eligible ages (years): 0.0-6.0,  All  Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn Late preterm and term infants (post-menstrual age ≥ 34 weeks) delivered by cesarean section or vaginal delivery Diagnosis of TTN Parents signed informed consent  Meconium aspiration syndrome Respiratory distress syndrome Congenital heart disease Non respiratory disorders causing tachypnea


A 30-year-old generally healthy woman presents with shortness of breath that had started 2 hours before admission. She has had no health problems in the past besides 2 natural abortions. She had given birth to a healthy child 3 weeks before. On examination, she is apprehensive, tachypneic and tachycardic, her blood pressure is 110/70 and her oxygen saturation 92%. Otherwise, physical examination is unremarkable. Her chest x-ray and CBC are normal.

eligible ages (years): 18.0-75.0,  All  Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), GOLD grade 2-3 residents at low altitude (<800 m)  Unstable condition, COPD exacerbation Mild (GOLD 1) or very severe COPD (GOLD 4) requirement for oxygen therapy at low altitude residence hypoventilation pulmonary hypertension more than mild or unstable cardiovascular disease use of drugs that affect respiratory center drive internal, neurologic or psychiatric disease that interfere with protocol compliance including current heavy smoking (>20 cigarettes per day), inability to perform 6 min walk test previous intolerance to moderate altitude (<2600m) Exposure to altitudes >1500m for >2 days within the last 4 weeks before the study


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Multiple Pulmonary Emboli Patients referred for CT pulmonary angiogram to pulmonary embolus  Class 3 or 4 Congestive Heart Failure Supraventricular tachycardia History of contrast allergy Unable to give informed consent Patients with serum creatinine >1.28 mg/dl without referring physician approval


eligible ages (years): 0.462-0.846,  All  Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Ventilator Induced Lung Injury Infants at 24-36 weeks corrected gestational age Already ventilated with high frequency ventilation Requiring FiO2=21%-70% to maintain adequate oxygen saturation Clinical stable o i.e. ventilated on current settings for more than just a few hours with stable but not necessarily normalized blood gases or transcutaneous values and oxygen requirement Parent(s) or guardian able and willing to provide informed consent  Major congenital cardiovascular or respiratory abnormalities The attending neonatologist responsible for the baby considers one of the ventilation modes unsuitable for the infant Poor skin integrity precluding use of transcutaneous monitoring Lack of parental signed written informed consent Parents under 18 years of age


eligible ages (years): 0.462-0.577,  All  Premature Birth Parental consent 0 to 30+0 weeks(agreed dates) gestation born alive Breathing spontaneously at birth or soon after with minimal resuscitation Oxygen saturations >90% by 5 minutes  No parental consent Born in poor condition and unlikely to survive Needing resuscitation including intubation and/or chest compressions Not breathing and thus needing intubation Oxygen saturations <90% by 5 minutes <24 weeks gestation >30 weeks gestation


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Pregnancy aged 18 or above first-time parents able to speak and read the Chinese language; and Hong Kong residents  couples with past or family psychiatric history


eligible ages (years): 18.0-32.0,  All  Vitamin A Deficiency Pregnant women >-18 years of age with low-risk obstetric  Pregnant women expecting a multiple birth Take vitamin A supplements during postpartum apart from study intervention Premature birth Newborn babies with birth defects and / or other serious diseases


eligible ages (years): 0.0-0.164,  All  Infant Development Full-term newborns (>37 weeks and <41 weeks gestation) Adequate birth weight for his gestational age (between 3-97 percentiles) age: from 0 to 2 months (60 days) Maximum 30 days of exclusive breastfeeding From 30 days on, exclusive or >70% infant formula Normal Apgar score: 7-10 Umbilical pH ≥ of 7.10 Availability to continue during the whole study period Informed consent signed ( parent/legal representative)  Participating in other studies Nervous system disorders (hydrocephalic, perinatal hypoxia, intraventricular hemorrhage, neonatal meningitis, septic shock, West Sd...) Gastrointestinal disorders (cow's milk protein allergy, lactose intolerance) Mother's disease history or during pregnancy: neurological and metabolic diseases, diabetes mellitus type 1, hypothyroidism, undernutrition, infections TORCH complex Mothers receiving anxiolytic or antidepressant treatment during pregnancy or other potentially harmful drug treatments for infants' neurodevelopment Infant currently participating in another clinical study Infant's family who in the investigators assessment cannot be expected to comply with the protocol


eligible ages (years): 18.0-75.0,  All  Precapillary Pulmonary Hypertension Interstitial Lung Disease Precapillary pulmonary hypertension, or interstitial lung disease New York Heart Association class 2-3 Residence at low altitude (<800m)  Unstable or exacerbated condition Very severe pulmonary hypertension or interstitial lung disease, New York Heart Association class 4 requirement for oxygen therapy at low altitude residence hypoventilation more than mild or unstable cardiovascular disease use of drugs that affect respiratory center drive internal, neurologic or psychiatric disease that interfere with protocol compliance including current heavy smoking (>20 cigarettes per day), inability to perform 6 min walk test previous intolerance to moderate altitude (<2600m) Exposure to altitudes >1500m for >2 days within the last 4 weeks before the study Pregnant or nursing patients


eligible ages (years): 18.0-45.0,  All  Postpartum Depressive Mood Postpartum Sexual Function 45 year old women who desire contraception postpartum for at least 6 weeks 45 year old women who choose not to use oral contraceptive medication postpartum for at least 6 weeks for the control group  (Medication groups) Breastfeeding (although this may limit participant enrollment, combined oral contraceptives are contraindicated in this population) Delivery by cesarean section Previous history of depression, mood disorders, or psychiatric disorders Any condition (history or presence of) which contraindicates the use of combination OCs, including Thrombophlebitis or thromboembolic disorders, known or suspected clotting disorders, deep vein thrombosis, thrombogenic valvulopathies or rhythm disorders Pulmonary Embolism Cerebrovascular or coronary artery disease or myocardial infarction Diabetes mellitus Migraine headaches with focal, neurological symptoms


eligible ages (years): 18.0-50.0,  All  Pregnancy Breastfeeding Contraception Cervical Cancer Postpartum Depression Age 18 or above at time of delivery Delivery of live born infant at estimated gestational age (EGA) ≥37wk Postpartum primiparous patients within the first 48 hours after delivery Patient intent to breastfeed Breastfeeding initiated within the first 48 hours of delivery and/or prior to hospital discharge (whichever occurs first) Infant is continuously rooming in with mother from the time of delivery English-speaking Able to read and complete surveys No anticipated discharge from military system, Tricare benefits, or move planned in the upcoming 6 months Willing to render informed consent  Patients delivered by the Family Medicine Department (relatively small number in our population who are not followed postpartum by the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology) Any condition deemed by patient provider to be an absolute contraindication to breastfeeding Maternal HIV/AIDS Planned use of radioactive or chemotherapeutic medications or medication for other medical problems which is contraindicated for delivery Known fetal factor that would impair breastfeeding Fetal mid-facial defects Known fetal chromosomal abnormality Known fetal conditioning resulting in fetal hypotonia Labor and Delivery complications Maternal separation from infant during the first 48 hours postpartum (such as maternal ICU admission, infant NICU admission)


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Pregnancy Complicated by Cardiovascular Disorders as Postpartum Condition, Delivered During Previous Episode Breathing-Related Sleep Disorder Interval Contact Agreed to contact for future studies during nuMoM2b and not subsequently withdrawn from the cohort Have pregnancy outcome data from the nuMoM2b study At least 18 years of age (to begin interval contact attempts once nuMoM2b participant reaches age 18) Provision of verbal consent for telephone interview or acknowledgement of consent with completion of the web-based self-administered questionnaire In-clinic Visit Consented for participation in interval contacts and not subsequently withdrawn Between 2 and 3.5 years after the nuMoM2b pregnancy ended Self-report at least 6 months postpartum from any subsequent pregnancy Self-report not currently pregnant  Inability or refusal to provide informed consent for the study component


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Venous Thrombosis Pulmonary Embolism Lung Neoplasms Patient At least 18 years of age Either gender Diagnosed with resectable lung cancer or metastatic lung disease eligible to complete metastasectomy Undergoing one of the following surgeries: Segmentectomy, wedge resection, lobectomy, bilobectomy or pneumonectomy Competent to understand and sign consent documents Patient  Known allergic or anaphylactic reaction to contrast dye, heparin or low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) Under current anticoagulation for venous thromboembolism or other medical conditions Known renal impairment, defined as creatinine clearance value of less than 55ml/min/m2 as calculated by the Cockroft-Gault method History of, or ongoing liver disease, manifested as ascites or previous peritoneal tapping for ascites Pregnant or planning to become pregnant Diagnosed or treated for VTE in the past 3 months prior to surgery Present or previous increase risk of haemorrhage History of previous HIT (heparin induced thrombocytopenia) Platelet count must be below 75,000 Previously inserted Inferior Vena Cava Filter (IVC) filter


eligible ages (years): 18.0-50.0,  All  Postpartum Hemorrhage Elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia Written informed consent to participate in this study Term pregnancy  Refusal to give written informed consent Allergy or hypersensitivity to carbetocin or oxytocin Conditions that predispose to uterine atony and postpartum hemorrhage, such as placenta previa, multiple gestation, preeclampsia, eclampsia, macrosomia, polyhydramnios, uterine fibroids, previous history of uterine atony and postpartum bleeding, or bleeding diathesis Hepatic, renal, and vascular disease


eligible ages (years): 14.0-44.0,  All  Severe Pre-eclampsia Postpartum. Severe preeclampsia or severe preeclampsia aggregated to chronic hypertension with > 24 weeks of gestation treated with 4-6 grams of magnesium sulfate for impregnation with a minimum of 8 hours continuous of magnesium sulfate before delivery The study begins to terminate pregnancy  HELLP syndrome Eclampsia Renal insufficiency Diabetes mellitus Disease of collagen Heart disease


eligible ages (years): 16.0-999.0,  All  Postpartum Period Age 16-18, married, or Age 18+, in a co-habiting relationship Pregnant 24-36 weeks No obstetric risk factors requiring hospital delivery Lives no more than one hour away on foot, not planning to move from the city Gives informed consent  Not meeting Declines to participate


eligible ages (years): 0.167-4.917,  All  Pneumonia Tachypnea History of cough or difficult breathing < 14 days (observed or reported) AND Respiratory rate ≥ 50 breaths per minute in children 2 to <12 months (on two consecutive readings by independent physicians) OR respiratory rate ≥ 40 breaths per minute in children12 months (on two consecutive readings by independent physicians) AND Written informed consent by a legal guardian  Previously enrolled in study Pedal edema History of hospitalization in last two weeks With severe lower chest wall in-drawing Known asthmatics,TB or other severe illness Antibiotics taken in last 48 hours Bulging fontanel Congenital heart disease Any surgical condition requiring hospitalization Out of catchment area


eligible ages (years): 18.0-45.0,  All  Breastfeeding Maternal age 18-45 years Normal vital signs  Contraindications for breastfeeding Significant systemic disease that cause pain or require chronic pain relief


eligible ages (years): 21.0-59.0,  All  Respiratory Failure Healthy male or female volunteers in the age group  Any acute or chronic cardiopulmonary disorder including a simple common cold


