Economically, Anicuns has a variety of industrial activities. It produces bricks and tiles (six brickworks) and has 16 small shoe factories, specializing in leather boots. There is also cattle raising, both for meat and dairy, together with growing of sugarcane, coffee, and corn. There were three financial institutions in 2004: Banco do Brasil, Bradesco, and Itaú S.A. There was also an alcohol distillery using the availability of sugarcane. Most of the workers were engaged in transformation industries, public administration, and commerce. (IBGE 2005) +Industrial establishments: 39 +Retail commercial establishments: 185 +Dairy: LEE Laticínios Ltda. (22/05/2006) +Distillery: Anicuns S/A Álcool e Derivados (July/2007) +Industrial park: Distrito Agroindustrial de Anicuns (June/2006) + +Agricultural Data +Number of farms: 1,237 +Total farming area: 52,201 ha. +Planted area: 13,100 ha. +Area of natural pasture: 33,078 +Persons working in agriculture: 4,500 +Number of cattle (head): 115.400 +Area of corn: 4,200 ha. +Area of rice: 800 ha. +Area of sugarcane: 7,000 ha. +Area of soybeans: 400 ha. +Area of banana: 150 ha. +Area of coffee: 230 ha. + +Health and education +In the health sector there were 6 hospitals with 142 hospital beds. The infant mortality rate was 38.99 in 2000. +(IBGE 2002). In the educational sector there were 17 primary schools and 4 secondary schools. There was a campus of the state university. The literacy rate was 85.8% in 2000. + +Municipal Human Development Index +MHDI: 0.720 +State ranking: 173 (out of 242 municipalities) +National ranking: 2,616 (out of 5,507 municipalities) + +All data are from 2000 + +Origin of the name +The name of the city comes from the Guanicuns Indians, who would hunt a bird with the same name (extinct). The anicuns bird was known for its beautiful feathers and song. The Indians made adornments from the feathers and ate the bird's tongue believing that it would allow them to imitate its beautiful singing. + +History +Anicuns had its beginnings with the search for gold in the rivers. After the gold had run out the settlers stayed to raise cattle and grow crops. In 1841 Anicuns was already a district of the municipality of Palmeiras, becoming a municipality in 1911. In 1931 the name was changed from Anicuns to Novo Horizonte. In 1933 the district of Nazário was created to become part of Novo Horizonte. In 1938 the name was changed back to Anicuns. In 1952 Nazário separated to become a municipality. + +Tourism +Anicuns has taken advantage of the Rio dos Bois to put on a canoe championship called Copa Brasil de Canoagem, which is accompanied by parades, cultural activities and regional musical shows. The competition, lasting three days, is one of the most important in the country. + +Tourist sites: · Poço do Boi de Ouro: craters with a depth of 30 meters. · Serra do Felipe: much used in hang gliding. · Morro do Chapéu: highest point in the region. · Morro de Monte Castelo: 7 km from the center of town, still has native forest on the top of the mountain. · Serra da Canjica: only 3 km from the town, is next to the São José Jica waterfall, with a rocky wall and a free fall of more than 70 meters · Cachoeira São José: 2 km from the town, the place is made up of rapids and small waterfalls. + +See also +List of municipalities in Goiás +Microregions of Goiás + +References + + Frigoletto + +Municipalities in Goiás +Elijah Boardman (March 7, 1760 – August 18, 1823) was an American politician who served as a senator from Connecticut. Born to a noted and politically connected Connecticut family, he served in the Connecticut militia before becoming a noted merchant and businessman. Becoming involved in property and land ownership in Connecticut and Ohio, he founded the towns of Boardman and Medina in Ohio. His involvement in politics also increased, and he gradually rose through the ranks of the local, and then national government, being elected by the Connecticut legislature to the United States Senate. He served as Senator from Connecticut until his death in Ohio. + +Biography + +Early life +Boardman, was born in New Milford in Connecticut, the third of four children for Deacon Sherman Boardman (1728–1814) and Sarah Bostwick Boardman (1730–1818). His father, son of the first minister of the Congregational Church, was a "prosperous farmer", well educated and well versed in local politics – he was 21 times elected as a member of the General Assembly of Connecticut – and was familiar with "civil and military concerns of the town." The Boardman family were the town's founding family, and lived on a "substantial farm" on the Housatonic River. + +A biographer of his later wife wrote of Elijah Boardman: "Inheriting many of the good qualities of his father and his grandfather, he combined, with those good qualities, the energy and intrepidity of his mother and of his grandmother, respecting both of whom there are preserved family traditions of much historical and domestic interest." The biographer also noted Boardman to be "dignified" in personal appearance, and handsome. His brother, David Sherman Boardman, remarked that he was "inclined" to hilarity. Elijah Boardman was educated by private tutors – including tutoring in Latin by the Reverend Nathaniel Taylor and other matters by his own mother – at home before enlisting in the Connecticut militia to serve in the American Revolutionary War as a "common soldier", in March 1776 aged 16. + +Revolutionary War + +Under Captain Isaac Bostwick, Boardman served in one of the first sixteen regiments raised by the Continental Congress under the command of Colonel Charles Webb. Boardman was directed to Boston, and diverted to New London and New York City, where he took part in Battle of Long Island, however after defeat there and American evacuation to Washington, he was confined to a sick bed having exacerbated childhood medical difficulties and fever. After six months, having achieved an ultimate rank of sergeant, he obtained passage on a wagon back to New York, where he was discovered in poor health by a friend of his father, who sent word home for Boardman to be collected. Meanwhile, Boardman obtained a discharge from the army. + +In the summer of 1777, Sir Henry Clinton led British forces through Fort Montgomery and prompted a call-up of Connecticut militia, which Boardman joined until the danger passed following the surrender of General Burgoyne, whereupon the militia was disbanded. Now detached from the army, Boardman resumed his tutorship under John Hickling, a family tutor employed by Boardman's father. + +Mercantile employment + +In 1781, Boardman took work as a clerk and as a merchant. He spent time employed in New Haven, training as a shopkeeper in the store of Elijah and Archibald Austin, before setting up his own company in his home town of New Milford later that same year. This business, a dry-goods store, was operated in conjunction with his two brothers, David and Daniel. As part of his travels, he visited Ohio, where he founded the town of Boardman. In 1789, he was the subject of a portrait by Ralph Earl, which "portrayed the richly dressed dry goods merchant... in his store in New Milford... through the open door, bolts of textiles tell the viewer how Boardman earned a living." Earl's most "accomplished" and successful series of paintings were of the Boardman family. Boardman then married Mary Anna Whiting on September 25, 1792, for whom he would build '', which still stands in New Milford. By this time, he had also opened a second shop outside of any partnership with his brothers, which was situated in Litchfield County and was designed by architect William Sprats, and on October 10, 1794, his first son, William Whiting Boardman, was born. + +In September 1795, Boardman became a member of the Connecticut Land Company, and a purchaser of the Connecticut Western Reserve – now part of northern Ohio – which entitled Boardman and his associates to two townships located there, one of which being Medina. The site set aside to create a county seat was originally named Mecca, until it was realised that a nearby town was named the same. Boardman's land agent, Rufus Ferris Sr., became the first resident of Medina, Together with his brothers, Boardman had thus became the owner of a "considerable" amount of real estate, among the post-Revolutionary War landed gentry "among the town's highest taxpayers." + +Politics +Boardman's initial ventures into politics are recorded in a letter to then-President Thomas Jefferson on June 18, 1801. He included a sermon of the Rev. Stanley Griswold, of the New Milford church, which discussed the new president as "an example of how evil could be overcome by good." Jefferson subsequently replied with a detailed critique of the sermon. + +Boardman became a member of the State House of Representatives for the period 1803–05 and again in 1816, before becoming a member of the State's upper house between 1817 and 1819, and a member of the State Senate between 1819 and 1821. On March 4, 1821, he was elected to the US Senate while living in Litchfield, Connecticut. He is listed by the Abridgment of the Debates of Congress, from 1789 to 1856 as having been present at Senate proceedings on December 3, 1821, in Washington DC in the company of Class-3 Connecticut senator James Lanman. + +Later life and death + +Boardman served in the Senate until his death during a visit to his son, whereupon he was succeeded by Henry W. Edwards. His cause of death is a subject of speculation, however biographer and son-in-law John Frederick Schroeder (m. Caroline Maria Boardman) related it while writing in 1849 to several bouts of cholera and fever Boardman had suffered throughout his life, particularly during a tour of Rhode Island in 1780, as well as other attacks in Vermont and New Hampshire throughout his life. Senator James Lanman proposed on December 5, 1823, a motion for the members of the Senate to wear "the usual mourning" for thirty days to commemorate his death. Boardman's body was returned home and interred in New Milford. He was survived by his first son, later politician William, and his second, Henry Mason Boardman. Mabel Thorp Boardman, American philanthropist, was his great-granddaughter. + +See also +List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899) + +Notes + +References + +External links + + Elijah Boardman's Portrait by Ralph Earl at the Metropolitan Museum of Art + +|- + +1760 births +1823 deaths +18th-century American businesspeople +19th-century American businesspeople +American people of English descent +Businesspeople from Connecticut +Connecticut Democratic-Republicans +Connecticut Land Company +Connecticut militiamen in the American Revolution +Connecticut state senators +Democratic-Republican Party United States senators from Connecticut +Members of the Connecticut General Assembly Council of Assistants (1662–1818) +Military personnel from Connecticut +People from Boardman, Ohio +People from New Milford, Connecticut +People of colonial Connecticut +People of Connecticut in the American Revolution +United States senators who owned slaves +The LVII Legislature of the Congress of Mexico met from 1997 to 2000. + +It was the first session in 68 years where the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) did not hold an absolute majority over opposition parties in the Chamber of Deputies. The National Action Party (PAN), the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), the Labor Party (PT), the Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (PVEM), and two independents combined for 261 of the 500 seats. + +References + +Congress of Mexico by session +The 2005-2006 season in Danish 2nd Division was divided in two groups. The two winners, Næstved BK and Aarhus Fremad, promoted to the 2006–07 Danish 1st Division, together with the winner of a promotion game, Thisted FC, between the two runners-up. + +Second squad teams can not promote, or play promotion game. + +East group + +Top goalscorers + +West group + +Top goalscorers + +Promotion game +The two runners-up will play promotion game on home and away basis. + +First leg + +Second leg + +2006 +3 +Danish +In numerical linear algebra, the Jacobi method (a.k.a. the Jacobi iteration method) is an iterative algorithm for determining the solutions of a strictly diagonally dominant system of linear equations. Each diagonal element is solved for, and an approximate value is plugged in. The process is then iterated until it converges. This algorithm is a stripped-down version of the Jacobi transformation method of matrix diagonalization. The method is named after Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi. + +Description +Let be a square system of n linear equations, where: + +When and are known, and is unknown, we can use the Jacobi method to approximate . The vector denotes our initial guess for (often for ). We denote as the k-th approximation or iteration of , and is the next (or k+1) iteration of . + +Matrix-based formula + +Then A can be decomposed into a diagonal component D, a lower triangular part L and an upper triangular part U:The solution is then obtained iteratively via + +Element-based formula + +The element-based formula for each row is thus:The computation of requires each element in except itself. Unlike the Gauss–Seidel method, we can't overwrite with , as that value will be needed by the rest of the computation. The minimum amount of storage is two vectors of size n. + +Algorithm + Input: , (diagonal dominant) matrix A, right-hand side vector b, convergence criterion + Output: + Comments: pseudocode based on the element-based formula above + + + while convergence not reached do + for i := 1 step until n do + + for j := 1 step until n do + if j ≠ i then + + end + end + + end + increment k + end + +Convergence + +The standard convergence condition (for any iterative method) is when the spectral radius of the iteration matrix is less than 1: + +A sufficient (but not necessary) condition for the method to converge is that the matrix A is strictly or irreducibly diagonally dominant. Strict row diagonal dominance means that for each row, the absolute value of the diagonal term is greater than the sum of absolute values of other terms: + +The Jacobi method sometimes converges even if these conditions are not satisfied. + +Note that the Jacobi method does not converge for every symmetric positive-definite matrix. For example, + +Examples + +Example 1 +A linear system of the form with initial estimate is given by + +We use the equation , described above, to estimate . First, we rewrite the equation in a more convenient form , where and . From the known values + +we determine as + +Further, is found as + +With and calculated, we estimate as : + +The next iteration yields + +This process is repeated until convergence (i.e., until is small). The solution after 25 iterations is + +Example 2 + +Suppose we are given the following linear system: + +If we choose as the initial approximation, then the first approximate solution is given by + +Using the approximations obtained, the iterative procedure is repeated until the desired accuracy has been reached. The following are the approximated solutions after five iterations. + +The exact solution of the system is . + +Python example +import numpy as np + +ITERATION_LIMIT = 1000 + +# initialize the matrix +A = np.array([[10., -1., 2., 0.], + [-1., 11., -1., 3.], + [2., -1., 10., -1.], + [0.0, 3., -1., 8.]]) +# initialize the RHS vector +b = np.array([6., 25., -11., 15.]) + +# prints the system +print("System:") +for i in range(A.shape[0]): + row = [f"{A[i, j]}*x{j + 1}" for j in range(A.shape[1])] + print(f'{" + ".join(row)} = {b[i]}') +print() + +x = np.zeros_like(b) +for it_count in range(ITERATION_LIMIT): + if it_count != 0: + print(f"Iteration {it_count}: {x}") + x_new = np.zeros_like(x) + + for i in range(A.shape[0]): + s1 = np.dot(A[i, :i], x[:i]) + s2 = np.dot(A[i, i + 1:], x[i + 1:]) + x_new[i] = (b[i] - s1 - s2) / A[i, i] + if x_new[i] == x_new[i-1]: + break + + if np.allclose(x, x_new, atol=1e-10, rtol=0.): + break + + x = x_new + +print("Solution: ") +print(x) +error = np.dot(A, x) - b +print("Error:") +print(error) + +Weighted Jacobi method + +The weighted Jacobi iteration uses a parameter to compute the iteration as + +with being the usual choice. +From the relation , this may also be expressed as +. + +Convergence in the symmetric positive definite case + +In case that the system matrix is of symmetric positive-definite type one can show convergence. + +Let be the iteration matrix. +Then, convergence is guaranteed for + +where is the maximal eigenvalue. + +The spectral radius can be minimized for a particular choice of as follows + +where is the matrix condition number. + +See also + +Gauss–Seidel method +Successive over-relaxation +Iterative method § Linear systems +Gaussian Belief Propagation +Matrix splitting + +References + +External links + + + Jacobi Method from www.math-linux.com + +Numerical linear algebra +Articles with example pseudocode +Relaxation (iterative methods) +Articles with example Python (programming language) code +A motorcycle taxi, or cart bike or bike taxi, is a licensed form of transport in some countries. The taxi typically carries one passenger, who "rides pillion" behind the motorcycle operator. Multiple passengers are common in some countries. + +Brazil +According to some sources, motorcycle taxi service in Brazil began in 1994, in Crateús, in the state of Ceará, when an employee of the Bank of Brazil Other sources state that it started in Bauru, São Paulo, in 1996, when an unemployed biker hung a banner across the road to the city, reading "help a biker racing to 1.00 real." Today, almost all Brazilian cities have motorcycle taxi services. Recently, they have appeared in poorer and less urban areas, where young people increasingly support themselves by driving them. + +Typically, the fare is a flat fee, regardless of the distance traveled. However, the charge may vary according to the time of day or day of the week, or increase for distances that are greater than usual. + +Licensing requirements for motorcycle taxis vary by municipality. Small towns tend not to regulate them at all, while in larger cities, they are regulated in much the same way as taxicabs. In July 2009, the Brazilian Senate approved standards for motorcycle taxi drivers and motorcycle couriers. They must be at least 21 years old, have held a Category A drivers licence for at least two years, and have attended a training course. + +Cambodia +In Phnom Penh and other cities in Cambodia, motorcycle taxis are widely available as a form of low-cost public transport. Motorcycle taxi drivers, who are almost exclusively male, are called motodops (). They tend to hang around outside major tourist attractions, office buildings, public markets, and near the corners of residential streets. There is no regulated system of training or bike maintenance and no common uniform, so anyone on his way home from the market might offer you a ride (and the driver's intentions can generally be trusted, the state of his bike, a little less so). Always negotiate the fare in advance (use gestures, if necessary). Don't expect a motodop to understand English or to read a map - he'll likely flag somebody down who can help translate or navigate, if necessary. Fares vary depending on distance and weather but should always be cheaper than a tuk-tuk. Fares are higher at night and when embarking from tourist areas. You'll get a better rate if you can negotiate in passable Khmer, but have a heart: these are generally the folks that live on a few dollars or less per day. As of 2014, helmet laws apply only to drivers, so bring your own helmet if you're worried about safety, but it's not legally required. + +The omnipresent ‘moto’ is the most common and fastest form of public transportation. Motos can be found virtually everywhere in town, just step to the curb and they will find you. Motos cost from 1500R-4000R for a trip in town and $6-$8 per day. Prices go up at night and for multiple passengers. + +Cameroon + +Motorcycle taxis are also the most common form of transportation in Maroua, Cameroon. Multiple passengers are carried on most trips; as many as four children are sometimes carried on a single motorcycle. Helmets are rarely used, but the traffic and speed are moderate in the city. Short distances cost about 200 francs, less than US$1. + +China +In mainland China, motorcycle taxi service can be traced back to the late 1980s and early 1990s. There are currently motorcycle taxis throughout China, including in Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. They are popular primarily due to their low cost: the fare for short trips is just 5 yuan (less than US$1) per person. + +India + +In Goa, India, motorcycle taxis are required to be licensed. Driven by men called pilots, they are much cheaper than other taxis, although a passenger can only carry a backpack as luggage. In some parts of the state, motorcycle drivers are legally required to wear helmets, but any passengers riding pillion are not. Motorcycle taxis can usually be identified by their distinctive yellow and black colours. There is a practice to fix the fare in advance, and trips are not metered. + +In last few years, a few companies such as Rapido, Uber and Ola have come up in multiple cities in India providing bike taxi services. With the Central Government's rule of allowing two-wheelers as legal and commercial vehicles and 8 states already legalized the same, it has become easier for the companies to design a working framework to provide easy and comfortable commute to the people. + +Indonesia + +Motorcycle taxis are a very common form of unlicensed transport in Indonesia, where they are known as ojek. Ojek can be found in most areas of the country, from towns where traffic jams commonly hinder other forms of transport, to rural areas inaccessible by four-wheeled vehicles. Because of the traffic, ojek are often the fastest form of transport, especially in big urban areas such as Jakarta, Surabaya, or Medan. Many people choose them over taxicabs, which are safer, but slower and more expensive. + +Many ojek drivers either own their vehicles or are buying them on credit, although in some areas, stolen motorcycles are common. The widespread availability of cheap, domestic motorcycles made by Honda, Yamaha, and Suzuki, and even cheaper ones imported from China, as well as credit schemes with which to purchase these, have resulted in the rapid growth of ojek. The ease with which driver's licences can be obtained has also been a contributing factor. + +Before the trip begins, the passenger usually haggles with the driver over the fare, which generally ranges from 5,000 to 10,000 rupiah (about US$0.50 to US$1.00) for short trips, longer trips will be more expensive. The fare may be different from one city to another city, as big city ojek will have higher fares than the smaller city ojek. Indonesia traffic law requires motorcycle riders and passengers to wear helmets; often on ojek, however, only the driver does so. Although the driver will sometimes provide a helmet for the passenger, more often, drivers simply avoid main streets, and the attention of police. + +The name of Gojek is derived from the word ojek. + +Mexico +In Mexico, there are thousands of motorcycle taxis. Their arrangements are informal (not traditional companies). They have precarious working conditions, long hours (11.3 hours a day), low wages (US$59.18 per week), and no social protections or benefits. 6.3% reported suffering from a disease, 49.5% corresponded to musculoskeletal conditions and only 11.6% were affiliated to any health system. 53.8% are owners of the vehicle and, although it does not seem to influence physical illness (P=0.03), it is related to the psychosocial ones (P=0.260). + +Nigeria + +Nigeria has about three million motorcycle taxis, locally called okadas, with over one million in Lagos alone. In Lagos, new rules prohibit okadas from carrying pregnant women or children. Authorities say okadas will be stopped from driving the wrong way, and the number of roads on which they are authorized to travel will be sharply reduced. + +Philippines +Motorcycle taxis in the Philippines usually have sidecars, or seats extended sideways, often by use of a T-shaped crossbeam. The latter type of taxi is known as habal-habal, a Cebu North Road driver community started year 2000, or a skylab, owing to its crude resemblance to the Skylab space station which orbited the Earth in the 1970s. + +Covered, three-wheel autorickshaws, known as tricycles, are also a common mode of transport. + +Angkas is a Philippine motorcycle vehicle for hire and delivery service company based in Makati, Metro Manila. Its competition in passenger market is JoyRide. + +Motorcycle taxis were deemed illegal in 2020 due to possible exposure of passengers and riders to COVID-19 when in contact with each other, especially in the cities. + +Thailand +Motorcycle taxis (, ; , ; or , ) are a common form of public transport in Bangkok and most other cities, towns, and villages in Thailand. They are generally used for short trips. In Bangkok, there are motorcycle taxi queues on many sois, or side streets, and the queues are regulated by land transport authority. Licensed motorcycle taxi operators wear orange vests with yellow number plates. The driving license with photo and driver's details in form of yellow card is placed on the back of the driver where the passenger can see clearly. In compliance with Thailand's motorcycle helmet law, many (but not all) drivers carry a spare helmet to offer to passengers. Bangkok locals generally only use motorcycle taxis when they need to get somewhere fast, as metered taxi-cabs can not only be more expensive for short trips but also slower than flat-rate motorcycles. Therefore, motorcycle taxi-drivers in Bangkok have built their reputation on delivering service as quickly as possible and tend to drive very fast and weave through traffic. + +United Kingdom + +Motorcycle taxi service in London began in 1990 as a niche industry. All equipment is provided for the passenger, along with an intercom system linking the rider and passenger. The motorcycles have racks that can hold a carry-on suitcase, for trips to local airports, especially Stansted, Gatwick, and City. The bikes are now licensed by Transport for London and the Public Carriage Office, which also license London's black cabs. + +United States +Moto Limos Club, a motorcycle for-hire service, started in California and New York City in 2011. Passengers were not able to hail the motorcycles on the street; instead, a yearly individual or corporate membership fee is charged, plus an hourly rate. Experienced riders, many former Police motorcycle riders, carried clients on Honda Gold Wings, and in California, can bypass traffic congestion by lane splitting. Passengers were provided with helmets, airbag vests, and in-helmet, Bluetooth cell phones. The service also bought several Can-Am Spyders, before realizing they were not capable of splitting lanes. + +Vietnam + +Nimble motorcycle taxis, which surpass buses in speed and mobility, comprise one of the most popular modes of transportation in Vietnam, where they are known as xe ôm. Passengers can get a ride via mobile app or by hailing passing operators, or by finding drivers who gather at public places such as schools, markets, hospitals, and bus and train stations. + +Before the rise in popularity of ride-hailing apps, motorcycle taxi driving was a mostly informal economy, although some unions existed. Fare is verbally agreed upon before the trip based on distance. Some informal motorcycle taxi drivers still exist, as well as drivers working for regulated ride-hailing companies who would take on ad-hoc trips not booked through the app. + +Wearing a helmet on motorcycles is required by Vietnamese laws for both drivers and passengers, as such motorcycle taxi drivers would provide helmet for their customers. + +Go-Viet had a 35% market share among motorbike vehicle for hire companies in Ho Chi Minh City just six weeks after launching there on August 1, 2018, according to Go-Jek founder and chief executive Nadiem Makarim. + +See also + Boda-boda, an East African term for a bicycle taxi or motorcycle taxi + Zémidjan, a term used in Benin for a motorcycle taxi + +References + +External links + + +Motorcycle classifications +Transport in Thailand +Craig Victory (born 3 February 1980 in Adelaide, South Australia) is a field hockey striker from Australia who played 102 international games for the Australia men's national field hockey team, the Kookaburras. He is a Commonwealth Games, World Cup and Champions Trophy Gold Medalist and was an Olympic Bronze Medalist with the Australia men's national field hockey team the Kookaburras at the 2000 in Sydney. + +As a successful coach, he has served as head coach of the South Australian Sports Institute (SASI) hockey program, head coach of the 2011 winning SA Suns (formerly Southern Suns) in the Australian Hockey League, Australian Junior Women's coach and assistant coach to the gold medal-winning Hockeyroos at the 2014 Commonwealth Games. + +Personal +Craig lives in Adelaide, South Australia. + +Field Hockey - Playing + +Club Hockey +Craig played club hockey for the Port Adelaide District Hockey Club Magpies. + +State Hockey +He represented South Australia as part of the Southern Hotshots (now known as the SA Hotshots). + +International Hockey +Craig was a member of the Australia men's national field hockey team the Kookaburras from 1999 to 2006, playing 102 games and scoring 36 goals. He was a part of the bronze medal-winning Men's team at the 2000 Summer Olympics and won a silver and gold medal at the World Cup and Commonwealth Games respectively. + +He had his jaw broken following an on field incident involving Pakistan captain Muhammad Saqlain in a match at the Hamburg Masters in August 2005. + +International Playing Career tournaments included: +1999 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy (Brisbane, AUS) – 1st GOLD +2000 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy (Amstelveen, NED) – 5th +2000 Summer Olympics (Sydney, AUS) – 3rd BRONZE +2001 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy (Rotterdam, NED) – 2nd SILVER +2002 Commonwealth Games (Manchester, ENG) – 1st GOLD +2002 Men's Hockey World Cup (Kuala Lumpur, MAS) – 2nd SILVER +2003 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy (Amstelveen, NED) – 2nd SILVER + +Field Hockey - Coaching + +State Coaching +Craig was head hockey coach of the South Australian Sports Institute program and also served as the Hockey SA Game Development Manager in the early/mid 2000s. + +He coached the peak South Australian State Representative team, the SA Suns (then Southern Suns) to victory in the 2011 Australian Hockey League. + +International Coaching +Craig was selected as coach of the Australian U21 Junior women's team, the Jillaroos, in January 2013 and coached them until 2016. Key tournaments were: +2013 Women's Hockey Junior World Cup (Monchengladbach, Germany) – 6th + +He was also a part of the Senior Women's team, the Hockeyroos, staff as assistant coach for: +2012–13 Women's FIH Hockey World League Semifinals (London, England) – 1st +2012–13 Women's FIH Hockey World League Final (Tucuman, Argentina) – 2nd SILVER +2014 Women's Hockey World Cup (The Hague, Netherlands) – 2nd SILVER +2014 Commonwealth Games (Glasgow, Scotland) – 1st GOLD + +References + +External links + + + + + +1980 births +Living people +Australian male field hockey players +Olympic field hockey players for Australia +Male field hockey forwards +Australian field hockey coaches +Olympic bronze medalists for Australia +Field hockey players at the 2000 Summer Olympics +2002 Men's Hockey World Cup players +Field hockey players from Adelaide +Olympic medalists in field hockey +Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics +Commonwealth Games medallists in field hockey +Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia +Field hockey players at the 2002 Commonwealth Games +South Australian Sports Institute coaches +Medallists at the 2002 Commonwealth Games +Sportsmen from South Australia +The 16th Street Baptist Church is a Baptist church in Birmingham, Alabama, United States. In 1963, the church was bombed by Ku Klux Klan members. The bombing killed four young girls in the midst of the Civil Rights Movement. The church is still in operation and is a central landmark in the Birmingham Civil Rights District. It was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 2006. Since 2008, it has also been on the UNESCO list of tentative World Heritage Sites. + +Beginnings + +The 16th Street Baptist Church was organized as the First Colored Baptist Church of Birmingham in 1873. It was the first black church to organize in Birmingham, which was founded just two years before. The first meetings were held in a small building at 12th Street and Fourth Avenue North. A site was soon acquired on 3rd Avenue North between 19th and 20th Street for a dedicated building. In 1880, the church sold that property and built a new church on the present site on 16th Street and 6th Avenue North. The new brick building was completed in 1884 under the supervision of its pastor, William R. Pettiford, but in 1908, the city condemned the structure and ordered it to be demolished. Pettiford was pastor from 1883 to 1904. + +The present building, a "modified Romanesque and Byzantine design" by the prominent black architect Wallace Rayfield, was constructed in 1911 by the local black contractor T.C. Windham. The cost of construction was $26,000. In addition to the main sanctuary, the building houses a basement auditorium, used for meetings and lectures, and several ancillary rooms used for Sunday school and smaller groups. + +As one of the primary institutions in the black community, the 16th Street Baptist Church has hosted prominent visitors throughout its history. W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary McLeod Bethune, Paul Robeson and Ralph Bunche all spoke at the church during the first part of the 20th century. + +Civil rights era and the 1963 bombing + + +During the civil rights movement of the 1960s, the 16th Street Baptist Church served as an organizational headquarters, site of mass meetings and rallying point for African Americans protesting widespread institutionalized racism in Birmingham, Alabama, and the South. The ministers Fred Shuttlesworth, who was the chief local organizer, Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)) leader Martin Luther King Jr., and SCLC leader James Bevel, who initiated the Children's Crusade and taught the students nonviolence, were frequent speakers at the church and led the movement. + +On Sunday, September 15, 1963, Thomas Blanton, Bobby Frank Cherry and Robert Edward Chambliss, members of the Ku Klux Klan, planted 19 sticks of dynamite outside the basement of the church. At 10:22 a.m., they exploded, killing four young girlsAddie Mae Collins, Carole Robertson, Cynthia Wesley and Denise McNair. Twenty-two other victims suffered injuries. They were there preparing for the church's "Youth Day". A funeral for three of the four victims was attended by more than 8,000 mourners, white and black, but no city officials. + +This was one of a string of more than 45 bombings within the decade. The neighborhood of Dynamite Hill was the most-frequently targeted area during this time. The bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church increased Federal involvement in Alabama. President Johnson signed the 1964 Civil Rights Act into law the following year; and in 1965 the Voting Rights Act was passed, making literacy tests and poll taxes illegal. + +Following the bombing, more than $300,000 in unsolicited gifts were received by the church and repairs were begun immediately. The church reopened on June 7, 1964. A stained glass window depicting a black Jesus, designed by John Petts, was donated by citizens of Wales and installed in the front window, facing south. + +Current status + +The church was added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on June 16, 1976. On September 17, 1980, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. In 1993, a team of surveyors for the Historic American Buildings Survey executed archival quality measured drawings of the church for the Library of Congress. Because of its historic value on a national level in the moral crusade of civil rights, the church was officially designated a National Historic Landmark on February 20, 2006, by the United States Department of the Interior. On January 1, 2008, the US Government submitted it to UNESCO as part of an envisaged future World Heritage nomination and as such it is on the so-called UNESCO 'Tentative List of World Heritage Sites'. In 2017, the church became part of the newly created Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument. + +As part of the Birmingham Civil Rights District, the 16th Street Baptist Church receives more than 200,000 visitors annually. Though the current membership is only around 500, it has an average weekly attendance of nearly 2,000. The church also operates a large drug counseling program. The current pastor is the Reverend Arthur Price. Across from the church at Kelly Ingram Park is the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute, which plans events that teach and promote the history of human rights. + +The 16th Street Baptist Church engaged in a $3 million restoration of the building in the first decade of the 21st century. Persistent water damage problems and exterior brick facing failure were addressed. The first phase of restoration, mainly below-grade waterproofing, was completed in 2007, followed by work on the exterior masonry. Additional funds were sought to handle unexpected problems uncovered during the work and to provide for ongoing physical maintenance. + +See also +List of Baptist churches in Alabama +List of National Historic Landmarks in Alabama +List of national monuments of the United States +Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument + +References + +Henderson, Jesse (May 21, 2021). "Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, Sunday Worship: Redefining History and Reaching Community." Magic City Religion. + +Norris, Toraine (February 17, 2006). "Sixteenth Street Baptist named U.S. landmark." Birmingham News + +Further reading +Michael S. Harper's poem American History talks about the church bombing + +External links + +Archival material at the Birmingham Public Library +website of the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute +Guide to Birmingham's Civil Rights District +16th Street Baptist Church, 1530 Sixth Avenue North, Birmingham, Jefferson County, AL, with 16 drawings, 18 photographs, 2 photo caption page and 35 data pages at Historic American Engineering Record + +African-American history in Birmingham, Alabama +National Register of Historic Places in Birmingham, Alabama +Baptist churches in Alabama +Civil rights movement +National Historic Landmarks in Alabama +Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama +Religious organizations established in 1873 +Churches completed in 1911 +19th-century Baptist churches in the United States +Properties on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage +Romanesque Revival church buildings in Alabama +Byzantine Revival architecture in Alabama +Baptist churches in Birmingham, Alabama +Civil rights movement museums +Historic American Buildings Survey in Alabama +1911 establishments in Alabama +African-American tourist attractions in Alabama +Rebatching, or hand milling, is a soapmaking technique used by hobbyists and artisan soapmakers. The commercial equivalent is French milling. + +In rebatching, commercially purchased or previously made soap (a soap base) is shredded or diced finely and mixed with a liquid, into which the soap shreds begin to dissolve. It is then heated at a fairly low temperature until the mass is more or less homogeneous. When it becomes translucent and reaches a thick, gel-like consistency, it is spooned or piped into molds and allowed to harden. + +Soapmakers frequently use rebatching as a way of adding substances that could not withstand the high temperatures or caustic chemical environment of cold process or hot process soapmaking, such as certain essential oils (for example, those with a very low flash point). The choice of liquid affects the character of the finished soap; milk is frequently used to give the soap a smooth, creamy consistency. Rebatching can also be used as a way of salvaging soap that cracked, curdled or separated while being made. + +As with the melt and pour process, rebatching does not necessarily involve saponification, and as such it is a misnomer to refer to it as soap-"making". + +Soaps +Handicrafts +Wing Commander IV: The Price of Freedom is the fourth main game in the Wing Commander science fiction space combat simulator video game series, produced by Origin Systems and released by Electronic Arts for the PC in 1996 and the Sony PlayStation in 1997 (the game was also released on the North American PlayStation Network Store in 2009). + +The first game set after the end of the Terran-Kilrathi War, Wing Commander IV depicts a galaxy in the midst of a chaotic transition, with human civilians, Kilrathi survivors and former soldiers on both sides attempting to restabilize their lives. A novelization, by William R. Forstchen and Ben Ohlander, was published on October 1, 1996. + +Gameplay +Wing Commander IV is a simulator game in which players take on the role of Col. Christoper "Maverick" Blair, a veteran pilot of enormous repute, as he flies starfighters. Players are presented with a series of missions, and must complete (or at least survive) them to progress the plot. + +In between missions, the player controls Blair aboard a carrier, initially the TCS Lexington, during which he may engage in conversations with other characters. These conversations are portrayed in FMV cut scenes. At the player's discretion, Blair may undertake a mission briefing, delivered by the ship's captain, and then select his wingman and fighter craft. Each fighter comes with qualities such as durability, maneuverability, top speed, mounted energy weapons, and number of available missile hardpoints, whose loadouts may be specified by the player. Upon completing the mission, Blair lands at the carrier to repeat the cycle again. + +Starfighter combat revolves around close-in dogfights with ships' guns as their primary weapon. Missiles may be used, and ECM used to defend against them; each fighter has a limited supply of both. Every fighter has shields, which regenerate over time, as well as vehicle armor, which does not. An attacker must penetrate both layers of defenses to destroy the fighter. Each fighter also has a limited energy pool from which to fire its guns; while this, too, regenerates, the gap in firing patterns may be long enough for the defending fighter to re-establish its shields. In emergencies, pilots may use ejection seats to escape their craft. + +Blair may select his wingman from amongst a number of non-player characters. Wingman have different flying styles and performances in combat, from their skill at maneuvering to their marksmanship to the likelihood with which they will accept Blair's orders. + +The game includes a large number of branching conversations in which the players must choose which response Blair will give. The choice may affect the other person's attitude toward Blair, the morale of the entire crew, the player's next assignment and the game's ending. + +Plot + +The war between the alien Kilrathi Empire and the Terran Confederation has been over for several years. Confed is attempting to stabilize its economy and social structure. The Kilrathi survivors, now led by Melek nar Kiranka, retainer to the late Prince Thrakhath, are having greater problems than they had during the war, since their racial and societal makeup revolves around hunting and killing. Tension between the Confederation and the Union of Border Worlds has deepened, most recently with an attack on an unarmed medical transport. This transport is destroyed by a wing of mysterious fighters equipped with a new anti-ship weapon that incinerates the target's contents, leaving only a burning shell behind. + +James 'Paladin' Taggart, a senior governor of the Assembly, declares that the Assembly must cast a vote on whether or not to declare war on the Border Worlds, with Admiral Geoffrey Tolwyn assigned to a fact-finding mission which will essentially decide the issue. Colonel Christopher 'Maverick' Blair, retired, is trying to make out a living on a desert world as a farmer, when he is recalled to active military service by Tolwyn. Within five minutes of Blair taking the cockpit, the station he's heading to is attacked by an Avenger-class fighter claiming Border Worlds allegiance. Border World claims that similar strikes that have occurred on their ships are ignored. Tolwyn assigns Blair to the TCS Lexington with the task of unraveling these tensions and getting to the bottom of the story. Blair is reunited with Lexington's new Captain William Eisen, Major Todd 'Maniac' Marshall, and Lieutenant Winston 'Vagabond' Chang. Blair also meets Lieutenant Troy 'Catscratch' Carter, a Kilrath-o-phobe who joined the military a couple of years too late. + +Blair can find no concrete evidence, and no one can positively identify the harassing ships. Tolwyn transfers a new officer to the Lex, Captain Hugh Paulsen, who replaces Eisen in command. After flying sorties under Paulsen's command, Blair either heads to the officer's lounge with Maniac or ventures down to the flight deck without proper authorization. If Blair heads to the lounge, Maniac abruptly leaves him at the lounge bar remembering "something he has to do." If Blair sneaks onto the flight deck, he witnesses Seether arriving in a shuttle and meeting Paulsen. Soon after, Paulsen calls Blair and Chang in for a surprise mission briefing: Eisen has defected to the Border Worlds and is fleeing in a shuttle, with Maniac piloting. Once in space, Vagabond announces that he is going to follow Eisen over. If Blair does not defect, he returns to the Lexington to meet a new cadre of pilots brought in by Paulsen. Blair flies with