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Severe Sepsis With Septic Shock Lactate diagnosis in patients with septic shock  pregnant women and nursing mothers severe liver failure with child class C using Linezolid pheochromocytoma hematologic malignancy using epinephrine during CVVH treatment


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Postpartum Anemia Women above 18 years old after giving birth Women who suffer from iron deficiency anemia, defined as hemoglobin< 10 g/dl without one of the conditions that are described in the  Women who suffer from known allergy for iron supplements Women who suffer from anemia not due to iron deficiency Women who suffer from acute infection Women who suffer from liver failure or viral hepatitis Women who suffer from thalassemia or hemoglobinopathies Women who suffer from renal failure Women who suffer from unbalanced thyroid disorder


eligible ages (years): 18.0-70.0,  All  Hypoxemia Trauma Acute Myocardial Infarction to 70 years of age Male and female volunteers ASA physical status I, II and III Capable and willing to provide written informed consent in English  Acute cardiopulmonary disease, as defined by blood pressure greater than 150/90, HR greater than 120 and room air oxygen saturation less than 92 Allergy to lidocaine or adhesive tape History or physical exam finding of nasal polyps Currently taking oral or parenteral anticoagulant medications (other than aspirin) History of frequent nose bleeds Current symptoms of nasal congestion Physical examination findings of rales or wheezing Facial hair that prevents forming a seal with an anesthesia mask


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Depression, Postpartum Women who are more than 26 weeks pregnant OR up to 9 months post-birth  Outside the limits of the number of weeks pregnant/post birth Living outside England Refusal to participate


eligible ages (years): 0.0-999.0,  All  Thrombophilia Associated With Pregnancy Perioperative/Postoperative Complications Venous Thrombosis Pulmonary Embolism Other Specified Risk Factors in Pregnancy Deep Vein Thrombosis All pregnant women hospitalized  Previous use of anticoagulation


eligible ages (years): 1.0-18.0,  All  Noninvasive Ventilation All pediatric patients between one and 18 year of age Requirement for insertion of an endotracheal tube American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class I to III  Failure to obtain parental consent or patient assent when appropriate (in general, children over 6 years of age) ASA IV Patients with any cardiac pathology Patients with any respiratory pathology Patients with any form of chest deformity, for example, pectus excavatum, pectus carinatum, scoliosis Patients who had previous cardiac or thoracic surgery


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Pulmonary Thromboembolism Women with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) during the first 6 weeks postpartum, without any sign of severe PE (shock, hypotension), referred for CT angiography Absence of contraindication to iodinated contrast medium injection Age > 18 years Health insurance Possibility to have 3-month follow-up Obtention of written informed consent (ability to give consent)  Anticoagulation at therapeutic dosage for another reason than the suspicion of PE New pregnancy (βHCG positive before CT angiography) Contrast medium extravasation during injection CTA or CTV not performed according to the study requirements


An 85-year-old man is brought to the ER because of gradual decrease in his level of consciousness. In the last 3 days he stopped walking and eating by himself. He has had no fever, cough, rash or diarrhea. His daughter recalls that he had been involved in a car accident 3 weeks prior to his admission and had a normal head CT at that time.

eligible ages (years): 25.0-75.0,  All  Osteoporosis females 25-75 years of age with no known bone disorders  history of vertebral fractures or nonvertebral fractures without trauma prescription medications for prevention of osteoporosis (including vitamin D other than multivitamin and estrogen) history of malignancy other than basal cell or squamous cell cancer of the skin use of steroids or anticonvulsants in the 6 months prior to enrollment


eligible ages (years): 60.0-80.0,  All  Alzheimer's Disease Individuals of either sex, with a high school education, and between the ages of 60 and 80 years living in the New York City metropolitan area Minimum of 12 years education Participants will be classified as within normal limits on medical, psychiatric and neuropsychological examinations (performance that is better than -1.5 sd of the NYU norm based WMS-R delayed memory index) Participants will have a global deterioration scale (GDS)=1 or 2. Those enrolled in the High-Risk group will have a GDS=2 and have a score of >25 on the Memory Complaint Questionnaire (MCQ). In high risk memory loss cases, an informed family member or caregiver will be interviewed to confirm that the participant can perform specific tasks  Past history or MRI evidence of brain damage including significant trauma, stroke, hydrocephalus, lacunar infarcts, seizures, mental retardation or serious neurological disorder Significant history of alcoholism or drug abuse History of psychiatric illness (e.g., schizophrenia, mania, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [PTSD], or depression) Any focal neurological signs or significant neuropathology A score of 4 or greater on the Modified Hachinski Ischemia Scale, indicative of cerebrovascular disease A total score of 16 or more on the Hamilton Depression Scale to possible cases of primary depression Evidence of clinically relevant and uncontrolled hypertensive, cardiac, pulmonary, vascular, metabolic or hematologic conditions Physical impairment of such severity as to adversely affect the validity of psychological testing Hostility or refusal to cooperate Any prosthetic devices (e.g., pacemaker or surgical clips) that could be affected by the magnetic field employed during MRI imaging


eligible ages (years): 65.0-999.0,  All  Postoperative Complications Delirium Community-dwelling individuals aged 65 or older Admitted to Methodist Hospital for surgical repair of hip fracture No evidence of delirium at admission to hospital MMSE total score below 24 points after adjustment for education and age Consent to participate in the study  Severely demented as defined by MMSE score below 10 Metastatic cancer or other comorbid illnesses likely to reduce life expectancy to under 6 months Multiple trauma or pathological fractures Aphasic, legally blind, or deaf Use of Donepezil or other cholinesterase inhibitors within one month prior to surgery Allergy to Donepezil


eligible ages (years): 30.0-60.0,  All  Chronic Pain age driving licence driving experience normal vision right-handed fluently Dutch speaking  psychological or physical disorder drug or alcohol abuse psychotropic medication use excessive smoking, drinking


eligible ages (years): 55.0-999.0,  All  Multiple Trauma Cardiovascular Diseases Aged All trauma patients admitted to the ICU > 55 years of age with a primary diagnosis of injury will be screened on admission as study candidates  Patients will be excluded if they have non-survivable injuries, are receiving comfort care only, have an advanced directive limiting aggressive care, heart block, severe asthma, bradycardia (< 60 bpm), are on beta-blocker therapy, or are having an acute or evolving myocardial infarction


eligible ages (years): 16.0-75.0,  All  Traumatic Brain Injury Cerebral Infarction Cerebral Hemorrhage One week following Traumatic Brain Injury Cerebro Vascular Accident Subsequent brain CT showed cerebral cortex injury  A known ailment of the central nervous system Use of medications or illicit drugs that significantly affect the central nervous system tourist or temporary residents not available for follow-up For MRI examinations: heart pacemaker, metal implants, or metal shrapnel


eligible ages (years): 0.083-15.0,  All  Injuries and Wounds All asymptomatic trauma patients from 0 to 15 years old  Any pediatric trauma patients with clinical indications for CT scan


eligible ages (years): 65.0-999.0,  All  Dementia 65 years of age or older Diagnosed with dementia by a physician Mini-Mental State Examination score of 23 points or less Capable of participating at least once a week for 6 weeks in succession  Management of a medical risk required Impaired ability to pedal the ergometer because of an orthopedic or surgical disease of the lower extremities or central nerve paralysis Never having been on a bicycle, and incapable of pedaling well


eligible ages (years): 65.0-85.0,  All  Mental Health Geriatrics valid Ontario driver's license active driver (greater than or equal to three times per week) written, informed consent lives in Toronto/Thunder Bay healthy Male between 65-75 years old  cognitive impairment psychiatric history sleep disorder history substance abuse neurological history medical illness ophthalmological disease psychoactive medications contra-indications to Donepezil experience car/motion sickness


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Advanced Cancer Delirium Presence of advanced cancer, defined as local recurrent and/or metastatic History of an episode of delirium during the patient's current inpatient admission, diagnosis of delirium will be made by one of the palliative care specialists according to DSM-IV-TR criteria If the patient has a complete recovery from the episode of delirium, the patient must be approached within 3 days for the possibility of in study. "Complete recovery" will be defined as diagnosis of complete resolution of all symptoms of delirium according to DSM-IV-TR by one of the palliative care specialists Ability to communicate in the English language Caregiver who is 18 years of age or older (assessments used in this study have not been validated in pediatric population), is able to communicate in English and comprehend the assessment questionnaire, and is at the bedside for a significant length of time (approximately 4 hours) each day during the delirium episode. Both the patient and their caregiver must agree to participate for in the study Written informed consent signed by the patients and the participating caregivers MDAS [Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale] < 13 (Scores of 13 or above likely reflect the presence of delirium) Patients will be recruited from the palliative care mobile team or the inpatient palliative care unit  Refusal of both the patient and their caregiver to complete assessments Inability to complete assessment due to sensorial deficits other than cognition; e.g. blindness, deafness, aphasia, etc., that might impact the patient's ability to recall the episode of delirium


eligible ages (years): 0.0-999.0,  All  Accidental Falls At least one fall in the last 6 months Living in their own home or in a home for the aged Availability of a primary caregiver caring for the patient at least once a week Ability to walk 15 meters independently (use of a walking aid is permitted) Life expectancy of more than 6 months, as judged by their geriatrician  Dyads of patients and caregivers in whom outcome assessment is highly unlikely to succeed, for example because they proved not to be able to register falls in the three months before randomization, will be excluded MMSE score of less than 15 On the waiting list for a nursing home