them for several missions before being confronted with a Border Worlds attack, led by Maniac, who gives Blair another chance to come over. + +If Blair defects with Vagabond, he arrives with Eisen, Maniac, Vagabond and Catscratch at the BWS Intrepid, an old Durango-class carrier that has recently suffered damage from a Confed attack. Much of the senior staff has been killed, including Eisen's contact (and old friend) Captain Dominguez. The two officers currently sharing the command, Colonels Jacob 'Hawk' Manley and Tamara 'Panther' Farnsworth, assign Blair as Wing Commander for the flight group, and Eisen becomes her captain. Other Intrepid natives include Chief Technician Robert "Pliers" Sykes, Colonel John 'Gash' Dekker, head of the ship's contingent of Marines; and communications technician Lieutenant Velina Sosa, whom Catscratch quickly takes a shine to. Eisen confides that he's been in touch with connections back on Earth, and it seems that the nascent Confed-Border Worlds war is being instigated by elements within Confed. He defected so that he could hunt for proof of this. Blair and Maniac succeed in downing the Lexington, though Paulsen escapes in a shuttle with Seether. Seether kills Paulsen for his failure. + +Pliers comes up with a jerry-rigged cloaking device and a "Manned Insertion Pod" - a coffin-sized torpedo that can be used to land ground troops. Blair takes them in against a communications station in the Orestes System, where Sosa and Vagabond collect valuable data on the conspiracy. Vagabond is killed in the gunfight. + +Blair picks up a distress signal from the Kilrathi Melek and rescues the convoy. Melek brings flight recorder data of the sleek black ships using their incineration weapon against a Kilrathi transport. One of the ships pulls a move that Blair saw in the attack on the space port, using the ship's afterburners to supercharge and detonate an explosive mine which pushes the ship away at a faster rate. Hawk tells them that when he signed on with Confed, there was a rookie pilot on his ship, call sign 'Seether', who could pull off the maneuver. He also informs them that there was some talk of a 'G.E.' program, but that he never found out what it was, and Seether was transferred from the flight roster to Confed Intelligence Operations. Eisen leaves the Intrepid, intent on returning to Earth and delivering the information to friends in high places; he leaves Blair as acting captain reporting to Border Worlds Rear Admiral Eugene Wilford. Finally, the Intrepid catches wind of a secret Confed freighter sneaking through the area. Blair subdues it so that Dekker and his boys can capture it. Pliers, clambering aboard in the aftermath, discovers a squadron of sleek black fighters and a single example of their incendiary weapon, called "Dragons" and "Flash-Paks" respectively. + +The Telamon system is under biological attack. The vast majority of the colony, particularly Planet FT957, has died. Few survive the attacks, hale and untouched, evidently due to an innate immunity. The survivors at the colony recount that visiting Dragons dropped canisters containing a biological weapon. Blair traces the attacking Dragons to the Axius System, which he infiltrates. There he discovers a secret starbase, guarded by the TCS Vesuvius, and manned by thousands of black-clad soldiers, including Seether, collectively known as the Black Lance. Blair learns that their leader is Admiral Geoffrey Tolwyn, who is instigating a war between the Border Worlds and Confed, with the goal being constant war-driven evolution of tactics and technology, to prepare the Confederation to meet the next hostile alien race. The Gen-Select Bioweapon, recently tested at Telamon, is the next obvious step in the plan: a virus that kills off all but the most genetically superior. Blair is spied by Seether and forced to fight his way out. + +The Intrepid, pursued by the Vesuvius and Tolwyn's Black Lance pilots, makes a run toward Earth, intending to stop Tolwyn from addressing Congress. Though helped by the intervention of the TCS Mount St. Helens, sister ship to the Vesuvius, and its new captain, Eisen, the Intrepid is unsuccessful in stopping Tolwyn. Blair duels Seether one-on-one above Earth and then lands at the Congressional Building. + +Tolwyn delivers his report on the Border Worlds and Blair slips in. If Blair makes a silent entrance, Tolwyn alerts the chamber guards to arrest Blair and he is not given a chance to speak, instead being executed. If Blair instead chooses to make a dramatic entrance, Paladin gives him the chance to speak before the Assembly. Blair baits Tolwyn into revealing his true agenda and admitting his crimes. + +If the player scores enough points against Tolwyn, the Senate votes against war. Tolwyn is then indicted and convicted for his actions; lacking an appeal, he hangs himself in his jail cell, rather than be executed. Blair will either regain his rank as Colonel and be seen helping Panther train new pilots at the Academy or using Black Lance assets to crush rebellions with Hawk at his side as the new Admiral, depending on the general tone of his choices throughout the game. If the player makes the wrong choices facing Tolwyn, Blair is convicted of treason and executed as the war begins. This also happens if at any time Blair is captured by Confederation forces after his defection. If Blair fails enough missions before his defection, he is simply sent back to his farm. + +Cast +Mark Hamill as Christopher 'Maverick' Blair +John Rhys-Davies as James 'Paladin' Taggart +Malcolm McDowell as Admiral Geoffrey Tolwyn +Jason Bernard as William Eisen +Tom Wilson as Todd 'Maniac' Marshall +François Chau as Winston 'Vagabond' Chang +Mark Dacascos as Troy 'Catscratch' Carter +John Spencer as Captain Hugh Paulsen +Robert Rusler as Seether +Chris Mulkey as Colonel Jacob 'Hawk' Manley +Elizabeth Barondes as Tamara 'Panther' Farnsworth +Richard Riehle as Robert "Pliers" Sykes +Jeremy Roberts as Colonel John 'Gash' Dekker +Holly Gagnier as Lieutenant Velina Sosa + +Development and release + +Initially targeted for a December 1995 release (thus giving the game an aggressive 12-month development schedule), the game was ultimately released on February 12, 1996 for MS-DOS PCs. WCIV was produced on the then-unheard-of-for-a-video-game budget of US$12 million. The majority of this budget went into the production of the game's full motion video scenes, which were shot on actual sets instead of a greenscreen and using 35mm film instead of digital capture. The original MS-DOS edition shipped on six CD-ROMs. + +Origin later released a native-client for Windows 95. The Windows client added a deinterlace-option to improve the appearance of the cutscenes, but was identical to the original MS-DOS game in all other respects. In 1997, a special DVD-ROM edition of the game was released. In this edition, the cutscene video was upgraded to full DVD quality (made possible due to the fact that the scenes were originally shot on film). As most PCs of the time were insufficiently powerful to play the MPEG2 DVD video, the game client relied on Windows 95's multimedia player to stream the video from DVD to a hardware decoder. This dependency on external hardware rendered the game unplayable outside Windows PCs equipped with the correct decoder board. Hence, the game was strategically bundled with DVD-ROM kits that included the necessary decoder hardware. Later, the gaming community developed fan-made patches to allow this version to play on more modern hardware where no hardware-based MPEG2 decoding was available (or necessary). There was also a separate DVD release which lacked the enhanced video, and was hence playable on all PCs capable of playing the original CD-ROM release. + +Unlike Wing Commander III, the PlayStation version of Wing Commander IV was not a direct port; much of the graphics were redone, the collision detection was modified, and the controls were simplified by making certain actions automated, though a control scheme similar to that of the PC version is also an option. In addition, in order to fit the game on four CDs (as compared to the six CDs of the PC version), some of the transitional FMVs were cut. A 3DO Interactive Multiplayer version was announced to be in development but it was never released. Likewise, a port for the Panasonic M2 was in the works by Origin Systems and slated to be one of the console's launch titles but never happened due to its eventual cancellation. + +On April 3, 2012, the DVD quality version of the game was made available as a digital download at Good Old Games. + +Also in April 2012, the source code was handed to the game community by a former developer for the purpose of long-time preservation. The codename was Milking The Tiger. + +In 2021, a fan project known as Wing Commander IV: Remastered, began development of a version using upscaled video assets from the original series with the goal of producing a modern remake of the game. + +Reception + +Sales +PC Data, which tracked computer game sales in the United States, ranked Wing Commander IV at #1 for the month of February 1996. It was the 11th-best-selling game of 1996's first six months, but was absent from the year-end top 20, according to Computer Games Magazine. The game sold above 200,000 units across Europe by February 1997, and ultimately received a "Gold" award from the Verband der Unterhaltungssoftware Deutschland (VUD) in August 1998, for sales of at least 100,000 units across Germany, Austria and Switzerland. In the United States, PC Data reported that the game earned $7.9 million and sold roughly 170,000 copies by October 1999. According to CNET Gamecenter's Mark Asher, the game "made back its $10 million development, but barely." + +Critical reviews + +Wing Commander IV: The Price of Freedom for the PC was well received by critics. Computer Gaming World had it as a runner-up for the "Space Simulation Game of the Year" award, adding that it was the best yet attempt at creating an 'interactive movie'. In GameSpot's 1996 annual awards, the game placed second in the category "Best Story". Daniel Jevons of Maximum opined that "Wing Commander IV makes huge leaps and bounds in the interactive movie stakes, seamlessly blending impressive interactive cinematic sequences with slick and exciting SVGA battle sequences." A reviewer for Next Generation criticized that the interactive portions are essentially unchanged from Wing Commander III: "... with $10 million [the game's budget], you'd think the programmers could have optimized the code. They could have added tons of features: replays, multiplayer support, more ships, or even more interactivity. ... the actual gameplay, which runs on exactly the same engine as WCIII (with only a few improvements), runs almost half as fast at even the lowest resolution – with all the details turned off." However, he assessed this as more of a lost opportunity than an actual problem, since "WCIII was a great game, and it's nice to get more of the same." Bob Strauss wrote in Entertainment Weekly that "I've come to the conclusion that the Wing Commander series has two reasons for existence: to prolong the career of Mark Hamill (who has leveraged his big-screen space-jockey credentials into this most prestigious of CD-ROM franchises) and to force technological laggards to trade in their old PC clunkers for the whiz-bang models of the moment. There's nothing in Wing Commander IV: The Price of Freedom to dissuade me from this opinion." + +Wing Commander IV was nominated as Computer Games Strategy Pluss 1996 "Science-Fiction Simulation" of the year, although it lost to Terra Nova: Strike Force Centauri. It won the 1996 Spotlight Award for "Best Use of Video" from the Game Developers Conference, and was a nominee in the "Best Script, Story or Interactive Writing" category. Inside Mac Games named it 1996's best space simulation. + +Reaction to the PlayStation version was more mixed. Critics generally approved of the cutscenes, praising the story, acting, and full motion video quality, but assessed the gameplay as average at best. The chief complaint was that the sensitivity of the controls makes it excessively difficult to track enemies or fine-tune the ship's heading. Trent Ward noted in GameSpot that though the control is dramatically improved when using the PlayStation Analog Joystick, this controller was not due to be released in the U.S. for another two months. Both Ward and the review team for Electronic Gaming Monthly argued that the gameplay issues are irrelevant due to the quality of the cutscenes; Shawn Smith of EGM remarked, "WC4 is an example of packaging done so well, that you can't help but enjoy the game underneath." In contrast, Next Generation and GamePro said that while the cutscenes are excellent of themselves, they ultimately detract from the game due to their excessive length, forcing the player to spend a large share of their time watching video instead of playing the game. Next Generation summarized the game as "a last gasp of the failed FMV subgenre." + +Crispin Boyer of EGM devoted his entire PlayStation version review to the quality of the conversion, commenting that whereas Wing Commander III was a straight port, Wing Commander IV had been effectively redesigned to accommodate the hardware, in particular simplifying the control scheme and redrawing the HUDs so that they can be read on the lower resolution of a TV monitor. Next Generation, however, contended that the 3DO and PlayStation versions of Wing Commander III had much better tuned controls. + +References + +External links + +1996 video games +DOS games +Cancelled 3DO Interactive Multiplayer games +Cancelled Panasonic M2 games +Games commercially released with DOSBox +Interactive movie video games +Classic Mac OS games +PlayStation (console) games +PlayStation Network games +Science fiction video games +Space combat simulators +Video game sequels +Video games developed in the United States +Video games scored by Martin Galway +Windows games +Wing Commander (franchise) +Single-player video games +Prayagraj Airport , formerly known as Allahabad Airport, is the domestic airport serving the city of Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India. Located in the Bamrauli suburb of the city, it is one of the oldest airports in India. This airport is currently under joint operation of the Indian Air Force and the Airports Authority of India. +It is the third busiest airport in Uttar Pradesh after Lucknow International Airport and Varanasi International Airport in terms of passenger traffic and aircraft movements. + +Foreseeing the Kumbh 2019, the airport was upgraded with the addition of a new civil terminal extension in 2018, which was constructed in a record 11 months by the TATA Projects group. The airport continues to serve domestic destinations across the country, and is set to be converted into an international airport before Kumbh 2025. + +Bamrauli Air Force Station +It is located in the Bamrauli area of Prayagraj and it is the headquarters of Central Air Command. +It is one of the bases of Indian Armed Forces which operates under Central Air Command of Indian Air Force. + +History +On 18 February 1911, the domestic commercial aviation took birth in India where Henri Piquet flew a Humber bi-plane carrying mail from a polo field at Allahabad (now Prayagraj) to Naini, which is approximately six miles away. The construction of airport at Allahabad with dedicated airfield was started in 1924. + +In 1931, the aerodrome at Allahabad was set up and the foundation for Air Traffic control services was laid with the appointment of an Indian Aerodrome Officer, specially trained at the airport in the UK. It was among the first four international airports of the country. It catered to international flights with direct services to London till 1932. + +In July 1933, Imperial Airways commenced the operation of its flight on the Karachi-Jodhpur-Delhi-Kanpur-Allahabad-Kolkata route, which ran until June 1940. The airfield at Bamrauli was also used as one of the five compulsory stops of the MacRobertson Trophy Air Race which took place in October 1934. + +From 1941 to the early 2000s, the airport did not cater to any regular commercial flight services. In early months of 2003, Air Sahara became the first carrier to re-introduce services at the airport with connectivity to cities like Delhi and Kolkata. However, the services soon became defunct following economic crisis. In 2005, Alliance Air (a regional connectivity subsidiary under Air India) started its Allahabad-Delhi flight service on the ATR-72 fleet, which continues to be operational to this date, with minor non-operational periods in between. + +In 2013, SpiceJet introduced its operation in the Delhi-Allahabad sector, along with Alliance Air commencing its Allahabad-Mumbai flight, both of which were closed down due to non-availability of ILS and Night Landing facility at the airport after running for a few months. + +Seeking limited operational and structural facilities, construction of a new civilian terminal and installation of ILS system on existing runway began in January 2018. The newly constructed terminal was opened to public in January 2019 and since then is serving regular flight operations at Prayagraj. + +Structure + +Runway +The airport is served by a single runway 12/30, which is long and wide. + +Landing amenities +The airport has ILS CAT-I compliant for landing during the night, bad weather and foggy conditions. The Instrument Landing System was installed during 2018–2019 expansion phase, along with construction of the new terminal. Other than enhancing safety for landing of flights in visibility as low as 550 meters, the installation of ILS finally allowed the airport to operate flights at night. + +New terminal +Construction of the new terminal began in January 2018 and was completed in December 2018. It was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The terminal was constructed for . A total of was allocated for the construction of this terminal. + +The terminal is 6700 square meter; has a peak hour capacity of 300 passengers and four aircraft parking bays for Airbus A320 and Boeing 737. + +The building has an electric operated trolley gate on the link taxi track to segregate the operational area of Airports Authority of India and Indian Air Force. There has been use of fly ash bricks; double insulated door and the building is equipped with water harvesting and has a sewage treatment plant of its own. + +Phase 2 extension +In February 2021, it was reported that there are plans for complete makeover of the civil enclave of Prayagraj in Bamrauli in terms of size and the facilities. The AAI proposed an increase in the airport area twice its current size, with the present building of the airport being expanded on both sides, keeping the terminal same. It will also include increasing the size of lounge, the number of aprons and the possibility to add two more aero-bridges. + +Airlines and destinations + +Statistics + +See also + List of airports in India + List of the busiest airports in India + Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport + Gaya Airport + +References + +External links + +Airports in Uttar Pradesh +Transport in Prayagraj +Indian Air Force bases +Buildings and structures in Prayagraj +World War II sites in India +Airports established in 1919 +1919 establishments in India +20th-century architecture in India +Fiona Leggate (born 28 May 1980) is a British auto racing driver. + +Early career +Leggate had been interested in motorsport since her childhood, influenced by her father Malcolm Leggate who had a 19-year career in saloon car racing. + +After competing in showjumping and dressage events (once breaking both her wrists at once when she was 10) she switched her attention from horseriding to horsepower, entering and winning a competition to drive with ex-British Rally Champion Gwyndaf Evans. + +This led to her spending 2003 and 2004 contesting various championships including Britcar and the MG XPower trophy, and in July 2004 she set a world record for the most races contested in one day. + +British Touring Car Championship (BTCC) +Leggate entered the BTCC in 2005, joining halfway through the season in a Vauxhall Astra Coupé acquired from the championship-winning works team 888, but converted to run on bioethanol fuel and run by the Leamington Spa based Tech-Speed team. She scored 12 points including a 5th place at Silverstone, gaining much publicity for the environmentally-friendly fuel. + +For 2006 Leggate once again raced in the BTCC in the same car running on bio-ethanol, with new sponsorship from Vauxhall dealer Thurlby Motors as well as continuing support from the Energy Efficient Motorsport (EEMS) scheme. Her best results were a trio of 10th places. She missed the races at round 6 due to a cracked engine cylinder. After also missing round 8, she withdrew from the series, her replacement being Paul O'Neill for the remaining two rounds of the series. + +In 2007, she again raced in the BTCC with the Kartworld team using an ex-WSR MG ZS fuelled once again with bio-ethanol. She also raced in the EERC Production S1 championship with the same MG ZR that she used in 2006. + +Other racing +In 2006 Leggate competed in non-clashing Britcar Production S1 races in an MG ZR. She was partnered once by MG racer Paul White in March at Silverstone and then Rob Oldaker in June at Brands Hatch. Leggate and Oldaker were then joined by MG Trophy racer Ben Jacques and Italian BMW racer Umberto Nacamuli for the Silverstone 24-hour race. The car retired with engine failure with only just over an hour to go. She also competed in the Mini Challenge, driving at Thruxton and Spa, although she missed race two there due to failure of the engine electronics. + +As well as this she also raced another MG ZR in two endurance races at the MGCC Silverstone meeting in June. She was partnered in Race 1 by Regular driver Rob Oldaker and by Mark Stacey for the second race. The car retired from the second race with head gasket failure. + +In 2007 Leggate entered the PS1 Championship, where she won her class in the first four races, as well as having the class pole at the two meetings and fastest lap. + +Personal life +She was previously married to Danny Watts. They have one son. + +Racing record + +Complete British Touring Car Championship results +(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position – 1 point awarded just in first race) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap – 1 point awarded all races) (* signifies that driver lead race for at least one lap – 1 point awarded all races) + +Britcar 24 Hour results + +References + +External links + +Official website +Profile from btccinfo.co.uk + +1980 births +Living people +English racing drivers +British Touring Car Championship drivers +Sportspeople from Lincolnshire +English female racing drivers +Britcar 24-hour drivers +George Johnstone (1730 – 24 May 1787) was a Royal Navy officer who saw service during the War of the Austrian Succession, the Seven Years' War and the American War of Independence, rising to the rank of post-captain and serving for a time as commodore of a British naval squadron. In a multifaceted career he was also a member of parliament, a director of the East India Company, a member of the Carlisle Peace Commission and the first Governor of West Florida from 1763 until 1767. + +Johnstone was born into a gentry family in 1730, and embarked on a naval career. Early in his service there occurred several incidents which revealed both positive and negative aspects of his character. He was involved in encounters with the enemy where he was praised for his bravery, and incidents where he was censured for disobedience. He rose through the ranks to his own commands and had some success with small cruisers against enemy merchants and privateers. After the end of the Seven Years' War he had made friends with several powerful figures, and was appointed Governor of West Florida. He achieved a measure of success in the delicate operations of running a new colony, but ultimately clashed with his political masters and failed to cultivate support amongst the wider sections of colonial society. Returning to Britain he became active in politics, supporting conciliatory measures for the Americans, and the removal of government interference from the affairs of the East India Company. His stance on the former led to his appointment as a member of the Carlisle Peace Commission, but he was accused of offering bribes and the Americans would have nothing to do with him. + +Returning to active naval service with a lucrative posting as commodore, he cruised with success off Portugal, and was then entrusted with a secret mission to capture the Cape Colony from the Dutch Republic. While en route to the Cape, he was surprised by a French force sent to thwart his goal, and though he fought it off at the Battle of Porto Praya, he allowed the French to push on and reinforce the Cape. Thwarted in his mission, he had some consolation in discovering a valuable fleet of Dutch merchants, and capturing most of them. Returning to politics in England after the war he spoke on a number of issues, but was not asked to join an administration. He became a director of the East India Company towards the end of his life, before illness forced him to retire from business and politics shortly before his death in 1787. + +Family and early life +George Johnstone was born in 1730 in Dumfriesshire the fourth son of Sir James Johnstone, 3rd Baronet of Westerhall, Dumfries, and his wife Barbara Murray, the oldest sister of the literary patron Patrick Murray, 5th Lord Elibank. He was a younger brother of William Johnstone (later Sir William Pulteney), +and an older brother of the East India Company official John Johnstone (1734–1795). + +War of the Austrian Succession and Seven Years' War +He began his career at sea in the Merchant Navy, then entered the Royal Navy in 1746. He served in the War of the Austrian Succession, spending some time aboard , where he gained a reputation for bravery for an instance when he boarded an enemy fireship so that it could be towed away from a British squadron off Port Louis, Hispaniola. He spent some time as a midshipman aboard under Captain John Crookshanks. For reasons unknown Crookshanks refused to grant Johnstone his certificate, upon which Johnstone challenged him to a duel. The challenge being accepted, the two duelled and Crookshanks was wounded in the neck. The end of the war in 1748 left him without active employment, though he passed his lieutenant's examination in 1749. He spent some time in the merchant service during the years of peace, captaining at least one merchant vessel to the Caribbean. He was recalled to the navy at his new rank on the outbreak of the Seven Years' War, serving aboard . He was however soon court-martialed for "insubordination and disobedience", and though he was found guilty his record of gallantry in combat was taken into account, and he was given a reprimand in 1757 and ordered to resume his duties. + +Johnstone went on to serve aboard , seeing action at the Battle of Cap-Français on 21 October 1757 and receiving praise for his bravery from the squadron's commander, Commodore Arthur Forrest. Johnstone however made an enemy of Rear-Admiral Thomas Cotes as a result of a dispute over prize money. His combative nature was also demonstrated in 1758 when, while serving as first lieutenant aboard , he demanded a court martial of his captain Thomas Cookson for alleged incompetence in sailing the ship. The proposed court martial was dismissed out of hand by Admiralty. Despite these incidents, Johnstone was briefly made acting captain of the 70-gun in June 1759. + +By 1759 Johnstone, by now in poor health, found himself without a ship. After a period of delays, the first Lord of the Admiralty George Anson, 1st Baron Anson gave him his first command, the 14-gun sloop . She was initially assigned to carry out escort duties in the North Sea, during one of which Johnstone was faced with a mutiny, which he skilfully put down with minimal loss of life. Hornet was then ordered to Lisbon. On the voyage, Johnstone captured several prizes, and took several more after his arrival. Among them was the 8-gun privateer Chevalier D’Artesay off Granville on 8 January 1761, followed by the 6-gun privateer Société on 15 January. He was then sent to inform Admiral George Rodney in January 1762 of the British declaration of war against Spain. Rodney was able to use this early notice to capture a number of valuable prizes, before the Spanish in the region became aware that they were at war. Johnstone was promoted to post-captain in May 1762, shortly before the end of the Seven Years' War. On 11 August 1762 he received command of the 24-gun . He was appointed to the 24-gun before the end of the year, but received a new commission before he could take it up. + +Governor of West Florida + +Johnstone was appointed colonial governor of West Florida in November 1763 by the Prime Minister, John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute. Johnstone was friends at the time with the dramatist and fellow Scot John Home, who was Bute's secretary. Johnstone was one of several Scots appointed by Bute to govern all four of the new British colonies, which provoked much criticism from the opposition. Johnstone became notorious for cudgelling a writer for The North Briton over his comments on Bute's appointments. Johnstone took up his position eagerly, feeling that his new province's strategic location would give it a profitable future, and envisaging West Florida as 'The Emporium of the New World'. + +He arrived at his capital, Pensacola, on 21 October 1764 and having established himself, went on to encourage immigration while keeping order among a relatively lawless pioneer population. He carried out skilful negotiations with the local Indians, and established the basics of civil government in the region. He oversaw the establishment of a fairly effective provincial legislative assembly, and the elections of representatives to it, which he worked well enough with to be able to pass a number of pieces of legislation. He did not enjoy a similar relationship with the military in society, through his claim of an authority over them which was contrary to usual colonial practice. By 1766 he had determined on the necessity of war with the Creek Indians, despite the government's attempts to secure peace in North America. He soon clashed with William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne, the new Secretary of State for the Southern Department, which led to Shelburne's demand for Johnstone's removal. By now Johnstone had been frustrated in his hopes for commercial prosperity in the region, and enjoyed little popular support from civil society, and so decided to apply for a leave of absence. He left the colony on 13 January 1767, and never returned. Shortly after his departure the ministry removed him from his office. During his time in Florida he had begun a long-term relationship with Martha Ford, by whom he had four illegitimate children, all of whom he supported: George Lindsay Johnstone (later a member of Parliament), James Primrose Johnstone, Alexander Johnstone and Sophia Johnstone. + +British politics +He returned to Great Britain in 1767, where he once more became involved in the politics of the East India Company. He had previously been one of a number of his family to support Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive in 1764, but by 1767 Clive was persecuting George's brother John Johnstone, who was at this time a member of the company's council in Bengal. George Johnstone spoke out and voted against Clive, gaining a reputation as an orator. He sought election to Parliament on the back of this reputation, and after securing the patronage of Sir James Lowther was elected to represent Cockermouth in 1768. He became part of the parliamentary group supporting Lowther's interests, and retained his membership after his election to the constituency of Appleby in 1774. He continued to be active in the politics of the East India Company, using his parliamentary position to make speeches attacking the North Ministry's schemes for Indian reform, and laying the blame for the chaos in Bengal at Clive's door. He found favour for doing so with the company's court of proprietors, who made him chair of a proprietary committee aiming to block plans for company reform. Despite these efforts, the Prime Minister, Lord North, was able to pass an act regulating the East India Company in 1773. + +Johnstone supported the Rockingham faction, which was opposed to North's policies in American affairs. He was particularly skilled at denunciations and obstructing legislation, attacking the 1773 Tea Act as 'criminally absurd', and argued that the Boston Port Bill would unite Americans against Britain. He also opposed the altering of the charter of Massachusetts and the 1774 Quebec Act. Other matters he spoke on in Parliament included his opposition to the penalization of Irish Catholics, imprisonment for debt, and of impressment in the navy. He also opposed the slave trade, calling it 'a commerce of the most barbarous and cruel kind that ever disgraced the transactions of any civilised people'. He tended towards pragmatism on other affairs, believing that while taxing Americans was legal, it was inexpedient, and that sending troops to America would be ultimately fruitless and that to maintain order would require the garrisoning of forces in the colonies at great expense. Instead he urged conciliation to redress colonial grievances. His temper occasionally got the better of him, leading to difficult situations, and on one occasion a duel with Lord George Germain. + +The Carlisle Peace Commission + +Johnstone's stance on conciliation probably led to his selection by North to form part of the peace commission sent to America in 1778 under Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle. Confident of success Johnstone attempted to sway influential Americans with the argument that reconciling with Britain was preferable to dependence on France. In his communications he made vague hints of rewards to those who helped secure this outcome, and was eventually accused of attempting to bribe American general Joseph Reed with 10,000 guineas. The charge was never proved, but the Continental Congress voted to have nothing more to do with him, and Johnstone returned home in 1778, before the rest of the commissioners. + +Return to the Navy +In 1779 Johnstone was offered, and accepted, a post as commodore of the Lisbon Station , despite his previous attacks on the ministry, and his support for conciliation over military intervention. He justified himself with the argument that since France had entered the war on the American side, he could no longer support staying out of the war. He was promised an assignment on the Portuguese station, before which he cruised off the French coast in his flagship , looking for evidence of invasion preparations. It soon became known that the French and Spanish fleets intended to unite and form a large single fleet to invade England. Johnstone took Romney to join Admiral Sir Charles Hardy's Channel Fleet, and pressed him to seek battle. Hardy instead preferred to avoid action at first, wearing down the enemy fleet at sea while his own continued to refit and resupply from the naval bases along the English coast. Hardy's tactics were successful, and rather than confront a fresh and well-equipped British fleet, the enemy armada abandoned their plans and returned to French ports. + +Johnstone went on to cruise off the Portuguese coast, making several captures that brought him a sizeable sum of prize money. In particular Romney, while cruising with and , chased down and captured the 34-gun Spanish frigate Santa Margarita on 11 November 1779. The following year his ships captured the 38-gun Artois on 3 July 1780, and the 18-gun Perle on 6 July 1780, both off Cape Finisterre. Despite these successes he still tried to maintain his influence in politics, suggesting that Spain be offered Gibraltar in exchange for leaving the war, but achieved no apparent backing or result. + +Assignment to the Cape +Johnstone was then given command of a squadron that was assigned to carry out an expedition to the River Plate, but in 1780 the Dutch entered the war against Britain and allied with France. Immediately Dutch possessions around the world became valuable targets for the British, and taking advantage of Johnstone's expedition, it was quickly reinforced with more warships, transports and East Indiamen, and assigned to carry out a secret expedition to capture the Dutch colony at the Cape of Good Hope. Johnstone sailed on his expedition from Spithead on 13 March 1781 in command of 46 ships, including five ships of the line (the 74-gun , the 64-gun , and the 50-gun , and ), four frigates (the 38-gun HMS Apollo, the 36-gun , and the 28-gun ), the fireship and the bomb vessel . He also had seven light armed cruisers, two cutters and a sloop to serve as despatch vessels, four transports, eight storeships, and thirteen Indiamen. Also with the expedition were 3,000 troops under General Sir William Medows. The expedition at first went well, with the cutter capturing a Dutch merchant ship on the fourth day out of port. However the French had learned of the expedition's intent through the services of the spy François Henri de la Motte, based in London, and quickly prepared an expedition under Admiral Pierre André de Suffren to foil Johnstone by beating him to the Cape and reinforcing it. + +Battle of Porto Praya + +Johnstone at first made for the Cape Verde Islands, anchoring at Porto Praya to take on fresh water. Assuming there was no danger, despite records from the port office that a French frigate had arrived a month earlier and warned the inhabitants to prepare for the arrival of a larger French force, Johnstone anchored his fleet so that the warships were moored inshore, and the transports and merchants were outside the defensive lines. He further hampered his ability to fight his ships by sending his best men ashore to collect water, and leaving his decks encumbered with lumber and casks. On 16 April strange sails were seen approaching the harbour. These were the ships of Suffren's squadron, who also intended to take on water and was equally as surprised to discover an enemy fleet. Taking advantage of the situation he quickly ran up to HMS Isis with his 74-gun ships and , and the 64-gun , fired broadsides into her, and raised the French colours. Moored as he was Johnstone could not easily bring his remaining warships to engage the French, while his smaller ships were useless against the large French warships. In the smoke and confusion several of the transports fired into the East Indiamen. + +Recovering from their initial shock the British soon began to fight back effectively. Captain Ward of HMS Hero took men from nearby ships and used them to bring his ship into range of the French, whereupon he boarded Artésien, killed her captain, Cardaillac, and took twenty-five of her men away as prisoners. After two hours of heavy cannonading the French found themselves in a dangerous position, as Annibal lost her mizzen mast, followed shortly afterwards by her main and foremasts. She had by now sustained casualties of two hundred dead or wounded, and with the British preparing to board her, Suffren decided to retreat. He brought Héros in to tow Annibal to safety and made for the open sea, taking with him as prizes the East Indiamen Hinchinbroke and Fortitude, the fireship Infernal, and the storeship Edward. Johnstone immediately ordered a pursuit, but his heavily damaged ships took some time to get out of the harbour, by which time Suffren's fleet had disappeared. The British ships taken by Suffren were all recaptured over the next few days, as they were considered too badly damaged to be of use and were abandoned. Though Johnstone had beaten off the superior French force, the race was now on for the Cape. Johnstone assumed that Suffren would either make for the West Indies or Brazil to refit and resupply, but was mistaken. Suffren simply rigged temporary masts on Annibal and made for the Cape. Johnstone stayed at Porto Praya to carry out repairs, thus abandoning any chance of beating Suffren to his destination. + +Arrival at the Cape and Saldanha Bay + +Johnstone's forces arrived at the Cape, where he sent HMS Active ahead to reconnoitre. Active found a Dutch merchant, the Held Woltemande, which had recently departed the Cape, and after fooling her into thinking Active was a French frigate, captured her. From her Johnstone learnt that Suffren's forces had already reinforced the Cape, and that an attack would be futile. However he also learnt that a small convoy of richly laden Dutch merchants had been moved to the safety of Saldanha Bay. Johnstone decided to capture them, and on the morning of 21 July, arrived off the entrance to the bay. The Dutch squadron consisted of Dankbaarheid, Perel, Schoonkop, Hoogscarspel and Middleburg, under the command of Captain Gerrit Harmeyer of Hoogscarspel. Their stores and equipment had been stored on the packets Zon and Snelheid, which were sent further into the bay, near to Schapen Island. They had been given orders to burn their ships if attacked, while even if they were captured, the loss of their equipment on Zon and Snelheid would make them useless. However the Dutch were largely unprepared, and only on Middleburg had stores of combustible material been prepared. They cut their anchor cables and ran onshore, where their crews set fire to them, but the British were able to board them in their boats and extinguished the fires on all but Middleburg, to which Johnstone personally attached a line to, repeating the success of his youth, and had towed away from the remaining Dutch ships. The five ships fell into British hands, as did the two packets, which were captured without any attempt being made to destroy them. After equipping his ships, Johnstone left the bay with his prizes, leaving only Zon and Snelheid, which were considered too old to be of any use. + +Having failed in his objective to capture the Cape, Johnstone decided to send the troops and supplies on to the East Indies station, detaching his best warships under Captain James Alms of HMS Monmouth to escort them, while he returned to Britain with the ships Romney, Jupiter, Diana, Jason, Terror, Infernal, one light cruiser, two victuallers, and the Dutch prizes. He stopped on his voyage home at Lisbon, where he married Charlotte Dee, daughter of the British vice-consul, on 31 January 1782. + +Aftermath and return to politics +Johnstone attempted to place much of the blame for his delay in chasing the French on a subordinate, Captain Evelyn Sutton of HMS Isis, and deprived him of his command and substantial prize money. Sutton was arrested and court-martialed, but acquitted. In response Sutton brought a suit against his former commander. Johnstone had to contest this suit, protracted by appeals, for the rest of his life, with it only being settled in his favour two days before his death. Johnstone was by now probably suffering from Hodgkin's disease, which may have been responsible for some of his lapses in judgement. He was elected as member of parliament for Lostwithiel in 1781, and continued to be an active member, opposing American independence, and government interference in the running of the East India Company. He opposed Charles James Fox's proposals for tighter controls on the company, but in a move contrary to his earlier views, supported William Pitt the Younger's scheme. Pitt's was more moderate than Fox's, allowing the Company directors to retain power over company appointments, and Johnstone may have made a deal with Pitt to support this measure in exchange for Pitt's supporting Johnstone's bid to be elected to the directorship of the company, which he achieved in 1784. The two did not collaborate closely after this, and Pitt neither brought him into his government, nor offered him a pocket borough to represent in the 1784 general election. Johnstone instead attempted to win the seat of Haddington Burghs, but was defeated. He contested Ilchester the following year, but was again defeated. After a petition however his opponent John Harcourt was declared not to have been elected, and Johnstone was elected in his stead. By now in poor health Johnstone remained only a year in Parliament, before applying for Chiltern Hundreds in 1787 to resign his seat. + +Death and legacy +George Johnstone died at Hotwells, Bristol, possibly from Hodgkin's disease, on 24 May 1787. He was survived by his wife Charlotte, by whom he had one son, John Lowther Johnstone. He also had four illegitimate children, including George Johnstone (1764–1813), who became an MP. + +John later succeeded his uncle, Sir William Pulteney Johnstone, as 6th Baronet of Westerhall. George Johnstone had achieved small-scale success as a naval officer, serving with undoubted courage, but had not been able to succeed when given a major command. His poor strategic planning had led to his force being badly surprised at Porto Praya, and despite having rallied and successfully beaten off the French, his assumption that Suffren would not head immediately to the Cape proved his undoing and handed the French an important strategic victory. He achieved some successes as the founder of the colony of West Florida, despite ultimately failing to win the support of his political masters and the wider civil society, and would later rate his time in Florida more highly than his comparatively greater success as a director of the East India Company. He was a renowned orator when speaking in opposition, but was never asked to join an administration and several of the high-profile causes he supported ultimately failed. + +Notes + +a. de la Motte was later uncovered, and tried for treason. Found guilty, he was executed at Tyburn on 27 July 1781. + +b. The death of sitting MP Peregrine Cust on 2 January 1785 forced a by-election. Harcourt was declared duly elected by a majority of 17 votes when the polls closed after five days on 9 February (118 votes to 101), but a petition led to an investigation that uncovered evidence of bribery and corruption. Harcourt was declared not to have been elected, and Johnstone took the seat in his stead. + +Citations + +References + +External links + +1730 births +1787 deaths +Scottish politicians +Military personnel from Dumfries and Galloway +Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies +Royal Navy officers +Royal Navy personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession +Royal Navy personnel of the Seven Years' War +Royal Navy personnel of the American Revolutionary War +British duellists +Governors of West Florida +Directors of the British East India Company +British MPs 1768–1774 +British MPs 1774–1780 +British MPs 1780–1784 +British MPs 1784–1790 +Younger sons of baronets +Governors of British North America +British military personnel of the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War +Michael John York (born 16 October 1967 in Tamworth, NSW) is a former field hockey defender from Australia, who participated in four Summer Olympics for his native country, starting in 1988. From 1992 on, at each appearance the skilled veteran won a medal. + +External links + + + + + +1967 births +Australian male field hockey players +Male field hockey defenders +Olympic field hockey players for Australia +Olympic silver medalists for Australia +Olympic bronze medalists for Australia +Field hockey players at the 1988 Summer Olympics +Field hockey players at the 1992 Summer Olympics +Field hockey players at the 1996 Summer Olympics +1998 Men's Hockey World Cup players +Field hockey players at the 2000 Summer Olympics +Living people +Sportspeople from Tamworth, New South Wales +Olympic medalists in field hockey +Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics +Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics +Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics +Commonwealth Games medallists in field hockey +Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia +ACT Academy of Sport alumni +Field hockey players at the 1998 Commonwealth Games +1990 Men's Hockey World Cup players +Sportsmen from New South Wales +20th-century Australian people +Field hockey people from New South Wales +Medallists at the 1998 Commonwealth Games +Olandis C. Gary (born May 18, 1975) is a former American football running back who played for the Denver Broncos from 1999 to 2002 and the Detroit Lions from 2003 to 2004. He was drafted in the fourth round of the 1999 NFL Draft. He is an alumnus of the University of Georgia and Riverdale Baptist School. + +His best season came in 1999 when, replacing an injured Terrell Davis, he rushed for 1,159 yards on 276 attempts, a 4.2 yards per carry average, with seven touchdowns. He injured his knee the following season and appeared to never fully recover, as his success was limited in the following years. He was one of many Broncos running backs to have success in Denver's potent run blocking system, along with Davis, Mike Anderson, Clinton Portis, Reuben Droughns, Tatum Bell, Mike Bell, Selvin Young, and Quentin Griffin. + +'s NFL off-season, Olandis Gary still held at least 2 Broncos franchise records, including: + Rush Attempts: rookie game (37 on 1999-10-17 GNB; with Mike Anderson) + Rush Yds/Game: rookie season (96.6 in 1999) + +College Statistics +1997: 66 carries for 381 yards with 7 TD. 7 catches for 75 yards with 1 TD. +1998: 143 carries for 698 yards with 10 TD. 10 catches for 117 yards. + +References + +External links +Detroit Lions' player page +Stats at databaseFootball.com + +1975 births +Living people +Players of American football from Washington, D.C. +American football running backs +Marshall Thundering Herd football players +Georgia Bulldogs football players +Denver Broncos players +San Diego Chargers players +Detroit Lions players +The Standards Department was a department of the English Board of Trade having the custody of the imperial standards of weights and measures. + +History +As far back as can be traced, the standard weights and measures, the primary instruments for determining the justness of all other weights and measures used in the United Kingdom, were kept at the Exchequer, and the duties relating to these standards were imposed upon the chamberlains of the Exchequer. The office of chamberlains was abolished in 1826 using the Receipt of the Exchequer Act 1783, but the custody of the standards and any duties connected to them remained attached to an officer in the Exchequer until that department was abolished by the Exchequer and Audit Departments Act 1866. Meanwhile, in pursuance of recommendations of Standard Commissions of 1841 and 1854 and a House of Commons committee of 1862, the Standards of Weights, Measures, and Coinage Act 1866 was passed. This act created a special department of the Board of Trade, called the Standard Weights and Measures Department, and a head of that department styled the Warden of the Standards. His duty was to conduct comparisons, verifications and operations with reference to the standards in aid of scientific research and otherwise. + +Directors + + Henry Williams Chisholm, warden of the standards (1866–1878), father of Hugh Chisholm + Henry James Chaney (March 1842–13 February 1906), superintendent of weights and measures (1878–1906) + +References + +Bibliography + " + +Department for Business, Innovation and Skills +Defunct departments of the Government of the United Kingdom +Defunct public bodies of the United Kingdom +Board of Trade +Standards organisations in the United Kingdom +Romsa may refer to: + + Tromsø, city, Romsa in Northern Sami +Troms, county, Romsa in Northern Sami +Syed Akbar Hussain, popularly known as Akbar Allahabadi (16 November 1846 – 9 September 1921) was an Indian Urdu poet in the genre of satire. The most popular of Akbar's verse poked fun at the cultural dilemma posed by the onslaught of Western British culture. His ire was mostly directed towards the natives he considered to be outlandishly pseudo-western. In the Indian community he became known as 'Lisanu'l-Asr' ( Poet of the age.) + +Life and career + +Early life +Akbar Allahabadi was born in the town of Bara, eleven miles from Allahabad, to a family of Sayyads who originally came to India from Persia as soldiers. His grandfather, Sayyid Fazl-i-Mohmmad, had Shia leanings but his three sons, Wasil 'Ali, Waris 'Ali and Tafazzul Husain were all Sunnis. Akbar's father, Moulvi Tafazzul Hussain served as a Naib Tehsildar to his brother Waris ' Ali, who was the Tehsildar, and his mother belonged to a zamindar family of Jagdishpur village from the Gaya district in Bihar. + +Akbar received his early education in Arabic, Persian and Mathematics from his father at home. In 1855, his mother moved to Allahabad and settled in Mohalla Chowk. Akbar was admitted to the Jamuna Mission School for an English education in 1856, but he abandoned his school education in 1859. However, he continued to study English and read widely. + +Career +On leaving school, Akbar joined the Railway Engineering Department as a clerk. While in service, he passed the exam qualifying him as a Vakeel (barrister) and subsequently worked as a Tehsildar and a munsif, and ultimately, as a sessions court judge. To commemorate his work in judicial services, he was bestowed with the title, Khan Bahadur. + +Marriage +Akbar's first marriage was at the age of 15 and arranged by his parents. His wife's name was Khadija Khatun, who was four years older than him. This was not a successful marriage and Akbar took no pleasure in it despite having two sons with Khadija named Nazir Husain and Abid Husain. After divorcing their mother, Akbar didn't really pay these three any attention and they had to make do with a sum of forty rupees a month, which he gave as alimony. Both of these sons due to lack of support from their father, didn't fare well in life and not much is known about them. + +His second marriage to Fatima Sughra (died 1910) was a lot more successful and brought him a lot of happiness. Together they had two sons, Ishrat Husain and Hashim Husain. Ishrat was sent to England for three years to become a lawyer but didn't return even after six. but he barely passed his B.A from Cambridge and never sat for the Bar examinations. Instead he fancied himself a person of the arts and applied to be a playwright and an actor without any success. This he attributed to the prejudice against Hindustanis in England of that time. He became too Anglicised in his ways of thinking and living for Akbar's liking. Later in life Ishrat became a Collector. + +The Younger son Hashim pleased his father and stayed with him until his death in 1931. + +Death +Akbar retired in 1905 and lived on in Allahabad. He died of a fever on September 9, 1921 and was buried in Himmatganj locality of Allahabad. + +Legacy +"Hungama Hai Kyon Barpa" is a popular ghazal, written by Akbar Allahabadi and most prominently sung by Ghulam Ali. Verses from his poetry also found their way into the famous qawwali “Tum ik Gorakh Dhanda Ho” by Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan. A number of Akbar Allahabadi's poems were used in the 2015 Hindi film Masaan. Explaining this as a conscious tribute, the film's lyrics writer Varun Grover explained that he wanted to show one of the female leads Shaalu (played by Shweta Tripathi) as a person whose hobby is to read Hindi poetry and Shayri. + +References + +External links +Akbar Allahabadi at Kavita Kosh (Hindi) +A few of Akbar Allahabadi's ghazals + +Indian male poets +Urdu-language poets from India +19th-century Indian Muslims +Writers from Prayagraj +1846 births +1921 deaths +Urdu-language writers from British India +20th-century Urdu-language writers +19th-century Urdu-language writers +Urdu-language religious writers +Urdu-language letter writers +Urdu-language theologians +19th-century Indian poets +20th-century Indian poets +Poets from Uttar Pradesh +19th-century Indian male writers +20th-century Indian male writers +Serra do Bussaco ( ) is a mountain range in Portugal, formerly included in the province of Beira Litoral. The highest point in the range is the Cruz Alta at 549 m (1801 feet), which has views over the Serra da Estrela, the Mondego River valley and the Atlantic Ocean. + +The Serra includes the buildings of a secularized Carmelite monastery, founded in 1628. The convent woods have long been known for their cypress, plane, evergreen oak, cork and other forest trees, many of which have stood for centuries and attained an immense size. A bull of Pope Gregory XV (1623), anathematizing trespassers and forbidding women to approach, is inscribed on a tablet at the main entrance; another bull, of Pope Urban VIII (1643), threatens with excommunication any person harming the trees. Located in the northwestern corner is the Mata Nacional do Bussaco (Bussaco Forest), an ancient walled arboretum. + +Towards the close of the 19th century the Serra de Bussaco became one of the regular halting-places for foreign, and especially for British, tourists, on the overland route between Lisbon and Porto. The Palace Hotel of Bussaco (Palácio Hotel do Bussaco), built between 1888 and 1905 in an exuberant Neo-Manueline style, still attracts tourists. + +In 1873 a monument was erected, on the southern slopes of the Serra, to commemorate the Battle of Bussaco, in which the French, under Marshal Masséna, were defeated by the Anglo-Portuguese Army, under Lord Wellington, on 27 September 1810. + +References + +Mountain ranges of Portugal +Paul Morris (born November 2, 1959) is an American musician best known as a keyboardist in Ritchie Blackmore's Rainbow. He played keyboards on the Stranger in Us All album and co-wrote the song "Black Masquerade". + +Biography +Paul Morris studied piano as a child in New York City. He studied under well-known jazz pianists, Lennie Tristano, Hal Galper, and Sal Mosca. He began his career playing with some local bands on Long Island named Vixen and Full House. He then played with Todd Wolfe in the band, Troy and the Tornados. Todd Wolf later became the guitarist for Sheryl Crow. +In 1989 Paul got a call from rock drummer Bobby Rondinelli to play keyboards for Doro Pesch's first solo tour without Warlock for the Force Majeure album tour. + +In 1990 Paul Morris played keyboards on the Doro (album) by former Warlock singer Doro Pesch. The album was produced by Gene Simmons. In 1990 he went on tour with Doro Pesch promoting the Doro (album). In 1992 Paul Morris toured with heavy metal violinist Mark Wood through the US and Canada. + +In 1994, Paul Morris was notified that Ritchie Blackmore was looking for a keyboardist. He sent Ritchie Blackmore a tape, auditioned, and was hired. He played on the STRANGER IN US All and co-wrote "Black Masquerade", which then became a fan favorite. He then performed with Rainbow for two European tours, one tour in Japan, South America, and in the US. In 1997, Paul Morris toured with Nena of "99 Luftballons" fame featuring, Tony Bruno on guitar, and Tommy Price on drums. This was followed by a tour with The Teen Idols starring Davy Jones, Peter Noone and Bobby Sherman. In 2000, Morris received a call from the musical director of Trans-Siberian Orchestra, Al Pitrelli, to play with the West Coast Trans-Siberian Orchestra for the holiday season. After this tour, Morris continued his career composing and producing his own original music and doing session work. In 2002, Morris joined an 11 piece soul band called the Sensational Soul Cruisers where he remained until 2007. In 2009, Morris was approached by Joe Lynn Turner asking him to fill in for Tony Carey who had become very ill. Two weeks later Over the Rainbow performed at the Sweden Rock Festival. Morris continued touring with Over the Rainbow for the next two years. + +In 2011, Morris worked on a new Christmas CD by The Kings of Christmas, a new group composed primarily of former Trans-Siberian Orchestra singers and musicians. In 2017 Moogy had a short run/tour with Yngwie Malmsteen the virtuoso guitarist. +Paul Morris is currently playing with one of the nation's top Bon Jovi tribute bands named Slippery When Wet as well as top 80's party band Jessie's Girl. +You'll be able to catch Moogy on tour "Rock Legends Bon Fire and friends tour" this November 2018 throughout Germany. +Paul will be touring with Purpendicular featuring Ian Paice Nov.5th to the 25th 2019 in Germany and France. + +Late in 2019 Paul was invited to play with Deeper Purple, a Deep Purple tribute band, on their UK tour in March 2020 and Paul subsequently joined the band. + +Paul Morris married Rose Grego in November 1997. + +Discography + +With The Syntherchestra + 1985 – The Syntherchestra + +With Doro Pesch + 1990 – Doro + +With Ritchie Blackmore's Rainbow + 1995 – Stranger in Us All + +With Joe Lynn Turner + 1998 – Hurry Up and Wait + 1999 – Under Cover 2 + 2002 – Slam + 2003 – JLT + 2005 – The Usual Suspects (album) + +With Randy Coven +1999 – Witch Way + +With Metalium + 2000 – State of Triumph: Chapter Two + +With Trans-Siberian Orchestra +2000/2001 + +With Angus Clark + 2004 – Grace Period + +With Chris Caffery + 2004 – The Mold EP + 2004 – Music Man EP + 2005 – Faces + 2005 – W.A.R.P.E.D. + 2007 – Pins and Needles + +With The Kings of Christmas + 2011 – The Kings of Christmas + +Easy Living + 2014 – Easy Living + +References + +1959 births +Living people +Musicians from Santa Monica, California +American heavy metal keyboardists +American rock keyboardists +Rainbow (rock band) members +21st-century American keyboardists +20th-century American keyboardists +Bonfire (band) members +Thomas Leabhart (born 1944) is an American corporeal mime and corporeal mime teacher. + +Leabhart studied at the Ecole de Mime Etienne Decroux, Paris under the instruction of master mime and teacher Etienne Decroux from 1968 to 1972. He currently performs and teaches regularly in France and has performed and taught workshops at the Museum of Design in Zürich, The Austrian Theatre Museum in Vienna, the National Museum of Ethnology in Osaka, the American Center in Montevideo, Movement Theatre International in Philadelphia, and many other venues. He is editor of Mime Journal and has authored over 35 articles. He is resident artist and professor of theatre at Pomona College in Claremont, California, and continues to publish translations of Decroux's writings and methods in English. + +Leabhart is the most published writer on the subject of Corporeal Mime—chronicling its rise and development in the modern theatre and is closely associated with the International School of Theatre Anthropology (ISTA). He is also the author of one of the standard works on modern mime, Modern and Post-Modern Mime (Macmillan in London and St. Martin's Press, NYC). In it, Leabhart explains that modern mime, a major creative art form in recent years, has its roots in the work Jacques Copeau did at the Ecole de Vieux-Colombier in Paris in the 1920s. Copeau looked to remedy the 'ills of the theater' by turning to the golden ages of Greek theater, Noh, Kabuki, Elizabethan theatre and Commedia dell'arte. In his classes (one of which, called 'corporeal mime,' inspired Etienne Decroux to develop the mime technique of the same name), Copeau emphasized the expressive potential of the actor's whole body, rather than the voice, hands and face (though his actors trained to use those, as well). Leabhart examines the contributions of Decroux, Jean-Louis Barrault, Marcel Marceau, and Jacques Lecoq to the development of this new form. + +Publications + Leabhart's Mime Journal + Leabhart's Etienne Decroux (Routledge Performance Practitioners) + +References + +External links + Leabhart's page at Pomona College + Personal website + +1944 births +Living people +American mimes +Pomona College faculty +Jane Feather (born Jane Robotham 1945 in Cairo, Egypt) is a popular British–American writer of historical romance novels. In 1984 she wrote five contemporary romances under the pseudonym Claudia Bishop. She is a New York Times-bestselling, award–winning writer, and has more than ten million romance novels in print. + +Biography +Jane Robotham was born on 1945 in Cairo, (Egypt), and grew up in New Forest, in the south of England. She has a master's degree in applied social studies from Oxford University. She is married and has three children. + +In 1978 she moved with her husband and children to New Jersey, where she worked as a psychiatric social worker. + +In 1981 she began her writing career after she and her family moved to Washington D.C. Since printing in 1984 she wrote five contemporary romance novels under the pen name Claudia Bishop and since 1986 has written historical romances under her name, Jane Feather. + +References + +External links + Jane Feather at Fantastic Fiction + +British romantic fiction writers +Living people +1945 births +Indexing Service (originally called Index Server) was a Windows service that maintained an index of most of the files on a computer to improve searching performance on PCs and corporate computer networks. It updated indexes without user intervention. In Windows Vista it was replaced by the newer Windows Search Indexer. The IFilter plugins to extend the indexing capabilities to more file formats and protocols are compatible between the legacy Indexing Service how and the newer Windows Search Indexer. + +History +Indexing Service was a desktop search service included with Windows NT 4.0 Option Pack as well as Windows 2000 and later. The first incarnation of the indexing service was shipped in August 1996 as a content search system for Microsoft's web server software, Internet Information Services. Its origins, however, date further back to Microsoft's Cairo operating system project, with the component serving as the Content Indexer for the Object File System. Cairo was eventually shelved, but the content indexing capabilities would go on to be included as a standard component of later Windows desktop and server operating systems, starting with Windows 2000, which includes Indexing Service 3.0. + +In Windows Vista, the content indexer was replaced with the Windows Search indexer which was enabled by default. Indexing Service is still included with Windows Server 2008 but is not installed or running by default. + +Indexing Service has been deprecated in Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2. It has been removed from Windows 8. + +Search interfaces +Comprehensive searching is available after initial building of the index, which can take up to hours or days, depending on the size of the specified directories, the speed of the hard drive, user activity, indexer settings and other factors. Searching using Indexing service works also on UNC paths and/or mapped network drives if the sharing server indexes appropriate directory and is aware of its sharing. + +Once the indexing service has been turned on and has built its index it can be searched in three ways. The search option available from the Start menu on the Windows Taskbar will use the indexing service if it is enabled and will even accept complex queries. Queries can also be performed using either the Indexing Service Query Form in the Computer Management snap-in of Microsoft Management Console, or, alternatively, using third-party applications such as 'Aim at File' or 'Grokker Desktop'. + +References + +Windows communication and services +Desktop search engines +Information retrieval systems +Windows components +England is divided by a number of different regional schemes for various purposes. Since the creation of the Government Office Regions in 1994 and their adoption for statistical purposes in 1999, some historical regional schemes have become obsolete. However, many alternative regional designations also exist and continue to be widely used. + +Alternative + +Cultural +Informal and overlapping regional designations are often used to describe areas of England. They include: +Midlands, often considered interchangeable with Mercia + +Welsh Marches +Staffordshire Potteries +Three Counties +Northern England +Scottish Marches +Southern England +Home Counties +M4 corridor +Thames Valley + Cinque Ports +West Country, often considered interchangeable with Wessex + +Heptarchy +Heptarchy, former kingdom names which did not become counties have continued to be recognised by organisations as regions: + , generally interchangeable the West Country excluding Cornwall + +, often considered interchangeable with the Midlands + , associated mainly with the Viking age rump kingdom of Northumbria (the counties of Durham and Northumberland) however can be considered interchangeable with Northern England + +Counties +Historic counties and the Yorkshire Ridings are no longer used as units for administrative or ceremonial purposes. These have continued to be recognised in sport and used by organisations as regional units. + + (historic) + +National parks +National parks include: +Peak District +Lake District +Dartmoor + Exmoor +North York Moors +Northumberland National Park +The Broads +New Forest +Yorkshire Dales +South Downs + +Britain in Bloom regions +Britain in Bloom divides England into 12 regions. Mixture of government regions with some altered names. It also includes Cumbria, Thames-and-Chilterns (Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire) and part of south east and south west as South-and-South-West. + +National Trust +The National Trust has 10 regional offices in England. These are +Devon and Cornwall – part of the official South West region +East of England – as region +East Midlands – as region +North East England – North East England and Yorkshire and the Humber +North West England – as region +Thames and Solent – Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, London, Oxfordshire, Hampshire +South East England – East Sussex, Kent, Surrey, West Sussex +West Midlands – as region +Wessex – South West England without Devon and Cornwall + +Historical + +500–1066 + +After the end of the Roman occupation of Britain, the area now known as England became divided into seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms: Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Sussex and Wessex. A number of other smaller political divisions and sub-kingdoms existed. The kingdoms were eventually united into the Kingdom of England in a process beginning with Egbert of Wessex in 829 and completed by King Edred in 954. + +1655–1657 + +During The Protectorate, Oliver Cromwell experimented with the Rule of the Major-Generals. There were ten regional associations covering England and Wales administered by majors-general. Ireland under Major-General Henry Cromwell, and Scotland under Major-General George Monck were in administrations already agreed upon and were not part of the scheme. + +World War II +{| +| In the Second World War, England was divided into ten civil defence regions: +Northern: Durham, Northumberland, Yorkshire, North Riding +North Eastern: Yorkshire, East and West Riding +North Midland: Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Northamptonshire, Nottinghamshire, Rutland +Eastern: Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Huntingdonshire, Norfolk, Suffolk +London: larger area than County of London/Middlesex, possibly same as Metropolitan Police District +Southern: Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Dorset, Hampshire, Oxfordshire +South Western: Cornwall, Devon, Gloucestershire, Somerset, Wiltshire +Midland: Herefordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire, Worcestershire +North Western: Cheshire, Cumberland, Lancashire and Westmorland +South Eastern: Kent, Surrey and Sussex +|} + +1945–1994 + +Economic planning regions +Eight economic planning regions were named by the Secretary of State for Economic Affairs, George Brown in December 1964. These were: + + Northern – Cumberland, Durham, North Riding of Yorkshire, Northumberland, Westmorland + North-West – Cheshire, Lancashire, High Peak area of Derbyshire + Yorkshire and Humberside – East Riding of Yorkshire, West Riding of Yorkshire – Lincolnshire, Parts of Lindsey + East Midlands – Derbyshire (minus High Peak), Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Parts of Holland, Lincolnshire, Parts of Kesteven, Northamptonshire, Nottinghamshire, Rutland + West Midlands – Herefordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire, Worcestershire + South West – Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Gloucestershire, Somerset, Wiltshire + South East – Bedfordshire, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Essex, Greater London, Hampshire, Kent, Oxfordshire, Hertfordshire, Surrey, Sussex + East Anglia – Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely, Huntingdon and Peterborough + +Standard statistical regions +Before the adoption of the government office regions for statistics, there were eight 'standard statistical regions': + + North – current North East plus Cumbria + North West – current North West less Cumbria + Yorkshire and Humberside – as current Yorkshire and The Humber + West Midlands – as now + East Midlands – as now + East Anglia – Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridgeshire + South West – as now + South East – as now, plus Greater London, Bedfordshire, Essex, and Hertfordshire + +Civil defence regions +The present government office regions closely resemble Civil Defence Regions. During the latter part of the Cold War, the United Kingdom was divided into 11 such regions, most of which were divided themselves into sub-regions. The regions were numbered as shown in the list, numbers for sub-regions were of the form 11. + +The regions were based on pre-Second World War regions, but were substantially altered in the 1970s, with the merger of South East and Southern regions, and alterations in the north. They were again altered in 1984, to merge the English regions 1 and 2 to become a single North East region, and Scotland's two southern regions (East and West Zones) becoming a single South Zone. + +1980s +From the mid-1980s, the eight English Civil Defence Regions were as follows (using 1974/1975 boundaries): + +North East England +(North East England) – Cleveland/Durham/Northumberland/Tyne and Wear +(Yorkshire and the Humber) – Humberside/North Yorkshire/South Yorkshire/West Yorkshire +East Midlands +Derbyshire/Lincolnshire/Nottinghamshire +Leicestershire/Northamptonshire +East of England +(East Anglia) – Cambridgeshire/Norfolk/Suffolk +Bedfordshire/Essex/Hertfordshire +Greater London – see Civil defence centres in London for sub-regions +South East England +East Sussex/Kent/Surrey/West Sussex +Berkshire/Buckinghamshire/Hampshire/Isle of Wight/Oxfordshire +South West England +Avon/Dorset/Gloucestershire/Somerset/Wiltshire +Cornwall/Devon +West Midlands +Staffordshire/Warwickshire/West Midlands +Hereford and Worcester/Shropshire +North West England +Cumbria/Lancashire +Cheshire/Greater Manchester/Merseyside + +Redcliffe-Maud provinces + +The Redcliffe-Maud Report produced by the Royal Commission on local government reform in 1969 recommended the creation of eight provinces. In approximate terms, these were to be: + + North East – per North East England + Yorkshire – per Yorkshire and the Humber + North West – per North West England, excluding southern Cheshire + West Midlands – per West Midlands, including southern Cheshire + East Midlands – per East Midlands, less Northamptonshire and mid Lincolnshire + South West – per South West England + East Anglia – Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, northern Essex, southern Lincolnshire + South East – South East England and Greater London with Northamptonshire, Hertfordshire, Bedfordshire, southern Essex + +See also +List of ITV regions +BBC English Regions +International Territorial Level +Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics +The United States of Europe, A Eurotopia? + +References + +. +. +Types of subdivision in the United Kingdom +Church of the Transfiguration or Holy Transfiguration Church may refer to any of the following: + +Albania + Holy Transfiguration Church, Gjirokastër + Church of the Holy Transfiguration, Herebel, Dibër County + +Belarus + Transfiguration Church, Navahrudak, Grodno Region (Roman Catholic) + Transfiguration Church, Polotsk, Vitebsk Region + +Croatia + Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord, Trpinja, Vukovar-Srijem County (Serbian Orthodox) + +Estonia + The Obinitsa Church of Transfiguration of Our Lord, Meremäe Parish + +Hungary + Transfiguration Church, Szentendre, Pest County (Serbian Orthodox) + +Lithuania + Holy Transfiguration Church, Kėdainiai, Kaunas County + +Italy + Trasfigurazione di Nostro Signore Gesù Cristo, Rome + +Israel + Catholic Church of the Transfiguration on Mount Tabor + Orthodox Church of the Transfiguration on Mount Tabor + +Malta + Church of the Transfiguration, Qrendi + +Moldova + Transfiguration Church, Chișinău + +Palestine + Church of Transfiguration, Ramallah + +Romania + Transfiguration Church, Hunedoara + +Russia + Church of the Transfiguration on Ilyina Street, Veliky Novgorod, Novgorod Oblast + Church of the Transfiguration in Kizhi, Republic of Karelia, a World Heritage Site + Transfiguration Church in Kovalyovo, Novgorod Oblast + Transfiguration Church, Krasnoyarsk (Roman Catholic) + Transfiguration Church, Pyatigorsk, Stavropol Krai (Roman Catholic) + Church of the Transfiguration (Obukhovka), Rostov Oblast + Church of the Transfiguration (Olkhovchik), Rostov Oblast + Church of the Transfiguration (Spassky), Tula Oblast + Transfiguration Church, Starocherkasskaya, Rostov Oblast + Transfiguration of the Lord Church, Tver + Church of the Transfiguration (Zaymo-Obryv), Rostov Oblast + +Serbia + Church of the Holy Transfiguration, Sarajevo + Church of the Transfiguration, Krivaja, Šabac + +Singapore + Church of The Transfiguration, Singapore + +Turkmenistan + Chapel of the Transfiguration, Ashgabat (Roman Catholic) + +Ukraine + Church of Transfiguration, Lviv + +United Kingdom + Church of the Transfiguration, Pyecombe, West Sussex + +United States +Alaska + Holy Transfiguration of Our Lord Chapel in Ninilchik + Transfiguration of Our Lord Chapel in Nushagak + +Arkansas + Holy Transfiguration Orthodox Church in Mountain Home + +California + Church of the Transfiguration in San Jose (Roman Catholic) + +Connecticut + Church of the Transfiguration in Norfolk (Episcopal) + +Illinois + Church of the Transfiguration in Palos Park (Episcopal) + Church of the Transfiguration in Wauconda (Roman Catholic) + +Maryland + Transfiguration of our Lord Russian Orthodox Church in Baltimore + +Massachusetts + Church of the Transfiguration in Orleans (Ecumenical; Roman-style basilica) + +Minnesota + Episcopal Church of the Transfiguration (Belle Plaine, Minnesota) + +New Hampshire + Church of the Transfiguration in Derry, New Hampshire (Episcopal) + +New Jersey + Church of the Transfiguration in Collingswood (Roman Catholic) + +New York + Church of the Transfiguration, Episcopal (Manhattan), also known as the Little Church Around the Corner, the first church to be named for the Transfiguration in the United States + Church of the Transfiguration, Roman Catholic (Manhattan) on Mott Street in Chinatown, Manhattan (originally Zion Episcopal Protestant Church; now Roman Catholic) + Church of the Transfiguration in Tarrytown (Roman Catholic) + Church of the Transfiguration in Buffalo (Roman Catholic; closed in 1993) + Church of the Transfiguration in Maspeth (Roman Catholic) + Church of the Holy Transfiguration of Christ-on-the-Mount in Woodstock + Church of the Transfiguration (Blue Mountain Lake, New York) + Russian Orthodox Cathedral of the Transfiguration of Our Lord in Brooklyn + +North Carolina + Church of the Transfiguration (Saluda, North Carolina) + +Ohio + Transfiguration Church (Cleveland, Ohio) (Roman Catholic) + +Pennsylvania + Church of the Transfiguration in Blue Ridge Summit (Episcopal) + Transfiguration Church in West Hazleton (Roman Catholic) + +Texas + Church of the Transfiguration in Dallas (Episcopal) + +Washington + Church of Transfiguration in Tacoma (Russian Evangelical Baptist) + +Wyoming + Chapel of the Transfiguration in Grand Teton National Park, near Jackson (Episcopal) + +See also + Transfiguration Cathedral (disambiguation) +John Ulysses Mobley (born October 10, 1973) is a former American football linebacker who played eight seasons for the Denver Broncos from 1996 through 2003 in the National Football League (NFL). + +He is the cousin of former NBA player Cuttino Mobley. + +Biography +One of nine children born to parents who divorced when he was thirteen years old, Mobley lived with his father until the age of sixteen. After his father suffered a stroke, Mobley moved in with his mother, who demanded he leave high school to help support his family. Mobley spent a year living on the street in an old car before a friend's family took him in. + +Lacking the academic credentials for a Division I school, Mobley went on to play college football for Kutztown University in 1991. Mobley made the starting lineup as a freshman and recorded nine tackles and a sack in his first college game, and earned an honorable mention on the All-American team as a sophomore. Mobley's college career came to a sudden halt in 1993, however, when coach Barry Fetterman was fired as a result of an NCAA investigation into academic violations at the school. The team's new coach, Al Leonzi, carried out his own investigation and ended up declaring Mobley ineligible for the upcoming season. + +Mobley subsequently resolved his academic status, and returned for the 1994 and 1995 seasons, earning first-team AP Little All-American selections as a junior and senior and a Division II invitation to the Senior Bowl in Mobile, Alabama. He was drafted in the first round of the 1996 NFL Draft by the Denver Broncos, making him the highest drafted player in the history of the Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference, and just the third player from Kutztown ever to be drafted. + +Mobley's best season occurred in 1997. He had 132 tackles and four sacks and was an All-Pro that season; however, he missed most of the 1999 season because of an injury. + +Mobley suffered a bruised spinal column during the 2003 season after colliding with his teammate Kelly Herndon in a game against the Baltimore Ravens. The injury was severe enough that the Broncos cut him before the 2004 season in order to allow him time for recovery. He later re-signed with the Broncos and retired because of the injury. + +Mobley served seven days in prison for a DUI conviction in 2004 after being pulled over and arrested on December 28, 2002. He was found guilty by a jury in April 2004 and was sentenced to 365 days behind bars, but the judge in the case later reduced it to seven days. + +In Super Bowl XXXII, Mobley deflected a Brett Favre pass on 4th and 6 from the 31-yard-line with just over 30 seconds left in the game. The deflection sealed a 31-24 victory for the Broncos and ended the NFC's run of 13 straight wins over the AFC in Super Bowl competition. + +During his career, Mobley played in 105 career games, starting 102 of them, including two Super Bowls, during which he made 608 career tackles, 10.5 quarterback sacks, and five interceptions for 45 yards and a touchdown. + +References + +External links +http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/players/profile?statsId=3604 +http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/nfl/players/3604/ + +1973 births +Living people +Sportspeople from Delaware County, Pennsylvania +Players of American football from Chester, Pennsylvania +American football linebackers +Kutztown Golden Bears football players +Denver Broncos players +Barry John Dancer (born 27 August 1952 in Brisbane, Queensland) is a former Australian field hockey player and coach of Australian men's national field hockey team. + +As a player he competed in 48 international matches for Australia between 1973 and 1979. he was a member of the men's hockey team that won a silver medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics. + +Dancer coached the English men's hockey team from 1997 to 1999 and the Great Britain team at the 2000 Summer Olympics, where the team came sixth. Dancer took up the position of Head Coach of the Australian men's national field hockey team in 2001 and retired the position after 2008 Summer Olympics. + +Coaching results for the Australian team at major competitions: +2001: 2nd - Champions Trophy +2002: 2nd - World Cup ; 5th - Champions Trophy ; 1st - Commonwealth Games +2003: 2nd - Champions Trophy +2004: 1st - Athens Olympics +2005: 1st - Champions Trophy +2006: 2nd - World Cup ; 4th -Champions Trophy ; 1st - Commonwealth Games +2007: 2nd - Champions Trophy +2008: 3rd - Beijing Olympics ; 1st - Champions Trophy + +Australia won its first Olympic gold medal at the 2004 Athens Olympics. + +Dancer was Head Coach of the Australian Institute of Sport men's hockey program from 2001 to 2008. + +His son Brent Dancer has represented Australia in hockey. + +References + +External links + + +1952 births +Australian field hockey coaches +Australian Institute of Sport coaches +Australian male field hockey players +Olympic coaches for Australia +Field hockey people from Queensland +Field hockey players at the 1976 Summer Olympics +Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics +Olympic field hockey players for Australia +Olympic medalists in field hockey +Olympic silver medalists for Australia +Sportspeople from Brisbane +Living people +Olympic coaches for Great Britain +Sportsmen from Queensland +In number theory, a polite number is a positive integer that can be written as the sum of two or more consecutive positive integers. A positive integer which is not polite is called impolite. The impolite numbers are exactly the powers of two, and the polite numbers are the natural numbers that are not powers of two. + +Polite numbers have also been called staircase numbers because the Young diagrams which represent graphically the partitions of a polite number into consecutive integers (in the French notation of drawing these diagrams) resemble staircases. If all numbers in the sum are strictly greater than one, the numbers so formed are also called trapezoidal numbers because they represent patterns of points arranged in a trapezoid. + +The problem of representing numbers as sums of consecutive integers and of counting the number of representations of this type has been studied by Sylvester, Mason, Leveque, and many other more recent authors. The polite numbers describe the possible numbers of sides of the Reinhardt polygons. + +Examples and characterization +The first few polite numbers are +3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, ... . + +The impolite numbers are exactly the powers of two. It follows from the Lambek–Moser theorem that the nth polite number is f(n + 1), where + +Politeness +The politeness of a positive number is defined as the number of ways it can be expressed as the sum of consecutive integers. For every x, the politeness of x equals the number of odd divisors of x that are greater than one. +The politeness of the numbers 1, 2, 3, ... is +0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 0, 1, 2, 1, 1, 3, ... . +For instance, the politeness of 9 is 2 because it has two odd divisors, 3 and 9, and two polite representations +9 = 2 + 3 + 4 = 4 + 5; +the politeness of 15 is 3 because it has three odd divisors, 3, 5, and 15, and (as is familiar to cribbage players) three polite representations +15 = 4 + 5 + 6 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 7 + 8. +An easy way of calculating the politeness of a positive number by decomposing the number into its prime factors, taking the powers of all prime factors greater than 2, adding 1 to all of them, multiplying the numbers thus obtained with each other and subtracting 1. For instance 90 has politeness 5 because ; the powers of 3 and 5 are respectively 2 and 1, and applying this method . + +Construction of polite representations from odd divisors +To see the connection between odd divisors and polite representations, suppose a number x has the odd divisor y > 1. Then y consecutive integers centered on x/y (so that their average value is x/y) have x as their sum: + +Some of the terms in this sum may be zero or negative. However, if a term is zero it can be omitted and any negative terms may be used to cancel positive ones, leading to a polite representation for x. (The requirement that y > 1 corresponds to the requirement that a polite representation have more than one term; applying the same construction for y = 1 would just lead to the trivial one-term representation x = x.) +For instance, the polite number x = 14 has a single nontrivial odd divisor, 7. It is therefore the sum of 7 consecutive numbers centered at 14/7 = 2: +14 = (2 − 3) + (2 − 2) + (2 − 1) + 2 + (2 + 1) + (2 + 2) + (2 + 3). +The first term, −1, cancels a later +1, and the second term, zero, can be omitted, leading to the polite representation +14 = 2 + (2 + 1) + (2 + 2) + (2 + 3) = 2 + 3 + 4 + 5. + +Conversely, every polite representation of x can be formed from this construction. If a representation has an odd number of terms, x/y is the middle term, while if it has an even number of terms and its minimum value is m it may be extended in a unique way to a longer sequence with the same sum and an odd number of terms, by including the 2m − 1 numbers −(m − 1), −(m − 2), ..., −1, 0, 1, ..., m − 2, m − 1. +After this extension, again, x/y is the middle term. By this construction, the polite representations of a number and its odd divisors greater than one may be placed into a one-to-one correspondence, giving a bijective proof of the characterization of polite numbers and politeness. More generally, the same idea gives a two-to-one correspondence between, on the one hand, representations as a sum of consecutive integers (allowing zero, negative numbers, and single-term representations) and on the other hand odd divisors (including 1). + +Another generalization of this result states that, for any n, the number of partitions of n into odd numbers having k distinct values equals the number of partitions of n into distinct numbers having k maximal runs of consecutive numbers. +Here a run is one or more consecutive values such that the next larger and the next smaller consecutive values are not part of the partition; for instance the partition 10 = 1 + 4 + 5 has two runs, 1 and 4 + 5. +A polite representation has a single run, and a partition with one value d is equivalent to a factorization of n as the product d ⋅ (n/d), so the special case k = 1 of this result states again the equivalence between polite representations and odd factors (including in this case the trivial representation n = n and the trivial odd factor 1). + +Trapezoidal numbers +If a polite representation starts with 1, the number so represented is a triangular number + +Otherwise, it is the difference of two nonconsecutive triangular numbers + +This second case is called a trapezoidal number. One can also consider polite numbers that aren't trapezoidal. The only such numbers are the triangular numbers with only one nontrivial odd divisor, because for those numbers, according to the bijection described earlier, the odd divisor corresponds to the triangular representation and there can be no other polite representations. Thus, non-trapezoidal polite number must have the form of a power of two multiplied by an odd prime. As Jones and Lord observe, there are exactly two types of triangular numbers with this form: +the even perfect numbers 2n − 1(2n − 1) formed by the product of a Mersenne prime 2n − 1 with half the nearest power of two, and +the products 2n − 1(2n + 1) of a Fermat prime 2n + 1 with half the nearest power of two. +. For instance, the perfect number 28 = 23 − 1(23 − 1) and the number 136 = 24 − 1(24 + 1) are both this type of polite number. It is conjectured that there are infinitely many Mersenne primes, in which case there are also infinitely many polite numbers of this type. + +References + +External links + +Introducing Runsums, R. Knott. +Is there any pattern to the set of trapezoidal numbers? Intellectualism.org question of the day, October 2, 2003. With a diagram showing trapezoidal numbers color-coded by the number of terms in their expansions. + +Additive number theory +Figurate numbers +Integer sequences +Quadrilaterals +Verreaux's eagle-owl (Ketupa lactea), also commonly known as the milky eagle owl or giant