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Walking difficulties in both legs which has developed gradually, not explained by other conditions, either in combination with mental impairment and urinary incontinence Brain CT or MRI findings of enlarged ventricles compared to established standards (minimum Evans ratio of 0.30 as measured by reviewing films) Mental impairment must be mild to moderate, emerging with or after the walking difficulties Age > or = 18 years old MMSE (Mini-mental status exam): < or = 10 Urinary incontinence  No or only minimal walking difficulties combined with severe dementia Severe medical problems with limited life expectancy (less than six months) Contraindications to surgery Lack of informed consent


eligible ages (years): 18.0-65.0,  All  TBI (Traumatic Brain Injury) Post Concussion Syndrome Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Chronic Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Adults, 18-65 years old One or more mild-moderate TBI's characterized by loss of consciousness due to blast injury that is a minimum of one year old and occurred after 9/11/2001 Absence of acute cardiac arrest or hemorrhagic shock at time of TBI Absence of intracranial neurosurgery post-TBI Disability Rating Scale of 0-3 Negative Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (MAST) Negative Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST) Negative urine toxicology screen for drugs of abuse Negative pregnancy test in females Otherwise good health  Pulmonary disease that precludes HBOT Unstable medical conditions that are contraindicated in HBOT Severe confinement anxiety Pregnancy Other pre-TBI neurological diagnoses Pre or post TBI history of substance abuse Pre or post TBI history of alcoholism Participation in another experimental trial with active intervention High probability of inability to complete the experimental protocol Previous HBOT


eligible ages (years): 10.0-85.0,  All  Aging Absence of the basic pathology that interferes directly in the balance  Neurological changes Cognitive impairment Orthopedic injury Use of orthoses for lower limb Obesity Exercise frequently (more than twice a week) The bearer of any commitment to stay in their standing position


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Intracranial Hemorrhages Spontaneous ICH (intraparenchymal), subdural hematoma (SDH) diagnosed by CT scanning ≤ 12 hours after onset of symptoms. In case of unknown time of symptom onset: time between last seen in healthy condition and first CCT ≤ 12 hours Therapy receiving vitamin K antagonists (VKA) International Normalized Ratio (INR) ≥ 2 Signed informed consent form, or signed informed consent by a legal representative, judicial consent in cases where no legal representative is available in time, or consent of an independent physician familiar with the indication in cases where the first three possibilities can not be realized  Patients with ICH not related to vitamin-K antagonist therapy or Patients with secondary ICH related to infarction, hemophilia or other coagulopathy, tumor, hemorrhagic infarction, cerebrovenous thrombosis, aneurysm, arteriovenous malformations (AVM) or severe trauma Deep Coma (GCS ≤ 5) at the time of admission or before intubation if intubated outside the hospital Known previous disability (mRS > 2 before stroke occurred) Acute myocardial ischemia, acute septicemia, acute crush injury, any history of acute hemorrhagic disseminated intravascular coagulation, acute thrombotic stroke Known history of intermittent claudication Known recent thrombotic event < 30 days Acute or known congestive heart failure (NYHA III, IV) Pulmonary edema Known liver failure (child-pugh-score C)


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder OEF/OIF Veteran meets DSM-IV for PTSD control group does not meet for PTSD  prior history of significant head injury (LOC > 30 minutes) or other neurological disorder (e.g., stroke, seizure, multiple sclerosis), learning disability or confirmed diagnosis of ADHD contraindication to MR imaging, failed malingering tests during testing, or a history of severe mental illness (i.e., Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder) individuals will be excluded if in the 30 days prior to the initial interview if they do not have stable housing (i.e., staying in same residence) have medication changes or have had a psychiatric hospitalization participants who meet DSM-IV for substance dependence will be excluded from the study individuals will also receive urine toxicology and Breathalyzer testing as the first procedure on the evaluation day (pre and post treatment and at 3 month follow up); participants who test positive for alcohol or recent substance use (e.g., methamphetamine) or report significant levels of drug or alcohol use if they are unable to abstain from substance use at three consecutive visits veterans who are currently engaged in therapy treatment for PTSD


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Traumatic Brain Injury Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder At least 18 years of age and non-active duty Either Normal (no history of head injury) -OR- TBI (injury since Jan. 1, 2002)  Incapable of informed consent or absence of legally authorized representative Incarcerated (or subject to court supervision) Known allergy to protocol contrast/imaging agent (or pregnant and unable to receive agent) MRI incompatible (i.e. implant, metal, > 300 lbs, severe claustrophobia)


eligible ages (years): 65.0-999.0,  All  Delirium years of age or greater In the Emergency Department for less than 12 hour at the time of enrollment  Severe mental retardation or dementia Baseline communication barriers such as aphasia, deafness, blindness, or who are unable to speak English Refusal of consent Previous enrollment Comatose Out of the hospital before the assessments are completed


eligible ages (years): 65.0-85.0,  All  Elderly between the ages of 65-85 independent in activities of daily living able to walk without assistance for at least 10 minutes cognitively intact (Mini Mental State Exam ≥24) reported 2 or more falls within 6 months prior to the beginning of the study  any neurological, orthopedic or any other impairment likely to impact gait severe visual impairments major depression as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Traumatic Brain Injury Age 18 or older Evidence of external head injury or facial trauma, or mechanism of injury consistent with brain trauma, including loss of consciousness or altered mental status Residence within 90 minutes driving time of University of Maryland Medical Center, and willingness to attend follow-up appointments  History of white matter disease or neurodegenerative disorders including Multiple Sclerosis, Huntington's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease, or Pick's Disease History of Stroke History of treatment or diagnosis of psychiatric conditions: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Bipolar Disorder (BPD), Schizophrenia, or Dementia of any type History of Brain Tumor Status post trauma due to asphyxiation Preexisting contraindications for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Active Duty Military Status Police custody or prisoner status Pregnant women


eligible ages (years): 75.0-999.0,  All  Delirium Elderly patient (≥ 75 years) Patient with planned hip fracture surgery within 48 hours after the hip fracture Patient willing and able to complete the requirements of this study including the signature of the written informed consent  Patient suffering from multiple fractures, pelvic fractures proximal, pathological fractures, femur fractures (i.e., fractures of the middle or distal femur) Disabling neuropsychiatric disorders (severe dementia, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, depression) Brain trauma within 12 months prior to selection, history of stroke with residuals Patient suffering from delirium (CAM diagnosis) at selection Patient who cannot complete the pre-operative mental tests (CAM and/or MMSE) of this clinical trial Patient with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score < 24 at selection Patient known to susceptible to malignant hyperthermia Patient with elevated intra-cranial pressure Patient with a risk of high oxygen demand Patient with recent or ongoing myocardial infarction / damage


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Involved in or witnessed a car accident at least 6 months ago PTSD or distress or impairment in important areas of functioning following the car accident  moderate or severe head injury current mental health treatment for the MVA-related problem severe chronic pre-injury mental health problems


eligible ages (years): 75.0-999.0,  All  Postoperative Delirium Male or female subject aged over 75 years Admission for a scheduled surgery (i.e. all oncologic digestive surgery , ureterostomy, nephrectomy or cystectomy, total hip or knee replacement) Participation agreement  Patients with a progressive and/or poorly managed psychiatric pathology (patients with stabilized depression could be included in the study)


eligible ages (years): 65.0-999.0,  All  Aging Decrease in Ambulation Age 65 years and older Must reside in Greve in Chianti or Bagno A Ripoli, Italy Subjects with modertative cognitive problems will be included as long as the consent can be read and signed by by a first-degree relative of the participant or, in absence of first-degree relative, another relative living with or close to the participant  Children


eligible ages (years): 65.0-999.0,  All  Healthy Japanese healthy elderly male and female ≥65 years old Have a BMI of ≥18 and ≤27 kg/m2 and weigh ≥ 45 kg Be able to understand and comply with the requirements of the study as judged by the investigator(s)  History of any clinically significant medical or neurologic disease or disorder History of gastrointestinal surgery or unintentional rapid weight loss Any clinically significant illness, medical/surgical procedure or trauma within 4 weeks of the first administration of the study drug


eligible ages (years): 75.0-999.0,  All  Displaced Olecranon Fractures in Elderly Patients Age ≥75 years Minimal, moderate or severe fragmentation of the olecranon Within two weeks of olecranon fracture  Patients unable to give informed consent Associated fractures to the coronoid, radial head and/or distal humerus Associated ligamentous injury, dislocation or subluxation Open fractures


eligible ages (years): 50.0-999.0,  All  Head Trauma Traumatic Brain Injury Chronic Subdural Hematoma Completion of informed consent by the patient or a legally appointed guardian Age ≥ 50 years Sustained mild head trauma with visit to the emergency department of the Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center within 24 hours after trauma Low-dose aspirin therapy (75-100 mg) at time of head trauma Admission non contrast head CT with no evidence of intracranial hemorrhage or skull fracture, as assessed by the neurosurgical resident on call and confirmed by an attending neuroradiologist  Documented or suspected myocardial infarction within the last 12 mo Documented or suspected transient ischemic event or cerebrovascular accident within the last 12 months Coronary intervention within the last 6 mo Vascular stenting or bypass within the last 6 mo End-stage renal failure requiring dialysis Treatment with aspirin dose other than 75-100 mg Concomitant treatment by anti-coagulant or other anti-aggregant (e.g. warfarin, low molecular weight heparin, or clopidogrel)


eligible ages (years): 18.0-85.0,  All  Contrast Media Induced Nephropathy Subjects of 18 years old or older CKD stage 3 according to GFR-MDRD equation Two consecutive stable plasma Creatinine levels during the last 2months Elective computed tomography (CT) with a nonionic low-osmolality radiographic contrast agent  Acute/ chronic renal failure. Acute renal failure is defined as a change in serum creatinine concentration of at least 0.5 mg/dL, or 25% from creatinine measured before the study to that of the day of the procedure Intercurrent illness: e.g. fever… etc Recent exposure to radiographic contrast media in the last month before enrollment Allergy to contrast agents, PDE inhibitors or NAC Hypotension Pregnancy and lactation Multiple Myeloma Intravenous diuretics therapy Therapy with any of the nephroprotective drugs 2 weeks before enrollment such as N.A.C. PED5 inhibitor or Carnitine for any reason Severe Congestive Heart Failure, Acute Myocardial Infarction, moderate to severe liver failure (Child-Pugh class B or C)


eligible ages (years): 70.0-999.0,  All  Delirium ≥ 70 years old Undergoing any lumbar spine surgery, posterior cervical spine surgery, or anterior cervical spine surgery > 2 levels  MMSE < 15 Delirium at baseline Inability to speak and understand English Severe hearing impairment, resulting in inability to converse Planned use of intraoperative ketamine Planned use of intraoperative remifentanil, except for airway management pre-incision Arterial catheter not planned to be inserted