eagle owl, is a member of the family Strigidae. This species is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa. A member of the genus Ketupa, it is the largest African owl, measuring up to in total length. This eagle-owl is a resident primarily of dry, wooded savanna. Verreaux's eagle-owl is mainly grey in color and is distinguishable from other large owls by its bright pink eyelids, a feature shared with no other owl species in the world. + +Verreaux's eagle-owl is a highly opportunistic predator equipped with powerful talons. Just over half of its known diet is composed of mammals but equal or even greater numbers of birds and even insects may be hunted locally, along with any other appropriately sized prey that is encountered. This species is considered of Least Concern by IUCN as it occurs over a wide range and has shown some adaptability to human-based alterations and destruction of habitat and adaptability to diverse prey when a primary prey species declines in a region. As a large, highly territorial species of owl, it does, however, occur at fairly low densities and some regional declines have been reported. + +The common name commemorates the French naturalist Jules Verreaux. The type specimen that was later described by Temminck at the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie was collected by Verreaux while he was still in his teens. + +Taxonomy + +There are no known subspecies in the Verreaux's eagle-owl, and there is remarkably little variation in their appearance across their considerable distribution. Reportedly, birds in the southern part of their range appear marginally larger on average but these size differences are quite subtle and may be considered as a mild case of Bergmann's rule. While genetic research has been undertaken for this species, its closest living relative in the genus Ketupa is not fully clear. At one time, the Verreaux's eagle-owl was mentioned as an owl with particularly mysterious genetic alliances among living owls. Per Konig & Weick (2008), the species with studied genetic markers found to be most closely related are a dark-eyed species pair of Asian eagle-owls, the spot-bellied (Ketupa nipalensis) and barred eagle-owls (Ketupa sumatrana), but these are not particularly closely related to the Verreaux's. + +Among species with available genomes to study for DNA characteristics, it has been revealed that the fish owls, in particular the brown fish owl (Ketupa zeylonensis), is the third most closely related species to the Verreaux's. Notably, Konig & Weick did not test the DNA of other African eagle-owls that may bear relation to the Verreaux's eagle-owl based largely on their solid dark brown eyes, namely Fraser's (Ketupa poensis), greyish (Bubo cinerascens) and Shelley's eagle-owl, as opposed to other eagle-owls which have yellow to orange irises. Fraser's and Usambara eagle-owls also have a small amount of bare skin around their eyes but this tends to bluish in color and is not nearly as extensive as the pink seen in Verreaux's. Other large owls native to Africa, the fishing owls, also have uniform dark brownish eyes and are sometimes included with the genus Bubo but how closely related they are to modern eagle-owls is unclear. Pliocene fossil Bubo owls with clear similarities based on osteological characteristics to the modern Verreaux's eagle-owl (most are currently classified as Ketupa cf. lactea) from South Africa and Tanzania, indicate that the Verreaux's eagle-owl descended from slightly smaller ancestors that increased in size as they diversified from related species. + +Description + +Despite the alternative common name of giant eagle-owl, Verreaux's eagle-owl is not the largest owl or eagle-owl in the world. It is, however, a very large and powerful owl species. This species is both the largest owl found in Africa and the world's largest owl to occur in the tropics. Among all the world's owls, it is fourth heaviest living owl, after Blakiston's fish owl (Ketupa blakistoni), the Eurasian eagle-owl (Bubo bubo) and the tawny fish owl (Ketupa flavipes). In addition, it is the fourth longest extant owl (measured from the bill to the tip of the tail), after the great gray (Strix nebulosa), Blakiston's fish and Eurasian eagle-owls. Based on body mass and wing chord length, Verreaux's eagle-owl is about the same size as "medium-sized" races of Eurasian eagle-owl, such as those from Central Asian steppe (B. b. turcomanus) and the Himalayas (B. b. hemachalana), slightly smaller than most northern Eurasian races, considerably smaller than Siberian and Russian eagle-owls, and somewhat larger than the smallest Eurasian eagle-owl subspecies, such as those from the Iberian Peninsula (B. b. hispanus) and the Middle East (B. b. omissus or nikolskii). + +Verreaux's eagle-owl ranges from in total length. This species has been reported as having an average wingspan of , but Mikkola referenced this as the wingspan of a smaller male. The largest known wingspan from a wild female measured nearly . While female owls are almost always larger than males, Verreaux's eagle-owl stands out as one of the most sexually dimorphic living owl species, some studies showing the female can average 35% heavier than the male. In comparison, the females of the nominate subspecies of Eurasian eagle-owls and great horned owl (Bubo virginianus) are reported to average approximately 20% and 25% heavier than the males, respectively. The full range of reported body mass in the species ranges from in males against a body mass of in females. In one study, 4 males were found to have averaged while 6 females averaged . Another study found 5 males to have averaged approximately while five females averaged . Unusually large sizes have been claimed in captivity with claims that specimens measuring up to in length and in wingspan but these are unverified and possibly misreported as these figures match the largest Eurasian eagle-owls. Males heavier than any in the wild have been verified in captivity to weigh up to . Among standard measurements, the female is reported to measure from , averaging , in wing chord, in the tail, while the same measurements in the male are from , averaging , and from in tail length. In both sexes, the tarsus has measured and the bill (in a small sample) . Based on wing chord size compared to body mass and other linear dimensions, the Verreaux's eagle-owl averages somewhat larger in the size of its wings relative to its body size than most other eagle-owls, excluding the Asian fish owls which are also relatively long-winged. + +Overall, Verreaux's eagle-owl is a fairly uniform and somewhat pale gray, with light and fine brownish vermiculations on the underside. The back is more solidly light brown with white spots on the shoulder. The oval facial disc is paler, sometimes ranging into a whitish color, than the rest of the front side of the bird with strong black borders bracketing either side. One other feature that immediately distinguishes adult Verreaux's eagle-owls in good light are its pink eyelids. The ecological purpose of their colorful eyelids is not known; however, Brown (1965) opined that they replace the colorful yellow to orange eyes of eagle-owls in breeding and territorial displays, since they were very conspicuous in displaying males. Their eyes are dark-brown in color and like all eagle-owls, they have ear-tufts. The ear-tufts are blunter and smaller relative to those of other African eagle-owls. The ear-tufts of this species are relatively subtle and can be missed in the field, especially if they are held lax. In appearance, they are quite easily distinguished if seen well. They are much bigger and bulkier than most other co-occurring owls. The only eagle-owl species in range that approaches its size is the Shelley's eagle-owl (Ketupa shelleyi), which may (but is not confirmed to) co-exist with the Verreaux's in northern Cameroon and the southern sliver of the Central African Republic most likely in forest edge and mosaics, but that species is a much darker sooty colour overall with broad black bands on the underside. Shelley's eagle-owl also has considerably different habitat preferences, preferring deep, primary forests, and is much more rarely observed in the wild. + +The next largest owl in sub-Saharan Africa is the Cape eagle-owl (Bubo capensis). The individual home ranges, if not habitats, of the Verreaux's and cape eagle-owls may abut in nearly every part of the latter's distribution. Even in its largest race (Mackinder's eagle-owl, B. c. mackinderi) the cape eagle-owl is around 30% lighter in body mass on average than the Verreaux's eagle-owl, not to mention it being markedly different in almost all outward characteristics. Pel's fishing owl (Scotopelia peli), which occurs in west, central and inland southern Africa and may co-exist with the Verreaux's eagle-owl in much of its range (despite favoring wetland and riparian zones surrounded by wooded areas), can attain similar sizes as the Verreaux's eagle-owl but is dramatically different in color (a rather brighter rufous-cinnamon hue) and lacks ear-tufts. In combination, the characteristics of their pink eyelids, dark eyes, relatively uniform plumage and extremely large size render the Verreaux's eagle-owl as nearly unmistakable. + +Voice +The call of the Verreaux's eagle-owl is the deepest of any extant owl species and one of the deepest bird calls in the world, averaging slightly deeper than the calls of the Blakiston's and brown fish owls (Ketupu zeylonensis). The calls of Eurasian eagle-owls are less deep but are possibly louder and farther carrying. The male's song is an exceptionally deep gwok, gwok, gwonk-gwokwokwok gwokwokwok gwonk. The depth and quality of the song makes confusion by sound more likely with a leopard (Panthera pardus) than any other bird. The song is sometimes considered unmistakable. According to a study in Kenya, the voice is considered the second deepest bird call after the southern ground hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri), though that species has a fairly croaking call reminiscent of a large frog and in recordings appears to have a less sonorous call. Apparently, the song can carry up to away on quiet nights. The female's call is similar but higher pitched, as in all owls to some extent because the larger female tends to have a smaller syrinx. Like most Bubo owls, breeding pairs not infrequently call together but they are not as well-synchronized as the pair duets of spotted eagle-owls (Bubo africanus), which are often found in nearby ranges. The alarm calls of both sexes are often a sonorous whok or hook but variable grunting notes and raspy screams also seem to indicate alarm. Both the female and the young engage in high, piercing calls when begging for food at the nest (at which time the male does the food capture). One other vocalization recorded has included a raspy, drawn-out shrooooo-ooo-eh apparently uttered as a distraction display mainly by the male near the nest. While sound is important to some degree for inner-species relations and hunting behaviour to all owl species, the Verreaux's eagle-owl appears to have relatively small and uncomplicated ear openings compared to several smaller types of owl. This indicates that the auditory senses are relatively unimportant in this species compared to vision. + +Distribution and habitat +Verreaux's eagle-owl is found through most of sub-Saharan Africa, though it is absent from most of the deep rainforests. The species is found at the highest densities in eastern and southern Africa. As this species avoids primary forests, it is found very spottily in west Africa. Their western distribution includes The Gambia, Senegal, Guinea and Sierra Leone. Eastward from those countries to the Central African Republic, the species is distributed in a narrow transitional zone between the Sahara and rainforests. Seemingly isolated populations occur in central Nigeria and central Mali. In south-western Africa, they range up to as far north as the southern parts of the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, through most of Namibia (excluding the coastal regions) and northern South Africa. In east Africa, their distribution is more or less continuous from southern Sudan, Eritrea and inland Somalia down to South Africa as far as the region of the city of Durban. + +This species inhabits mainly savanna with scattered trees and thorny vegetation. Verreaux's eagle-owls mainly inhabit rather dry regions, some bordering semi-arid areas. In central Mali, for example, near the extreme northwestern limit of the species range, the habitat that hosts these owls averages less than of rainfall annually. They also range into riverine forest adjacent to savanna and small, semi-open woodland surrounded by open country, though they are less likely to inhabit heavily wooded habitats. South African eagle-owls are not infrequently found around floodplains and marshes, which may provide the primary nesting habitat in some areas. In Uganda, they are largely associated with riparian woodlands. Verreaux's eagle-owl may live at nearly all elevations, from sea level to near the snow-line at around in elevation, such as in the Eastern Rift mountains. However, in general, they only sporadically inhabit rocky areas and so are generally very scarce in mountainous regions. The bushveld of southern Africa is near ideal habitat for Verreaux's eagle-owl and the species may be found at near peak numbers here. The species was historically rare to absent from the Kalahari desert, but the introduction by man of invasive trees like conifers, eucalyptus and acacias, irrigation areas and prey species has allowed them to spottily occupy this region. + +Behavior + +Verreaux's eagle-owls are nocturnal birds and roost by day in trees, with large, shaded horizontal branches of tall, old trees being preferred. In Kenya, the most often-used perch trees were Croton megalocarpus and invasive Eucalyptus. Elsewhere, Acacia trees may be used habitually. Despite normally choosing dense foliage to rest in, sometimes they may sit wherever their hunting path ends from the prior night, including relatively exposed perches. They reportedly sleep rather lightly and will awaken very quickly to defend themselves from attack in daylight hours. Family groups consisting of breeding pairs and their offspring frequently roost together and may engage in allopreening during this time. Reportedly some family groups include eagle-owls that had hatched up to three years prior, which if accurate is exceptional for any type of owl species. During extremely hot days, this species may flutter its throat for cooling purposes and has been known to bathe in rain and shallow water during extreme heat in the middle of the afternoon but usually drinks when possible during nighttime. Each breeding pair of Verreaux's eagle-owl defends a territory and these may be extremely large, ranging in size up to . + +Food and feeding + +Verreaux's eagle-owl is considered an avian apex predator, meaning it is at or near the top of the food chain and healthy adults normally have no natural predators. In many known aspects of its hunting behaviour, it is typical of the members of the genus Bubo. This species hunts predominantly in early evening; however, they have been observed to swoop on prey during daylight. They usually fly to a different perch from their daytime roost to use as their habitual hunting perch. Verreaux's eagle-owls mainly hunt by gliding down on their prey from a perch. However, hunting on the wing has been reported, even of flying insects. On occasion, they hunt by flying low over a bush to catch prey by surprise or dash on the wing into dense foliage or through forests to catch a galago or other arboreal prey item. They will also sometimes run after prey on the ground, flapping their wings rapidly as they walk, or wade into shallow waters to pin down fish. The wing size of eagle-owls in general limits their flying speed and abilities in the open and so they require perches to execute most of their hunting behaviour. + +Even among the Bubo owls, most species of which are known to be highly opportunistic predators with indiscriminating diets, the Verreaux's eagle-owl is a particularly opportunistic predator. While earlier studies characterized great horned owl, one of the most well-studied members of the genus Bubo, as hunting whatever random species they first come across, more modern dietary studies have contrarily shown their prey selection is not completely random and that regionally they selected cottontails and hares as prey instead of other foods regardless of prey population trends and became regional specialists on such prey, to such an extent that it predictably causes owl population declines at times when leporid numbers decline. Furthermore, species-wide, great horned owls may select mammals as prey nearly 88% of the time. In contrast, studies have indicated that for the Verreaux's eagle-owl only around 56% of its diet is mammals and no single prey type predictably dominates their prey selection by biomass in multiple regions. To date, more than 100 prey species have been counted for this eagle-owl and, with only about half a dozen comprehensive dietary studies known to have been conducted, this probably only represents a small portion of the total prey selected. Estimated prey size for the species has ranged from insects weighing less than to ungulates weighing at least . This is the second broadest size range positively attributed to a single owl species for prey items after the Eurasian eagle-owl and the largest exceptional upper prey-size also after the Eurasian species. + +Mammals +The prey type most often associated with Verreaux's eagle-owl are hedgehogs. It appears that this species is the only routine predator of hedgehogs in Africa, most other predators of small-to-medium-sized mammals choosing to pursue other abundant mammals without the hedgehog's prickly defenses. In both the southernmost, from the western cape of South Africa, and northernmost, a partial study of the foods at nests in central Mali, food studies for this species have found hedgehogs to be the most significant contributor of biomass in Verreaux's eagle-owl nests. The two known hedgehog prey species taken are the four-toed hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris), which averages in adults, in the north and the southern African hedgehog (Atelerix frontalis), which averages in adults, in the south. When capturing hedgehogs, the eagle-owl descends silently with its soft-comb wings and ambushes the hedgehog by imbedding its talons about the face. After death, the hedgehog is skinned of its prickly back before being consumed by either the eagle-owl itself or the young at the nest. This may result in over a dozen hedgehog skins being found around Verreaux's eagle-owl roosts near their nests. The same method of dealing with hedgehogs is utilized by the Eurasian eagle-owl, which is likewise reported as the only routine predator of hedgehogs in its native continent. Studies in other areas have shown that, while hedgehogs are seemingly taken opportunistically, they are at best secondary as contributors of prey both in quantity and biomass. + +In general, the diet of Verreaux's eagle-owl is seemingly random and highly variable. Eagle-owl species from temperate zones may have no choice but to predate rodents which are rather small and this may require a nesting pair to capture up to a dozen rodents nightly. In comparison, the diversity and abundance of rodents is considerably greater in wild areas of sub-Saharan Africa and the Verreaux's eagle-owl seemingly ignores most small rodent species, with no rodent prey species known to average under in adult body mass. In Kenya, the most often recorded prey locally were Tachyoryctes mole-rats; however, these were recorded only slightly more often than other genera or species, including non-mammals. Several species of blesmol, a separate family also sometimes referred to as mole-rats, have also been recorded as prey. Several murid species have been hunted ranging in size from the southern multimammate mouse (Mastomys coucha) to the two non-native Rattus species, including the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus). Some larger rodents they've hunted have included the cape ground squirrel (Xerus inauris), the Gambian pouched rat (Cricetomys qambianus) and the lesser cane rat (Thryonomys gregorianus). The largest known rodent prey is the South African springhare (Pedetes capensis) at an average adult weight of . Avery, et al. (1985) opined that springhares may be only taken as carrion as they claim it be too large for the eagle-owl to overpower and indeed at least one South African springhare was fed on as roadkilled carrion. However, Avery, et al. (1985) also acknowledged that adult monkeys of larger size have verifiably been taken alive by the eagle-owls, so it certainly should not be ruled out that they also take live springhares. + +Many other mammals taken as prey by Verreaux's eagle-owl are seemingly any encountered except the much larger species, especially those that show a propensity for nocturnal or crepuscular activity. This species has hunted bats in several cases from the Lander's horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus landeri), the smallest known vertebrate prey species known for this eagle-owl, to Rousettus fruit bats that weigh over . Most other mammalian prey recorded or inferred as hunted by Verreaux's eagle-owl tend to be considerably larger. Both the scrub hare (Lepus saxatilis) and the cape hare (Lepus capensis) have been reported as food, the scrub species estimated to average when taken. In parts of Kenya, the scrub hare can be a particularly significant contributor of biomass to the eagle-owl's diet. Other assorted mammalian prey species include the golden-rumped elephant shrew (Rhynchocyon chrysopygus) and the cape hyrax (Procavia capensis), although it is possible that juvenile hyraxes are rather more commonly taken than adults. + +So far as is known, Verreaux's eagle-owl is the only living owl that preys upon multiple species of primate, although isolated incidents of predation (normally on young primates) has been reported in two to three other large, tropical owls. Multiple cases of predation against galagos have been reported, unsurprisingly as they represent all nocturnal primates in Africa, although they are seldom identified to species. Known galago prey species have ranged from the Thomas's bushbaby (Galagoides thomasi) to the brown greater galago (Otolemur crassicaudatus). Monkeys are also predated opportunistically. Particularly often reported in foods of the Verreaux's eagle-owl as primates go is the vervet monkey (Chlorocebus pygerythrus). Incidents of successful predation have included vervets that were half-grown, which the eagle-owl was able to fly off with (despite being about as heavy as the eagle-owl itself), and an adult vervet of an estimated weight of , which an eagle-owl took on the ground and subsequently dismembered. However, considering the formidable gauntlet of predators that vervet monkeys face, the Verreaux's eagle-owl is one of its more minor predators and attacks on them may be considered incidental, due in part to the monkey's primarily diurnal activities. Other monkey species believed to be occasionally vulnerable to attacks include the blue monkey (Cercopithecus mitis), which is similar in size to the vervet, patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) and the young of the chacma baboon (Papio ursinus). Adult patas monkeys, averaging some , can be even larger than vervet monkeys but whether they take prime adults of the species is questionable. + +There are a few verified cases of Verreaux's eagle-owls feeding on ungulates; however, some authors such as Avery, et al. (1985) feel that these generally represent cases of scavenging on carrion. The remains of an adult grysbok (Raphicerus melanotis), weighing an estimated , was opined with certainty to have been taken as carrion per this study. Steyn (1982) accepted that this species could take live prey weighing up to on rare occasions; however, he stated in a case of an adult common duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia) being fed on by an eagle-owl that the duiker was likely roadkill. Scavenging on carrion is generally a rare behaviour in owls and has been reported in only a few cases where large owls are exceptionally hungry. Live ungulates verified to have been hunted have included piglets of common warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus), which have an average birth weight of only but grow to over in just a couple weeks. Adult Kirk's dik-diks (Madoqua kirkii), one of the smallest antelope species at an average of have also been hunted by Verreaux's eagle-owl. + +Among mammalian carnivores the bulk of predatory incidents have reportedly involved mongooses. Common, social species from savanna-edge such as the yellow mongoose (Cynictis penicillata) and the meerkats (Suricata suricatta) have been attacked, as well as larger, shy forest dwellers such as the Jackson's mongoose (Bdeogale jacksoni). An adult Meller's mongoose (Rhynchogale melleri) weighing about which was taken by a Verreaux's eagle-owl on the wing represents the second heaviest known object successfully flown with this species after the aforementioned half-grown vervet monkey. Other smallish carnivores known to fall prey to Verreaux's eagle-owls include the African striped weasel (Poecilogale albinucha) and its larger cousin, the striped polecat (Ictonyx striatus), which in one nest from the border of the Kalahari represented the sole prey species for a pair of eagle-owls. In southern Africa, both the cape genet (Genetta tigrina), averaging , and the black-footed cat (Felis nigripes), the smallest felid in Africa, have been included amongst their prey. The Verreaux's eagle-owl is thought to be a threat to even larger carnivores, including the bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis) and the aardwolf (Proteles cristata), although whether healthy adults of the latter are in danger is doubtful. A scientifically-observed attack on an adult male African wildcat (Felis silvestris cafra), which can weigh more than about , was aborted after the eagle-owl apparently deemed that the felid was too heavy to take flight with. However, domesticated cats of any size may fall prey to Verreaux's eagle-owl. At Lake Baringo Country Club in Kenya, this eagle-owl has apparently taken to habitually hunting outdoor cats, reportedly making the cats on the grounds highly skittish. + +Birds + +Verreaux's eagle-owl takes a diverse range of birds as prey. More than 50 avian prey species have been identified and they may locally exceed mammals in importance in the diet, somewhat unusually for eagle-owls. No one type of bird can be said to be predictably favored as prey and any avian species unfortunate enough to have a nighttime roost or nest that happens to be in an eagle-owl's foraging path may fall victim to this species. Many cases of predation involve nest robbery, with nestlings or fledglings being taken, although adult birds may be taken just as often, especially for species with less conspicuous nests. In South Africa's De Hoop Nature Reserve, it was found that birds were somewhat better represented by both number, 43.3% of remains, and biomass, 57.84% of remains, than mammals or any other prey group. The species best represented in biomass in the prior study was the black-headed heron (Ardea melanocephala) with several adults estimated to average being found among the prey remains. Other fairly common, largish herons are also known to fall prey at night to Verreaux's eagle-owl including the common egret (Ardea alba), the grey heron (Ardea cinerea) and the purple heron (Ardea purpurea). + +Other medium-sized water birds known to have been represented in this species diet include the yellow-billed duck (Anas undulata), the African black duck (Anas sparsa), the African swamphen (Porphyrio madagascariensis) and the red-knobbed coot (Fulica cristata). Besides herons, another well-represented group of birds in the diet are galliforms. Perhaps the most widely preyed species reported from this group is the helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris), which may seasonally dominate the eagle-owl's food in Kenya. More modestly sized wild galliform species reported in the diet including the common quail (Coturnix coturnix) and the grey-winged francolin (Francolinus africanus). Domestic fowl, especially those allowed back to a semi-feral state and thus sleeping in the open as is prevalent in Africa, are taken when encountered, including chickens and peafowls. + +Various upland birds recorded as prey include the Namaqua sandgrouse (Pterocles namaqua), the rock pigeon (Columba livia), the laughing dove (Streptopelia senegalensis), the Senegal coucal (Centropus senegalensis), the scaly-throated honeyguide (Indicator variegatus) and several species of hornbill, ranging in size from the northern red-billed hornbill (Tockus erythrorhynchus) to the silvery-cheeked hornbill (Bycanistes brevis). Among passerines, the most frequently taken are likely to be corvids, which are often favored by Bubo owls from around the world due to their large size, relatively open nests and frequently easy-to-find, communal nocturnal roosts. To date the cape crow (Corvus capensis) and pied crow (Corvus albus) are the corvids reported in dietary studies. In Ethiopia, thick-billed ravens (Corvus crassirostris), which at are possibly the heaviest corvid species in the world, mobbed them vigorously and seemed to consider them a primary threat. Smaller passerines are by no means ignored. White-eyes are among the more frequently taken smaller passerines, with the southern yellow white-eye (Zosterops anderssoni) being the smallest identified avian prey species, although penduline tits (Anthoscopus ssp.) are likely to be even smaller. The largest bird to be hunted by Verreaux's eagle-owl is complicated by the fact that they often take relatively small nestlings of larger species, such as ostriches (Struthio camelus) and grey crowned cranes (Balearica regulorum). The only avian prey items successfully attacked larger than other types of birds of prey (reviewed later) are likely bustards. Most predation records have reported on relatively small bustards, namely northern (Afrotis afraoides) and southern black korhaans (Afrotis afra), which average only and , respectively. Larger species of bustard thought to be threatened by Verreaux's eagle-owl are the Denham's bustard (Neotis denhami) and the kori bustard (Ardeotis kori), although it is not clear whether adults (especially males) are attacked in the latter species. + +Other prey + +Reptiles and amphibians are occasional prey for Verreaux's eagle-owls. Various snakes have been included in their diet ranging from the small, innocuous brown house snake (Boaedon fuliginosus) at to large and venomous Egyptian cobras (Naja haje) weighing over . Frogs were amongst the prominent prey recorded for suburban-breeding eagle-owls in South Africa, namely the African red toad (Schismaderma carens) and the guttural toad (Amietophrynus gutturalis). Unidentified frogs were fairly significant in the diet from Kenya. The largest herpetological prey known is the Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus), at a mean mature mass of , these primarily diurnal reptiles can provide a fulfilling meal but can be hard to subdue even if ambushed unaware. + +Predation on fish has been reported but no fish have been observed firsthand in dietary studies. A surprisingly wide range of invertebrates have been reported in the diet for this species. In some cases, they may prey on insects as small as termites and even smaller invertebrates have been recorded in pellets such as oribatid mites and Sarcophaga flies, but are likely consumed incidentally while eating a larger item, either from carrion or the stomach of the prey itself. Unidentified scorpions, spiders and millipedes have also been reported in their foods. Most attacks on insects involve large ground beetles or dung beetles. Verreaux's eagle-owl has been known to feed on dung beetles among herds of African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) by night, boldly diving below the massive bovids’ legs, and will readily feed on beetles among elephant dung when available. + +Interspecies predatory relations + +Sub-Saharan Africa has many species of owl, although there is less species diversity than in some areas of similar latitude in the neotropics and south Asia. It also hosts the most species of eagle-owl with approximately eight "typical" Bubo species and all three fishing owl species as well. Due to the diversity here, there are a number of distinctions between habitat preference, primary prey types and body size among the eagle-owls of Africa. The three smallest species of this genus reside solely in Africa, the akun eagle-owl (Ketupa leucosticta), the greyish eagle-owl (Bubo cinerascens) and the spotted eagle-owl (Bubo africanus), in rough order of increasing size. These species are all primarily insectivores and are much reduced in the size and strength of their feet and talons compared to most other contemporary species, although the spotted eagle-owl can be locally specialized to feed on small rodents as well. While the akun is a primary forest-dweller as are the medium-sized Fraser's and Usambara eagle-owl and large Shelley's eagle-owl and thus is not likely to co-exist with Verreaux's eagle-owls except in rare cases, the northerly-distributed greyish eagle-owl (which was at one point considered merely a subspecies of the spotted) and the southerly-distributed spotted eagle-owl have much more similar habitat preferences to the Verreaux's species. Of the non-piscivorous owls in Africa, the Cape eagle-owl can have a somewhat broad diet and a capability to take large prey but is more specialized to feed on a narrow range of mammals, mole-rats often supplemented with rock hyrax, than the Verreaux's eagle-owl. The Cape eagle-owl has a fairly strong preference for nesting and hunting within the confines of rocky and mountainous habitats, whereas the Verreaux's is at best sporadic in such areas. In east Africa and South Africa, habitat degradation has allowed the more adaptable Verreaux's eagle-owl to move into areas inhabited by cape eagle-owls and has presented the possible issue of the Verreaux's competitively excluding the smaller species. + +Outside of the genus Bubo, other owls in Africa are much smaller than Verreaux's eagle-owls and are more likely to be viewed as prey than competition. Among the small-to-mid-sized owls that have fallen prey to this species are the barn owl (Tyto alba) and the African grass owl (Tyto capensis), both of which average around in body mass in Africa, the marsh owl (Asio capensis) and the southern white-faced owl (Ptilopsis granti). The only verified interactions with other typical eagle-owls have been predatory, as the spotted eagle-owl has been recorded among their prey in a few cases. There are several owls with broadly similar habitat preferences from African scops owls (Otus senegalensis) to African wood owls (Strix woodfordii) that have not been reported as food but are almost certainly occasionally threatened by Verreaux's eagle-owls. As is commonly the case with eagle-owls, the Verreaux's eagle-owl is perhaps the most serious predatory threat to diurnal raptors in its range, most often ambushing raptors on their prominent nests upon nightfall and freely killing birds of prey of any age from nestlings to adults. Such prey is not quantitatively significant as a food source but since raptors as a rule are sparsely distributed the habitual visitation of a single or pair of Verreaux's eagle-owl can potentially be devastating to a local population. Among the species of small-to-medium-sized raptors known to be attacked are the African harrier-hawk (Polyboroides typus), the pale chanting goshawk (Melierax canorus), the African marsh harrier (Circus ranivorus), the scissor-tailed kite (Chelictinia riocourii), the African goshawk (Accipiter tachiro) the common buzzard (Buteo buteo) and the Wahlberg's eagle (Hieraaetus wahlbergi). + +There are reports of Verreaux's eagle-owls attacking even larger raptorial birds. A case of the Verreaux's eagle-owl killing an adult Pel's fishing owl in Botswana was verified. At roughly in body mass, the fishing owl is of nearly the same size as the eagle-owl. Cases where they've attacked the nests of particularly large diurnal birds of prey have sometimes involved only nestlings being victimized, such as attacks on the hooded vulture (Necrosyrtes monachus) and the bateleur (Terathopius ecaudatus); none of the adults, which are about the same average adult body mass as the Verreaux's eagle-owls, have been reported as prey. However, in some even larger birds of prey, adults as well as nestlings and fledglings have been killed. Successful nighttime attacks have been reported on adults of the African fish eagle (Haliaeetus vocifer) and the secretarybird (Sagittarius serpentarius). In the Matobo Hills of Zimbabwe, the Verreaux's eagle-owl has been considered as one of the inferred predators of Verreaux's eagle (Aquila verreauxii), although whether adults or only nestlings are vulnerable is not definitely clear. + +Other than these rare cases, larger birds of prey such as eagles are not usually harassed by Verreaux's eagle-owl and are more aptly viewed as competitors. In fact, the martial eagle (Polemaetus bellicosus) is sometimes regarded as the diurnal ecological equivalent of the Verreaux's eagle-owl. The martial eagle has rather similar habitat preferences to the eagle-owl and has a similarly broad, opportunistic diet. At roughly in average body mass, the martial eagle is roughly twice as heavy as Verreaux's eagle-owl and takes correspondingly large prey, its average prey weight range being and the eagles are capable of exceptionally taking prey up to nearly nine times their own weight, whereas most of the eagle-owls prey does not exceed . Verreaux's eagle-owl is likely to give martial eagles a respectful space during daytime and there are no records of the two species harassing one another. Another particularly large and aggressive eagle, the crowned eagle (Stephanoaetus coronatus), is largely a forest-dweller and so is less directly a diurnal equivalent. There is a single recorded instance of an immature crowned eagle being aggressively displaced at night by an adult Verreaux's eagle-owl when it happened to encroach on the eagle-owl's territory but without bloodshed and eagle-owls would do well to avoid the exceptionally powerful eagle. Taken together, the Verreaux's, the Shelley's and the Cape eagle-owls could be seen as nocturnally replacing the eagle species of martial, crowned and Verreaux's eagles in the respective habitats of savanna, forest and rocky areas but their increasingly diminishing size in comparison to the diurnal eagles means that, generally speaking, less large-bodied prey is likely to be attacked. Despite its place near the top of the nocturnal avian food chain, in 2013 a remote wildlife camera videotaped a black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas) attacking and killing a Verreaux's eagle owl at a watering hole. Similar rare successful attacks on great horned owls and Eurasian eagle-owls by smaller red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) have been reported, but in these cases the horned owl was mysteriously grounded and the eagle-owl was nesting in too-easily accessed sea cliffs. More often foxes are prey rather than predators for northern Bubo owls. Given that the Verreaux's eagle-owl is surprisingly bold about coming to their ground to, among other things capture beetles, feed on prey too large to carry in flight or, as is likely the case in the jackal attack, drink water, it is possible that the jackal was simply able to ambush an incautious eagle-owl rather than a grounded one. Perhaps even more unexpectedly, an adult bateleur was filmed killing a Verreaux's eagle-owl by day, though whether this was predation or a competitive or anti-predatory attack is unclear. + +Breeding + +In the heart of their distribution, i.e. east Africa, breeding activity in this species can peak any time from February to September, but can occur nearly any month at the species level. The timing of breeding is said to be correspondent roughly to the regional dry season, so averages earlier in the northern part of the range (before February) and later (July to September) in the southern part of the range such as Kenya and South Africa. In the northern part of the range, breeding season commenced in November in Mali, in November and December in Senegal, December in Equatorial Guinea and January in Nigeria. The monogamous pair is quite stable, most likely mating for life. As in most owls, a courtship display is both to establish mates for a newly mature pair of eagle-owls or to strength pair bonds prior to nesting. Vocalizations during courtship displays consist of relatively rapid and excited calling, hooting and whining. The pair during courtship will bow to one another, flick open their wings and preen each other's feathers, with the male taking the more active part in the courtship ritual. Like all raptorial birds, Verreaux's eagle-owls are strongly territorial. The pair will defend their territory by their song and sometimes (though rarely) through duets. The territories of Verreaux's eagle-owls can range up to 7,000 hectares in size, although average territory sizes are seemingly unknown. + +Like great horned owls, but unlike Eurasian eagle-owls, the Verreaux's eagle-owls normally uses old nests built by other birds as their own nests. Usage of a nest site other than those constructed by other birds is considered rarer even than in the horned owl and is viewed as almost exceptional in some parts of this species range. Existent reports of this species building its own nest are certain to be dubious, as no known living owl builds a nest and only a small handful of owl species have been verified adding a small amount of nesting material to an existing surface or nest. They variety of bird nests they use is extreme. Large stick nests in sturdy trees are generally used. In southern Africa, recorded nest heights have ranged from off the ground. Like other Bubo owls, the large nest of large-bodied accipitrids are often popular for use, due to the often huge size and sturdiness of construction typical in this family, with the nest builders devoting up to four months to their construction. However, perhaps the constructor of nests that most often host Verreaux's eagle-owls are hamerkops (Scopus umbretta). In everywhere from Mali to South Africa the eagle-owl has been recorded using old nests built by this species. The unusual, massive nest is an enclosed circle of sticks with a side entrance that are often very large relative to the size of the hamerkop, a smallish, compact wading bird. Usually the eagle-owls nest on the flat top of the hamerkop nest rather than the interior which is usually too small for the eagle-owls to enter and this can provide a rather safe structure for the eagle-owl family to call home. + +Other nest builders which are popular as hosts are vultures, eagles (at least eight species have built nests used by these eagle-owls), secretarybirds, crows and even much smaller birds such as weavers, which build huge communal nest structures which the eagle-owls then similarly nest on top of. Most nests are already abandoned when the Verreaux's eagle-owl take over it, in large accipitrids for example, many build alternate nests which are not used for years on end. However, if the nest is occupied, the Verreaux's eagle-owl pair readily displaces the occupants and sometimes feeds on the birds in them. Species known to be successfully displaced from their nests have ranged up in size to lappet-faced vultures (Torgos tracheliotos), which are more than three times heavier on average than the Verreaux's eagle-owl. In some cases, hamerkops have been known to try to defend their nest from the eagle-owls but are usually chased away. Verreaux's eagle-owls have been known to displace other opportunistic nest usurpers such as other owls and falcons in order to take over nest structures for themselves. In one case, a pair of eagle-owls nested on top of a hamerkop nest while the interior of the nest was occupied by Egyptian geese (Alopochen aegyptiacus), an unusual aggressive species of waterfowl that uses nests built by other species. In rare cases, Verreaux's eagle-owls have been recorded using large, old hollows, the stem of a palm tree or on a very dense tangle of creepers or orchids instead of birds' nests as a nesting site. + +On average, the female lays two white eggs, which typically measure , with a range in height of and a range in width of . The eggs weigh from , the upper weight being the mean mass of the first egg and the lower weight being the mean mass of the second egg. The eggs are reportedly laid at up to 7 day intervals and may take up nearly seven days as well between hatching. Most nest reportedly contain two eggs, but some may contain only one, and no more than two has been recorded in this species. The adult female incubates the eggs for 33 to 39 days, the incubation stage being slightly longer than those of most other eagle-owls, at least the more northern species. On average at hatching, the young weigh about . The weight of the nestling can triple within five days after hatching. Due to the extreme interval between the hatching of the first and the second egg, the older owlet is always considerably larger than the second. As is widely reported in different kinds of raptorial birds, the smaller chick usually dies in the nest. This may be due to starvation upon being outcompeted for food by the older chick or the smaller chick may be being attacked and killed by its older sibling. Usually the smaller chick is gone within two weeks after hatching in this species. In rare cases, both chicks are reared and survive to leave the nest, although there are no known cases of two fledglings resulting from a Verreaux's eagle-owl nest in southern Africa. The young are covered in off-white down from hatching on and the pink eyelids may become apparent within the first week of life. By three weeks of age, the chicks down will thicken and darken to a greyish colour with some barring present. By six weeks, the young eagle-owl will start to somewhat resemble an adult, replete with the blackish brackets on the facial disc of the adult but still being fairly downy, particularly about the head. Only a week later, almost all the down is likely to be moulted. + +The mother Verreaux's eagle-owl remains on the nest for nearly the entire incubation period while the male hunts for food for both of them. During the brooding stage, which lasts about 20 days after hatching, the female is still fed by the male, but resumes hunting thereafter. During the incubation and brooding stage, the male usually roosts near the nest during the day while the female continually sits about the nest. After the brooding stage, the female normally takes to a perch within a dozen or so metres of the nest. Both parents may use a favor perch near the nest at which they dismantle prey into pieces that can be more easily consumed by their young, these may be called "plucking" perches where birds are more commonly eaten or "peeling" perches where hedgehogs are the most regular prey. Most dietary studies for the species have been from researching the pellets and skins under such perches. The female is an extremely tight sitter both while incubating and brooding, and may not even be displaced from the nest even if shouted at or the tree is struck. When intruders approach too closely, including other eagle-owls, potential predators and humans, the most common response of the parent Verreaux's eagle-owl is to grunt lowly, often raising its ear-tufts and bill-clapping. Both sexes may engage in distraction displays when the area near the nest is encroached, but it usually the male and most displays occur during nighttime but are possible at any time of day or night. During such displays, the adult will fly lover the ground with drooping wings, or alights and drags its wings and flaps about, often while bill-clacking and calling. Similar injury-feigning distraction displays have been recorded in the Eurasian eagle-owl and smaller owl species but are not known in most other Bubo species. In one case, feral dogs were successfully lured away from a young Verreaux's eagle-owl by its parents’ distraction display after the young bird had fallen to the ground. In rare cases, the parent eagle-owls will attack interlopers. In one such case, a person who picked up a young eagle-owl on the ground was severely injured after both parents attacked him. + +On average, the young Verreaux's eagle-owl leaves the nest at around 62–63 days but cannot fly at this point. It may take roughly anywhere from another two weeks to a month after this before the fledgling is a competent flier. After leaving the nest, the fledgling is "remarkably inactive", making a minimum of effort to fly, and usually selecting a roost within a few feet of the nest which it has awkwardly climbed to or will drop to a large bush below the nest. In the nest, the chick will beg for food with a shrill or chittering noise, sometimes bobbing its head or swaying about and transferring its weight between its feet (sometimes called a "hunger dance") and it continues to rely on its parents for food well after leaving the nest. Sometimes after leaving the nest, the young eagle-owls are mobbed as are adults by other birds of prey and crows during the day, which is often heatedly directed at this species as adult eagle-owls regularly kill these birds at night. The young eagle-owl may dodge to denser branches to avoid being wounded during such attacks. Young Verreaux's eagle-owls may fall to the ground, often as a result of mobbing. If the young bird is discovered on the ground, it may feign death, lying prone with its head lax and its eyes closed. Even if picked up while death-shamming, the young eagle-owl may remain moribund. Upon being left without disturbance after "playing dead", the young Verreaux's eagle-owl will gradually open its eyes and return to a normal state. + +It is not until they are about 5 months old do most young Verreaux's eagle-owl show the ability to capture prey for themselves. However, the stage at which the young of this species becomes independent appears remarkably variable. One ringed 9-month-old moved away from its nest area and was thus seemingly fully independent. On the other hand, Verreaux's eagle-owls of over half-a-year in age who presumably can fly and hunt on their own have been seen to linger and continue to beg its parents to be fed into the next breeding season, and may even be fed by their father while he is also feeding the mother and a new nestling. In Kenya, when a biologist fed a wild juvenile eagle-owl mole-rats and chicken heads in its nest area, the young eagle-owl apparently became remarkably confiding towards the person. The tendency of young eagle-owls to linger into the next breeding season sometimes results in "family groups" roosting together, a very unusual occurrence for an eagle-owl species. One such group consisted of five birds together, including two parents and three owls from the preceding past three years and apparently the younger eagle-owls even helped bring food for the chick once the egg hatched. + +On average, sexual maturity in Verreaux's eagle-owls appears to be attained at three to four years of age. In most cases, a pair of Verreaux's eagle-owl is able to nest annually; however, in some cases they may nest only every two to three years, in probable situations of extreme food shortages. Annual mortality appears to be fairly low in this large owl species. Few species have been reported to hunt Verreaux's eagle-owls short of the aforementioned jackal attack, even nests have rarely been seen to be predated, although they may on rare occasions run foul of some predators such as larger felids with the ability to climb. That young birds usually leave the nest before they can fly would appear to endanger them but the threat and distraction display of parent eagle-owls are apparently often successful. Adult eagle-owls can appear nearly fearless, as they have been reported to stand their ground and engage in threat displays when encountered on or near the ground against much larger animals such as rhinoceroses and lions, and in such cases are apparently not approached further by the bigger animals although the eagle-owls could easily be killed by such animals if contact was made. The lifespan in the wild is not known; however, in captivity the species can live for over 15 years, and possibly up to 30 years in some cases. + +Status + +Verreaux's eagle-owl is a seldom-encountered species, occurring at low densities and needing large territories for hunting and breeding purposes. The threats faced by this species are sadly typical of many large birds of prey from around the world. Not infrequently, they are locally rare due to persecution. The normal cause of persecution is their possible status as predators of small domestic stock, though this is certain to be rare, at least in areas with substantial wild prey populations. An additional threat is the residual effects of pesticides, as poison (usually through rodenticide or poisoned carcasses left out for scavengers such as jackals) consumed through prey may badly affect them. They may be killed by flying into novel man-made objects, including wires and massive dams along reservoirs. + +Habitat destruction can also affect them, as they require ample trees with large bird nests in order to take residence in a given area. In some areas, however, they've been shown to be able to nest in peri-urban or suburban areas, showing greater adaptability to human-based land changes than many other large birds of prey. In Eswatini, the species is considered Near Threatened and the species has been recommended for threatened status in southern Africa overall. In west Africa and central Africa, the habitat is often marginal for this species, the distribution is sporadic and thus this eagle-owl is only encountered either uncommonly or rarely. The greatest regional stronghold for Verreaux's eagle-owls is seemingly east Africa, in countries such as Kenya, which may have numbers comparable to pre-colonial times. At the species level, they are widespread and currently not considered to be threatened with extinction. + +References + +Owls of the World by Konig, Weick & Becking. Yale University Press (2009), + +External links + + (Giant Eagle-Owl =) Verreaux's Eagle-Owl – Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds. + Verreaux's Eagle-Owl videos, photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection + +Verreaux's eagle-owl +Birds of prey of Sub-Saharan Africa +Verreaux's eagle-owl +Birds of East Africa +Leslie Ann Sykes (born June 27, 1965) is an American television news anchor, journalist and reporter. Sykes is the morning and midday co-anchor of the "Eyewitness News" at KABC-TV, ABC's owned and operated television station in Los Angeles. + +Early life +Leslie Ann Sykes was born in San Diego, California to Abel Baxton Sykes, Jr. (June 1, 1934 - December 19, 2012) and Sylvia Mae Thierry Sykes. She has two older sisters; Dawn Carol Sykes and Daphne Grace Sykes. She grew up in Compton, California, where her father worked as an administrator for Compton Community College. Sykes attended St. Joseph High School (Lakewood, California) and then went to Spelman College in Atlanta, Georgia where she majored and has a degree in English. While there, she made her film debut as "Miss Mission" in Spike Lee's 1988 film, School Daze. + +Career +Upon graduation, Sykes began her professional career as a journalist. One of her first jobs was as a general assignment reporter at the now defunct Los Angeles Herald-Examiner. An internship followed at local independent television station (now My Network TV affiliate) KCOP-TV. This led to a desk assistant position in the news department at Fox affiliate KTTV. + +Her big break came when she landed her first on-air job in Hattiesburg, Mississippi at WDAM-TV. Not only did she serve as a reporter, she anchored three shows a day and produced a newscast. From there she received her first major market assignment at WVUE-TV in New Orleans, Louisiana. In December 1994, Sykes returned to Los Angeles as a general assignment reporter for KABC-TV's "Eyewitness News" program. + +In late 1998, Sykes was approached by WBBM-TV in Chicago to become its new top female weekend anchor, replacing Sarah Lucero. However, a December 3, 1998 article in the Chicago Sun-Times reported that She had opted "to stay put in L.A." + +In June 1999, Sykes was promoted to co-anchor the weekend edition of the "Eyewitness News". In 2009, she was promoted again to co-anchor of the 11am-Noon slot and then joined the team on "Eyewitness News This Morning" as well. + +Personal life +Sykes is married to Patrick W. Spann. They have a son and currently live in the View Park-Windsor Hills neighborhood of Los Angeles. + +References + +External links + Leslie Sykes' bio on KABC-TV website + +1965 births +Living people +African-American television personalities +American television journalists +African-American women journalists +African-American journalists +African-American writers +American women television journalists +Spelman College alumni +People from Compton, California +Television anchors from Los Angeles +Television anchors from New Orleans +People from San Diego +Journalists from California +People from View Park–Windsor Hills, California +The Bonhoeffer family is a German family that, though originating in the city of Nijmegen, has been documented in the city of Schwäbisch Hall from 1513 onwards. Among the family's most notable members are Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Klaus Bonhoeffer, both executed in the last days of World War II by Adolf Hitler's government for their different resistance activities against the Nazi régime. + +History +Karl Bonhoeffer was born on 31 March 1868 in Neresheim, Württemberg, the son of Friedrich von Bonhoeffer (1828–1907), presiding judge in Ulm, and his wife Julie, née Tafel (1842–1936). He studied medicine at the universities of Tübingen, Berlin and Munich; in 1892 he obtained his doctorate supervised by Paul Grützner. After working as a physician for several years, he became director of the Breslau psychiatric hospital and also habilitated at the Breslau University, under Carl Wernicke, in 1897. + +In 1898, Bonhoeffer married Paula von Hase (1876–1951), a granddaughter of Protestant theologian Karl Hase (1800–1890). Karl and Paula Bonhoeffer had eight children, whom they educated at home: +Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer (1899–1957) worked as a chemist before and after serving in World War I and was married to Grete von Dohnányi. His son was Johann Friedrich Bonhoeffer (1932–2021) a prominent physicist, biologist, and neuroscientist, and former (since 1972) director at the Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology. His grandson Tobias Bonhoeffer (born 1960) is a prominent neurobiologist and director at the Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology. His other grandson Sebastian Bonhoeffer is a theoretical biologist and professor at ETH Zurich. +Walter Bonhoeffer (1899–1918) was killed in action during World War I. +Klaus Bonhoeffer (1901–1945) became a lawyer but served as a hospital orderly in World War I. He was executed by the Nazis. His wife was Emilie Delbrück, daughter of Hans Delbrück, and sister of Justus Delbrück and Max Delbrück. +Ursula Schleicher (1902–1983) married lawyer Rüdiger Schleicher (1895–1945), who was executed by the Nazis. Her daughter Renate (born 1925) married theologian Eberhard Bethge (1909–2000), her daughter Dorothee (born 1928) married political scientist Karl Dietrich Bracher (1922–2016). +Christine von Dohnanyi (1903–1965) married Hans von Dohnányi (1902–1945), brother of Grete von Dohnányi, who was executed by the Nazis. Her sons are politician Klaus von Dohnányi (born 1928) and conductor Christoph von Dohnányi (born 1929). Her grandson Justus von Dohnányi (born 1960), son of Christoph, became an actor. +Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906–1945) became a Lutheran minister; he was engaged to be married to Maria von Wedemeyer (1924–1977) when he was executed by the Nazis. +Sabine Leibholz-Bonhoeffer (1906–1999), twin sister of Dietrich, married legal scholar Gerhard Leibholz (1901–1982), judge at the Federal Constitutional Court. +Susanne Dress (1909–1991) married theologian Walter Dress (1904–1979). + +In 1912 Karl Bonhoeffer succeeded Theodor Ziehen as professor of psychiatry at the Berlin Charité hospital. He became a prominent psychiatric consultant on culpability and insanity defense, who, after the Reichstag fire of 1933 attested Marinus van der Lubbe's capacity for guilt in the Leipzig Trial. As a follower of Emil Kraepelin, he worked on differential diagnosis to delimit schizophrenia and paranoia from a delirium as organic brain syndrome. He opposed the ideas of Freud and Jung and, although initially in favour of sterilization programmes, it is said he refused to participate in the Nazi-sponsored sterilizations started by the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring enacted in 1933. Karl Bonhoeffer officially retired in March 1936, though he continued to give scientific lectures until 1938. His successor at the Charité Hospital, Max de Crinis, was deeply involved in the Nazi abuse and murders of the Action T4 "euthanasia" programme. + +Two sons of the Bonhoeffers and two sons-in-law were executed by the Nazis for their part in the German Resistance. In addition, Paula Bonhoeffer's cousin, Paul von Hase, was also executed for a role in the Resistance, and the couple's daughter, Christel von Dohnanyi, and one grandson-in-law, Eberhard Bethge, were imprisoned by the Nazis but survived. Dietrich, as a Protestant theologian became a member of the Confessing Church, joined the German resistance to fight against the evils of Nazi Germany, was arrested in 1943, and executed on April 9, 1945, at Flossenbürg concentration camp, with his brother-in-law Hans von Dohnányi. Klaus Bonhoeffer and his brother-in-law Rüdiger Schleicher likewise joined the resistance, were arrested, and, with other conspirators of the 20 July plot, found guilty by the "People's Court" (Volksgerichtshof) under presiding judge Roland Freisler on October 2, 1944; they were shot by Gestapo henchmen in the night of April 22–23, 1945, near the ruins of Berlin Lehrter Bahnhof, while Red Army forces entered the city. + +Karl Bonhoeffer continued to work as a professor after the war. He died after a stroke on 4 December 1948 in Berlin. + +References + + Dietrich Bonhoeffer – Official homepage + Metaxas, Eric. Bonhoeffer: Pastor, Martyr, Prophet, Spy. Thomas Nelson Publishers, 2010 + Leibholz-Bonhoeffer, Sabine. The Bonhoeffers: portrait of a family. St. Martin's Press, 1972 + Dietrich Bonhoeffer, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum website + +German families +Families of Dutch ancestry +Dietrich Bonhoeffer +Gold-containing drugs are pharmaceuticals that contain gold. Sometimes these species are referred to as "gold salts". "Chrysotherapy" and "aurotherapy" are the applications of gold compounds to medicine. Research on the medicinal effects of gold began in 1935, primarily to reduce inflammation and to slow disease progression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The use of gold compounds has decreased since the 1980s because of numerous side effects and monitoring requirements, limited efficacy, and very slow onset of action. Most chemical compounds of gold, including some of the drugs discussed below, are not salts, but are examples of metal thiolate complexes. + +Use in rheumatoid arthritis +Investigation of medical applications of gold began at the end of the 19th century, when gold cyanide demonstrated efficacy in treating Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro. + +Indications +The use of injected gold compound is indicated for rheumatoid arthritis. Its uses have diminished with the advent of newer compounds such as methotrexate and because of numerous side effects. The efficacy of orally administered gold is more limited than injecting the gold compounds. + +Mechanism in arthritis +The mechanism by which gold drugs affect arthritis is unknown. + +Administration +Gold-containing drugs for rheumatoid arthritis are administered by intramuscular injection but can also be administered orally (although the efficacy is low). Regular urine tests to check for protein, indicating kidney damage, and blood tests are required. + +Efficacy +A 1997 review (Suarez-Almazor ME, et al) reports that treatment with intramuscular gold (parenteral gold) reduces disease activity and joint inflammation. Gold-containing drugs taken by mouth are less effective than by injection. Three to six months are often required before gold treatment noticeably improves symptoms. + +Side effects + +Chrysiasis +A noticeable side-effect of gold-based therapy is skin discoloration, in shades of mauve to a purplish dark grey when exposed to sunlight. Skin discoloration occurs when gold salts are taken on a regular basis over a long period of time. Excessive intake of gold salts while undergoing chrysotherapy results – through complex redox processes – in the saturation by relatively stable gold compounds of skin tissue and organs (as well as teeth and ocular tissue in extreme cases) in a condition known as chrysiasis. This condition is similar to argyria, which is caused by exposure to silver salts and colloidal silver. Chrysiasis can ultimately lead to acute kidney injury (such as tubular necrosis, nephrosis, glomerulitis), severe heart conditions, and hematologic complications (leukopenia, anemia). While some effects can be healed with moderate success, the skin discoloration is considered permanent. + +Other side effects +Other side effects of gold-containing drugs include kidney damage, itching rash, and ulcerations of the mouth, tongue, and pharynx. Approximately 35% of patients discontinue the use of gold salts because of these side effects. Kidney function must be monitored continuously while taking gold compounds. + +Types + Disodium aurothiomalate + Sodium aurothiosulfate (Gold sodium thiosulfate) + Sodium aurothiomalate (Gold sodium thiomalate) (UK) + Auranofin (UK & US) + Aurothioglucose (Gold thioglucose) (US) + +References + +External links +"Gold salts for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis". BCHealthGuide.org +"Gold salts information". DiseasesDatabase.com +"HMS researchers find how gold fights arthritis: Sheds light on how medicinal metal function against rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases." Harvard University Gazette (2006) +"Aurothioglucose is a gold salt used in treating inflammatory arthritis". MedicineNet.com +"About gold treatment: What is it? Gold treatment includes different forms of gold salts used to treat arthritis." Washington.edu University of Washington (December 30, 2004) + +Gold compounds +Hepatotoxins +Antirheumatic products +Coordination complexes +Nephrotoxins +MHR may refer to: + + the ISO 639 code for Meadow Mari language + Matheran Hill Railway + Mid Hants Railway + Member of the Human Race (M.H.R.), an ironic expression + Member of the Australian House of Representatives + Member of the New Zealand House of Representatives, used between the 1860s and 1907 + Montpellier Hérault Rugby, a prominent French rugby union club + Muswell Hill Railway + Sacramento Mather Airport + Mediterranean Historical Review, academic journal + MHR (formerly MidlandHR), a UK business + Mike Harmon Racing + MHR Development, LLC + Monster Hunter Rise +Roderrick Justin "Rod" Ferrell (born March 28, 1980) is an American murderer and cult leader. He was a member of a loose-knit gang of teenagers from Murray, Kentucky, known as the "Vampire Clan". Ferrell claimed to be a 500-year-old vampire named Vesago, a character he created for himself after becoming obsessed with the role playing game Vampire: The Masquerade. It was his mother, Sondra Gibson who first introduced this game to Rod. In 1998, Ferrell pleaded guilty to the double slaying of a couple from Eustis, Florida, becoming the youngest person in Florida on Death Row at that time. Originally sentenced to death, Ferrell's penalty has since been reduced to life imprisonment. + +The killings +On November 25, 1996, Naomi Ruth Queen and Richard Wendorf were found by their daughter Jennifer Wendorf, beaten to death in their Eustis home. While 49-year-old Richard Wendorf was asleep on his couch and Ruth was in the shower, Ferrell and accomplice Howard Scott Anderson had entered the home through the unlocked garage, picking up the murder weapon, a crowbar. + +Before Richard had even awakened, Ferrell beat him multiple times with it, fracturing both his skull and ribs, almost instantly knocking him out, and killing him shortly thereafter. When Ruth had found Ferrell and Anderson in the home moments later, Ferrell bludgeoned her to death, bashing her head with the crowbar. He claimed in his confession, however, that in his original plan he was going to allow Naomi Ruth to live, but she first attacked him by lunging at him and throwing a very hot cup of coffee on him, which angered him and made him change his mind and so he killed her also. + +Richard had burn marks in the shape of a V. It was said that the V was Ferrell's symbol, which he accompanied with a dot for each person he considered to be in his vampire cult. + +The victims were the parents of Heather Wendorf, a long-time friend of Rod's whom he was helping to run away from a home that she described as "hell". Heather and the other girls that were with Ferrell and Anderson were not at the Wendorf home when the murders took place. Charity Keesee and her friend Dana Cooper had driven Heather to her boyfriend's apartment so Heather could say good-bye before leaving for New Orleans, leaving Roderrick and Scott outside the Wendorf home. + +After four days of driving through four states, the group was found in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. It is believed that Ferrell liked a video arcade in New Orleans, and they were headed there. One of the girls, Charity Keesee, placed a call to her grandmother in South Dakota. The group needed money, and Charity thought her grandmother could help them. However, Keesee's grandmother informed the police about her whereabouts and helped them trick Ferrell, Wendorf, and the rest of the teens into going to a local Howard Johnson's hotel, where they were arrested by waiting law enforcement. The four were held at a Baton Rouge jail for a week before being extradited back to Florida, where they were initially booked at the Lake County Jail. They were later moved to a juvenile facility in Ocala. + +Legal proceedings +On February 12, 1998, then-seventeen-year-old Ferrell pleaded guilty to the murders, claiming that the others traveling with him were innocent except Scott Anderson, who was simply an accessory. Ferrell pleaded guilty to two counts of felony murder. + +Ferrell's attorneys tried to argue that he was insane; he has been diagnosed with mental disorders including schizotypal personality disorder and Asperger syndrome. The University of Florida further attested that Rod could sometimes witness spiritual things, like angels and demons. + +Judge Jerry T. Lockett sentenced Ferrell to death. Charity Keesee was convicted of two counts of third-degree murder, robbery with a gun or deadly weapon and burglary armed with a weapon or explosives. She was sentenced to 10.5 years in state prison. Dana Cooper was convicted of those charges as well, but was given a 17.5 year prison sentence. Anderson was convicted of the same charges as Ferrell and was sentenced to life in prison. + +For two years, Ferrell held the record as the youngest inmate on death row until November 2000, when the Florida Supreme Court reduced his sentence to life in prison. Because Florida had long abolished parole, the sentence is without it. Keesee was released from prison in March 2006 and Cooper was released from prison in October 2011. + +In January 2013, an appellate court dismissed attempts by Roderrick Ferrell and Howard Scott Anderson to get a new sentencing hearing. However, in December 2018, Howard Scott Anderson was resentenced by circuit judge Don Briggs to 40 years in prison. Anderson was given credit for the 22 years he has already served with him first being eligible for release in 2031. + +Ruth Wendorf's relatives attended Anderson's re-sentencing hearing and did not oppose his early release. Speaking with the Daily Commercial, they said they are more concerned about Ferrell who was scheduled to face his own re-sentencing hearing in July 2019. Ferrell's resentencing hearing was then moved to November 18 and then again to April 2020 and the sentencing judge upheld his life without parole sentence and deemed him irreparably corrupt. + +Anderson is currently incarcerated in the Calhoun Correctional Institution while Ferrell is currently incarcerated in the Northwest Florida Reception Center Annex. + +In the media + + 1998 Anglia Television TV crime documentary "Kentucky Teenage Vampires" is about Ferrell and his clan + 2002 film Vampire Clan is based on and named after Ferrell's cult + 2003 Legendary Shack Shakers song "Blood on the Bluegrass", from their album Cockadoodledon't, is about Ferrell. + 2015 Killer Kids Season 4, Episode 8 has a half hour segment on Rod Ferrell and his vampire clan + 2020 The UnXplained with William Shatner is a documentary series which includes an episode about Ferrell in its first season + +See also + List of United States death row inmates + +References + +Sources + "Vampire cult town shrinks under national spotlight" , Lubbock Avalanche-Journal / Associated Press. December 2, 1996. + Hallifax, Jackie. "Death sentence for cult leader reduced", Sun Sentinel. November 10, 2000. + Florida v. Rod Ferrell - "The Vampire Cult Slaying Case", Court TV. June 22, 2001. + Jones, Aphrodite. The Embrace: A True Vampire Story. June 1, 2000. . + Seigenthaler, John. MSNBC Investigates, MSNBC. October 26, 2002. + "The Vampire Clan" profile provided by sacrosanctum.org + +External links + + Rod Ferrell's confession + Serial Killer Central + Inmate profile on the Florida Department of Corrections. + +1980 births +Living people +American people convicted of burglary +American people convicted of murder +American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment +American prisoners sentenced to death +Crimes involving Satanism or the occult +Criminals from Kentucky +Minors convicted of murder +People from Murray, Kentucky +Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Florida +Prisoners sentenced to death by Florida +People with Asperger syndrome +People with schizotypal personality disorder +Vampirism (crime) +People convicted of murder by Florida +Cult leaders +Gladys Bronwyn Stern or GB Stern (17 June 1890 – 20 September 1973), born Gladys Bertha Stern in London, England, wrote many novels, short stories, plays, memoirs, biographies and literary criticism. The National Portrait Gallery, London holds four portraits of her. + +Career + +GB Stern was born on 17 June 1890 in North Kensington, London, the second, by some years, of two sisters. Her family lost their money in the Vaal River diamond crash. After that, they lived in a series of apartments, hotels and boarding houses. Gladys was schooled in England until the age of 16, when, with her parents, she traveled to Continental Europe and studied in Germany and Switzerland. + +She wrote her first novel, Pantomime, in 1914 at the age of 24. Her first critical success came with Twos and Threes in 1916. Her most popular books were the series known by the name of the first, The Matriarch. This was first published as Tents of Israel in 1924. The others in the series are A Deputy Was King (1926), Mosaic (1930), Shining and Free (1935) and The Young Matriarch (1942). + +The Matriarch series revolved around the Rakonitz and Czelovar families and were based on her own family. They are well-to-do and cosmopolitan Jews who settled in England from Hungary, Poland, Russia, and Austria. Like her family, they suffer through an economic crash. + +The first book in the series, The Matriarch, centers around two characters, the matriarch Anastasia and her granddaughter, Toni. Anastasia was based on Stern's great-aunt, who was incensed with the portrayal until the book became successful. The book describes in detail the complicated, florid and noisy life of this Jewish-English family through both triumphs and failures, weddings and funerals. + +Stern's plays include The Man Who Pays The Piper (1931), which was revived by the Orange Tree Theatre in Richmond, London in 2013. + +With Sheila Kaye-Smith she wrote the dialogues Talking of Jane Austen and More Talk of Jane Austen. She also wrote a biography of Robert Louis Stevenson and edited volumes of his works. Her final novel, Promise Not to Tell, was published in 1964. + +In 1934, Long Lost Father was adapted into a film of the same title by RKO Pictures. +In 1947, The Woman in the Hall was released as a film of the same title. +In 1966 her 1938 novel The Ugly Dachshund was made into a film of the same title. + +Personal life + +She married New Zealander Geoffrey Lisle Holdsworth in 1919 and divorced him "fairly soon after". Her closest male friends were the playwright John van Druten and Jack Cohen. A long-time friend was Rebecca West, who came to call her "Peter", as did most of Stern's friends. Stern went through a number of secretaries but Freda Bromhead managed to survive five years with her and came back to help her years later when Stern was in a nursing home. + +Her family was never terribly religious and Stern herself disliked the word 'Jew' and preferred 'Israelite'. In 1947 she converted to Catholicism. She wrote about the conversion in 1954 in All in Good Time. + +She died in Wallingford, Oxfordshire, England on 28 September 1973, at the age of 83. + +Works + +References + +Sources + +External links + + + + +Bibliography of GB Stern’s works +Hall, Lesley (17 November 2002). G.B. Stern – brief bibliography (based on the British Library catalogue) + +1890 births +1973 deaths +20th-century English dramatists and playwrights +20th-century English Jews +20th-century British short story writers +20th-century English memoirists +20th-century English novelists +20th-century English women writers +20th-century Roman Catholics +British women short story writers +Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism +English biographers +English literary critics +British women literary critics +English short story writers +English women dramatists and playwrights +English women journalists +English women non-fiction writers +English women novelists +People educated at Notting Hill & Ealing High School +Writers from Kensington +British women memoirists +British women biographers +New Mexico Junior College (NMJC) is a public junior college in unincorporated Lea County, New Mexico, near Hobbs. + +History and campus +New Mexico Junior College first opened in the fall of 1966. With a current enrollment of 3,375. + +The campus is contained on with over 331,400 gross square feet of building space, worth an estimated $37.3 million. + +Organization and administration +The college district within Lea County supports NMJC by a tax levy. + +Academics +About 3,000 students attend NMJC, approximately 70% of whom are part-time students. 47% of students are aged 25 or over. Only about half of full-time students graduate, and only about 34% of part-time students graduate. NMJC has an open admission policy. + +NMJC offers Associate of Arts, Associate of Science, and Associate of Applied Science degrees along with certificates. There are over 640 courses of study offered annually through NMJC's two instructional sectors: (a) Arts and Sciences and (b) Business and Technology. NMJC also offers certificate programs in many academic areas. + +Athletics +NMJC fields NJCAA Division I teams in men's baseball, men's and women's basketball, men's golf, women's track and field, women's cross country, and men's and women's rodeo. Its baseball team won the NJCAA World Series in 2005, its first championship. Their mascot is the Thunderbird. The men's and women's basketball games are broadcast locally on KNMJ 100.9 FM. + +Notable alumni +Chris Boucher, NBA player for the Toronto Raptors +Avery Johnson, former NBA player and basketball coach +Nick Pivetta (born 1993), Major League Baseball pitcher for the Boston Red Sox +Tharon Drake (born 1992), Paralympic swimmer; won silver at the 2016 Summer Paralympics +Jason Siggers (born 1985), basketball player in the Israel Basketball Premier League +Armando Almanza (born 1972), MLB pitcher, World Series Champion 2003, Florida Marlins +Jose Flores (born 1971), MLB infielder Oakland A's +Mike Vento (born 1979), MLB outfielder New York Yankees +David Carpenter (born 1988), MLB pitcher Anaheim Angels +Brian Flores (1985), NJCAA Player of the Year (baseball) 2005 +Jenifer Jones, nurse and member of the New Mexico House of Representatives + +References + +External links +Official website + + +University of the Southwest +Education in Lea County, New Mexico +Educational institutions established in 1965 +Two-year colleges in the United States +Public universities and colleges in New Mexico +NJCAA athletics +1965 establishments in New Mexico +Sheshatshiu () is an Innu federal reserve and designated place in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The reserve is approximately north of Happy Valley-Goose Bay. Some references may spell the community's name as Sheshatshit, the t spelling is more traditional in the Innu-aimun language, but the u is used more commonly in English to avoid inappropriate connotations. The name means "a narrow place in the river". + +The community is inhabited by the Sheshatshiu Innu First Nation, whose current chief is Eugene Hart. + +History + +In 1836 the Hudson's Bay Company established a trading post at North West River and the traders provided the Innu with European tools. + +During the First World War, some Innu from Sheshatshiu fought overseas in the Royal Newfoundland Regiment. In 1915 the International Grenfell Association established a hospital in North West River to serve the European settlers and indigenous people of the region. This hospital was closed in 1983 and residents of Sheshatshiu and North West River now rely on Happy Valley-Goose Bay for medical services. + +In 1946 elections were held to send delegates to the Newfoundland National Convention. This was the first time an election was held in Labrador. Lester Burry was elected to the convention and he supported future premier Joey Smallwood and his proposal of confederation with Canada. + +In 1949 when Newfoundland and Labrador joined Canada the Indian Act did not include the First Nations of the province. This was done to preserve their right to vote however it also prevented the Innu from protecting their land and culture. + +The Innu of Labrador settled into permanent villages in the 1960s and were one of the last Aboriginal groups in Canada to do so. Previously, Sheshatshiu had only been used by the Innu as a coastal settlement and for trading with Europeans. + +In the 1980s and 1990s the community of Sheshatshiu, along with the Innu Nation, protested against NATO low-level tactical training flights which utilized CFB Goose Bay. + +In 1997, Queen Elizabeth II visited Sheshatshiu and was presented with a letter by community leaders lamenting colonialization. + +In November 2000, the community, along with Davis Inlet, took the unprecedented step of asking the Canadian federal government to step in and assist with a local addiction crisis. Due to a variety of factors, including economic adversity, alcoholism and gas sniffing were both rampant in the community, in some cases affecting children as young as five years old. + +Labrador's Innu became status Indians under the Indian Act in 2002 and "Sheshatshiu 3" became a federal reserve in 2006. + +In 2017, the Innu Nation stated that there are 165 Labrador Innu children in foster care, 80 of whom are placed outside their home communities of Sheshatshiu and Natuashish. + +In October 2019, the Sheshatshiu Innu First Nation declared a suicide crisis after 10 suicide attempts were reported within the community in a matter of days. + +As of 2020, according to Innu Nation Grand Chief Gregory Rich, Sheshatshiu and Natuashish have a collective population of about 3,000 with about half of that being youths. Of that 167 of them are in the care of the Manager of Child and Youth Services. + +Geography +Sheshatshiu is in Labrador within Division No. 10. It is adjacent to Inuit community of North West River. Sheshatshiu is connected to Happy Valley-Goose Bay by a 40 km paved road. The roads in Sheshatshiu and North West River are the most northern paved roads in Atlantic Canada. It is located roughly at the province's geographic centre. + +Demographics +In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Sheshatshiu 3 reserve recorded a population of 1,225 residing in 340 of its 373 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 1,500. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021. The median age is 27. of Sheshatshiu's residents are Indigenous. The community has minorities of Europeans. The largest religion in the community is Catholicism. Most of Sheshatshiu's residents speak a dialect of the Cree language. English is commonly spoken in Sheshatshiu as well. + +As a designated place in the 2016 Census of Population, Sheshatshiu recorded a population of 671 living in 160 of its 177 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2011 population of 1314. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016. + +Notable people +David Penashue, rock singer. +Peter Penashue, former cabinet minister under Stephen Harper from 2011-13. + +See also +List of communities in Newfoundland and Labrador +List of designated places in Newfoundland and Labrador +List of Indian reserves in Canada +Mushuau Innu First Nation + +References + +First Nations reserves in Newfoundland and Labrador +Innu communities in Newfoundland and Labrador +Designated places in Newfoundland and Labrador +Hudson's Bay Company trading posts +2000 in Newfoundland and Labrador +Political scandals in Canada +Populated coastal places in Canada +Health disasters in Canada +Indian reserves in Newfoundland and Labrador +Sheshatshiu Innu First Nation +Marie-Theres Nadig (born 8 March 1954) is a retired Swiss alpine skier. + +Biography +Aged 17, she won gold medals in the downhill and giant slalom events at the 1972 Winter Olympics. During her career, Nadig won 24 world cup races and had 57 podium finishes. At the 1980 Winter Olympics, she was third in the downhill event. After retiring from competitions, between 1999 and 2005 she worked as a national coach. + +Career +Nadig won her first major competition in 1970, the giant slalom at the Swiss Junior Championships. She finished sixth in the downhill at the world cup in 1971, and second in 1972. The same year, she won two Olympic gold medals, beating the favorite Annemarie Moser-Pröll and becoming the Swiss Sportswoman of the Year. She also took part in the slalom, but failed to finish. + +After a few unsuccessful years, Nadig won two downhill events at the 1975 World Cup season. She competed in the slalom and giant slalom at the 1976 Olympics, but failed to achieve a podium. She recovered in 1977 by winning the downhill and the combined world cup events, and had a brilliant 1979–1980 season, finishing on the podium in all 14 world cup events, and winning 9 of them. However, at the 1980 Olympics, she earned only a bronze in the downhill and failed to finish the slalom and giant slalom. + +Retirement from skiing +Nadig retired in 1981 with a world cup tally of 24 wins and 57 podium finishes. She ran a sports store in Switzerland and later a hotel and as a ski school. Between 1999 and 2005 she worked with the Swiss national teams. The 2004/05 season was the worst ever for the Swiss women ski racers since the introduction of the World Cup. After the team failed to win a medal at the 2005 World Championships, Nadig was let go in March 2005. She finally ended her coaching career in October 2005. + +References + +External links + + + +1954 births +Living people +Swiss female alpine skiers +Olympic alpine skiers for Switzerland +Olympic gold medalists for Switzerland +Olympic bronze medalists for Switzerland +Olympic medalists in alpine skiing +Medalists at the 1972 Winter Olympics +Medalists at the 1980 Winter Olympics +Alpine skiers at the 1972 Winter Olympics +Alpine skiers at the 1976 Winter Olympics +Alpine skiers at the 1980 Winter Olympics +FIS Alpine Ski World Cup champions +20th-century Swiss women +Terence ("Terry") Arthur Walsh (born 20 November 1953) is a field hockey coach and a former player who played as a striker for Australia. He represented Australia in two Olympic Games, winning a silver medal at the 1976 Games in Montreal. Following his playing career, he became a coach and had successful spells with Australia and Netherlands. He also coached the Indian men's team and guided the team to its first gold medal at the Asian Games after 16 years. + +Coaching career +Walsh was the head coach of the Australia men's national team during the 1990s. Under him, the team won gold medals at the 1998 Commonwealth Games and 1999 Champions Trophy and bronze at the 2000 Olympic Games. He then coached the Netherlands men's team to a silver medal finish at the 2004 Olympics. He was appointed as the coach of the India men's team in 2013, before he submitted his resignation in October 2014, citing "difficulty adjusting to the decision making style of the sporting bureaucracy in India" as the reason. However, he withdrew his resignation the next day. Under him, at the 2014 Asian Games, the team won the gold medal, its first in 16 years. Citing "bureaucratic interference", he quit again in November 2014. In 2014 he became the head coach of Kalinga Lancers in the Hockey India League. + +References + +External links + + Profile on USA Field Hockey + +1953 births +Australian male field hockey players +Olympic field hockey players for Australia +Field hockey players at the 1976 Summer Olympics +Field hockey players at the 1984 Summer Olympics +Living people +Australian field hockey coaches +Olympic silver medalists for Australia +Sportspeople from Kalgoorlie +Olympic medalists in field hockey +Field hockey people from Western Australia +Australian people of Anglo-Indian descent +Australian sportspeople of Indian descent +Anglo-Indian people +Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics +Olympic coaches for Australia +Australian expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands +Expatriate field hockey players +Coaches at the 2004 Summer Olympics +Sportsmen from Western Australia +Real Stories Of The Highway Patrol is a half-hour syndicated television series which ran in the United States for six seasons from March 22, 1993 to June 29, 1998, Started in the UK, it's produced by Mark Massari Productions and ITV2 on 2004-2009, Granada and VCI, later 2 Entertain in VHS and DVD releases, and STV Productions in 2010-2016. series 1 premiered on November 15, 2004, series 2 premiered on September 8, 2008, series 3 premiered on January 11, 2010, series 4 premiered in January 14, 2013, series 5 premiered in February 9, 2015 and series 6 premiered in May 30, 2016. for a total of 780 episodes, capitalizing on the success of "real-life" police series such as Cops. Production companies were Mark Massari Productions, and Leap Off Productions, and was distributed by Genesis Entertainment, New World International, and later New World/Genesis Distribution. The show described as Cops meets America's Most Wanted. + +Format +The series revolved around the stories of highway patrol officers and state police from across the country, who would give commentary on a particularly difficult (or sometimes, comedic) arrest they made. At times, the officer's work caused them grievous injury and a subsequent commendation from their department. Each crime and subsequent arrest was adapted for the viewing audiences, though some segments were shot in a traditional multiple-camera setup, rather than emulating the single-camera cinéma vérité style of COPS. + +The series was hosted by Maury Hannigan, who at the time was Commissioner of the California Highway Patrol. + +UK + +In popular culture +The show was spoofed in a segment of the 2000 movie The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle. +A similarity of the show was a segment featured in the Beavis and Butt-Head episode "Dream On" called True Stories of the Highway Patrol. +In 1994, Saturday Night Live parodied the show as Real Stories of the Arkansas Highway Patrol, and featured John Goodman. +In the first episode of King of the Hill, a character claims that her mother's arrest was filmed on Real Stories of the Highway Patrol. +In 1998, Ben Stiller parodied Real Stories of the Highway Patrol on Saturday Night Live. Darrell Hammond portrayed host Maury Hannigan when he sported a mustache. +In the 1998 Leslie Nielsen comedy Wrongfully Accused, host Hannigan appears in a cameo (along with America's Most Wanted host John Walsh) in which he asks Nielsen's character Ryan Harrison, who's trying to make a getaway, if he has any "Real Stories" he'd like to tell. + +See also +World's Wildest Police Videos + +References + +External links + +Real Stories of the Highway Patrol show on aol.com + +1990s American crime television series +English-language television shows +First-run syndicated television programs in the United States +Television series by 20th Century Fox Television +Television series by New World Television +1993 American television series debuts +1999 American television series endings +Television series featuring reenactments +SRE or Sre may refer to: + +Organizations + Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores (Secretariat of Foreign Affairs), the foreign ministry of Mexico + Swinging Radio England, a former commercial pirate radio station + Sempra Energy (New York Stock Exchange symbol), an American utility holding company + Samenwerkingsverband Regio Eindhoven, the former name of the regional governmental agency for the city region of Eindhoven, Netherlands + Sancta Romana Ecclesia ("The Holy Roman Church"), often used in reference to the College of Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church + Service de Renseignement de l’État Luxembourgish intelligence agency + +Science and technology + Site reliability engineering, a discipline that incorporates aspects of software engineering and applies that to operations + Space Capsule Recovery Experiment, an Indian satellite + Sodium Reactor Experiment, a former US experimental nuclear power plant + Software reverse engineering + Simple regular expression, a deprecated IEEE POSIX standard about regular expressions + +Biology and medicine + Serious Reportable Event, an inexcusable outcome in a healthcare setting + Splicing regulatory element, a pre-mRNA element which regulates splicing acting in cis + Serotonin reuptake enhancer, a type of reuptake enhancer + Serum response element, a DNA cis-regulatory element recognized by the serum response factor + Steroid response element, a type of hormone response element + Sterol regulatory element, a DNA cis-regulatory element recognized by sterol regulatory element-binding proteins + +Transportation + Juana Azurduy de Padilla International Airport (IATA airport code), Sucre, Bolivia + Saharanpur Junction railway station (Indian Railways code), India + +Other uses + Seychellois rupee (SRe), the currency of the Seychelles + Sex and Relationships Education, a form of sex education taught in the UK + SRE, a dialect of the Koho language, a Bahnaric language spoken in Vietnam +Little Easton is a village and civil parish in Essex, England. The village is situated approximately east from the town of Bishop's Stortford, and north-west from the county town of Chelmsford. Little Easton parish is defined at the west by the River Roding, and the east by the River Chelmer. The village and civil parish of Great Easton lie one mile (1.6 km) to the north. + +History +Little Easton dates from the 12th century and is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Estaines Parva in the Hundred of Dunmow. + +Little Easton is traditionally a village and parish in the Dunmow Hundred, and the Rural Deanery of Dunmow and Archdeaconry of Essex in the Diocese of St Albans. St Mary's parish church has memorial monuments to Viscount Maynard (died 1865) and others of the Maynard family from 1610 to 1746 in the Bouchier chapel. in 1882 remains of "nearly obliterated... ancient" wall paintings were present within the church. The north aisle was rebuilt in 1881 at a cost of £1,500. An organ was added 1891 in memory of the 4th Earl Rosslyn by Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick at a cost of £500. Church sittings at the time numbered 200. The church register dates to 1559. The benefice was a rectory with residence in the gift of Viscount Maynard's trustees in 1882, and, with of glebe—land to support a parish priest—in the gift of the Countess of Warwick in 1902. + +Almshouses next to the church were for "four aged widows", but by 1902 were accommodating six old people. A National School for boys and girls was built for 80 children in 1878, and had an average 1882 attendance of nine, and in 1902 of 54. A post office existed in 1902. + +Soil of the parish was of loam overlaid with a mixture of loam and sand, and grew chiefly wheat, beans, barley and root crops. Land area in 1882 was , and in 1902, and 18 acres of water. Population in 1881 was 295, and in 1901 was 325. + +Living in the parish were Lord and Lady Brooke, the later Earl and Countess of Warwick, at Easton Lodge, who were also resident at Berwick House in the Stable Yard of St James's Palace, London, and in 1902, after elevation to title, Warwick Castle. Parish occupations in 1882 included three farmers, one of whom was also a miller (water), a farm bailiff, a beer retailer, a fanwright (maker of fans), two shopkeepers, the publican of the Stag Inn, an accountant, an agent to the Earl of Rosslyn, and a clerk to the Easton estates. By 1902 the number of farmers and beer retailers remained the same. The Stag Inn was still operating, and there was a wheelwright, although now only one shopkeeper. There was a Treasurer and Honorary Secretary of the Workmen's Club, and the artists Frank and Charlotte Mura at Mill End studio. The clerk to the Easton estates remained, although the agent to the Earl of Rosslyn didn't. + +During the Second World War the US Air Force created an airfield at nearby Easton Lodge, which was the base of the 386th Bomb Group (Marauders) of the 9th AF USAAF. Although the airfield has long been transformed back into fields, the outline of the airport is evident from the air, as seen through Google Earth, just to the east of the current Stansted Airport. + +Easton lodge +Easton Lodge, in 1882 the late seat of Viscount Maynard, was described as a mansion in Elizabethan style, the greater part of which was destroyed by fire in 1847, after which was rebuilt for a cost of £10,090. The mansion was seated in a park of , by 1882 owned by Lady Brooke (later Countess of Warwick), who was Lady of the Manor and the principal parish landowner. Little Easton Workmen's Club was established in 1885 "for the use of residents in the parish and workmen employed on the Easton Lodge estates"; the club housed a library of 450 volumes and was supplied with newspapers and periodicals. + +Easton Lodge was built in 1597 by Henry Maynard, to replace a medieval manor house which was situated by the church. Most of the original house has been destroyed over the years by fires, but there is a project underway to restore the gardens. Easton Lodge was the home of Frances Evelyn Maynard (1861-1938), also known as Daisy, who became Countess of Warwick and a noted 'champagne socialist'. The Lodge gave its name to a railway station on the now-closed line between and Bishops Stortford. + +Community +Little Easton parish population in 2011 was 437. + +The village public house, The Stag, is on Duck Street, the main road of the village. The parish church, the Grade I listed St Mary the Virgin, is on Park Road at the south of the village. Mike Reid, the actor and comedian, was buried in the churchyard following his death on 29 July 2007. Adjacent to the church is the Manor house, which is not open to the public, although there are four ornamental lakes which are open for recreational use, including fishing. + +See also +Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick +The Hundred Parishes + +References + +External links + +Villages in Essex +Uttlesford +Annie Haslam (born 8 June 1947) is an English vocalist, songwriter and painter. She is best known as the lead singer of progressive rock band Renaissance since 1971, and for her long and diverse solo singing career. She has a five-octave vocal range. From 2002, Haslam has developed a parallel career as a visual artist, producing paintings on canvas, painted musical instruments and giclées. + +Early history +Originally a fashion student in Cornwall, Haslam worked for a Savile Row tailor in London. While there, she listened to the Beatles rooftop concert. She later began studying under opera singer Sybil Knight in 1970. + +Career with Renaissance +In February 1971, Haslam became the new lead singer of Renaissance after answering an advertisement in the British periodical Melody Maker and auditioning for the band in Surrey. +Charles Snider stated: "Annie Haslam's voice, soaring high along with the melody, is the big news. Far more West End than Carnaby Street, it would come to define the band." + +With Renaissance, Haslam was lead vocalist on seven studio albums during their classic period (1972–1979), four studio albums from 1981–present, and a number of live albums. + +In August 1978 the band's single "Northern Lights" reached the top 10 in the UK singles charts. + +Solo career +In 1977, Haslam began her solo career with her album Annie in Wonderland, produced by Roy Wood, who played most of the musical instruments, duetted with her on one track, and performed on the Intergalactic Touring Band album. She has since released eight studio albums, three of which were released through her own record label, White Dove. Haslam has also collaborated with Steve Howe on a number of projects. +Her 2006 Live Studio Concert, was also released as her first solo DVD. Haslam released an EP called Night and Day, her first solo recording for some years, with Welsh rock band Magenta in 2006. + +Visual arts +"Haslam as few among us, is blessed to channel her muse in a variety of ways" wrote Melinda Rizzo in Fine Art Magazine. One of these is visual arts: + her paintings have been used as cover art on the albums: + One Enchanted Evening, by Annie Haslam + Woman Transcending by Annie Haslam – + Night and Day by Annie Haslam with Magenta + Grandine il Vento / Symphony of Light by Renaissance + Speak by I and Thou + Song of Times by Starcastle + she has helped others to design her on-stage clothing + she has painted musical instruments including guitars, and violins + she has created giclées of many of her paintings + in 1975 she artistically hand-lettered the lyrics to "Mother Russia" for a British tour program. + +Festive season concert +Starting in 1999, Haslam has, each year, performed a Christmas show called In the Spirit of the Holidays, originally at the Upper Tinicum Lutheran Church, and then at the larger Sellersville Theatre in Sellersville, Pennsylvania, since 2006. The Christmas show has been held every year except 2012, due to the death of her friend and colleague, Michael Dunford, in November of that year. Haslam stated that "there was just too much sadness at the time." Included in the program are secular, and religious Christmas carols, as well as her own compositions, and some Renaissance songs. + +Personal life + +Haslam has been a vegetarian since the late 1980s. In 1993, Haslam was diagnosed with breast cancer, which she survived and which became the inspiration for her 1994 album, Blessing in Disguise. + +Haslam was engaged to musician Roy Wood for four years, which she later described as "four of the funniest years of my life". In 1991, Haslam married Marc I. Hoffman of North Wales, Pennsylvania. The marriage ended in divorce. She now resides in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. + +Solo discography +1977: Annie in Wonderland +1985: Still Life +1989: Annie Haslam +1994: Blessing in Disguise +1995: Supper's Ready: (Genesis tribute Album) (guest vocalist) +1995: Tales From Yesterday (Yes tribute Album) (guest vocalist) +1998: Live Under Brazilian Skies +1999: The Dawn of Ananda +1999: Portraits of Bob Dylan by Steve Howe (album) (guest vocalist) +2000: It Snows in Heaven Too +2002: One Enchanted Evening +2005: Icon by John Wetton & Geoff Downes (album) (guest vocalist) +2006: Miles of Music by Bob Miles (guest vocalist) +2006: Live Studio Concert +2006: Night and Day EP with Magenta written for Haslam by Rob Reed and Christina Booth +2007: Woman Transcending +2012: Songs of the Century: (Supertramp tribute Album) (guest vocalist) +2014: 'Live' Studio Concert Philadelphia 1997 (Re-release) +2017: Don't Give Up Single, duet with Jann Klose + +References + +External links +AnnieHaslam.com – Official website – (Including a gallery of Haslam's art) +Annie Haslam's Facebook page +Renaissance – Official page +Annie Haslam Interview with Alison Steele, August 1989 +Fine Art Magazine article on Haslam's art + +1947 births +Living people +English women songwriters +English rock singers +Women rock singers +Progressive rock musicians +Singers with a five-octave vocal range +20th-century English painters +21st-century English painters +Musicians from Manchester +Musicians from the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton +English expatriates in the United States +Musicians from Bucks County, Pennsylvania +Artists from Bucks County, Pennsylvania +20th-century English women artists +21st-century English women artists +20th-century English women singers +20th-century English singers +21st-century English women singers +21st-century English singers +English sopranos +Renaissance (band) members +4 Little Girls is a 1997 American historical documentary film about the murder of four African-American girls (Addie May Collins, Carol Denise McNair, Cynthia Wesley, Carole Rosamond Robertson) in the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in Birmingham, Alabama on September 15, 1963. The film was directed by Spike Lee and nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary. + +The events inspired the 1964 song "Birmingham Sunday" by Richard and Mimi Fariña, which was used in the opening sequence of the film, as sung by Joan Baez, Mimi's sister. They also inspired the 1963 tune "Alabama" by John Coltrane, which is also included in the soundtrack. + +4 Little Girls premiered on June 25, 1997, at the Guild 50th Street Theatre in New York City. It was produced by Lee's production company, 40 Acres & A Mule Filmworks, and Home Box Office (HBO). + +In 2017, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". + +Synopsis +A local chapter of the Ku Klux Klan placed bombs at the 16th Street Baptist Church and set them off as Sunday services prepared to commence on the morning of September 15, 1963. Four young girls, ranging in age from 11 to 14, were killed in the explosion, which also caused anywhere between 14 and 22 additional injuries. The deaths provoked national outrage, and, the following summer, the United States Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson. The bombing is marked in history as a critical and pivotal moment in the Civil Rights Movement. + +The film covered the events in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1963 related to civil rights demonstrations and the movement to end racial discrimination in local stores and facilities. In 1963, Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.arrived in the town to help with their strategy and to speak at the funeral of the four young girls. People of the community met at the 16th Street Baptist Church while organizing their events. The demonstrations were covered by national media, and the use by police of police dogs and pressured water from hoses on young people shocked the nation. The large number of demonstrators who were arrested resulted in local jails filling capacity. + +The film ends with the trial and conviction in 1977 of Robert Edward Chambliss, also known as Dynamite Bob, as the main person responsible for the bombing, though he is said to have been only one of four Klan members involved. The film also references black churches being set on fire in Birmingham in 1993, giving the impression that, while progress has been made, there are some things that still have not changed. + +Lee uses interviews with family and friends of the girls, government officials, and civil rights activists, as well as home movies and archival footage, to not only tell the story of the four girls' lives but also to provide a greater historical and political context of the times. + +Production +Lee first became interested in making a film about the Birmingham bombing in 1983, when he was a student at New York University. After reading a New York Times Magazine article about the incident, he was moved to write to Chris McNair, the father of Denise, one of the victims, to ask for permission to tell her story on film. McNair turned down the young, aspiring filmmaker. "I was entering my first semester at N.Y.U. So my skills as a filmmaker were nonexistent, and at that time, Chris McNair was still hesitant to talk about it," Lee said in a 1997 interview with Industry Central's The Director's Chair. "I believe timing is everything. So it took ten years of Chris thinking about this and ten years of myself making movies for this to come together." + +According to McNair, he changed his mind about supporting Lee's film idea due to learning about the depth and precision of Lee's research. McNair said, "[I]t's very important that this be done accurately and correctly. In all his research, he [Lee] showed that he was objective and seeking a broad section of opinion. I'm a stickler for the facts." + +At first, Lee had intended to create a dramatic reproduction of the incident, but eventually, he decided that would not be the best approach, and the project became a documentary. Once he secured funding, he went to Birmingham with a small skeleton film crew, as he wanted the families to be as comfortable as possible during the interviews. Sam Pollard served as a producer and the editor and Ellen Kuras was the director of photography of the film. + +Lee had developed a relationship with Kuras while working on an HBO project called Subway Stories, which was an anthology of short films compiled by Jonathan Demme (though Lee's film did not make the final cut due, in part, to conflict between him and Demme). Kuras said of her desire to shoot 4 Little Girls, "I was really interested because my background is in political documentaries ... I always felt that one of the reasons that I had got into filmmaking was that I wanted to use my craft to be able to say something about the human condition, however I could, in my own humble way. For me this was an opportunity to make a small contribution." + +Lee's partnership with Sam Pollard had begun on Mo' Better Blues when Pollard was recommended to replace Barry Alexander Brown, who was unavailable because he was directing his own film, as editor. Pollard originally refused the overture because he was busy working on his segments of Eyes on the Prize, but ultimately, he accepted, and he has since become one of Lee's most frequent collaborators. Their first few films together were fiction, but Pollard's background was in documentary, and he was key to guiding the structure of 4 Little Girls. He said about his role: Basically it was to help with the conception of the structure, to edit it ... We spent a lot of time screening dailies together. We could come to 40 Acres at 7:00a.m., and we would spend three hours a day screening dailies for two weeks straight ... We talked, selected all the material that we liked, and I started working on the structure in the editing room. Spike was asking if he needed narration and what the structure should be. I basically said the structure should be that there are parallels—the family, the history of the community—and then they come together on the explosion. + +Reception + +Critics and public +The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. On Rotten Tomatoes, it holds an approval rating of 100% based on 27 reviews, with an average rating of 8.42/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "4 Little Girls finds Spike Lee moving into documentary filmmaking with his signature style intact -- and all the palpable fury the subject requires." + +Box office +It was initially planned for the film to first be seen by the public when it was aired on HBO, but, after seeing the final product, the production team decided it was important to release the film in theaters before running it on television. Accordingly, 4 Little Girls opened in American theaters on July 9, 1997, and closed on October 2, 1997. It grossed $130,146 from a total of four theaters. In its opening weekend, it earned $13,528 from a single theater, which was 10.4% of its total gross. It cost approximately $1 million to make, funded by HBO. + +See also + Civil rights movement in popular culture + 1956 Sugar Bowl + civil rights movement + Timeline of the civil rights movement + +References + +Bibliography + +External links + 4 Little Girls on HBO + + + + + +1997 films +1997 documentary films +American documentary films +American independent films +Documentary films about Alabama +Documentary films about terrorism +Documentary films about the civil rights movement +Films set in Birmingham, Alabama +1990s English-language films +Films directed by Spike Lee +Civil rights movement in television +HBO documentary films +History of Birmingham, Alabama +Documentary films about African Americans +Films set in Alabama +Films scored by Terence Blanchard +United States National Film Registry films +Films about the Ku Klux Klan +1990s American films +Broomfield is a village in the Maidstone District of Kent, England, and forms part of the civil parish of Broomfield and Kingswood. It lies to the east of Maidstone. The village is located just upstream of Leeds Castle on the River Len, one of the tributaries of the River Medway. + +The parish church is dedicated to Saint Margaret. In the 16th and 17th centuries Broomfield was home to the first two generations of the Hatch family of bellfounders, who lived in the farmhouse at Roses Farm. Their output included the bell known as "Bell Harry", after which the central tower of Canterbury Cathedral is known. + +There is also a Broomfield, in East Kent, in the parish of Herne and Broomfield, on the outskirts of Herne Bay. + +References + +Bibliography + +Villages in Kent +The Sabancı family is one of the wealthiest families in Turkey according to the Forbes billionaires list of 2016, with an estimated fortune ranging between $20–30 billion. The family's main business entity was founded by Hacı Ömer Sabancı in the 1930s. Hacı Ömer Sabancı, the progenitor of the Sabancı family, moved from his native Kayseri to Adana in the early 1920s. His business grew, in part, due to reduced business competition as a result of the Armenian genocide. Some second and third generation members of the family today control a group of companies under Sabancı Holding. Most of the companies were established by the efforts of the second generation members of the family, Sakıp Sabancı, Hacı Sabancı, Şevket Sabancı, Erol Sabancı, and Özdemir Sabancı . After the death of Sakıp Sabancı, also known as Sakip Aga, in 2004, the granddaughter of the founder, Güler Sabancı, was chosen to run Sabancı Holding. + +Today, some second and third generation members of the family have left their managerial positions at the Sabanci Group and established their own companies such as Densa, Demsa and Esas Holding which owns Pegasus Airlines. + +See also + Sakıp Sabancı Museum + Sabancı University + +References + + +Turkish families +Sabanci +Sabanci +Turkish business families +MTSS may refer to: + +Organisations + Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social, the Uruguayan ministry of labour and social security + Ministry of Labour, Solidarity and Social Security (Ministério do Trabalho, Solidariedade e Segurança Social) + Military Training and Survival School, of the Irish Air Corps + Stock symbol of MTS (network provider) at the Moscow Exchange + +Other uses + Medial tibial stress syndrome, known also as tibial periostitis or shin splints, a common injury affecting athletes + Manuscript tracking systems (MTSs); See iThenticate + Multiteam system (MTSs) + +See also + MTSS1 (Metastasis suppressor protein 1), a protein + MTS (disambiguation) +Adam David Commens (born 6 May 1976) is the brother of Scott Commens, is an Australian field hockey coach and former player. He was born in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales. + +Commens was nicknamed Billy by his teammates, and earned 143 caps (20 goals) for Australia. He was a member of the team that won the bronze medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. + +Commens was named head coach of the Belgium national field hockey team on 4 July 2007. He was coach and a key player of the Royal Antwerp Hockey Club (RAHC). His assistant was Murray Richards. + +Commens became coach of the Australia women's team at the start of 2011. When he took over as coach, he dropped five experienced players from the national squad: Kate Hollywood, Fiona Johnson, Alison Bruce, Shelly Liddelow and Amy Korner. + +His contract was terminated by Hockey Australia in 2016 after their investigation into allegations that Commens "had engaged in behaviour amounting to serious misconduct". It was reported to have involved Commens exposing himself and making lewd remarks to some squad members during the Rio Olympics. + +Since the Rio Olympic Games, Commens has been appointed as the High Performance Director of the Belgian Hockey Federation and won Belgium's first ever World Cup in 2018. + +References + +External links + + Profile on Hockey Australia + +1976 births +Living people +Australian male field hockey players +Male field hockey midfielders +Australian field hockey coaches +Field hockey players at the 2000 Summer Olympics +Olympic field hockey players for Australia +Olympic bronze medalists for Australia +Olympic medalists in field hockey +Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics +1998 Men's Hockey World Cup players +2002 Men's Hockey World Cup players +Sportspeople from Wagga Wagga +Commonwealth Games medallists in field hockey +Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia +Field hockey players at the 1998 Commonwealth Games +Olympic coaches for Australia +Field hockey people from New South Wales +Sportsmen from New South Wales +Expatriate field hockey players +Australian expatriate sportspeople in Belgium +Coaches at the 2008 Summer Olympics +Coaches at the 2012 Summer Olympics +Coaches at the 2016 Summer Olympics +Medallists at the 1998 Commonwealth Games +21st-century Australian people +Sempra is a North American public utility holding company based in San Diego, California. The company is one of the largest utility holding companies in the United States with nearly 40 million consumers. Sempra's focus is on electric and natural gas infrastructure and its operating companies include: Southern California Gas Company (SoCalGas) and San Diego Gas & Electric (SDG&E) in Southern California; Oncor Electric Delivery Company in Texas; and Sempra Infrastructure, with offices in California. + +As of 2022, Sempra reported more than $78 billion in total assets and 20,000 employees. The company is led by chairman and chief executive officer Jeffrey Martin, who assumed that role in May 2018. + +Sempra ranks as one of the largest energy companies in the world and is ranked #285 on the Fortune 500 list as of 2023 and #312 on the Forbes Global 2000 list as of 2023. In 2023, Sempra was named one of the World's Most Admired Companies by Fortune Magazine, marking the 13th year the company is on this prestigious list. Sempra was also recognized by Newsweek as one of America's Most Responsible Companies, earning this distinction for the fourth consecutive year. + +History + +1998 to 2018 + +Sempra Energy, now known as Sempra, was created through the 1998 merger of Los Angeles-based Pacific Enterprises, the parent company of SoCalGas, and Enova Corporation, the parent company of SDG&E. + +In 1999, the company acquired two utilities in South America; Chilquinta Energia in Chile and Luz Del Sur in Peru, which gave Sempra Energy an entry into the expanding Latin American energy market. + +In 2003, Sempra Energy Resources, the former power generation subsidiary of Sempra Energy, completed three state-of-the-art power plant projects in Arizona, California and New Mexico. + +Sempra was sued over claims it manipulated natural gas supplies and electricity contracts during the 2001 California electricity crisis. In 2006, the company agreed to pay $377 million to settle gas supply claims, and in 2010, it paid another $410 million to settle claims on electricity price gouging, but has never admitted wrongdoing. + +In 2007, the company created the Sempra Energy Foundation (now known as Sempra Foundation) as a 501(c)(3) private foundation. Since its inception, the foundation has contributed nearly $45 million through philanthropic investments in communities where Sempra employees live and work. The foundation matches employees' charitable contributions and has matched $13 million as of 2021. Sempra reported giving $13.85 million in COVID-19 response across the foundation and its operating companies. + +On March 8, 2018, regulators in Texas approved Sempra Energy's purchase of a majority stake in Oncor for $9.45 billion. + +2019 to Present + +On January 16, 2019, Sempra Energy was added to the Dow Jones Utility Average, replacing Pacific Gas and Electric. + +Over 2018 and 2019, Sempra completed its divestiture of its U.S. renewables and non-utility natural gas storage assets, generating approximately $2.5 billion in cash proceeds. The company stated its intent to refocus its investments in North American transmission and distribution infrastructure. + +In March 2019, Sempra Energy and Oncor Electric Delivery Company announced the acquisition of InfraREIT, and Sempra Energy’s acquisition of a 50% interest in Sharyland Utilities. These utility deals were lauded by the company as disciplined, low-risk investments in the fast-growing Texas market. + +In April 2020, Sempra Energy announced it had completed the sale of its utility business in Peru, Luz del Sur, for $3.59 billion. In June 2020, Sempra Energy announced it completed the sale of its Chilean businesses to China’s State Grid International Development Ltd for $2.23 billion in cash. These two sales completed Sempra Energy's exit from South America. + +In June 2021, Sempra Energy announced it was rebranding to Sempra. It launched an updated logo and dropped “Energy” from its name to emphasize its core focus on infrastructure that delivers energy. + +In 2022, shortly after Russia attacked Ukraine, Sempra Infrastructure, a subsidiary of Sempra, announced a series of agreements with European energy companies for U.S. liquefied natural gas (LNG) to help displace reliance on Russian gas. + +In 2023, Sempra announced a five-year capital plan of $40 billion for 2023-2027, to improve safety, bolster reliability and support the delivery of cleaner sources of energy across its three growth platforms: Sempra California, Sempra Texas and Sempra Infrastructure. + +Operating companies + +Current + + Sempra Infrastructure: Sempra Infrastructure was formed in 2021 through a merger of two Sempra operating companies: Sempra LNG and IEnova. The company develops, builds and invests in North American energy infrastructure, including liquefied natural gas and net-zero solutions, energy networks and clean power. The company developed Cameron LNG, a joint-venture LNG facility in Louisiana. The company has also developed the Port Arthur LNG liquefaction project in Texas and has three proposed liquefaction-export facilities on the Pacific Coast of Mexico, Energía Costa Azul LNG, Vista Pacífico LNG and Salina Cruz. + Southern California Gas Company: SoCalGas, based in Los Angeles, is the largest natural gas distribution utility in the U.S., providing natural gas service to approximately 22 million consumers, and is an emerging leader in hydrogen and net-zero solutions. In 2022, the company proposed what would be the largest green hydrogen infrastructure system in the U.S., Angeles Link. + San Diego Gas & Electric: SDG&E is an electric and natural gas utility that provides energy to approximately 3.7 million consumers in San Diego and southern Orange Counties. + Oncor Electric Delivery Company LLC: Oncor, based in Dallas, operates the largest electric distribution and transmission system in the state, providing service to approximately 13 million Texans. Sempra indirectly owns approximately 80 percent of Oncor. In May 2019, Oncor completed the acquisition of InfraREIT, an electricity transmission company in Central, North and West Texas. + +Former +The following subsidiaries have been reformed into Sempra LNG & Midstream and Sempra Renewables: + +Sempra U.S. Gas & Power: With its affiliates and joint-venture partners, the company owns and operates more than 2,000 megawatts of renewable generating capacity. Sempra U.S. Gas & Power also operates natural gas storage facilities, pipelines and distribution utilities +Sempra Generation: Operates or owns interest in power stations in five U.S. states and in Mexico, as well as property for potential solar and wind electric generation. + Sempra Pipelines & Storage: Owns natural gas storage facilities in Alabama and Louisiana and interests in two natural gas companies in Argentina, Chilquinta Energía of Chile, and Luz del Sur of Peru. It also owns 1,858 miles of distribution pipelines, 216 miles of transmission pipelines, and two compressor stations in Mexico. + Sempra LNG: Develops, owns and operates receipt terminals for importing liquefied natural gas to the U.S., including the Energía Costa Azul LNG terminal in Baja California and the Cameron LNG terminal in Hackberry, Louisiana. +Sempra Commodities: Sempra's stake in a partnership formed on April 1, 2008 to market and trade natural gas, natural gas liquids, power, petroleum and petroleum products, coal, emissions, ethanol and base metals. Royal Bank of Scotland Group sold its stake in RBS Sempra Commodities LLC to Noble Americas Gas and Power, as a condition of the UK Government's 74 percent stake in the Group on December 1, 2010. +IEnova: IEnova developed, built and operated energy infrastructure in Mexico, and was one of the largest private energy companies in the country. +PXiSE Energy Solutions: PXiSE Energy Solutions LLC., headquartered in San Diego, was a subsidiary of Sempra and partially owned by Mitsui & Co., Ltd. It develops, operates and markets next-generation power-grid management technology for renewable energy developers and operators, grid operators, commercial property owners and microgrids. Sempra sold PXiSE Energy Solutions in 2021. + +Awards and recognition +In 2023, Sempra was named to Fortune Magazine's World's Most Admired Companies list and was also recognized by Newsweek as one of America's Most Responsible Companies. The company has received numerous recognitions for leadership in diversity and inclusion, including being named to Bloomberg's Gender Equality Index, Forbes Best Employers for Diversity and DiversityInc's #1 for Top Utilities, #4 for Top Regional Companies and #15 for Top Companies for Philanthropy The company has also been named to a number of stock market indexes focused on sustainability. Its subsidiaries are routinely recognized for leadership in reliability, resilience, technology and innovation and corporate responsibility. + +See also + + List of United States electric companies +List of United States natural gas companies + El Dorado Solar Power Plant + Luz del Sur + North Baja Pipeline + Rockies Express Pipeline + +References + +External links + + + +Energy in California +Energy companies of the United States +Natural gas companies of the United States +Petroleum in California +Electric power companies of the United States +Companies based in San Diego +Energy companies established in 1998 +Non-renewable resource companies established in 1998 +1998 establishments in California +Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange +Companies in the Dow Jones Utility Average +Middle Park is a residential south-western suburb in the Centenary Suburbs in the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. In the , Middle Park had a population of 3,955 people. + +Geography +Middle Park is located by road south-west of the Brisbane GPO. + +Middle Park is bounded to the north by the McLeod Country Golf Club, to the West by Baronga Street and Horizon Drive, Lalina Street and Macfarlane Street, to the south by Sumners Road and to the east by Estate Road and Beanland Street. + +All but 73 of the houses in Middle Park are stand-alone, with townhouses accounting for most of the remainder. Townhouses are commonly two-storey buildings on a small plot of land in a gated community. + +The typical Middle Park house is 220 m2 in area on a block of land of 600 m2. It has a large open-plan living area, four bedrooms, two bathrooms (one ensuite) and a double garage. It is single-storey "brick and tile", built on a concrete slab, with a brick outer skin and plasterboard inner skin on wooden framing, and a tile roof on wooden framing. It has a pool in the back yard. + +History +The suburb was named by Queensland Place Names Board on 8 January 1973. It was one of the six "Centenary Suburbs" developed by L.J. Hooker Real Estate . It was released for development in July 1976, the last of the 6 suburbs to be developed. + +The western part of the original land holdings that became the Centenary Suburbs were part of the Wolston Estate, consisting of 54 farms on an area of 3000 acres, offered for auction at Centennial Hall, Brisbane, on 16 October 1901. Wolston Estate is the property of M. B. Goggs, whose father obtained the land forty years previously in the 1860s and after whom Goggs Road is named. Only three of the farms sold at the original auction. + +Most housing was constructed between 1980 and 1990. + +St Catherine's Anglican Church was dedicated in 1980. + +Good News Lutheran Primary School opened on 31 January 1984. + +Middle Park State School opened on 27 January 1987. + +Demographics +In the , the population of Middle Park was 4,026, 51.2% female and 48.8% male. The median age of the Middle Park population was 38 years of age, 1 year above the Australian median. 61.2% of people living in Middle Park were born in Australia, compared to the national average of 69.8%; the next most common countries of birth were England 5.6%, New Zealand 3.7%, Vietnam 2.6%, China 2.3%, Sri Lanka 1.8%. 72.5% of people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 3.7% Cantonese, 3.7% Vietnamese, 3.4% Mandarin, 2% Tamil, 0.9% Hindi. + +In the , Middle Park had a population of 3,955 people. + +Representation +The people of Middle Park are represented by government at three levels. In the House of Representatives of the Parliament of Australia by Milton Dick, the Australian Labor Party Member for the electorate of Oxley. In the Queensland Parliament by Jessica Pugh, the Australian Labor Party Member for Mount Ommaney. On Brisbane City Council by Councillor Sarah Hutton, the Liberal National Party Member for the Jamboree Ward. + +Education +Middle Park State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at Cnr Sumners Road & Macfarlane Street (). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 646 students with 50 teachers (42 full-time equivalent) and 26 non-teaching staff (16 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program. The School's motto is "Each to Succeed". + +Good News Lutheran School is a private primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 49 Horizon Drive (). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 352 students with 26 teachers (24 full-time equivalent) and 21 non-teaching staff (14 full-time equivalent). + +Amenities +Park Village Shopping Centre (also known as Metro Middle Park) is located on the corner of Horizon Drive and Riverhills Road (). It has a Coles supermarket and 25 speciality shops. + +Centenary Baptist Church is at 8 Riverhills Road (). + +Centenary Uniting Church is at 37 Riverhills Road (). + +Good News Lutheran Church is at 49 Horizon Drive (). + +St Catherine's Anglican Community is at 43 MacFarlane Street (). + +The Salvation Army Centenary Corps is on the corner of MacFarlane Street and Lalina Street (). + +References + +External links + + + Centenary Suburbs Historical Society Inc. + +Suburbs of the City of Brisbane +1970 establishments in Australia +Populated places established in 1970 +Wrestling Society X (WSX) is a short-lived American professional wrestling promotion and professional wrestling-based television series created in 2006 by Big Vision Entertainment. The weekly television series formerly aired on MTV, MTV2, MTV Tr3s, and over a dozen other MTV outlets throughout the world. WSXtra, an extra program featuring WSX matches and interviews not broadcast on television, was available on the promotion's MTV website and Video on Demand. + +WSX was presented as a secret society of wrestling that used a venue referred to as the WSX Bunker, complete with an artificially worn-out looking ring for its matchups. In matches held within this venue, falls count anywhere was the stipulation. The program also stood out due to its unorthodox approach to pro wrestling; this included frequent use of highly expressive plants, crowd sound effects, electrical sound effects, visual effects, and camera shaking when a wrestler would fall prey to electrical weapons. Along with wrestling, WSX featured musical guests playing at the start of each television broadcast, with some band members joining the broadcast team (consisting of Kris Kloss and Bret Ernst) after the performance. + +History +The WSX pilot was taped on February 10, 2006, in Los Angeles, California, and all wrestlers present were forced to sign an agreement stating that they would take part in a full season if the show was picked up by MTV. Delirious was not used at the taping due to his refusal to sign the agreement, as it would have prevented him from working for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. On July 8, 2006, MTV commissioned the promotion to produce a full season of episodes for their network, and WSX taped its first season of shows between November 11 and November 16, 2006, in Los Angeles, California. The tapings were booked by head writer Kevin Kleinrock, Cody Michaels and Vampiro. + +The series premiered January 30, 2007, on MTV. It originally aired Tuesdays at 10:30 p.m. ET, to compete with the second half of ECW on Sci Fi. The WSX Championship was the only title featured and defended on the program, but announcer Kris Kloss hinted (towards the end of the series) at the arrival of WSX Tag Team Championships in the future during tag team matches and on the unaired season finale it was announced the creation of an X Division-style title for the second season. The fourth episode of the series was pulled by MTV after a spot featuring Ricky Banderas throwing a fireball at Vampiro was deemed unairable by the network, but would air in edited form on February 27, 2007. On February 28, 2007, it was announced that Wrestling Society X had been canceled by MTV. + +A marathon of new episodes 5–9 aired on March 13, 2007, as MTV later announced that the marathon served as the season finale of WSX and was quietly removed from its scheduled slot on March 20 on MTV. A 10th episode which was set to be the original season finale never aired on television but was later released on the Wrestling Society X: The Complete First (and Last) Season DVD. + +Episodes + +MTV aired unadvertised previews of the first two episodes the Friday before they premiered at 11:00 pm ET. Prior to WSX debuting, this timeslot normally averaged a 0.10 rating. The first preview episode on January 26 drew a 0.43 rating, while the second preview episode on February 2 drew 0.50. MTV discontinued preview airings beginning with the third episode in hopes of maximizing ratings for the Tuesday broadcasts. + +Home video +Wrestling Society X: The Complete First (and Last) Season DVD was released on November 13, 2007. The set features all 10 episodes, all 10 WSXtra episodes, deleted scenes and special features. All of the musical performances were edited out of the DVD set. Also on the DVD were scenes already recorded for the second season, including a season opener WSX Title Match between Ricky Banderas and Youth Suicide in a scaffold match and a feud between Nic Grimes and Mickie Knuckles. + +WSX Championship + +The WSX Championship was the only professional wrestling title in the short-lived promotion. A ten-man WSX Rumble, which aired on January 30, 2007, was held to decide the participants in the first WSX Championship match, with 6-Pac and Vampiro winning. On November 11, 2006 (aired February 6, 2007), Vampiro defeated 6-Pac with a Tombstone Piledriver inside an exploding coffin to become the first WSX Champion. Rick Banderas defeated Vampiro on November 15, 2006 (aired March 14, 2007) with a Chokeslam into an exploding coffin wrapped in barbed-wire to win the WSX Championship. The promotion closed in March 2007, and Banderas was stripped of the championship on June 17, 2007. Statistically, Banderas held the title the longest. + +A WSX Rumble match starts out as a Royal Rumble match and when all the participants have arrived, the match then becomes a Ladder match. + +Roster + +See also + +List of professional wrestling television series + +References + +External links + WSX.mtv.com – Official website + MySpace.com/WrestlingSocietyX – Official MySpace + IWantMyWSX.com – Ticket information + ProWrestlingPress.com – Interview with Co-creator Houston Curtis + – Wrestling Society X DVD on Amazon + + + + +American professional wrestling television series +2007 American television series debuts +2007 American television series endings +MTV original programming +Professional wrestling in Los Angeles +Independent professional wrestling promotions based in California +Damon Laurance Diletti (born 1 May 1971 in Perth, Western Australia) is a former field hockey goalkeeper from Australia, who competed in three consequentive Summer Olympics for his native country, starting in 1992. At each appearance the electrician won a medal. + +Diletti was nicknamed Dingo by his teammates, and was a member of The Kookaburras team for nine years. Apart from three Olympics he participated in two Hockey World Cups and six Champions Trophy tournaments. He resigned after the 2000 Summer Olympics, after playing 133 international matches for Australia. He is the current U14 Boys division 1 coach at the Modernians hockey club. + +References + +External links + + + +1971 births +Australian male field hockey players +Male field hockey goalkeepers +Olympic field hockey players for Australia +Olympic silver medalists for Australia +Olympic bronze medalists for Australia +Field hockey players at the 1992 Summer Olympics +Field hockey players at the 1996 Summer Olympics +Field hockey players at the 2000 Summer Olympics +1998 Men's Hockey World Cup players +Field hockey players from Perth, Western Australia +Living people +Olympic medalists in field hockey +Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics +Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics +Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics +Commonwealth Games medallists in field hockey +Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia +Field hockey players at the 1998 Commonwealth Games +20th-century Australian people +Medallists at the 1998 Commonwealth Games +Sportsmen from Western Australia +King Soopers is an American supermarket chain located in the Rocky Mountains of the United States. It started as its own brand, and is now a subsidiary of Kroger. It is headquartered in Denver, Colorado. + +King Soopers has a significant presence in the state of Colorado on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains. The stores are located along the Front Range from Cheyenne, Wyoming, to Pueblo, Colorado. There are also a few locations in the foothills west of Denver and Colorado Springs. + +History + +Early history +Lloyd J. King opened the first King Soopers with Charles W. Houchens in October 1947 in Arvada, Colorado. This location has since been demolished for Arvada's Public Library, built in 2005–06. + +The name "King Soopers" was derived from Lloyd's family name and an alternate spelling of the word "super!" from the Archie comics series that one of his two sons, Larry, read. Within the next five years, King Soopers became the first grocery store in the country to open an in-store pharmacy and one of the earliest to have a meat department. + +Ownership changes +King Soopers grew to be five (or nine) stores large, including Denver and Colorado Springs before being bought out by Dillon Companies in 1957. The original King Soopers location would be relocated from today-Olde Town Arvada to Arvada Plaza, and that location is still open today. + +King Soopers' then-parent, Dillon Companies, was bought out by The Kroger Company in late 1982 into '83, and King Soopers and Dillon's are both still owned by Kroger today. + +Fresh Fare King Soopers +In 2012, Kroger expanded its Fresh Fare style of supermarkets into the King Soopers brand, opening the first Fresh Fare King Soopers in Englewood, Colorado. This is a concept that first appeared in Kroger as early as 2007 and actually seems to have started with Ralphs, another Kroger subsidiary primarily located in California in 1998. + +The main idea of Fresh Fare is to be a bit more upscale in that it sells more organic foods while still selling traditional groceries; it follows the themes of the 'Green Grocer' Concept. + +King Soopers Marketplace +In 2012, the first King Soopers Marketplace opened, just one year after the first Kroger Marketplace in Texas. As of 2017, there are ten King Soopers Marketplace locations all located in Colorado. + +The marketplace concept is much different compared to Fresh Fare; it is based on Fred Meyer stores, (which have spawned multiple Marketplace stores under other Kroger banners), and features an even wider selection of products besides just food and other necessities. + +Modern day +Since King Soopers was started, a rough total of 118 King Soopers were opened, many of which are still open today, and most of which are in Colorado except for one, located in Cheyenne, Wyoming. + +References + +External links + Homepage + Kroger corporate homepage + +1947 establishments in Colorado +Arvada, Colorado +Companies based in Denver +Companies based in Jefferson County, Colorado +Economy of the Southwestern United States +Kroger +Retail companies established in 1947 +Supermarkets of the United States +Quah Chow-cheung (Chinese: 柯昭璋, 8 June 1913 in Penang – 1965 in Hong Kong) was the Colony Commissioner of The Scout Association of Hong Kong from 1950 to 1953, succeeding Victor Halward. He was the first Chinese Colony Commissioner in Hong Kong Scouting. Before that appointment, he was appointed by Halward as one of two Chinese District Commissioner and cared the development of Scouting in Kowloon and south New Territories of Hong Kong. + +During the Battle of Hong Kong in World War II, Quah was a Lance Corporal in Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps. He was hurt in the defense of Stonecutter's Island and escaped the next attack by Japanese forces in Wong Nai Chung Gap in December 1941. After the surrender of Japan in 1945, he and Halward actively re-established Scouting in Hong Kong. + +References + +Hong Kong people of World War II +People associated with Scouting +Scouting and Guiding in Hong Kong +1913 births +1965 deaths +British colonial army soldiers +WADL (channel 38) is a television station licensed to Mount Clemens, Michigan, United States, serving the Detroit area as an affiliate of MyNetworkTV. Locally owned by the Adell Broadcasting Corporation, the station maintains studios and transmitter facilities on Adell Drive in Clinton Township. + +WADL's transmitter tower is shorter and located farther east than the market's other major stations; as a result, its broadcasting radius does not reach the western and southwestern portions of the Detroit metro, and its over-the-air signal is marginal in Windsor and Essex County, Ontario, Canada. Therefore, the station relies on cable and satellite carriage to reach the entire market. + +History + +Early history +Although Adell Broadcasting filed for an application for the channel 38 license on September 25, 1985, it took four years for WADL to begin broadcasting, signing on the air for the first time on May 20, 1989. The station was founded by Franklin Z. Adell, previously the owner of an automotive parts supplier company. His son Kevin Adell joined the company after graduating from Arizona State University in 1988. Its original programming blocks were filled with mostly Home Shopping Network programs, religious shows and other paid programming, classic movies and hourly blocks of the syndicated music video show Hit Video USA. In 1990, it began running several hours of syndicated programs. + +In 1992, channel 38 began running CBS shows that were preempted by that network's then-affiliate WJBK-TV (channel 2). Despite its relationship with WJBK, WADL was barely competitive in the ratings at first. Most of the stronger syndicated programs had been acquired by Fox affiliate WKBD-TV (channel 50; which, for all intents and purposes, was programmed as an independent as Fox did not carry a full week's worth of programming until 1993) and fellow independent station WXON (channel 20, now WMYD). There simply was not enough programming to go around, even for a market as large as Detroit. Channel 38 faced an additional problem in the form of CBC-owned CBET (channel 9) in Windsor, which owned the Detroit market rights to other syndicated programs. It relied mostly on paid programming; the few entertainment shows seen on WADL's schedule consisted of barter programming. + +In May 1994, WJBK's then-owner, New World Communications signed a groupwide deal with Fox to switch the network affiliations of twelve of the company's 14 stations to Fox (two of which New World would sell to Fox outright as it could not keep them due to ownership conflicts). One of the stations due to switch was WJBK. CBS approached three of Detroit's major stations—WXYZ-TV (channel 7, which renewed its ABC affiliation), WKBD, and WXON—all of which turned CBS down; WDIV was eliminated as a possibility due to the station's long-term affiliation contract with NBC. Fearing it would be left without an affiliate in Detroit, CBS began talks with WADL. As a measure of how desperate CBS was at the time, it approached WADL even though most Detroit-area viewers didn't even know the station existed. However, Franklin Adell and CBS could not come to a mutual agreement, due to what CBS called unreasonable demands on Adell's part. CBS eventually bought Detroit's other low-profile independent, WGPR-TV (channel 62), changing its calls to WWJ-TV and moved the network's programming there on December 11, 1994, months before its purchase was finalized. + +On August 31, 1998, WADL began carrying children's programming from Fox Kids (later FoxBox and 4KidsTV), after picking up the rights to the block from then-UPN affiliate WKBD, which had continued to air the Fox Kids weekday and Saturday blocks even after losing its Fox affiliation to WJBK. The station also acquired several syndicated children's programs. After Fox discontinued the Fox Kids weekday block in 2002, WADL continued running the revamped Fox Box until the fall of 2003, when Fox's 4Kids TV Saturday morning block moved to then-WB affiliate WDWB (later MyNetworkTV affiliate WMYD). During this time, until October 2007, WADL was the only other station besides WKBD and WMYD to continuously air children's programming. From the program's 1999 debut until 2002, WADL also broadcast the NBC daytime soap opera Passions, which WDIV originally declined to broadcast, before adding the serial to its schedule in the fall of 2002. + +Breakthrough +In September 2007, WADL began to cement its standing as a major player among the Detroit market's television stations with the acquisition of popular syndicated shows, including older series such as The Nanny, Mad About You, The Jeffersons and Good Times; the station also kept many religious programs and a few infomercials as well, and eliminated the remaining animated shows. Over the years, WADL began positioning itself as being a voice of Detroit's urban community, with local programs including a weekly feature with the Mayor of Detroit and former player for the Detroit Pistons, Dave Bing. + +In the fall of 2007, WADL was relaunched as "Detroit's Urban Station" to appeal to the African-American community (much as the old WGPR-TV did) and acquired syndicated programs such as The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, American Chopper, Reno 911!, The Montel Williams Show, In the Heat of the Night, Chappelle's Show, A Different World, Magnum, P.I. and Sanford and Son. In 2009, the station added classic television series such as The Brady Bunch, I Love Lucy, Happy Days, M*A*S*H, The Jeffersons and Laverne and Shirley to its schedule. By this time, WADL began running a mix of both recent and older syndicated programs. WADL also increased its local public affairs programming with shows such as Real Talk (hosted by political activist Rev. Horace Sheffield). WADL has further cemented its presence in the community, broadcasting political debates with all candidates and inviting the community to attend. + +On June 18, 2014, WADL named broadcasting veteran David Bangura as its new president; Bangura had formerly held a similar position at WMYD, which was later sold to the E. W. Scripps Company, owner of WXYZ-TV. + +On July 9, 2021, it was announced that WADL would become the new MyNetworkTV affiliate for the Detroit market beginning September 20, replacing WMYD. + +Pending sale to Mission Broadcasting; short-lived CW affiliation + +On May 17, 2023, Adell Broadcasting announced it would sell WADL to Mission Broadcasting in a deal valued at $75 million. As is typical with Mission Broadcasting stations, Nexstar Media Group will both finance the deal and completely operate WADL if the deal closes. The deal currently faces a number of objections by various public interest groups, who argue that allowing Mission to acquire WADL will allow Nexstar to demand higher fees for the channel and permit Nexstar to operate stations above the federal ownership cap. + +On August 23, 2023, WADL announced on its website that the station was joining The CW on a primary basis, with MyNetworkTV programming airing afterwards from 10 p.m. to midnight, effective September 1. + +On October 30, 2023, the station posted a press release noting it dropped The CW over a dispute with Nexstar, claiming the sale would not be approved in the near future, with MyNetworkTV programming moving back two hours to its previous prime time berth. The Detroit News reported the conflict was over Nexstar asking for a transitional affiliation agreement being signed by Adell before the station came under Mission ownership. + +Programming +On June 24, 2013, WADL televised Game 6 of the Stanley Cup Finals to allow Detroit's NBC station, WDIV-TV, to televise the local annual Target Fireworks show. Through 2014, NBC established a relationship with WADL that provided airing programming that local TV station WDIV could not carry. This was an opportunity for WADL to air first-run NBC programming such as Grimm, the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, Growing Up Fisher, Kathie Lee and Hoda, The Michael J. Fox Show and Revolution. + +Beginning in August 2015, WADL was sub-contracted by Fox Television Stations to carry Fox prime time programming preempted by WJBK during their coverage of Detroit Lions preseason football; in August 2016, by coincidence, the Lions displaced a Major League Baseball game scheduled at the last minute by Fox between the New York Yankees and Tampa Bay Rays, as it was the last game Alex Rodriguez would play in. + +Newscasts +In 1992, WADL began airing a same-night rebroadcast of WJBK's 6 p.m. newscast, typically airing in prime time at 8 p.m.; this continued until that station switched from CBS to Fox in December 1994. + +On January 5, 2012, WADL announced that it would debut half-hour newscasts at noon and 9 p.m. on weekdays, which were produced by the Journal Register Company (owners of The Macomb Daily, Oakland Press and Southgate News-Herald), in association with the Independent News Network. The station canceled the noon and 9 p.m. newscasts after only four months on May 23, 2012, filling the time slots with syndicated programming. In June 2012, WADL began producing daily five-minute local news updates airing four times each day during the evening hours, with an hour-long national news program supplied by Newsmax TV, at 9 p.m. on weekdays. + +On January 17, 2020, WADL announced that WJR fill-in host and former WDIV-TV reporter Kevin Dietz had joined the station to host a 10 p.m. news program, News Now with Kevin Dietz, to premiere on January 21. Owner Kevin Adell stated that the program would feature longer, in-depth segments focused on local and state politics, and would not directly compete with the newscasts on WJBK, WXYZ-TV, WKBD-TV, and WDIV; Dietz said that News Now would feature two-to-three stories per night and incorporate live interviews and talk radio-style call-ins, including appearances by local print journalists. The launch of News Now coincided with the debut of a nightly newscast on WKBD-TV the following night, along with the 2020 presidential election; Adell noted that there were "a lot of political dollars", some of which he intended to collect with the new program. + +Technical information + +Subchannels +The station's digital signal is multiplexed: + +When WADL initially started digital broadcasting, Universal Sports was carried on 38.2, and The Word Network was carried on 38.3. Antenna TV was added to 38.2 in 2011, moving Universal Sports to 38.4, until it became pay TV-exclusive in 2012. Antenna TV was removed from WADL's lineup in September 2015. + +Analog-to-digital conversion +WADL shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 38, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal continued to broadcast on its pre-transition UHF channel 39, using virtual channel 38. + +FCC spectrum auction and attempted WADL sale +In 2012, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) announced it would hold a voluntary incentive auction for a portion of the radio frequency spectrum that is currently used by television broadcasters across the country. In 2014, WADL owner Kevin Adell announced he would participate in the auction, since it was estimated the station would net somewhere in the range of $170 million, much more than it would be worth on the open market otherwise. Since that time, the auction estimate had increased to somewhere between $360–$380 million. + +Adell would continue to own and operate The Word Network. WADL's broadcast facilities would have been re-purposed for The Word Network, along with the transfer of roughly 33 WADL staffers. + +WADL was ultimately not sold in the auction, which concluded in 2017. + +Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the FCC allowed some stations in Phase 8 (ending March 13, 2020) of their 600-MHz spectrum auction to delay their move to Phase 9 (ending May 1, 2020) on an as-needed basis. As a result, WADL was granted permission to delay being relocated to Phase 9, and moved from UHF 39 to UHF 27 on March 23, 2020. + +Cable coverage in Canada +WADL and its The Word Network digital subchannel are carried on GosfieldTel in Essex County, Ontario, as well as Cogeco systems in some rural areas of Southwestern Ontario, primarily in areas formerly served by other cable providers that were purchased by Cogeco around 2000. It is not carried on Cogeco systems in Windsor. + +See also + +Media in Detroit + +References + +External links + +WADL information at fccinfo.com +WADL TV Lineup and Demographic Data +Broadcasting & Cable article from October 2007 on WADL's revamp + +ADL (TV) +MyNetworkTV affiliates +Quest (American TV network) affiliates +True Crime Network affiliates +Television channels and stations established in 1989 +1989 establishments in Michigan +Companies based in Macomb County, Michigan +Christian H. Godefroy (25 October 1948 - 17 November 2012) was a French author of self-improvement books. + +Godefroy's books included Mind Dynamics, How to write a letter that sells, Time management System, Expressive learning system and Infopreneur. He also started a publishing company and founded CORESPRIT, an annual gathering of self-improvement motivators. + +References + +External links + Online biography + Positive-club + +2012 deaths +1948 births +French didactic writers +French male non-fiction writers +The Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat () is the highest-ranking presiding officer of the Dewan Rakyat, the lower house of the Parliament of Malaysia. They are responsible for convening sessions of the Dewan Rakyat, organising debates, and examining the admissibility of petitions, bills, and amendments. In the absence of the Speaker, one of their deputies will take their place. + +The current speaker is Johari Abdul. He was elected on 19 December 2022 for the 15th Malaysian Parliament. + +Functions +The Speaker determines when a sitting of the House should open and close, and may suspend the sitting for a brief period of time if necessary. He is also in charge of ensuring the Constitution and Standing Orders of the House are given due respect; disciplining members of the House; determining who shall have the floor during a sitting; calling a vote; and checking for a quorum when the House meets. He only participates in a vote when there is a tie. The Speaker also has powers some allege to be excessive, such as imposing limits on the posing of supplementary questions during Question Time — an important procedure for the legislature to examine the government's actions — the power to restrict the tabling of questions for Question Time, and the power to amend written copies of speeches made by members of the House before they are given verbally. + +Speaker election +The Speaker is elected to a term that lasts for the length of the term of the Dewan Rakyat that elected him. His term ends when the House is dissolved and a general election is called. He is elected when the House meets for the first time after a general election by the members of the House, who are called MPs. Any MP is qualified to be the Speaker of the House, but non-MPs who meet the same qualifications required to be an MP are also eligible for election as Speaker. A candidate for Speaker must be nominated and seconded by at least two MPs other than himself. This nomination process must be conducted at least 14 days before the election of the Speaker. If only one candidate meets these conditions, he is automatically elected Speaker; otherwise, voting by secret ballot is conducted, with the winner decided by a simple majority. Two deputy Speakers are elected in a similar manner. + +The Secretary (Malay:Setiausaha) of the House presides over the voting. + +List of speakers of the Dewan Rakyat + +Election results + +List of deputy speakers of the Dewan Rakyat +The Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives) shall be from time to time elect two deputy speakers from among members of the House. During any vacancy in the office of Speaker or during any absence of the Speaker from any sitting, one of the Deputy Speakers or, if both the Deputy Speakers are absent or if both their offices are vacant, such other member as may be determined by the rules of procedure of the House, shall act as Speaker. + +Election results + +See also +Dewan Rakyat +Parliament of Malaysia +President of the Dewan Negara + +Notes and references + + +Parliament of Malaysia +Hoplobatrachus is a genus of frogs in the family Dicroglossidae. This genus is found in both Sub-Saharan Africa and southern and southeastern Asia. It is the sister taxon of Euphlyctis, although there is some evidence that it might be paraphyletic with respect to Euphlyctis. These frogs are sometimes known as the crowned bullfrogs or the tiger frogs. + +Species +Hoplobatrachus has five described species: + Hoplobatrachus crassus (Jerdon, 1854) + Hoplobatrachus litoralis Hasan, Kuramoto, Islam, Alam, Khan, and Sumida, 2012 + Hoplobatrachus occipitalis (Günther, 1858) + Hoplobatrachus rugulosus (Wiegmann, 1834) + Hoplobatrachus tigerinus (Daudin, 1802) + +References + + +Dicroglossidae +Amphibians of Sub-Saharan Africa +Amphibians of Asia +Amphibian genera +Taxa named by Wilhelm Peters +Pharmaciens Sans Frontières Comité International (PSFCI) is the largest humanitarian association in the world specialized in the pharmaceutical sector. Founded in 1985 to retrieve unused drugs from chemists for use in developing countries, PSFCI extended its objectives to help developing countries set up a locally adapted health care system. + +Like Médecins Sans Frontières, PSFCI was founded and based in France, but has since evolved to an international organization, with support from national associations in a number of countries, including Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Morocco, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Tunisia. PCFCI has organized missions in countries in Africa, the Balkans, Central Asia, the Far East, and Latin America. + +The missions of PSFCI are typically either emergency missions to countries affected by natural, human, or economic disasters; development missions to improve healthcare in impoverished countries; and technical assistance missions. + +PSFCI has received donations from the industry and members for its internal organization but claims that it relies heavily on government donations to finance international missions. + +In October 2009, the French nonprofit organization Pharmaciens Sans Frontières – International Committee (PSF-CI), involved in reorganization proceedings since July 2009, wound-up by decision of the court. The French NGO Agency for Technical Cooperation and Development, one of the main charities in France, offered to take up some of the projects implemented by PSF-CI in order to continue their action in the field. Several other national and independent associations of the PSF network, like Switzerland, Denmark, Canada and Germany, are still active. + +Award +Pharmaciens Sans Frontières was awarded the "practitioner of the year award" for their performance during 1999 by the FIP Foundation for Education and Research. + +Pharmacists without borders Germany +The Association Pharmacists without borders Germany was founded in June 2000 and is based in Munich, Germany. It is an accredited non-profit and charitable organisation. More than 1,400 members in Germany and worldwide engage in various areas of our work. Most of them are pharmacists and pharmaceutical-technical assistants who work in public pharmacies, hospitals and the pharmaceutical industry. + +Objectives + +Improvement in health care – The aim of their work is to improve the health care provision in their project countries. Key practice areas are: + + Humanitarian aid and development cooperation + + The Pharmacists without borders Germany provides high-quality pharmaceutical services for both emergency aid and development cooperation. They always consider the specific regional requirements and cooperate closely with local and international partners. + + Pharmaceutical products + They offer support with medicine of proven quality according to the guidelines of the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. + + Training courses (basic and advanced education) + In their project countries the Pharmacists without borders Germany promote the training of pharmaceutical staff. In addition, they organise training courses, for example in hygiene or the organisation of a drug storage. + In Germany they periodically offer training courses for interested members during which they are introduced to the basics of humanitarian work for pharmacists. In addition they conduct pharmaceutical trainings for partner organisations. + + Education and advice + The Pharmacists without borders Germany are advocate against counterfeit medicines (e.g. in the project IMPACT of the WHO) and inform people about a good drug-donation practice. + +Long term projects + +In addition to various emergency operations in Sri Lanka, Haiti, Myanmar, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Kenya, Bangladesh and the Philippines Pharmacists without borders Germany works on long-term projects in the following countries: + +Argentina +The aid of the Pharmacists without borders Germany in Argentina is versatile: In various locations and projects, this organisation provides the supply of medicinal products, the construction of well-functioning pharmacies in health centres, dental hygiene projects for children as well as training courses in the healthcare sector. + +Their tasks include the supply of the health centre with essential pharmaceuticals, especially for people with chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertonia and asthma. The organisation also provides reagents and test strips. + +Haiti +Since 2008 the Pharmacists without borders Germany has been involved in several aid projects in Haiti. + +The focus of their efforts is to create an access to health care and essential drugs for the people who need it the most. After the emergency operations in 2008 (hurricane), 2010 (earthquake) and 2010-2011 (Cholera intervention) the Pharmacists without borders Germany are focussed on the expansion of a health centre in Léogâne, a city southwest of the capital Port-au-Prince. + +Mexico +The Pharmacists without borders Germany are committed to the health care of the indigenous populations of Mexico and provide a training program for health assistants, the so-called `Promotores de Salud`, and with purchasing medicinal products. + +One of their cooperation partners is Justicia y Amor, a private foundation based in Mexico City. They attend to numerous communities located in the mountains of Guerrero as well as in the states of Oaxaca, Puebla, Tabasco and Veracruz. + +The remote location of many indigenous communities brings a multitude of obstacles for supplying health care: Transport paths and streets are often in such a bad condition that some places can only be reached by foot. + +Kenya + +Since 2011 Pharmacists without borders Germany support the AMREF Outreach Service and complement the nationwide supply of medical services with pharmaceuticals and personal assistance. On top of that they provide training and support to Kenyan health care workers. + +The Pharmacists without borders Germany were thus reacting to the unfolding famine at the Horn of Africa. In cooperation with Landsaid e.V. they sent out pharmacists to an operation in Kenya. + +Nepal +At the beginning of 2009 the Pharmacists without borders Germany started their project work in Nepal. In five villages the Primary Health Centres or Sub Health Posts are supported with drugs, dressing materials, disinfectants and other supplies which are ordered through a wholesale company in Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal. + +The Pharmacists without borders Germany work together with their local partner organisation Social Welfare Association of Nepal (SWAN) and with the District Hospital in Baglung. + +Several times a year German pharmacists are engaged in the improvement of the stock, the storage and the hygienic conditions in the project area. : During this time health workers are trained and further measures are discussed with representatives of SWAN. + +Tanzania +In Tanzania the Pharmacists without borders Germany support the supply of the pharmaceuticals of a ward in Hanga, a city with a catchment area over 20.000 people. + +The WHO estimates that every second or third drug is counterfeit. Through their support it is possible to order the pharmaceuticals in the capital Dar es Salaam at the branch of the German Drug-Donation Organisation action medeor. This ensures that those people get treated with safe pharmaceuticals. + +Moldova +Already since 2003 the Pharmacists without borders Germany are involved in various projects in Moldau, the poorest country in Europe. The main effort of their work here is the health care of newborns and toddlers. Five maternity wards in the country as well as in Chisinau, the capital, receive vitamin K through the Pharmacists without borders Germany, which until this day is still unavailable in the country. Furthermore, they could specifically improve the medical equipment. +They also supply a school for pharmaceutical technical assistants in the capital with teaching material, medical equipment and reagents. +The Pharmacists without borders Germany cooperate with both the Moldovan organisation Ajutor Copiilor and the French organisation Pédiatres du Monde. + +References + +External links +Homepage +Homepage Pharmacists without borders Germany + +International organizations based in France +Pharmacy organizations in France +Organizations established in 1985 +1985 establishments in France +Bathurst is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Paul Toole of the +Nationals. + +Bathurst is a regional electorate that encompasses the entirety of the local government areas of Bathurst Region, the City of Lithgow, Blayney Shire, Oberon Shire plus the southern part of Mid-Western Regional Council (including Rylstone, Kandos and Ilford). + +History +Bathurst was created in 1859, partly replacing Western Boroughs. Between 1920 and 1927, it absorbed parts of Hartley and Orange and elected three members under proportional representation. In 1927 Bathurst, Hartley and Orange were recreated as single-member electorates. It was held by the Labor party for 20 years until the Coalition's landslide win in 2011, where the Nationals candidate Paul Toole recorded a swing of 36.7%, the largest in state history. Of particular note was the suburb of Eglinton, where labor support plummeted from 854 of 1,690 (50.5%) to 180 of 1,690 (10.7%) first preference votes; a precipitous decline of 79%. +This trend was somewhat reversed in 2015, with Toole being re-elected by a margin of around 15,000 votes, a majority of almost two-thirds of the vote, but still down from the approximate 20,000 margin from 2011. + +Members for Bathurst + +Election results + +References + +Electoral districts of New South Wales +Bathurst, New South Wales +1859 establishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1859 +Westlake is a south-western suburb in the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. In the , Westlake had a population of 4,368 people. + +Geography +Westlake adjoins the suburbs of Riverhills, Middle Park and Mount Ommaney. + +History +Westlake was developed as part of the Hooker Centenary Project which commenced in 1959. It and the surrounding suburbs such as Jindalee are known as the Centenary Suburbs. It was officially named by the Queensland Place Names Board on 8 January 1973 with its boundaries determined on 11 August 1975. The suburb takes its name from the lake () constructed by the development project. + +The western part of the original land holdings that became the Centenary Suburbs were part of the Wolston Estate, consisting of 54 farms on an area of 3000 acres, offered for auction at Centennial Hall, Brisbane, on 16 October 1901. Wolston Estate is the property of M. B. Goggs, whose father obtained the land forty years previously in the 1860s and after whom Goggs Road is named. Only three of the farms sold at the original auction. + +In 1879, the local government area of Yeerongpilly Division was created. In 1891, parts of Yeerongpilly Division were excised to create Sherwood Division becoming a Shire in 1903 which contained the areas of Wolston Estate. In 1925, the Shire of Sherwood was amalgamated into the City of Brisbane. + +Westlake has much riverside properties and in the early 1990s expanded to include the development Westlake Waters with the 'natural lakes'. + +As residential expansion occurred, the 1990s also saw the rise of community efforts to preserve riverfront bushland and encourage environmental protection of remnant natural areas. Groups which formed to forge this greater interest in environmental protection include Save Our Riverfront Bushland (1991), Westlake-Riverhills Bushcare Group (1993) and Centenary & District Environment Action Inc (1996). + +Demographics +In the , the population of Westlake was 4,380, 49.6% female and 50.4% male. The median age of the Westlake population was 41 years, 4 years above the Australian median. 62.8% of people living in Westlake were born in Australia, compared to the national average of 69.8%; the next most common countries of birth were England 5.6%, New Zealand 3.5%, South Africa 2.8%, Vietnam 2.4%, Sri Lanka 1.6%. 75.4% of people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 3.9% Vietnamese, 3.3% Cantonese, 2.6% Mandarin, 1.8% Tamil, 1.2% Hindi. + +In the , Westlake had a population of 4,368 people. + +Education +There are no schools in Westlake. The nearest primary schools are Middle Park State School in neighbouring Middle Park to the south and Jamboree Heights State School in Jamboree Heights to the east. The nearest secondary school is Centenary State High School in Jindalee to the north-east. + +References + +External links + + + Centenary Suburbs Historical Society Inc. + +Suburbs of the City of Brisbane +Lachlan George Dreher (born 11 April 1967 in Melbourne, Victoria) is a former field hockey goalkeeper from Australia, who competed in three consecutive Summer Olympics for his native country, starting in 1992. + +References + Profile on Hockey Australia + +External links + + +1967 births +Australian male field hockey players +Male field hockey goalkeepers +Olympic field hockey players for Australia +Field hockey players at the 1992 Summer Olympics +Field hockey players at the 1996 Summer Olympics +Field hockey players at the 2000 Summer Olympics +1998 Men's Hockey World Cup players +2002 Men's Hockey World Cup players +Field hockey players from Melbourne +Living people +Olympic silver medalists for Australia +Olympic bronze medalists for Australia +Olympic medalists in field hockey +Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics +Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics +Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics +20th-century Australian people +Sportsmen from Victoria (state) +Indirana is a genus of frogs in the family Ranixalidae. These frogs are endemic to the Western Ghats of India. They are sometimes known under the common name Indian frogs, whereas members of their parent family are named "leaping frogs". + +Indirana represent an ancient radiation of frogs that diverged from all other frogs almost 50 million years ago. This has credited Indirana gundia as a status of one of the "Top 100 Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered Amphibians". + +Description +Indirana species are small and slender-bodied frogs. They are typically found in leaf litter or near streams. The tadpoles have hind limbs and finless tails, and are able to leap away to escape threats. + +Taxonomy +Traditional classifications place the genus within the subfamily Ranixalinae of the family Ranidae, along with the genera Nannophrys and Nyctibatrachus. The Ranixalinae have also been placed under the family Nyctibatrachidae. Darrel R. Frost et al. (2006) placed them within the family Petropedetidae. + +Species +New species are still being discovered: Indirana salelkari was discovered in the Netravali Wildlife Sanctuary in the Indian state of Goa and described in late July 2015. The following species are recognised in the genus Indirana: + Indirana beddomii (Günther, 1876) + Indirana bhadrai Garg and Biju, 2016 + Indirana brachytarsus (Günther, 1876) + Indirana chiravasi Padhye, Modak, and Dahanukar, 2014 + Indirana duboisi Dahanukar, Modak, Krutha, Nameer, Padhye, and Molur, 2016 + Indirana gundia (Dubois, 1986) + Indirana leithii (Boulenger, 1888) + Indirana longicrus (Rao, 1937) + Indirana paramakri Garg and Biju, 2016 + Indirana salelkari Modak, Dahanukar, and Padhye, 2015 + Indirana sarojamma Dahanukar, Modak, Krutha, Nameer, Padhye, and Molur, 2016 + Indirana semipalmata (Boulenger, 1882) + Indirana tysoni Dahanukar, Modak, Krutha, Nameer, Padhye, and Molur, 2016 + Indirana yadera Dahanukar, Modak, Krutha, Nameer, Padhye, and Molur, 2016 + +References + +External links + + +Amphibians of India +Endemic fauna of the Western Ghats +Amphibian genera +Taxa named by Raymond Laurent +Training raptors (birds of prey) is a complex undertaking. Books containing advice by experienced falconers are still rudimentary at best. +Many important details vary between individual raptors, species of raptors and between places and times. The keeping and training of any raptor is strictly and tightly regulated by U.S. state and federal laws. Anyone in the USA who is interested in flying raptors must seek out a state and federally licensed falconer to sponsor them through an apprenticeship period lasting two years at a minimum, and often considerably longer. + +Equipment + +The bird wears: + A hood, which is used in the manning process (acclimatising to humans and the human world) and to keep the raptor in a calm state, both in the early part of its training and throughout its falconry career. Out of all the falconer's aids the hood is the most important piece of equipment. There are various styles and types of hood for raptors within falconry. The hood is handmade, often from kip leather or suitable kangaroo leather. There are two standard types used in American/European falconry: the Anglo Indian hood (non-blocked) and the Dutch hood. The Anglo-Indian hood is made from one piece of leather. The Dutch hood is a three piece hood blocked on a special mould called a "hood block", which is designed to best represent the shape of the raptor's head, also allowing space for the eyes with an adequate neck width. It is essential that the hood fits the raptor in a comfortable way or the raptor will reject the hood outright, making training very difficult. + A bell, or pair of bells, on its legs (attached via small leather strips called bewits), which can be heard from a fair distance. + An identity band on the leg, in most countries. + + Strips of strong leather (nowadays often kangaroo) called jesses on both legs. + Very often, a telemetry transmitter, so that it may be recovered if lost during free flight. +Falcons (the long-wing family of raptors) are tethered perched on a block; large owls (during training only) and short-winged and broad-winged hawks are tethered to a bow perch or round perch, when not allowed to fly free in their mews, an Old English word for a raptor's chamber. (The term is "mews" whether singular or plural; the word "mews" came from French muer which means "to change" or "to molt", i.e. where the hawk was kept while it was molting.) + +Jesses + +There are three styles of jesses: traditional, which is a single strap specially knotted onto the bird; and Aylmeri, a two part restraint featuring an anklet that is grommeted on, and a removable jess strap. Some Aylmeri jess straps have dental rubber bands on them to make it more difficult for the bird to pull out the jess, but they are still removable if the bird gets caught up outdoors. The third type of jesses is a combination of the two, referred to as "false Aylmeri." These use an anklet as well, but a brass eyelet is slipped through, far enough away that the toes will not get caught in it. There are two straps attached to the anklet, flying jesses and mews jesses. Both can be removed. A good reference on these jesses is "Care And Management of Captive Raptors" by Lori Arent & Mark Martell, published by the University of Minnesota: this guide is very popular with zoos and wildlife centers, though it is not a traditional falconry book. + +The singular of "jesses" is correctly "jess", but one jess is often mistakenly called a "jessie", by wrong back-formation from "jesses" treated as "jessies", which would be pronounced the same. + +Nylon Aylmeri jesses have recently grown in popularity. Thinner, lighter, and stronger, they do not rot or need oiling to stay supple. The anklets are grommetted on, like their leather counterparts, but instead of a folded button keeping the straps from falling through the anklets, a knot is used. The end of the knot is melted with a cigarette lighter to keep it from fraying. In order to form the loops the swivel or clips will attach to, a nylon parachute cord is hollowed out, threaded up through itself using an awl, and knotted. + +The swivel is to prevent tangling and twisting of the leash or tether when the bird is active but not hunting. The swivel consists of two parts that twist freely, each with a metal hoop on the end. The swivel may be traditional, or modified. The modified swivel has much larger metal hoops than the traditional. While swivels have been made of cloth or other materials in the past, most modern falconers use metal swivels. See Falconer's knot for more information about tying off the bird to the glove? + +When using Aylmeri jesses, there are usually two sets of straps; the mews strap, for manning and tethering the bird, and flying straps. The flying straps are lighter and smaller for hunting; the mews straps are heavy and less likely to break with stress. + +Most importantly, hunting/flying jesses do not have the slit which can often get caught on a branch or bush, leaving the bird hanging too high up in the tree to be retrieved. Since using mews jesses in the field is dangerous to the bird, educated falconers no longer risk them. Instead, they are changed out before the bird is released to fly free, and the mews jesses returned into the grommets after the free-flight is over and the bird is safely in hand. + +Jesses and anklets need to be replaced periodically, and checked for fit if they are causing injury. + +Scale + +A weighing scale is used to weigh the bird and its food. The scale must be reliable. This is especially important when dealing with small birds, as they may be endangered by even small weight differences when at flying weight. The successful hunting weight of the bird may vary, usually increasing as the bird is flown and develops more muscle (which weighs more than fat), but there is a relatively narrow range which the falconer seeks. Below that weight, the bird will be unnecessarily (and perhaps even dangerously) low and weak. Even the jesses lying on the scale can change the reading, so the falconer has to be careful to lift them up while the bird is being weighed. Above that range of weight, the bird will be unresponsive in the field, lacking in motivation to hunt or return to the falconer in timely fashion. + +Gauntlets + +Gauntlets or gloves are used by the falconer to turn the arm into a suitable perching surface. Falconry gloves may only cover the fist and wrist, while gauntlets for larger species extend to the elbow. An eagle glove may cover the entire arm and a portion of the chest, or it may be a heavy sheath worn over a standard hawking glove. The glove will have to be replaced with wear. + +Creance + +A creance is a long light line which is tied to the swivel or jesses. This is used only when training the bird to fly between a perch and the fist, as an assurance that the bird will not be lost in these early stages. The end away from the bird is most often wound around the spindle like a kite string; the creance can be wound or unwound with a single hand. This provides a means of storing the creance, and also provides a drag