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Traumatic Brain Injury Trauma all patients with traumatic brain injury  patients without traumatic brain injury


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Chronic Subdural Hematoma Newly diagnosed chronic subdural hematoma by CT scan or MRI, operated within the last 48 hours Age 18 years or older Written informed consent from the patient to participate in the study  Moribund state of health prohibiting surgery Foreseeable difficulties in follow-up due to geographic reasons (e.g. patients living abroad) Recurrent hematoma if the first surgery was performed before study start CSH due to spontaneous spinal CSF fistula or meningeosis carcinomatosa Pregnancy Patient with Metastatic Disease


eligible ages (years): 60.0-999.0,  All  Elderly Delirium of Unknown (Axis III) Etiology Intensive Care (ICU) Myopathy Over 60 year old Delirium according to the CAM-ICU (Confusion Assessment Method for Intensive Care Unit) informed consent (legal representatives)  unable to swallow pills previous allergy to donepezil Atrioventricular block of 2nd and 3nd degree


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Breast Cancer Patients must have a histologically confirmed diagnosis of invasive breast carcinoma with positive estrogen (ER) and/or progesterone-receptor (PR) status, and negative human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)2, for whom standard adjuvant endocrine therapy is planned ER and PR positivity must be assessed according to American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)/College of American Pathologists (CAP) guidelines as either ER or PR ≥ 1% positive nuclear staining HER2 test result negativity must be assessed as per ASCO/CAP 2013 guidelines using IHC, ISH or both HER2 is negative if a single test (or all tests) performed in a tumor specimen show IHC negative (0 or 1+) ISH negative using single probe or dual probe. If IHC is 2+, evaluation for gene amplification (ISH) must be performed and the ISH must be negative; ISH is not required if IHC is 0 or 1+ HER2 equivocal is not eligible Patients must not have metastatic breast cancer (stage IV disease); patients with multifocal, multicentric, and synchronous bilateral, and primary inflammatory breast cancers are allowed Multifocal disease is defined as more than one invasive cancer < 2 cm from the largest lesion within the same breast quadrant


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Delirium adult patients admitted for cardiac surgery at department of cardiothoracic surgery, Rigshospitalet, denmark  patients under age 18 patients that died within 24 hours after admission


eligible ages (years): 18.0-50.0,  All  Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Age 18-50 Experienced a traumatic event fitting criterion A1 (stressor), A2 (Reaction) and at least 1 out of the B criterion in the ASD in the DSM-IV-TR Brought to the ER within hours of the traumatic event Signed an informed consent  Known psychiatric disorder or current psychiatric medication Complex injury or need for a complex medical treatment, such as operation, Packed RBC or admission extending 36 hours Disorientation, confusion, head injury including intra-cranial bleeding, LOC or a major neurological deficit Known disorder of the HPA axis or use of steroidal medications within the previous 3 years known neurological disease or previous brain surgery Major medical conditions or using medication known to influence the HPA or ANS Axis Baldness or hair shorter than 1cm Using color dyes Pregnancy


eligible ages (years): 18.0-80.0,  All  Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Aneurysmal Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH) Traumatic Brain Injury Patients over 18 years onset of clinical symptoms of subarachnoid or intracranial haemorrhage or trauma suffered less than 72h indication for implanting a tissue oxygen and intracranial pressure probe A signed informed consent by the patient or legal guardian  Persistent epidural, subdural or subcutaneous hematoma in planned area of the NIRS optode Open injuries in the area of the planned optodes Malignant primary disease under chemotherapy pregnancy bleeding disorder In the short term unfavorable prognosis (eg, bilateral wide and light-fixed pupils) Patients with pacemakers or where no MRI compatibility is due to non removable metal parts contraindications for contrast media in CT (eg, iodine allergy) Untreated hyperthyroidism


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Stroke Patients with ischemic arteria cerebri media infarct and spontaneous intraparenchymal bleeding  Patients with subarachnoidal haemorrhage, traumatic haemorrhage (epidural/subdural bleeding), cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, epilepsy, anti-epileptic treatment, transient ischemic attack, indication for urgent neurosurgical intervention


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Chronic Subdural Hematoma Patient at least 18 years of age presenting with a symptomatic chronic subdural hematoma Chronic subdural hematoma verified on cranial CT or MRI  A subdural drainage cannot be placed due to intraoperative circumstances (e.g. brain unfolds) The surgeon decides based on intraoperative conditions to perform a craniotomy (e.g. acute hematoma indicating a craniotomy) Chronic subdural hematoma caused by another underlying illness (e.g. caused by over-drainage of a vp-shunt) no informed consent


eligible ages (years): 50.0-99.0,  All  Mental Competency Urinary Bladder, Overactive Cognitive Function Female 50 or older Diagnosis of OAB (ICS definition) English literacy Ability to swallow oral medication Cognitive ability to give consent  Dementia/Depression/Delirium Current anticholinergic use (requires 2 week washout period) Current cholinesterase Urinary or gastric retention Severe decreased gastrointestinal motility Uncontrolled narrow-angle glaucoma Myasthenia gravis Diagnosis fo renal impairment (creatinine clearance <30 mL/min)


eligible ages (years): 2.0-999.0,  All  Venous Thrombosis Pulmonary Embolism Atrial Fibrillation Acute Coronary Syndrome All male and female patients who have been prescribed for the first time either Rivaroxaban or standard of care from the date of market authorization of rivaroxaban to Dec 31, 2017  Patients who have any record of being dispensed their index drug in the year before index date (i.e. cohort entry), or who qualify for both cohorts on the same day


eligible ages (years): 55.0-999.0,  All  Mild Cognitive Impairment Patients who meet the Peterson diagnostic of MCI memory complaints (preferably confirmed by an informant) memory impairment according to age and education preserved general cognitive function intact activities of daily living, absence of dementia  head trauma with post-traumatic loss of conscience for 30 minutes during lifespan loss of senses (blindness, deafness) photo-sensitive epilepsy unsuitability for Magnetic Resonance Imaging-examination due to metal foreign bodies or severe claustrophobia drug and/or alcohol abuse


eligible ages (years): 18.0-75.0,  All  Delirium Respiratory Failure Adult patients ≥ 18 yrs of age, < 76 yrs of age Admitted to MICU (3B and 3C) or SICU (8C, 8D, 11C) Surrogate present to provide informed consent when patient is not able RASS score of >-3, < +1 CAM positive Enteral access  Recent MI (within past 2 weeks) High risk of dysrhythmias (i.e. bundle branch block, QT prolongation, class IV HF, implanted device) Unable to tolerate enteric medication History of stimulant induced mania/psychosis Pre-existing neurologic disease Patients transferred from outside hospital Pregnancy Alcohol withdrawal History of end stage liver disease (Childs-Pugh class B or worse) Prognosis considered hopeless (CMO)


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Delirium Cognition Disorders Endotracheally intubated Expected time on ventilator > 24 hours Age ≥ 18 years Informed consent  Severe head trauma where therapeutic coma is indicated Therapeutic hypothermia where therapeutic coma is indicated Status epilepticus where therapeutic coma is indicated Patient has participated in the study before Patient is transferred from another ICU with length of stay > 48 hours Patient is comatose at admission PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 9, if sedation is necessary for oxygenation Patient does not speak Danish, swedish or norwegian at a reasonable level


eligible ages (years): 16.0-85.0,  All  Cough Patients will be required to demonstrate significant cough symptoms by a score greater than 20/70 on the Hull Airways Reflux Questionnaire All patients must be current non-smokers Patients must be on stable medication for at least one month Patients must be able to attend the trials unit on at least 3 occasions Patients must have normal lung function patients must be able to give informed consent  Subjects who are pregnant, or have pacemakers in situ are excluded from this study Those with a serious comorbid conditions such as cancer, severe COPD, or heart failure will be excluded Those who are non-English speakers and special groups (i.e. mentally ill, children under 16 years of age, and those suffering from dementia) will be excluded No test will be performed on any subject during an acute worsening of asthma or upper airway infection. If the subject has had an upper airway infection in the last three weeks they will be offered another appointment If the subject has taken any over the counter (OTC) cough mixture within the last twelve hours: If the subject is willing to come back another time for challenge testing, another appointment should be made If the subject has had any food or drink products containing caffeine or menthol within the last hour. If the subject is unwilling to wait for 1 hour before starting the test, the subject should return another time. If the subject is unwilling to return another time, testing should proceed and the medication used recorded If the participant is currently involved in research, or within 3 months of participation in any type of research, they will be excluded from this study


eligible ages (years): 65.0-999.0,  All  Mild Cognitive Impairment Nursing home residents  Surgery on lower limbs Traumatic damage on lower limbs Severe cognitive impairment in order not to complete the assessment


eligible ages (years): 65.0-999.0,  All  Delirium Bone Fractures Multiple Trauma Patients with any medical condition with an age of 65 years and older  Impossibility to give an informed consent; refusal


eligible ages (years): 21.0-999.0,  All  Alzheimer's Disease Cognitively Normal Subjects Males or females ≥ 21 and ≤ 45 years of age Mini-mental state examination (MMSE) ≥ 29 Clinically Diagnosed AD Subject Males or females ≥ 50 years of age Meet clinical for dementia due to probable AD MMSE ≥ 16 and ≤ 26 Possible AD Subject Males or females ≥ 50 years of age Meet clinical for dementia due to possible AD  Have had or currently have a diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders other than AD Have a current serious or unstable illness that could interfere with completion of the study Subject has a known brain lesion, pathology or traumatic brain injury Have received or participated in a trial with investigational medications in the past 30 days Have had a radiopharmaceutical imaging or treatment procedure within 7 days of study imaging session Females of childbearing potential who are not surgically sterile, not refraining from sexual activity or not using reliable methods of contraception


eligible ages (years): 60.0-999.0,  All  Postoperative Delirium Age >/ 60 years American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status 1-3 Undergoing scheduled surgery Giving an informed consent  Impaired visual and auditory disturbance Cannot communicate with Thai language Undergoing neurosurgery


eligible ages (years): 18.0-55.0,  All  Oxidative Damage Healthy, non-pregnant subjects between 18 and 55 years of age. Apparently healthy is classified as A-1, A-2, or A-3 according to the American Heart Association http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/97/22/2283/T6.expansion.html Subjects have to achieve a classification of "local class" based on age-graded time USA Track & Field. The age-graded time is the finish time adjusted to that of an open division participant using a factor for age and gender. Thus, the times for women and older participants are adjusted downward, while the times for most open division participants (such as 25-year-old men) remain the same. For example, a 55 year old woman has to run 29 minutes 45 seconds or better to be in the study http://www.usatf.org/statistics/calculators/agegrading/ For a man the same age, the equivalent time would be 25 minutes 2 seconds. This is approximately 60% of the speed of the current world record time for that age Subjects who will abstain from taking any nutritional supplements for the duration of the study, including vitamins and mineral supplements (Exception, ferrous sulfate, elemental iron, Vitamin D, Calcium). Subjects will also abstain from taking any over the counter products (herbals, melatonin, St. John's Wort, etc…) for the duration of the study The  will be the following Under 18 and over 55 years of age; those who are not apparently healthy is classified as A-1, A-2, or A-3 according to the American Heart Association Subjects who are not able to run 5-km in the time required for their age and gender Subjects that will continue to take nutritional supplements, including over the counter products, for the duration of the study, including vitamins and mineral supplements (exception: Ferrous sulfate, Elemental iron, Vitamin D, Calcium) Subjects that are taking prescription medications with the exception of birth control Known allergy or sensitivity to milk thistle, Bacopa monnieri, Ashwagandha, turmeric (or ginger), tea, its parts, caffeine, tannins, or members of the Theaceae family


eligible ages (years): 25.0-95.0,  All  Stroke Apraxias Mild-moderate stroke after two month of the cerebrovascular attack Upper limb apraxia lasting at least 2 months Less than 9 points in validated Apraxia Screen of TULIA (AST) following Vanbellingen et al., 2010 Voluntary participation The neurologist, the occupational therapist and the patient judge the intervention to be necessary  History of apraxia before current stroke Stroke had occurred less than two months or more than twenty four month ago Cognitive impairment (< 23 in normal school population and < 20 points with a low education or illiteracy, in Spanish validation of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)) Severe aphasia Previous brain tumour History of other previous neurologic disorders Mother tongue different to Spanish Drugs addiction Intellectual or learning disorders Brain damage for traumatism or neurodegenerative process


eligible ages (years): 65.0-999.0,  All  Post Operative Delirium older patient (≥65 years) patient with hip fracture and planned hip fracture surgery patient willing to complete this study  patient with multiple trauma or multiple fractures, pathological fractures, pelvic fractures, femur fractures contraindication (serious illness or medical conditions) for general anesthesia contraindication (infection at the site of needle insertion, coagulopathy, international normalized ratio >1.4, platelet count <80×109 litre-1, allergy to local anaesthetics and so on) for regional anesthesia patient who cannot complete the preoperative mental tests (CAM and/or Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)) of this clinical trial patient known to susceptible to malignant hyperthermia known allergy or hypersensitivity to any drugs administered during this clinical trial previous participation in this clinical trial participation in another clinical trial within 4 weeks prior to selection


eligible ages (years): 65.0-999.0,  All  Postoperative Delirium Elderly (> 65 years) frail patients undergoing non cardiac surgery under anaesthesia lasting for >60 minutes Patient willing and able to complete the requirements of this study  disabling neuropsychiatric or neurological disorders(including severe dementia, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, severe depression) patients suffering from delirium at selection patients who cannot complete the preoperative mental tests (CAM and/or Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)) of this clinical trial


eligible ages (years): 18.0-55.0,  All  Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Trauma for patients with PTSD age 18-55 years old currently diagnosed with PTSD and symptomatic with a Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) score > 50  for patients with PTSD any primary Axis I disorder other than PTSD (e.g. psychosis) medical or neurological illnesses likely to affect physiology or anatomy, i.e. uncontrolled hypertension, cardiovascular disorders a history of drug (including benzodiazepines (BZD)) dependence (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV) criteria) within 1 year of the study and lasting longer than 2 years, except for alcohol dependence current pregnancy (as documented by pregnancy testing at screening or on the day of PET imaging study) current breast feeding use of tobacco or nicotine-containing products in excess of the equivalent of 5 cigarettes per day, or cannot abstain from smoking during the prescribed tests acute suicidal ideation or behavior, as defined by suicidal ideation and behavior during the 3-month period prior to enrollment in the study and while being enrolled in the study general MRI


eligible ages (years): 40.0-85.0,  All  Traumatic Brain Injury Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Mild Cognitive Impairment males between 40 to 85 years of age individuals who participated in contact sports (e.g., active and retired NFL players, NHL players, boxers, NCAA athletes) and other individuals (including but not limited to veterans, breachers, or law enforcement officials with multiple blast exposures) who all have a history of one or more concussions and have a memory or cognitive complaint individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and no history of concussion or TBI healthy controls with no history of head injury and no current cognitive or memory problems all participants require a study partner, who is well acquainted with the participant, to answer questions either in person or over the telephone about the individuals' activities of daily living, and to corroborate cognitive problems and past history of brain injury  any significant neurological disease, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, vascular dementia, Huntington's disease, Pick's disease, Lewy Body Dementia, frontotemporal dementia, normal pressure hydrocephalus, brain tumor, progressive supranuclear palsy, seizure disorder, or multiple sclerosis any significant systemic illness or unstable medical condition, including: uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, uncorrected hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, or systemic cancer a history of schizophrenia or psychosis, alcohol or substance abuse or dependence within the past 6 months clinically significant impairment of liver or renal function significant cerebrovascular disease impairment of visual or auditory acuity sufficient to interfere with completion of study procedures education level < 10 years any subjects with a history of risk factors for Torsades de Pointes, or subjects taking drugs known to prolong the QT interval subjects who have had 2 or more PET scans within the past year, or other significant exposure to radiation (i.e., radiation therapy)


eligible ages (years): 60.0-999.0,  All  Delirium C.Surgical Procedure; Cardiac Postoperative Complications Patients of 60 years or older who are planning to receive cardiac surgery (CABG and/or valve replacement surgery)  Patients will be excluded if they meet any of the following Refuse to participate Preoperative history of schizophrenia, epilepsia, Parkinson syndrome, or severe dementia Inability to communicate in the preoperative period because of severe visual/auditory dysfunction or language barrier History of brain injury or neurosurgery Preoperative sick sinus syndrome, severe bradycardia (HR < 50 bpm), second-degree or above atrioventricular block without pacemaker Severe hepatic dysfunction (Child-Pugh class C) Severe renal dysfunction (requirement of renal replacement therapy) Other conditions that are considered unsuitable for participation


eligible ages (years): 30.0-80.0,  All  Delirium Postoperative Complications Male or female, between 30 and 80 years of age ASA I , II or III Capable and willing to consent Participants literate in English language  ASA IV or V Patients with severe visual or auditory disorder Illiteracy Presence of a clinically diagnosed major psychiatric condition such as bipolar disorder, uncontrolled major depression, schizophrenia Dementia of Alzheimer's type Parkinson disease Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Vascular dementia


eligible ages (years): 75.0-999.0,  All  Abdominal Pain Elderly patients admitted to the emergency department (aged 75 year old and older) acute abdominal pain informed consent  traumatic pain symptom duration of more than a week unability for the patient to give informed consent


eligible ages (years): 18.0-80.0,  All  Delirium presence of delirium  presence of Alzheimer's disease any mental disorder presence of cancer


eligible ages (years): 60.0-999.0,  All  Delirium years and older Frail Undergoing elective surgery Expected to remain admitted for at least 2 postoperative days  No communication possible due to a language barrier or deafness Admission for neurological surgery Participation in this study during a previous hospital admission Practical or logistical reasons hampering the use of the delirium monitor, such as technical failure of the monitor Isolation because of known carrier ship of a resistant bacterium


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Delirium Confusion Intensive care unit patient years of age or older confirmed within 24 hours of admission Positive Confusion Assessment Method score  Anticipated intensive care unit stay less than one day Less than 18 years of age Inability to wear a motion sensor watch (ActivPal)


eligible ages (years): 2.0-17.0,  All  Pain Long-bone Fractures children aged 2 through 17 years (17 years included) accompanied by at least one of their parents in the emergency department accompanied by at least one of their parents in the emergency department suspected fracture of a long bone requiring morphine analgesia (VAS ≥ 60/100 or Evendol ≥ 7/15 at the inclusion) within the first 12 hours after the injury at least one signed parental informed consent affiliated to health insurance  analgesic treatment within the 6 hours before contraindication to one of the study drug cognitive impairment multiple injuries resuscitation manœuvres open fracture non affiliated to social security parental refusal


eligible ages (years): 1.0-3.0,  All  Children With Mobility Disabilities motor delays (sd>1.5) resulting in motor impairments that prevented functional independent mobility, such as rolling, crawling, walking aged between 12 months to 36 months old able to tolerate sitting with support for 30 minutes able to reach the objects with either one or two hands consent of the parents to agree to the testing procedures and participate in the training program at their own house or at the hospital  children with severe sensory impairments such as blindness, deafness parents/caregivers are not able to make a time commitment for the training phase


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Stroke Atrial Fibrillation (AF) Intracerebral Haemorrhage (ICH) Study I: (AF) Adult (≥18y; no upper limit) patients with a clinical diagnosis of non-valvular AF (verified by ECG) with intention to treat with best practice oral anticoagulants (e.g. warfarin) Previous ischaemic stroke or TIA diagnosed by treating clinician All patients must be able to have GRE MRI before (or within 1 week) of starting best practice oral anticoagulant  Any MRI contraindications Previous use of oral anticoagulation Definite contra-indication to oral anticoagulation Serious head injury (resulting to loss of consciousness) Study II: (ICH) • Adult (>18y) patients treated at participating centres with confirmed ICH (confirmed on CT or MRI scans) with or without a history of anticoagulant use at the time of the ICH Known underlying structural cause for ICH (e.g arteriovenous malformation, tumour, cavernoma, intracranial aneurysm, haemorrhagic transformation of an infarct) Major head trauma (causing loss of consciousness and though to be sufficient to have caused the ICH) in previous 24 hours