weight if the bird decides to fly off. + +Housing +A falconry bird is usually housed in a mew. Mews in the US have to be inspected for compliance with federal and state laws. These laws ensure that the facilities meet what is required to safely and humanely house a bird of prey. The mews (along with other perching equipment) are carefully designed to prevent bodily injury and especially feather damage. The laws and regulations generally prescribe characteristics that would allow a captive raptor some measure of security and health maintenance in the absence of an attentive experienced falconer. The mews may be used as a free-flight arrangement (especially during the summer molt or change of feathers) or it may provide a place for tethering the raptor during the night—during the day, when not actually hunting, the bird might be kept perched on a grassy lawn. Much depends on the species of raptor, the housing of the falconer, the weather, and the style of keeping, training and hunting. The less a bird is hunted, the more important the mews and domestic quarters. A falconer who likes to hunt with passage Cooper's hawks (an American Accipiter) just for one season then release them may be content to use a spare bedroom of his/her apartment, if permitted by the state wildlife agency. Another who desires an eyass female peregrine falcon for hunting ducks on ponds and later hopes that she will lay eggs for captive breeding (long relationship, special considerations), will probably want a large special outdoor building. + +In the UK the only law concerned requires the bird to be able to spread its wings in all directions, however in practice a much greater space is needed to avoid conditions such as bumblefoot and depression. This lack of laws in the UK is the source of much concern among raptor keepers. + +Diet + +There are different schools of thought when it comes to feeding falconry birds. Some falconers feed meat based on its nutritional value to control how hungry the bird is. If pure meat is fed, falconers must feed additional roughage, such as fur and feathers, as most raptors require them to digest properly. Roughage cleans out the crop, and is regurgitated in a football shaped pellet called a casting. Alternatively, falconers feed their birds whole food such as mouse or quail, reducing the need for supplements and additional roughage. All birds of prey eat a strictly carnivorous diet. + +In all cases, a bird's diet is carefully measured to control its weight. Weight determines how hungry the bird is and how lazy it will act. A bird that is overweight will be more likely to fly away or not hunt. A bird that is somewhat underweight will act aggressively, and a bird that is severely underweight will have health problems. + +Manning +Manning is an essential part of falconry training that refers to the acclimation of a falconry bird to living and working with humans and things typically associated with humans, such as other pets, houses, or automobiles. The better manned a falconry bird is, the more calm and less likely it will be to engage in a fight or flight response around people. + +Wild-caught birds +A wild bird in juvenile plumage is called a passager, meaning it is under a year old. When a wild bird is used in falconry, passage birds are preferred. Since many of these birds would otherwise die (estimates run from 30 to 70 percent) within their first year, the taking of juvenile hawks by falconers has no noticeable effect on raptor populations. Baited traps used for hawks are unlike typical hunting traps in that they are specifically designed to avoid harming the hawk. + +Birds that are in adult plumage are called haggards and are no longer commonly used in falconry. The reason for this is twofold: first, birds that have matured in the wild are considerably harder to train for return (when released for hunting haggards have a tendency to go off hunting on their own and are easily lost); second, the capture of an adult bird removes a breeding age bird from the local pool of viable adults. + +Taking a bird from the wild is illegal in the UK, as is releasing a captive bred bird. In America, trapping or attempting to trap any native species of raptor is a federal crime unless the person doing the trapping is licensed. A falconry permit allows a falconer to trap certain birds at certain times of the year. + +Imprinted versus non-imprinted captive-bred birds +A falconry bird taken from the nest as a downy bird still unable to fly (a fledgling) is called an 'eyass' (by misdivision of French un niais from Latin nidiscus, from Latin nidus = "nest"). In addition to wild-taken eyass hawks, all captive bred hawks taken at this same stage are properly referred to as 'captive-bred eyass' hawks. Eyass hawks can be the best or the worst of the hawks - they will never learn to fear their trainer as the passager or the haggard bird would, and are therefore difficult to lose; but likewise from this very lack of fear they may never learn 'respect' for the falconer. This results in eyass hawks sometimes becoming 'food-aggressive', constantly screaming for food or attention or being unnecessarily 'footy' (to grab aggressively at the falconer). Vigilant care regimes must be followed to prevent these bad behaviours in the eyass hawk. + +Today experienced falconers know how to rear an imprint so that it has few or none of these undesirable behaviors, but it is time-consuming and requires unswerving dedication for a period of about three months. During that time, the eyass is not allowed to ever become truly hungry, and in nearly constant company and visual range of human beings, so that the arrival of food is not specifically associated with the arrival of humans. This bird is still very much imprinted on humans, but not food-imprinted, so the human is not considered something to be screamed at or attacked when hungry. In order to further assure that such correlations are not made, when it becomes ambulatory, some will take the bird to a separate room/area and allow it to "find" a plate of food, rather than having that food delivered to its face for it, as a parent bird would do. Finally, the young eyass is allowed to wander about at Tame Hack and enjoy more autonomy than would be possible with a chamber or parent-reared bird (owing to that the bird's affinity towards humans will keep it relatively close by, an affinity lacking in the chamber/parent reared eyass.) This provides the imprint eyass with an opportunity to learn to use its wings and develop musculature as well as the ability to fly in adverse conditions—advantages that the chamber-raised bird does not have. + +In the United States, the law requires that all hybrid raptors must be either imprinted or sterilized before they can be free-flown. + +Telemetry + +In order to track a raptor that has flown away, many falconers use radio telemetry. Typically a transmitter is temporarily attached to the leg at the jess or on a bewit. Sometimes a mount for it may be attached to one of the center tail feathers by very careful application of a small drop of Superglue. Recently, a lightweight harness made of Teflon tape has also been employed as a means of hanging the transmitter off the middle of the bird's back (out of the way of the bird's flight and footing, so as to minimize interference with the hunt.) The transmitter emits a radio beep, which the falconer can track with a portable receiver. By listening to how the signal gains or loses strength a practised person can gauge if the bird is sitting still, if it is flying, and what direction it is going in. Practice with telemetry is very important, as there is no time for learning when a falcon is flying away. + +Pitfalls +Many people who have not trained under a truly qualified master falconer have the impression that falconry is easy, simply fun and is an excuse to live with wild animals. The hunting partnership between a falconer and his bird is not at all like keeping a pet or a wild animal collection. Most falconers only have one or two birds, as they each require much effort. Websites or blogs featuring uninformed individuals buying several newly fledged captive bred hawks and then turning them outside to "hunt" are as far from the sport of falconry as can be imagined. + +Weight is key, especially in small species. Some falconers do not recommend that beginners start with a kestrel, a tiny species of falcon. They are ready sparrow hunters, and as they are so small one must pay close attention to their weight and training to avoid hurting them. Similarly, some falconers agree that the use of Harris's hawks by beginners is best as the birds are so forgiving that the novice falconer can make constant mistakes in the bird's care and still hunt successfully. If the bird is a non-imprinted captive-bred, it is very important to establish in the bird's mind that the falconer will facilitate hunting, and thus food. The bird will be getting accustomed to its new 'furniture' (equipment) as well as its new owner. + +Since the success of the Harry Potter series, some novices are desperate to keep (or hunt with) an owl. Seldom does this lead to success. Many states in the U.S. provide for keeping a great horned owl for hunting, but it is a difficult venture. Owls can be extremely difficult to hunt with, as they find prey more by hearing than their diurnal (daytime) counterparts. Even the great horned owls and eagle owls, which can see well enough during the day, will still prefer hunting at night. + +There is also greater risk to the owl when it is out during the daytime. All of the diurnal raptors see owls as mortal enemies in competition with them for food and territory. Accordingly, wild birds of prey will attack an owl mercilessly if given the opportunity, even killing it if they're able to do so. + +Laws also carefully regulate falconry in many areas. Throughout the United States, for example, the falconer will be required to pass a written exam, build facilities, have them inspected, serve a two-year apprenticeship, and keep diligent records on his or her birds. In order to catch a wild bird, the falconer may need additional licensing and permission. + +Contacting a local falconry club or association is usually the first step to learning. + +Notes +With the exception of Alaska, where goshawks are allowed (because they are plentiful in that far northern state), state laws often restrict apprentices to red-tailed hawks and kestrels. These restrictions may not apply to the keeping of raptors for purposes other than hunting (such as wildlife rehabilitation), but such activities are not considered falconry. + +See also + +Hack (falconry) + +References + +Suggested reading and sources +Beatriz E. Candil, Arjen E.Hartman, Ars Accipitraria: An Essential Dictionary for the Practice of Falconry and hawking"; Yarak Publishing, London, 2007, + "North American Falconry And Hunting Hawks" by Hal Webster and Frank Beebe + Care And Management Of Captive Raptors, Arent & Martell, University of Minnesota's Raptor Center + Understanding the Bird of Prey, Nick Fox, Hancock House () + Falconry and Hawking, Phillip Glasier, Bastford, () + +External links +North American Falconers' Exchange-Falconry Forum + IAF - International Association for Falconry and Conservation of Birds of Prey, founded in 1968, is currently representing 75 falconry clubs and conservation organisations from 50 countries worldwide totalling over 30,000 members. +Betzdorf may refer to: + +Betzdorf, Luxembourg, a village and municipality in Luxembourg +Betzdorf, Germany, a town and municipality in Rhineland-Palatinate +Betzdorf (Verbandsgemeinde), a former collective municipality whose seat was Betzdorf, Germany + +, a number of ships with this name +Bega is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Michael Holland of the Labor Party. + +Bega is a regional electorate in the southeastern corner of the state. It encompasses the entirety of Bega Valley Shire and Eurobodalla Shire. Its population centres include Bega, Tathra, Merimbula, Eden, Bemboka, Eurobodalla Shire, Moruya, Batemans Bay and Narooma. + +History +In 1894, single-member electorates were introduced statewide and the two-member electorate of Eden was split into Bega and Eden–Bombala. In 1904 Eden-Bombala was abolished as a result of the 1903 New South Wales referendum which reduced the number of members of the Legislative Assembly from 125 to 90 and part of the district was absorbed by Bega. In 1920, with the introduction of proportional representation, it was absorbed into Goulburn, along with Monaro. It was recreated in 1988. + +Bega has historically tended to be a safe conservative seat, although demographic change has led to the seat becoming increasingly marginal for the Liberal Party for much of the early part of the 21st century. The Liberal margin blew out in their 2011 landslide, along with many other Liberal-held country seats. Despite the Liberals suffering a 10-point swing against them in 2015, they retained it and did so again in 2019. + +Following the decision of the incumbent member Andrew Constance to resign in order to run in Gilmore at the 2022 Federal Election, a by-election was held in 2022 which saw Labor's Michael Holland win the seat with a substantial 14-point swing. This was the first time Labor had won Bega. Holland consolidated his hold on the seat at the 2023 state election, turning Bega into a safe Labor seat in one stroke. + +Members for Bega + +Election results + +References + +Electoral districts of New South Wales +1894 establishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1894 +1920 disestablishments in Australia +Constituencies disestablished in 1920 +1988 establishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1988 +Blue Mountains is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Trish Doyle of the Labor Party. + +The 2004 redistribution of electoral districts estimated that the electoral district would have 45,289 electors on 29 April 2007. Since the 2007 election it has encompassed all of the City of Blue Mountains, except Glenbrook and Lapstone. + +Members for Blue Mountains + +Election results + +See also + List of Blue Mountains articles + +References + +Blue Mountains (New South Wales) +Electoral districts of New South Wales +1968 establishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1968 +Burrinjuck was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales from 1950 to 2015. + +The 2004 redistribution of electoral districts estimated that the electoral district would have 47,688 electors on 29 April 2007. At the 2007 election it encompassed almost all of Yass Valley Shire (including Yass, but excluding Sutton), all of the Upper Lachlan (including Crookwell and Gunning), Boorowa Council, Cowra Shire, a small part of Blayney Shire (including Mandurama and Lyndhurst), Weddin Shire (including Grenfell), a small part of Bland Shire, Young Shire, Harden Shire (including the twin towns of Harden and Murrumburrah), Cootamundra Shire, Gundagai Shire and part of Junee Shire (including Bethungra and Illabo). + +At the 2015 election it was replaced by the re-established electoral district of Cootamundra and the relocated electoral district of Goulburn. + +Members for Burrinjuck + +Election results + +References + +Former electoral districts of New South Wales +Constituencies established in 1950 +Constituencies disestablished in 2015 +1950 establishments in Australia +2015 disestablishments in Australia +Camden is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales in Sydney's south-west. It is currently represented by Sally Quinnell of the party, who achieved a 13% swing in the 2023 election. + +It currently includes the suburbs of Austral, Badgerys Creek, Bickley Vale, Bringelly, Camden, Camden Park, Camden South, Catherine Field, Cawdor, Cobbitty, Currans Hill, Elderslie, Ellis Lane, Gledswood Hills, Grasmere, Greendale, Gregory Hills, Harrington Park, Kirkham, Leppington, Luddenham, Mount Annan, Narellan, Narellan Vale, Oran Park, Rossmore, Smeaton Grange, Spring Farm, Wallacia and West Hoxton. + +History +Camden was originally created in 1859, replacing part of West Camden and named after the town of Camden or Camden County, which includes Camden, the Southern Highlands and the Illawarra. It elected two members from 1859 to 1889 and three members from 1889 to 1894, when multi-member electorates were abolished. It was abolished in 1920, with the introduction of proportional representation and absorbed into Cumberland. It was recreated in 1981. In recent decades it has been a marginal seat, falling to both the and parties on separate occasions. +Except in 1984-91 and 1995-2003, Camden in its second incarnation, has been held by the government party. + +Camden was evident as a bellwether seat at the 1991 election when the ALP lost the seat to the Liberal Party despite the former party making huge gains at that election which was close but not enough for them to win the election. If the ALP had retained Camden in 1991, the party would have been in a strong position to form a minority government when it then won The Entrance by-election in 1992. + +Members for Camden + +Election results + +References + +Camden +1859 establishments in Australia +Camden +1920 disestablishments in Australia +Camden +1981 establishments in Australia +Camden +Campbelltown is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly of the Australian state of New South Wales in Sydney's South-west. It includes the suburbs of Airds, Ambarvale, Blair Athol, Blairmount, Bradbury, Campbelltown, Claymore, Eagle Vale, Englorie Park, Gilead, Glen Alpine, Kentlyn, Leumeah, Menangle Park, Rosemeadow, Ruse, St Helens Park, Wedderburn and Woodbine. + +It is represented by Greg Warren of the Labor Party. + +Members for Campbelltown + +Election results + +References + +External links + +Campbelltown +Canterbury is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales, currently represented by Sophie Cotsis of the Labor Party. + +Canterbury includes the suburbs of Belmore, Campsie, Canterbury, Clemton Park, Earlwood, Lakemba, Undercliffe, and parts of Beverly Hills, Kingsgrove, Roselands, and Wiley Park. + +History +Canterbury was created in 1859, replacing part of Cumberland (South Riding), named after and including the then town, now Sydney suburb, of Canterbury. It was bordered on the east by Glebe and Newtown, and from 1880, Balmain and Redfern and stretched in the north to Drummoyne and Rhodes, south to Georges River and west to a line between Salt Pan Creek and Homebush Bay. It was a multi-member electorate, electing two members until 1882 and then four members until the abolition of multi-member electorates in 1894, when it was split into Canterbury, Ashfield, Burwood, Petersham and St George. It was abolished in 1920, with the introduction of proportional representation and absorbed into St George. It was recreated in 1927, and has been held by Labor for all but one term since. In recent decades it has become one of Labor's safest seats. + +Members for Canterbury + +Election results + +References + +Canterbury +1859 establishments in Australia +Canterbury +1920 disestablishments in Australia +Canterbury +1927 establishments in Australia +Canterbury +Ingerana is a genus of frogs in family Dicroglossidae. These frogs are distributed in southeastern Asia, from Nepal, northeastern India, and southwestern China to Indochina, Borneo, and the Philippines. They are sometimes known as the eastern frogs. + +Species +With the placement of Ingerana baluensis being enigmatic, several species having been transferred to Limnonectes in 2013 (Ingerana alpina, Ingerana liui, Ingerana medogensis, Ingerana xizangensis), and one species being transferred to Minervarya in 2022 (Ingerana charlesdarwini) this genus is left the following species: + + Ingerana borealis (Annandale, 1912) + Ingerana reticulata (Zhao & Li, 1984) + Ingerana tenasserimensis (Sclater, 1892) + +References + + +Dicroglossidae +Amphibians of Asia +Amphibian genera +Cessnock is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales in the rural fringe of the Hunter. It is represented by Clayton Barr of the Labor Party. It includes all of City of Cessnock (including Cessnock and Kurri Kurri), part of Singleton Council (including Broke and Belford) and a small part of the City of Lake Macquarie (including Barnsley and West Wallsend). + +History +Cessnock was created in 1913, but was abolished in 1920, with the introduction of proportional representation and absorbed into Maitland. It was recreated in 1927 and included much of the Central Coast until the creation of Gosford in 1950. It has historically been a safe seat. + +At the 2007 election, it encompassed all of City of Cessnock, a small part of the City of Newcastle (including Beresfield and Tarro), a small part of the City of Lake Macquarie (including Barnsley and West Wallsend) and a small part of Singleton Council (including Belford). At the 2013 redistribution it gained Broke, Milbrodale and Wollombi from Upper Hunter and lost Beresfield and Tarro to Wallsend. + +Members for Cessnock + +Election results + +References + +Cessnock +Singleton Council +Politics of Newcastle, New South Wales +City of Cessnock +City of Lake Macquarie +Constituencies established in 1913 +Constituencies disestablished in 1920 +1913 establishments in Australia +1920 disestablishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1927 +1927 establishments in Australia +Charlestown is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It has been represented by Jodie Harrison of the Labor Party since the Charlestown by-election on 25 October 2014. + +It is located within Greater Newcastle and includes part of the City of Lake Macquarie (including Charlestown, Kahibah, Whitebridge, Dudley, Gateshead, Mount Hutton, Windale, Kotara South, Cardiff, Hillsborough, Warners Bay, Eleebana and Tingira Heights) and a small part of the City of Newcastle (including Adamstown and Kotara). + +History + +The seat was created in 1971, replacing parts of the abolished districts of Hamilton and Kahibah. It was held continuously by Labor until the 2011 election, when it was won by Andrew Cornwell of the Liberal Party. Cornwell became an independent and moved to the crossbench on 6 August 2014 after accusations at ICAC. He resigned from parliament on 12 August 2014 after evidence of corruption was uncovered. Jodie Harrison won the subsequent by-election. + +Members for Charlestown + +Election results + +References + +Charlestown +1971 establishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1971 +Politics of Newcastle, New South Wales +City of Lake Macquarie +Clarence is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. + +It includes all of the Clarence Valley Council including Grafton, Maclean, Yamba, Illuka, Junction Hill, Ulmarra, Coutts Crossing and Glenreagh, as well as all of the Richmond Valley Council including Casino, Coraki, Woodburn, Evans Head and Tatham. + +History +Clarence was created in 1859, replacing the New South Wales part of Clarence and Darling Downs. With the introduction of proportional representation in 1920, it was absorbed into Byron along with Lismore. It was recreated in 1927. + +It has historically been a safe seat, having been held by that party for all but seven years in its current incarnation. However, has won it at high-tide elections. + +Members for Clarence + +Election results + +References + +Clarence +Coffs Harbour is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. Since 2019 it has been represented by Gurmesh Singh of the National Party. + +The district takes in the entirety of the City of Coffs Harbour and includes the localities of Coffs Harbour, Sawtell, Coramba, Korora Bay, Moonee Beach, Emerald Beach, Woolgoolga, Arrawarra, Corindi Beach and Red Rock. + +Members for Coffs Harbour + +Election results + +References + +Coffs Harbour +Coffs Harbour +Coffs Harbour +Coffs Harbour +Coogee is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales located south-east of Sydney CBD. It is represented by Marjorie O'Neill of the Australian Labor Party. + +Coogee includes the suburbs of Bondi, Bondi Junction, Bronte, Clovelly, Coogee, Queens Park, South Coogee, Tamarama and Waverley and parts of Kingsford, Maroubra, Randwick and the University of New South Wales. + +Members for Coogee + +Election results + +References + +Coogee +Constituencies established in 1927 +1927 establishments in Australia +Cronulla is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Mark Speakman of the Liberal Party. + +Members for Cronulla + +Election results + +References + +External links + +Cronulla +Davidson is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Matt Cross of the Liberal Party. + +Covering parts of Sydney's Northern Beaches North Shore regions, it spills across portions of the Northern Beaches Council and Ku-ring-gai Council LGAs. It includes all of the namesake suburb of Davidson, as well as North Turramurra, St Ives, St Ives Chase, Killara, East Killara, Lindfield, East Lindfield, Roseville and Roseville Chase. It also includes parts of Turramurra, Belrose, Frenchs Forest, and Pymble. + +Davidson includes portions of two of the most Liberal-supporting areas of Sydney, and has been in the hands of the Liberal Party for its entire existence. While frequently runs dead in northern Sydney, Davidson is especially hostile territory for Labor. The only times that Labor has even remotely threatened the Liberals' hold on the seat came during the two "Wranslides" in 1978 and 1981, which were the only times that the Liberals have failed to win at least 60 percent of the two-party-preferred vote. However, even on those occasions, the Liberals won enough primary votes to retain the seat outright. Since the 1990s, Labor has been lucky to get 30 percent of the two-party-preferred vote, and has even been pushed into third place on some occasions. + +Members for Davidson + +Election results + +References + +External links + +Davidson +1971 establishments in Australia +Constituencies established in 1971 +Northern Beaches +Drummoyne is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is currently represented by Stephanie Di Pasqua since the 2023 New South Wales state election. +Drummoyne includes the suburbs and localities of Abbotsford, Breakfast Point, Cabarita, Canada Bay, Chiswick, Cockatoo Island, Concord, Concord West, Drummoyne, Five Dock, Homebush (northern part), Liberty Grove, Mortlake, North Strathfield, Rhodes, Rodd Island, Spectacle Island, Rodd Point, Russell Lea and Wareemba. . + +History +Drummoyne was created in 1913. With the introduction of proportional representation, it was absorbed into the multi-member electorate of Ryde, but recreated in 1927. For much of the early 1900s, it was a marginal seat. Between the 1960s and 2000s, Drummoyne was a -leaning seat. Currently, the electoral district is represented by Independent John Sidoti, formerly of the Liberal Party. + +Notably, the electorate was the scene of future Liberal Prime Minister John Howard's first run for parliament, in 1968. + +Members for Drummoyne + +Election results + +References + +Drummoyne +Drummoyne +1913 establishments in Australia +Drummoyne +1920 disestablishments in Australia +Drummoyne +1927 establishments in Australia +East Hills is a state electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is represented by member Kylie Wilkinson. In 2019, Wendy Lindsay succeeded Glenn Brookes after he stood down. + +East Hills includes the suburbs of Condell Park, East Hills, Milperra, Padstow, Padstow Heights, Panania, Picnic Point, Revesby, Revesby Heights and parts of Bankstown, Bass Hill, Georges Hall and Yagoona. + +Members for East Hills + +Election results + +References + +East Hills +East Hills +1953 establishments in Australia +Epping is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by former Premier Dominic Perrottet of the Liberal Party. + +It includes the suburbs of Beecroft, Cheltenham, Cherrybrook, North Epping and parts of Epping, Carlingford, Castle Hill, Dural, Eastwood, Pennant Hills and West Pennant Hills. + +The seat was created in 1999, largely replacing Eastwood. Like its predecessor, it is a comfortably safe Liberal seat until 2023 when Perrottet suffered a huge swing against him making it a marginal seat. + +Members for Epping + +Election results + +References + +Epping +Epping +1999 establishments in Australia +Jason Paul Duff (born 27 October 1972 in Melbourne, Victoria) is a former field hockey defender from Australia, who was a member of the team that won the bronze medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. + +Early life +Duff attended St. Leo the Great primary school in Altona North and attended high school at St. Paul's College in Altona North, Victoria. He was born into a sporting family with father Ken Duff a former VFL Footscray Football Club player and brother Darren Duff also an Australian field hockey representative. His eldest brother Craig was an accomplished club cricketer with both the Altona and Footscray Cricket Clubs. He tried his hand at many sports settling into Hockey as his winter recreation and Cricket in the summer. He showed a keen interest in cricket from an early age playing in his first U12 cricket match as a 5-year-old with the Williamstown CYMS cricket club. He soon showed good ability as a cricketer after moving to the Altona Cricket Club and being selected in the club's U14 Hatch Shield team as a 10-year-old. He progressed quickly through the senior ranks at Altona in the Sub District Cricket competition and was soon opening the batting in the first XI alongside his brother Craig Duff as a 15-year-old. Along with his brother Craig Duff, the brothers transferred to Footscray Cricket Club for the 1989/90 season with mixed success. Duff went on to captain the Victorian schools Western Zone U16 cricket team and was subsequently selected in the 1989/90 Victorian U17 State Cricket Team that competed in and won the Australian National Championship in Adelaide beating WA in the final, that would be the last season he played cricket preferring to take a chance on an international hockey career. Duff was introduced to hockey as a 10-year-old by his club cricket coach that was looking for players to fill some vacancies in the local Altona Hockey Club. His talent was not immediately apparent but he enjoyed the game, his potential as a hockey player was first identified as a 12-year-old when he was selected in the Victorian U13 state team that competed in the national championship in Brisbane. From that point on he was identified and featured regularly in Victorian State teams. Duff applied to the AIS hockey program at the end of the 1990 hockey season after winning the Altona Hockey Club senior Club Champion award. He was selected and departed Victoria in 1991 with his brother Darren Duff to take up a scholarship at the Perth-based institute. + +Career +He made his debut in 1993 for the Australian Men's Hockey Team, "The Kookaburras" at the Champion's Trophy tournament in Kuala Lumpur where the team won Gold beating Germany in the final 4–1. In the same year Duff captained the Australian U21 team to a bronze medal at the Hockey Junior World Cup in Terrassa, Spain. Duff was a member of the Olympic Hockey Squad in 1996 but missed selection to the final 16. He became a more consistent member of the team after the Atlanta Olympics, playing in the team's 4th placed World Cup team in Utrecht, The Netherlands in 1998. He was also selected in the 1998 Kuala Lumpur Commonwealth Games team, hockey's inaugural appearance at the games and won Gold, beating hosts Malaysia 4–0 in the final. In a 1999 Perth club game with his team YMCC Duff tragically went down with a knee injury, tearing the ACL in his right knee. He was forced to work hard to secure selection in the Sydney 2000 Olympic team whilst he rehabilitated his reconstructed knee, he faced several setbacks in this phase tearing a quadriceps muscle at the 1999 Champion's Trophy in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. In the race to be fit Duff fast-tracked his rehabilitation and was ultimately selected in that team and won a bronze medal, after a heart breaking loss in penalties in the semi-final to the Dutch, who went on to win the gold medal. Duff was forced to retire at the end of the 2000 Olympic Games with complication's to his knee injury making it impossible to continue to play at the elite level. + +References + Hockey Australia + +External links + +1972 births +Australian male field hockey players +Male field hockey defenders +Olympic field hockey players for Australia +Field hockey players at the 2000 Summer Olympics +1998 Men's Hockey World Cup players +Field hockey players from Melbourne +Australian people of Irish descent +Living people +Olympic bronze medalists for Australia +Olympic medalists in field hockey +Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics +Commonwealth Games medallists in field hockey +Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia +Field hockey players at the 1998 Commonwealth Games +People from Altona, Victoria +Sportsmen from Victoria (state) +Medallists at the 1998 Commonwealth Games +Fairfield is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly of the Australian state of New South Wales in Sydney's West. Fairfield has historically been one of the safest seats in New South Wales and is considered a part of Labor's heartland in Western Sydney. It is currently represented by David Saliba of the Labor Party, who was elected at the 2023 New South Wales state election. + +Fairfield includes the suburbs of Carramar, Fairfield, Fairfield East, Fairfield Heights, Guildford West, Old Guildford, Wakeley, Woodpark, Yennora and parts of Canley Vale, Fairfield West, Guildford, Prairiewood, Smithfield and Villawood. + +Fairfield was created in 1953. + +Demographics +Fairfield is similar to much of Western Sydney in the fact that a significant size of the population were either born overseas or have parents who were born overseas. Approximately 50% of the population which is more than double the Australian average at 22.2% were born overseas of which most were born in either East Asian countries such as Vietnam and China or from Middle Eastern countries like Iraq and Lebanon. Despite this high level of foreign born residents, 83.4% had Australian citizenship which is only slightly lower than the national average of 86.1%. As for languages spoken at home English was the most common language spoken by 29.5%, followed by Vietnamese with 14.5%, Arabic at 11.7% and Assyrian at 6.7%. No other languages were spoken by more than 5% of the population. Catholicism was the most common religion followed by nearly one third of the population at 32.6%. This was followed by Buddhism at 16.7%, Islam at 8.3%, Anglicanism at 8.1% and followers of Eastern Orthodox Christianity at 6.6% of the total population. Median incomes for the population aged 15 years and over was in all 3 categories lower than the national average. + +Members for Fairfield + +Election results + +References + +Fairfield +Fairfield +1953 establishments in Australia +Limnonectes is a genus of fork-tongued frogs of about 75 known species, but new ones are still being described occasionally. They are collectively known as fanged frogs because they tend to have unusually large teeth, which are small or absent in other frogs. + +Habitat +These frogs are found throughout East and Southeast Asia, most commonly near forest streams. Multiple species of Limnonectes may occupy the same area in harmony. Large-bodied species cluster around fast rivers, while smaller ones live among leaf-litter or on stream banks. The Indonesian island of Sulawesi is home to at least 15 species of this frog, only four of which have been formally described. + +Lifecycle +Tadpoles of this genus have adapted to a variety of conditions. Most species (e.g. Blyth's river frog L. blythii or the fanged river frog L. macrodon) develop normally, with free-swimming tadpoles that eat food. The tadpoles of the corrugated frog (L. laticeps) are free-swimming but endotrophic, meaning they do not eat but live on stored yolk until metamorphosis into frogs. Before, L. limborgi was assumed to have direct development (eggs hatching as tiny, full-formed frogs), but more careful observations have showed it has free-swimming but endotrophic larvae; this probably applies to the closely related L. hascheanus, too. L. larvaepartus is the only known species of frog that gives live birth to tadpoles. Parental care is performed by males. + +Species + + Limnonectes acanthi (Taylor, 1923) – Busuanga wart frog + Limnonectes arathooni (Smith, 1927) – Djikoro wart frog; (Endangered) + Limnonectes asperatus + Limnonectes bannaensis Ye, Fei, Xie & Jiang, 2007 + Limnonectes beloncioi Herr, Vallejos, Meneses, Abraham, Otterholt, Siler, Rico & Brown, 2021 – Mindoro fanged frog + Limnonectes blythii – Blyth's river frog, giant Asian river frog + Limnonectes cintalubang (Matsui, Nishikawa & Eto, 2014) + Limnonectes coffeatus Phimmachak, Sivongxay, Seateun, Yodthong, Rujirawan, Neang, Aowphol, and Stuart, 2018 + Limnonectes conspicillatus (Günther, 1872) + Limnonectes dabanus + Limnonectes dammermani – Dammerman's wart frog + Limnonectes deinodon Dehling, 2014 + Limnonectes diuatus – eastern Mindanao frog, Tagibo wart frog + Limnonectes doriae – Burmese wart frog, Doria's frog, or red stream frog + Limnonectes fastigatus Stuart, Schoen, Nelson, Maher, Neang, Rowley & McLeod, 2020 + Limnonectes ferneri + Limnonectes finchi – Finch's wart frog + Limnonectes fragilis + Limnonectes fujianensis + Limnonectes grunniens + Limnonectes gyldenstolpei + Limnonectes hascheanus (sometimes separated in Taylorana) + Limnonectes heinrichi + Limnonectes hikidai Matsui & Nishikawa, 2014 + Limnonectes ibanorum + Limnonectes ingeri + Limnonectes isanensis McLeod, Kelly, and Barley, 2012 + Limnonectes jarujini Matsui et al., 2010 + Limnonectes kadarsani + Limnonectes kenepaiensis + Limnonectes khammonensis + Limnonectes khasianus + Limnonectes kiziriani Pham, Le, Ngo, Ziegler, and Nguyen, 2018 + Limnonectes kohchangae + Limnonectes kong Dehling and Dehling, 2017 + Limnonectes kuhlii – Kuhl's Creek frog, large-headed frog + Limnonectes larvaepartus + Limnonectes lauhachindai (Aowphol, Rujirawan, Taksintum, Chuaynkern & Stuart. 2015) + Limnonectes leporinus – giant river frog + Limnonectes leytensis – small disked frog, swamp frog + Limnonectes limborgi + Limnonectes liui (Yang, 1983) + Limnonectes longchuanensis (Suwannapoom, Yuan, Sullivan & McLeod, 2016) + Limnonectes macrocephalus – Luzon fanged frog + Limnonectes macrodon (Duméril & Bibron, 1841) – fanged river frog, Javan giant frog, Malaya wart frog, stone creek frog + Limnonectes macrognathus + Limnonectes magnus (Stejneger, 1910) – giant Philippine frog, large swamp frog, Mindanao fanged frog + Limnonectes malesianus – Malesian frog, peat swamp frog + Limnonectes mawlyndipi + Limnonectes megastomias McLeod, 2008 + Limnonectes micrixalus + Limnonectes microdiscus + Limnonectes microtympanum + Limnonectes mocquardi (Mocquard, 1890) + Limnonectes modestus + Limnonectes namiyei – Namiye's frog + Limnonectes nguyenorum + Limnonectes nitidus + Limnonectes palavanensis + Limnonectes paramacrodon + Limnonectes parvus – Philippine small-disked frog + Limnonectes plicatellus + Limnonectes poilani + Limnonectes quangninhensis Pham, Le, Nguyen, Ziegler, Wu, and Nguyen, 2017 + Limnonectes rhacoda + Limnonectes savan Phimmachak, Richards, Sivongxay, Seateun, Chuaynkern, Makchai, Som & Stuart, 2019 + Limnonectes selatan Matsui, Belabut, and Ahmad, 2014 + Limnonectes shompenorum + Limnonectes sinuatodorsalis Matsui, 2015 + Limnonectes sisikdagu McLeod, Horner, Husted, Barley, and Iskandar, 2011 + Limnonectes taylori Matsui et al., 2010 + Limnonectes timorensis (Smith, 1927) + Limnonectes tweediei + Limnonectes utara Matsui, Belabut, and Ahmad, 2014 + Limnonectes visayanus – giant Visayan frog + Limnonectes woodworthi – Woodworth's frog + +Phylogeny + +Pyron & Wiens (2011) +The following phylogeny of Limnonectes is from Pyron & Wiens (2011). 35 species are included. Limnonectes is a sister group of Nanorana. + +Aowphol, et al. (2015) +The following Limnonectes phylogeny is from Aowphol, et al. (2015). 20 species are included. + +McLeod, et al. (2015) +Below is a phylogeny of species within the L. kuhlii species complex (McLeod, et al. 2015). Limnonectes longchuanensis, Limnonectes hikidai, and Limnonectes cintalubang are also part of the L. kuhlii species complex. + +References + + +Dicroglossidae +Amphibians of Asia +Amphibian genera +Taxa named by Leopold Fitzinger +This is a non-exhaustive list of symphony orchestras in Europe. For orchestras from other continents, see List of symphony orchestras. + +Pan-European orchestras + + Chamber Orchestra of Europe + European Medical Students' Orchestra and Choir + European Union Youth Orchestra + Spira Mirabilis + +Austria + + Ars Antiqua Austria + Bruckner Orchestra Linz + Gustav Mahler Youth Orchestra + Mozarteum Orchestra of Salzburg + Symphony Orchestra Vorarlberg + Tonkünstler Orchestra + Vienna Chamber Orchestra (Das Wiener Kammer Orchester) + Vienna Mozart Orchestra (Wiener Mozart Orchester) + Vienna Philharmonic (Wiener Philharmoniker) + Vienna Radio Symphony Orchestra + Vienna Symphony (Wiener Symphoniker) + Wiener Johann Strauss Orchester + Wiener Jeunesse Orchester (national youth orchestra) + +Baltic States + + Kremerata Baltica + Baltic Sea Philharmonic + +Belgium + + Antwerp Symphony Orchestra + Brussels Philharmonic + Brussels Philharmonic Orchestra + National Orchestra of Belgium + Orchestre Philharmonique de Liège + Orchestre Royal de Chambre de Wallonie + +Bosnia and Herzegovina + + Sarajevo Philharmonic Orchestra + +Bulgaria + + Bulgarian National Radio Symphony Orchestra + New Symphony Orchestra + Plovdiv Philharmonic Orchestra + Rousse Philharmonic Orchestra + Sofia Symphonic Orchestra + +Croatia + + Dubrovnik Symphony Orchestra + Zagreb Philharmonic Orchestra + +Czech Republic + + Barocco sempre giovane + Bohemian Symphony Orchestra Prague + Brno Philharmonic Orchestra + Capellen Orchestra + City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra + Czech National Symphony Orchestra + Czech Philharmonic Orchestra + Czech Symphony Orchestra (1994) (ČSO) + Film Symphony Orchestra (FISYO), also known as Czech Symphony Orchestra during Live-Concerts + Janáček Philharmonic Orchestra + Moravian Philharmonic + Praga Sinfonietta Orchestra + Prague Philharmonia (PKF) + Prague Philharmonic Orchestra + Prague Radio Symphony Orchestra (SOČR) + Prague Symphony Orchestra (FOK/PSO) + Suk Chamber Orchestra + Teplice Symphony Orchestra + +Denmark + + Aalborg Symphony Orchestra + Aarhus Symphony Orchestra + Copenhagen Philharmonic Orchestra + Danish National Chamber Orchestra + Danish National Symphony Orchestra + Danish Youth Ensemble (national youth orchestra) + Odense Symphony Orchestra + Royal Danish Orchestra (Det Kongelige Kapel) + +Estonia + + Estonian National Symphony Orchestra + +European Union + + European Union Baroque Orchestra + European Union Youth Orchestra + European Union Chamber Orchestra + +Finland + +Professional orchestras + + Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra ("HKO", Finnish: Helsingin kaupunginorkesteri, Swedish: Helsingfors stadsorkester), founded in 1882 + Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra ("RSO" (eng. "FRSO"), Finnish: Radion sinfoniaorkesteri, Swedish: Radions symfoniorkester), founded in 1927 + Tapiola Sinfonietta (Finnish: Tapiola Sinfonietta, Swedish: Tapiola Sinfonietta – Esbo stadsorkester), founded in 1987 + Lahti Symphony Orchestra (Finnish: Sinfonia Lahti – Lahden kaupunginorkesteri, Swedish: Sinfonia Lahti – Lahtis stadsorkester) founded in 1910 + Tampere Philharmonic Orchestra ("TFO", Finnish: Tampere Filharmonia – Tampereen kaupunginorkesteri, Swedish: Tampere Filharmonia – Tammerfors stadsorkester) founded in 1930 + Turku Philharmonic Orchestra (Finnish: Turku Filharmonia – Turun kaupunginorkesteri, Swedish: Åbo Filharmoniska Orkester – Åbo stadsorkester), founded in 1790 + Jyväskylä Sinfonia founded in 1955 + Oulu Symphony Orchestra (Finnish: Oulu Sinfonia – Oulun kaupunginorkesteri, Swedish: Oulu Sinfonia – Uleåborgs stadsorkester) founded in 1937 + Kymi Sinfonietta (Comprises Kouvola and Kotka City Orchestras) founded in 1999 + +Chamber orchestras + + Avanti! Chamber Orchestra (Finnish: Avanti! Kamariorkesteri, Swedish: Kammarorkester Avanti!), founded in 1983 +Ostrobothnian Chamber Orchestra + +University and conservatorio orchestras + + Ylioppilaskunnan Soittajat ("YS", English: Helsinki University Symphony Orchestra, Swedish: Helsingfors Universitets studentorkester), founded in 1747 (1926) + The Polytech Orchestra ("PO", Finnish: Polyteknikkojen orkesteri, Swedish: Polyteknikernas orkester), founded in 1922 + +France + + Concerts Colonne (Paris), founded in 1873 + Concerts Lamoureux (Paris), founded in 1881 + Concerts Pasdeloup (Paris), founded in 1861 + Ensemble InterContemporain, founded in 1976 + Ensemble La Fenice, founded in 1990 + Ensemble Matheus, founded in 1991 + Les Musiciens du Louvre (Grenoble), founded in 1982 + Orchestre de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire, founded in 1828, disbanded 1967 + Orchestre de Paris, founded in 1967 + Orchestre des Champs-Élysées (Poitiers), founded in 1991 + Orchestre Français des Jeunes (national youth orchestra) + Orchestre National Bordeaux Aquitaine, founded in 1974 + Orchestre National d'Île-de-France, founded in 1974 + Orchestre National de France, founded in 1934 + Orchestre National de Lille, founded in 1976 + Orchestre National de Lyon, founded in 1905 + Orchestre National des Pays de la Loire, founded in 1971 + Orchestre national du Capitole de Toulouse, founded c.1932 + Orchestre des Pays de Savoie, founded in 1984 + Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France, 1937 + Orchestre philharmonique de Strasbourg, founded in 1855 + Orchestre symphonique de Mulhouse, founded in 1975 + Orchestre symphonique et lyrique de Nancy, founded in 1884 + Opéra Orchestre national Montpellier, founded in 2001 + Rouen Philharmonic Orchestra, founded in 1998 + +Germany + National youth orchestras: + Bundesjugendorchester + Junge Deutsche Philharmonie + +A–M + + Akademie für Alte Musik Berlin + Akademische Orchestervereinigung