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Delirium ICU patients aged ≥18 years Surgical, medical, neurology/neurosurgical, or trauma patients  Delirious at ICU admission Expected ICU stay shorter than 6 hours Unable to reliably assess ICU delirium due to sustained coma during entire ICU stay unable to understand the language spoken severely mentally disabled serious receptive aphasia serious auditory or visual disorders


eligible ages (years): 1.0-3.0,  All  Children With Mobility Disabilities motor delays (sd>1.5) resulting in motor impairments that prevented functional independent mobility, such as rolling, crawling, walking aged between 12 months to 36 months old able to tolerate sitting with support for 30 minutes able to reach the objects with either one or two hands consent of the parents to agree to the testing procedures and participate in the training program at the hospital  children with severe sensory impairments such as blindness, deafness parents/caregivers are not able to make a time commitment for the training phase


eligible ages (years): 75.0-999.0,  All  Acute Dyspnea Admission to the Emergency Department Age ≥ 75 years AND of acute dyspnoea Breathe rate ≥ 25 cycles/minute or PaO2 ≤ 70 mmHg or SpO2 ≤ 92% in room air or PacO2 ≥ 45 mmHg and pH ≤ 7.35 AND Electrocardiogram in sinus rhythm at admission


eligible ages (years): 65.0-999.0,  All  Delirium Patients with an age equal or older than 65 years Hospitalized at the Acute Geriatric Unit of the "Complejo Hospitalario Universitario of Albacete" Valid signed informed consent by the patient or legal representative  Agonic situation Non-Spanish speaking Severe cognitive decline (Reisberg´s Global Deterioration Scale = 7) Patients sharing the same room with a previously included participant


eligible ages (years): 65.0-999.0,  All  Delirium from designated nursing units


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Trauma Injury Severe Trauma Population will be All adults (age ≥18) Blunt and/or penetrating trauma patients with hemorrhagic shock, defined by either a systolic BP (SBP) <90 mm Hg or base deficit (BD) <-6 meq Ability to obtain Informed Consent prior to OR repair of injury  will be Patients not expected to survive greater than 48 hours Prisoners Pregnancy Transfer from another hospital Patients receiving chronic corticosteroids or immunosuppression therapies Previous bone marrow transplantation Patients with End Stage Renal Disease Patients with any pre-existing hematological disease Elective Hip Repair Population


eligible ages (years): 65.0-999.0,  All  Fracture Elderly patients (age ≥55y ears) of any ethnic / sociodemographic background Pelvic ring fracture after low energy trauma affecting the posterior ring or both (posterior and anterior ring) Surgical stabilisation of the pelvic ring at Basel University Hospital between May 2010 and December 2014 Ambulatory before surgery Informed consent for study participation by the patient or legal representatives  Refusal of consent by the patient or legal representatives to participate in the study Fractures within the last 3 months before follow-up Suspicion of a pathological fracture in the context of known or unknown malignancy Symptomatic low back pain with morphological changes, i.e. intervertebral disc displacement, neoplasm metastasis in the axial skeleton, spinal stenosis, vertebral fracture, spondylarthropathy etc Pre-trauma mobility status that precludes achieving a post-trauma mobility status enabling the patient to perform the timed up and go test (e.g. patient in a wheel chair)


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Delirium Intensive Care Unit Syndrome Patients >18 years of age admitted to the ICU at Køge Hospital in the study period  Richmond Agitation Sedation Score (RASS): -4 or -5 during the whole study period No CAM-ICU scores during the ICU stay Unable to communicate in Danish (aphasic, deaf, non-Danish speaking, severe brain damage) Severe dementia documented in electronic patient charts (OPUS) Patients not receiving active treatment (moribund patients)


eligible ages (years): 65.0-999.0,  All  Postoperative Complications Written informed consent ≥ 65 years of age Scheduled to undergo elective cardiac surgery (coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), valve surgery, combined CABG-valve surgery) with the use of CPB Both genders  Planned deep hypothermic arrest Acute / emergency procedures Surgery without extracorporeal circulation (ECC) Patients with a history of pseudocholinesterase deficiency Employees of the respective study centres Illiteracy Severe communication difficulties and severe vision or hearing problems Patients legally unable to give written informed consent non-fluency in German language Severe psychiatric or neuropsychiatric disorders


A 36-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with 12 weeks of amenorrhea, vaginal spotting that has increased since yesterday, lower abdominal tenderness, nausea and vomiting. The physical exam reveals overall tender abdomen, 18-week sized uterus, and cervical dilation of 2 cm. The complete blood count and biochemical profile are normal. Point of care pregnancy test with cut-off sensitivity of 25 mIU/ml Beta-HCG is negative. The ultrasound reports enlarged uterus (12 cm x 9 cm x 7 cms) with multiple cystic areas in the interior. The differential diagnosis includes vesicular mole vs fibroid degeneration.

eligible ages (years): 0.0-999.0,  All  Good Prognosis Metastatic Gestational Trophoblastic Tumor Hydatidiform Mole Non-Metastatic Gestational Trophoblastic Tumor Uterine Corpus Choriocarcinoma Histologically proven low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (persistent hydatidiform mole or choriocarcinoma), defined as 1 of the following Less than 10% decrease in the beta human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) titer over 3 weekly titers Greater than 20% sustained rise in beta HCG titer over two consecutive weeks Persistently elevated beta HCG titer more than 4 months after initial curettage (greater than 5 mIU/mL minimum) Histologically proven nonmetastatic choriocarcinoma Metastases to vagina, parametria, or lung (if no single pulmonary lesion is greater than 2 cm) WHO score 0-6 (not including blood group or CT lung) No histologically confirmed placental site pseudotumor Must have undergone at least 1 uterine curettage Previously untreated disease


eligible ages (years): 33.0-50.0,  All  Leiomyoma Women receiving insulin or thyroid hormone replacement may participate if well-controlled; use of vitamins and calcium under RDA is allowed Female gender-to evaluate effects in the target population for clinical trials In good health. Chronic medication use is acceptable except for glucocorticoid use. Other chronic medication use may be acceptable at the discretion of the research team. Interval use of over-the counter drugs is acceptable but must be recorded Menstrual cycles of 24 days Hemoglobin greater than 10 g/dL Willing and able to comply with study requirements Age 33 to 50 Using mechanical (condoms, diaphragms), sterilization or abstinence methods of contraception for the duration of the study Negative urine pregnancy test  Significant abnormalities in the history, physical or laboratory examination Pregnancy Lactation Use of oral, injectable or inhaled glucocorticoids or megesterol within the last year Unexplained vaginal bleeding History of malignancy within the past 5 years Use of estrogen or progesterone-containing compounds, such as oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy, within 8 weeks of study entry, including transdermal, injectable, vaginal and oral preparations Use of agents known to induct hepatic P450 enzymes; use of imidazoles Current use of GnRH analogs or other compounds that affect menstrual cyclicity FSH greater than 20 IU/mL


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Uterine Fibroids Leiomyoma Premenopausal women, at least 18 years of age Diagnosis of uterine fibroid(s), confirmed by ultrasound History of menstrual cycles between 17 and 42 days Otherwise in good health Scheduled for a hysterectomy at the end of the treatment period Negative pregnancy test Agrees to double barrier method of contraception Pap test with no evidence of malignancy or pre-malignant changes Endometrial biopsy with no significant histological disorder  Less than 3 months after having a baby or breast-feeding Any abnormal lab or procedure result the study-doctor considers important Severe reaction(s) to or are currently using any hormone therapy History of cancer or alcohol or drug abuse Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome History of prolactinoma Current use of Intrauterine Device Significant gynecological disorder Uterine size > 32 weeks gestation Current diagnosis of endometriosis


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Fibroid Uterus Leiomyoma Menorrhagia Metrorrhagia Uterine Fibroids Women that have completed 6 months of treatment in study C02-037 with no more than a 7-day interruption in their treatment Otherwise good health Premenopausal based on Estrogen and Follicle Stimulating Hormone levels Agrees to double-barrier method of contraception Adequate endometrial biopsy with no significant histological disorder  Any abnormal lab or procedure result(s) the study-doctor considers important History of a blood-clotting disorder Any prior surgical and/or invasive procedure(s) for uterine fibroids that resulted in either a cure or made the symptoms go away Significant gynecological disorder, such as endometrial polyp


eligible ages (years): 20.0-50.0,  All  Trophoblastic Neoplasms Hydatidiform Mole Choriocarcinoma Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasms  Unwilling to participate in the study


eligible ages (years): 20.0-45.0,  All  Uterine Fibroids Pregnancy Subject with uterine fibroids, who desire pregnancy within 12 months and has the one of the following Women 20-40 age. Women age < 46 years old who plan to have egg donation. Women above 38 should test for normal ovarian function as judged by endocrinological evaluation If the couple has failed to conceive for more that 1 year, the woman should test for normal ovarian function as judged by endocrinological evaluation, and the male must have adequate sperm test Women undergoing fertility treatment or plan to have sperm donation Use or non use of non-steroidal treatments for excessive vaginal bleeding such as antifibrinolytic agents (e.g. Tranexamic acid) or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g. Mefanamic Acid) has been maintained for the three months prior to the planned date of the study procedure and the patient has agreed to maintain this use or non-use through the 6-month follow-up period Clinically normal PAP smear within timing of National Guidelines in the country of the clinical site Able and willing to give consent and able to attend all study visits Able to communicate sensations during the MRgFUS procedure Having uterine fibroids that are device accessible (i.e., positioned in the uterus such that they can be accessed without being shielded by bowel or bone) Tumor(s) are clearly visible on non-contrast MRI Largest fibroid 8 cm in diameter or 12 cm if receiving GnRH  Patient is pregnant as confirmed by pregnancy test at time of screening Uterine size >20 weeks as evaluated by US or MR Patients who are considered "high risk pregnancy" due to uterine factors (e.g. abnormal uterus, uterine scars, cerclage) except fibroids Patients with fibroid that is more than 50% sub-mucosal or with hysteroscopically resectable Patients with adenomyosis Patient is on dialysis Hematocrit is < 25 Patient has hemolytic anemia Patient has unstable cardiac status including: § Unstable angina pectoris on medication§ Documented myocardial infarction within 6 months of protocol entry§ Congestive heart failure requiring medication (other than diuretic)§ Currently taking anti-arrhythmic drugs§ Severe hypertension (diastolic BP>100 on medication)§ Presence of cardiac pacemaker Patient has an ASA score of >2


eligible ages (years): 0.0-999.0,  All  Trophoblastic Neoplasms Uterine Neoplasms Hydatidiform Mole Choriocarcinoma Persistent or recurrent low risk Gestational Trophoblastic Tumor (GTT) WHO score 2-6 (re-evaluated at the time of relapse Histologically confirmed complete or partial moles on initial evacuation Patients with mild to moderate renal insufficiency should avoid taking NSAIDs with short elimination half-lives for a period of 2 days before, the day of, and 2 days following administration of pemetrexed All patients taking NSAIDs with longer half-lives, should interrupt dosing for at least 5 days before, the day of, and 2 days following pemetrexed administration Folic Acid (350-1000 micrograms) must be given daily beginning approximately 5-7 days prior to first dose of pemetrexed and continuing daily until 3 weeks after the last dose of study therapy Vitamin B12 (1000 micrograms) will be administered as an intramuscular injection approximately 1 to 2 weeks prior to first dose of pemetrexed and repeated approximately every 9 weeks until 3 weeks after the last dose of study therapy  Previous treatment that included chemotherapy other than actinomycin -D or methotrexate (+/ folinic acid) Patients with more than 8 metastatic lesions identified Patients with metastases to liver, spleen, brain, kidney or GI tract


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Melanoma Male and female subjects above age 18 of any ethnicity will be enrolled in this study  Subjects will be excluded from the study if they have significant skin disease which would not allow manipulation of their photographs consistent with the rest of the subjects Since the study instructions are in English, Non-English speakers will be excluded Those with co-morbidity sufficiently severe to prevent them from being able to perform a SSE will be excluded In addition, those with cognitive impairment who are unable to give informed consent, or to understand the study instructions given to them, will be excluded


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Recurrent Herpes Labialis Patients aged 18 years or older A history typical for recurrent herpes labialis. The subject must have experienced three or more episodes of cold sores in the last 12 months, and have a history of prodromal symptoms, as defined by the patient, preceding at least 50% of these cold sores, and must also have a history of vesicular lesions in at least 50% of the recurrent episodes of cold sores General good health, without other serious medical conditions and specifically with normal renal and hepatic function, as determined by the patient's account of his/her medical history Women of child bearing potential had to use an accepted method of birth control (surgical sterilization; intra-uterine contraceptive device; oral contraceptives; hormone delivery systems such as Norplant® or Depo-Provera injections; a diaphragm in combination with contraceptive cream, jelly, or foam; or a condom in combination with contraceptive cream, jelly or foam). Patients unable or unwilling to use one of the methods of birth control listed above for the duration of the study could not enter the study For women of child-bearing potential, a negative pregnancy test (urine) at screening was required Signature on the informed consent document  Previous herpes vaccination Patients using topical immunosuppressive agents (including steroids, tacrolimus and pimecrolimus) on or near the face or systemic immunosuppressive agents (including steroids, tacrolimus and pimecrolimus) within 30 days of screening Patients known to be immunosuppressed due to underlying disease (e.g. HIV infection) or concomitant treatment (e.g. cancer chemotherapy) Recent history of alcohol or drug abuse, which in the opinion of the investigator, could interfere with that study patient's compliance with study requirements Significant skin disease such as atopic dermatitis or eczema that would interfere with the assessment of lesions Allergy or hypersensitivity to formulations containing acyclovir, penciclovir, famciclovir, and/or other nucleoside analogues Women who were lactating or breast feeding Had already been randomized once into the study Patients who had received an investigational drug in the past four weeks


eligible ages (years): 30.0-999.0,  All  Uterine Fibroids Menorrhagia and/or bulk symptoms associated with uterine fibroids  Malignancy Current or planned pregnancy Small submucous fibroids suitable for hysteroscopic resection Postmenopausal women Suspected or known adenomyosis Uterus size exceeding the umbilical level Contraindications against laparoscopic surgery


eligible ages (years): 5.0-999.0,  All  Melanocytic Nevi Acquired Melanocytic Nevi Primary Cutaneous Melanoma Infants/Children Must be less than or equal to 5 years Must have large congenital melanocytic nevus (LCMN, diagnosed clinically or by biopsy) that is greater than 20 cm in any one dimension or that is greater than 8 cm in any one dimension involving the scalp Must have outside referring physician Adults Must be greater than 18 years Must have greater than or equal to 100 melanocytic nevi greater than 2 mm in diameter Must have at least one melanocytic nevus greater than or equal to 4 mm in longest dimension Can have prior history of cutaneous or ocular malignant melanoma Must have outside primary physician  The patient does not meet the criteria Diagnosis of genetic syndrome associated with multiple lentigines or nevi (Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Carney complex, turner syndrome, Noonan's syndrome) Two or more first-degree relatives with history of cutaneous melanoma and familial atypical mole-melanoma syndrome phenotype Diagnosis of cancer-associated syndrome (xeroderma pigmentosum, type I neurofibromatosis, Li-Fraumeni syndrome) Inability to tolerate surgical procedure due to bleeding diathesis or disorder or other cause as determined by principal investigator Patient is unwilling to consider elective biopsy of a melanocytic nevus


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Uterine Leiomyomas Women included in the study must be at least 18 years if age, premenopausal, speak English, and have one or more uterine leiomyomas at least 2 cm in diameter and the utuerus must be enlarged to the size typical during the 8th week of pregnancy. Note that while the selcetion criteia are set to recruit women in which surgical intervention is a likely outcome, surgery is not a requirement for study inclusion  Women will be excluded if they are pregnant because of potential safety concerns associated with imaging and image contrast enhancements. If women become pregnant during the study, they wil have the option to stay in the study, but will have pelvic ultrasound scans in place of MRI scans Women who are taking or likely to start taking GnRH therapy will be excluded because this therapy, which is used as a treatment method for leiomyomas, sometmes induces their regression Women who are greater than 52 inches in circumference or greater than 350 pounds will be excluded because they will be too large to fit in the imaging equipment Women that have an intra-uterine device (IUD) will be excluded because these metal devices create 'shadowing' in MR images, making accurate measurement and interpretation of leiomyomas in the MRIs difficult Women are not excluded if they had a prior myomectomy, or if they are taking oral contraceptives The of only women of premenopausal age (greater than 18 years old) in this study is dictated by the nature of the condition


eligible ages (years): 30.0-50.0,  All  Leiomyoma Leiomyomatosis Uterine Neoplasms Patient chooses to participate and has signed informed consent Age between 30 and 50 years old Symptoms caused by uterine fibroids, such as heavy bleeding (menorrhagia) and/or bulk-related complaints such as urinary frequency, constipation or pelvic pain Patient has fibroids confirmed by MRI Patient has normal kidney function Patient is willing and able to undergo follow-up imaging at 3 and 6 months post UFE  Patients who are pregnant or plan to become pregnant within the study period, or desire future fertility Patients with a history of gynecologic malignancy Patients with known endometrial hyperplasia Patients with adenomyosis Patients with pelvic inflammatory disease Patients with Uteri < 250 ml (cm) calculated volume or > 24 weeks Patients with pedunculated subserosal fibroids with a narrow attachment (<50% diameter of the fibroid) to the uterus Patients with pelvic pain as dominant syndrome Known allergy to contrast media that cannot be adequately pre-medicated Patients not suitable for arterial access


A 28-year-old female with neck and shoulder pain and left hand and arm paresthesias three weeks after returning from a trip to California where she attended a stray animal recovery campaign. Her physical exam was unremarkable except for slight tremors and almost imperceptible spasticity. She was prescribed NSAIDS and a topical muscle relaxant. She was brought in to the ER three days later with spastic arm movements, sweating, increasing agitation and anxiety, malaise, difficultly swallowing and marked hydrophobia, and was immediately hospitalized.

eligible ages (years): 0.0-999.0,  All  Healthy Movement Disorder Any volunteer of any age from birth to old age who is deemed medically fit to participate and is willing to provide their informed consent will be included in the study


eligible ages (years): 0.0-999.0,  All  Laryngeal Disease Spastic Dysphonia Voice Disorder Symptoms present during speech and not apparent at rest Symptoms less evident during whisper, singing or falsetto Symptoms become worse with prolonged speaking, practice or anxiety Reflexive and emotional aspects of voice function are unaffected, such as coughing, laughter or crying  Any patient with a history of airway obstruction will be excluded from the study Structural abnormalities affecting the larynx such as vocal fold nodules, polyps, carcinoma, cysts, contact ulcers, or inflammation (laryngitis) Reduction in vocal fold movement range during non-speech tasks such as whistling which would suggest either paralysis or paresis, joint abnormality or neoplasm No smokers or tobacco users will be included in the study Subjects with history of a psychiatric disorder, under the care of a psychiatrist, or on medications for treatment of a psychiatric disorder will be excluded from the study. Examples of psychiatric disorders to be excluded are: somatoform disorders, conversion disorders, currently under treatment for a major depression, or a history of schizophrenia or a bipolar disorder. However, a history of a previous episode of a minor reactive depression would not a person from participation


eligible ages (years): 0.0-999.0,  All  Essential Tremor Patients with essential tremor affecting the upper limbs who are 21 years of age or older Patients who are not taking medications for essential tremor or any other medical condition for at least 2 weeks Patients who have not consumed alcohol or cold medications containing alcohol for at least 24 hours prior to the day of the study Women must not be pregnant or lactating. Women of childbearing age must use birth control while participating in this study Patients must not have any neurological disease other than tremor (e.g., Parkinson's disease) Patients must not have evidence of thyroid, liver, kidney or chronic lung disease


eligible ages (years): 2.0-6.0,  All  Cerebral Palsy Motor Deficits Clinical diagnosis of hemiparetic cerebral palsy consistent with in Swaiman and Russman (1999) and Badawi et al. (1998) Recommended for participation in pediatric rehabilitation and/or early intervention Lives within 50 miles of the Civitan Center at University of Alabama at Birmingham or the family is willing to temporarily relocate to the Birmingham area for treatment  Profound bilateral hearing loss with the use of hearing aids Severe visual impairment Serious seizure disorder or uncontrolled seizures Genetic and syndromic conditions historically excluded for CP registries Familial Spastic Paraplegia Ataxic Cerebral Palsy Diagnosis of Pervasive Developmental Disability or autism Serious or recurring medical complications Scheduled for surgery within 12 months of study entry


eligible ages (years): 21.0-999.0,  All  Essential Tremor patients with a clinical diagnosis of essential tremor will participate in the study. Selection criterion is essential tremor with a history of ethanol responsiveness. Informed consent will be obtained by any of the co-investigators Patients must be off any medications used to treat essential tremor such as mysoline or propranolol for at least 2 weeks. Patients must withhold ethanol and caffeine 24 hours prior to starting the treatment periods through the end of treatment periods, including alcohol or caffeine containing over the counter medications. Ethanol and caffeine consumption is allowed in the washout period  Patients with abnormalities on neurologic exam other than tremor Patients with a history of chronic alcohol dependence Patients with chronic medical conditions such as renal failure, hepatic failure and chronic lung disease Patients on other medications that cannot be temporarily discontinued for the length of the study Patients, who, for moral or religious reasons, do not wish to take a potentially intoxicating drug Patients with abnormalities on their baseline screening laboratory tests Women who are pregnant or lactating Patients under the age of 21 Asians and Pacific Islanders


eligible ages (years): 21.0-999.0,  All  Essential Tremor Patients with alcohol-responsive Essential Tremor Limb involvement should be a prominent feature of the Essential tremor Patients must be willing and able to safely stop and remain off any medications used to treat essential tremor for at least 4 half-lives Patients must be willing to abstain from ethanol and caffeine intake for at least 48 hours prior to starting the study hospitalization until study termination Patients must be willing and able to fast for periods of up to 12 hours during the study  Patients with abnormalities other than tremor on neurological exam Patients with active or past alcohol abuse or dependence Patients with acute or chronic severe medical conditions such as renal failure, hepatic failure or lung disease Patients taking primidone Patients on other acute or chronic medications that influence hepatic metabolism or central nervous system (CNS) function and cannot be temporarily discontinued for the length of the study Patients who do not wish to take a potentially intoxicating drug Patients with abnormalities on their baseline screening laboratory tests Women who are pregnant or lactating Patients younger than age 21 The presence of cognitive impairment preventing informed consent or cooperation during the study


eligible ages (years): 18.0-85.0,  All  Stroke Cerebrovascular Accident Subjects will be included in the study on the basis of the following They must be at least six months post-stroke years of age or older with a clinical diagnosis of hemiparesis (as verified by medical record and a medical expert) They have voluntary control with a low to medium range of motion function (UE-FT<5) and a muscle tone They are functionally stable (no significant changes in motor function over a week) and are able to tolerate being seated upright for 90 minutes They report no excessive pain the impaired arm If left neglect or spasticity is detected in the impaired arm, these levels must not interfere with the ability to cognitively complete the tasks or turn a wheel They must not be participating in any experimental rehabilitation or drug therapies If subjects are receiving chemical injections for spasticity, they must be at least 3-months away from their last treatment They must have driven prior to stroke  Subjects will be excluded from the study if they voluntarily decide to withdraw from the study or if they do not meet the above criteria Once informed consent is given twenty-four of these subjects will be randomized into two training groups (fun driving: fun and functional driving activities and rote tracking (12 subjects): rote and functional tracking activities). Two subjects will be randomized the case study group. The groups will be matched in initial motor function Subjects will be excluded if they voluntarily decide to withdraw from the study or if they do not meet the above criteria


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Post-stroke Upper Limb Spasticity Main Female or male patients ≥ 18 years ≥ 6 months since the last stroke, diagnosed by an appropriate health care professional (e.g., neurologist) Focal spasticity with ≥ 2 points on the Ashworth Scale in the wrist flexors with clinical pattern Flexed Wrist Focal spasticity with ≥ 2 points on the Ashworth Scale in the fingers flexors with clinical pattern Clenched Fist For pre-treated patients only: source documentation of the most recent injection session with Botulinum Toxin and sufficient therapeutic response for Flexed Wrist and Clenched Fist For pre-treated patients only: the most recent injection with Botulinum Toxin must have been maximal 50 Units BOTOX® or 200 Units Dysport® or 2000 Units Neurobloc® (type B preparation) per each of these flexors: carpi ulnaris, digitorum superficialis, digitorum profundus For pre-treated patients only: the most recent injection with Botulinum Toxin must have been maximal 60 Units BOTOX® or 240 Units Dysport® or 2400 Units Neurobloc® (type B preparation) for flexor carpi radialis Main  Spasticity of any other origin than stroke Previous treatment with Botulinum Toxin of any serotype and for any body region within the 4 months prior to Screening (Visit 1, Day -7) Planned concomitant treatment with Botulinum Toxin of any serotype and for any body region Previous or planned treatment with phenol or alcohol-injection in the target limb Previous surgical treatment of spasticity in the target muscle(s) Fixed contracture, defined as severe restriction of the range of joint movement on passive stretch Severe atrophy of the target limb muscles


eligible ages (years): 18.0-70.0,  All  Upper Extremity Spasticity Stroke Acquired Brain Injury Minimum 6 months post injury/insult with unilateral upper limb spasticity of the elbow, wrist and/or finger flexors Preinjection Modified Ashworth scores > 2 in at least one of the following areas: elbow, wrist, or finger flexors Subjects must meet for CMA Hand Impairment Scale Stage 2 and be able to complete Task 3 (thumb to index finger) of the CMA Hand Impairment Scale Stage 3, or demonstrate 50% gross grasp to be included Botulinum toxin A (Botox®) stable patients (have received at least two prior doses of the agent with first dose occurring at least 6 months prior to study enrollment) Able to answer reliably to yes/no questions Able to follow reliably 1-step instructions Written informed consent Females enrolled in this study who are of childbearing age will be required to use adequate measures of birth control for the entire study period. Those who do not agree will be excluded  Uncontrolled, clinically significant medical condition other than the condition under evaluation Severe, fixed joint contracture in the affected arm. Patients with mild contracture that does not significantly impact function will be included based upon the assessment of the PI Known allergy or sensitivity to any of the components in the study medication Females who are pregnant, breast-feeding, or planning a pregnancy during the study or who think that they may be pregnant at the start of the study, or females of childbearing potential who are unable or unwilling to use a reliable form of contraception during the study Concurrent participation in another investigational drug or device study or participation in the 30 days immediately prior to study enrollment Treatment with botulinum toxin of any serotype for any reason in less than 3 months prior to initial date of injection for the study Any medical condition that may put the subject at increased risk with exposure to botulinum toxin type A including diagnosed myasthenia gravis, Eaton-Lambert syndrome, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or any other disorder that might interfere with neuromuscular function Evidence of recent alcohol or drug abuse Infection or skin disorder at an anticipated injection and/or electrical stimulation sites Any condition or situation that, in the investigator's opinion, may put the subject at significant risk, confound the study results, or interfere significantly with the subject's participation in the study


eligible ages (years): 18.0-70.0,  All  Stroke Male or female, 18 to 70 years of age Written informed consent Written Authorization for Use and Release of Health and Research Study Information has been obtained Medically stable condition in the investigator's opinion History of stroke (hemorrhagic or ischemic) that resulted in a unilateral, upper-limb focal spasticity pattern of the wrist and fingers EMG evidence of volitionary activiation of wrist and finger extensor and flexor muscles Active range of motion (to be repeated 3 times by the patient): The ability to initiate wrist extension of at least 10 degrees from a fully flexed position with the forearm supported and stabilized in a pronated position. Active shoulder flexion and abduction to 45 degrees and no less than -30 degrees of elbow extension Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) >24 If on an anti-spasticity medication regiment at the time of qualification, the dose regimen must have been stable 1 month prior to study enrollment Ability to follow study instructions and likely to complete all required visits  Time since neurological event resulting in upper limb spasticity less than 3 months or greater than 24 months Previous therapy with BOTOX® or any other botulinum toxin serotype for any condition within the last 12 months Phenol or alcohol block in the study limb within 6 months of study enrollment visit History (within 3 months of qualification) of or planned (during study period) casting of the study limb Current treatment with an intrathecal baclofen pump In the opinion of the investigator, profound atrophy of the muscles in the study limb that are targeted for injection Previous surgical intervention in the study limb, except for routine orthopedic repair for bone fractures, in the last 6 months Presence of fixed contracture of the study limb impairing functional activity Clinically significant inflammation or condition in the study limb that, in the investigator's opinion, could limit joint movement (other than stroke or spasticity) Clinically significant spasticity or contracture of the elbow (defined as an Ashworth score >3) or shoulder in the study limb, in the investigator's opinion would limit sue of the wrist and fingers


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium Meet Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th version, revised (DSMr-IV) for alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) Be an inpatient at St. Mary's Medical Center (SMMC) or Miller Dwan Medical Center (MDMC) at time of study enrollment Have an alcohol withdrawal score as measured by standard SMMC or MDMC inpatient protocol sufficient to trigger the use of benzodiazepine withdrawal therapy Agree to abstain for alcohol for duration of study Be able to provide informed consent  The patient must not have any other active drug dependence in addition to alcohol Be unwilling or unable to forgo alcohol for the duration of the study Be using baclofen at the time of study enrollment Be using benzodiazepines for any reason other than acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome at time of study enrollment have known baclofen or benzodiazepine sensitivity Be unable to take oral (PO) meds Be unable to complete one of two consenting procedures Be pregnant or breastfeeding Have a serum creatine level > 2.0 Have a history of non alcoholic withdrawal seizures


eligible ages (years): 19.0-65.0,  All  Rabies Subjects free of obvious health-problems or with stable condition Male or female subjects aged ≥19 to ≤65 years BMI between ≥18 and ≤30 kg/m2  Prior history of active or passive rabies immunization Clinically significant acute illness or infection within 2 weeks before first dosing based on the clinical judgment of the investigator History and/or family history of clinically significant immunodeficiency or auto-immune disease Any clinically significant history of known or suspected anaphylaxis or hypersensitivity reaction Chronic administration of immunosuppressants or other immune-modifying drugs within 6 months before the first dose of investigational medicinal product


eligible ages (years): 1.0-1.5,  All  Rabies Male and female 12-18 months old toddlers will be included in the study if they are in good health at time of entry into the study as determined by medical history, physical examination and clinical judgment of the investigator are available for all the visits scheduled in the study have been granted a written informed consent signed by their parents  a history of rabies immunization a history of Japanese encephalitis immunization or disease a significant acute or chronic infectious disease at the time of enrollment fever > 38.0 degree C (axillary) or/and significant acute or chronic infection requiring systemic antibiotic or antiviral therapy within the past 7 days before enrollment being under treatment with parenteral, oral and/or inhaled corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs or other specific anti-inflammatory drugs or having taken chloroquine during the two months period before enrollment administration of any vaccine within the past 14 days before enrollment known immunodeficiency or an autoimmune disease known hypersensitivity to neomycin, tetracycline, amphotericin-B planned surgery during the study period being enrolled in any other investigational trial contemporaneously