eligible ages (years): 6.0-16.0,  All  Serious Emotional Disturbance child has a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV (DSM-IV) diagnosis child at risk of psychiatric hospitalization due to serious out-of-control behaviors child resides in home of legal guardian, who is primary caregiver child insured by Medicaid score in the borderline clinical or clinical range on the Externalizing Scale of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)  referred to by a probation officer suffers from an unstable, chronic medical comorbidity prior receipt of


A 10 year old child is brought to the emergency room complaining of myalgia, cough, and shortness of breath.  Two weeks ago the patient was seen by his pediatrician for low-grade fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea, diagnosed with a viral illness, and prescribed OTC medications. Three weeks ago the family returned home after a stay with relatives on a farm that raises domestic pigs for consumption. Vital signs: T: 39.5 C, BP: 90/60 HR: 120/min RR: 40/min. Physical exam findings include cyanosis,  slight stiffness of the neck,  and  marked periorbital edema. Lab results include WBC 25,000, with 25% Eosinophils, and an unremarkable urinalysis.

eligible ages (years): 0.0-4.0,  All  Pneumococcal Infections Infants Child has birth weight ≥ 2500g Child was born at ≥ 37 weeks of pregnancy or judged to be full-term by midwife or birth attendant Mother has resided in Burkina Faso for at least 2 years Mother has African nationality Child will reside in Bobo-Dioulasso urban area for the duration of the study Parent or guardian has given informed consent for child's participation Infants  Child was born with a congenital abnormality Child has chronic or acute severe illness requiring specialized medical care Child has a blood coagulation disorder Mother has known HIV infection Child is enrolled in another clinical trial Child has known allergy to a component of the vaccine Child received a pneumococcal vaccine outside the context of the trial Child is 53 days of age or older at 6 week visit Child weighs <3500g at the 6 week visit Blood draw at 6 week visit was unsuccessful after 3 attempts


eligible ages (years): 0.167-2.0,  All  Bronchiolitis, Viral Home Nursing Age: 2-24 months, but age postconception of over 44 weeks Ac. bronchiolitis clinical diagnosis: acute respiratory illness including nasal congestion, coughing and wheezing or crackles simplified, Tachypnea or retractions of the chest X-ray confirms a viral diagnosis of bronchiolitis First attack of wheezing O2 Saturation < 91% room air while arrival to the ER The baby and his family have a way to return to the ER after discharge The family lives a distance of less than 30 minutes drive from the center of Emergency Medicine The baby lives in an environment with no smoking The baby's family is available by phone The baby's family is ready for continuous monitoring of the baby at home 11th. Disease severity index (RDSS) of < 4 (see definitions)  Previous morbidity: cardiac, pulmonary, neuromuscular, nutrition (including FTT). And congenital or acquired airway problem Age since conception is less than -44 weeks History of apneas Bacterial pneumonia suggested by a localized-focal finding on X-ray Previous wheezing attack O2 Saturation > 92% on room air Family has no transportation available follow-up visits The family lives at a distance greater than 30 minutes drive from the medical facility The baby was treated with steroids for this attack There is no continuous monitoring of the baby at home


eligible ages (years): 2.0-4.917,  All  Influenza Healthy male or female child at least 24 months of age and no older than 59 months of age at the time of study vaccination A child whose parent or guardian's primary residence, at the time of study vaccinations, is within the Kamalapur surveillance site catchment area and who intends to be present in the area for the duration of the trial A child whose parent or legal guardian is willing to provide written informed consent prior to the participant's study vaccination  Has any serious chronic disease including progressive neurologic disease, tuberculosis, Down's syndrome or other cytogenetic disorder, or known or suspected disease of the immune system Is receiving immunosuppressive agents including systemic corticosteroids during the two weeks prior to study vaccination Has a history of documented hypersensitivity to eggs or other components of the vaccine (including gelatin, sorbitol, lactalbumin and chicken protein), or with life-threatening reactions to previous influenza vaccinations Is receiving aspirin therapy or aspirin-containing therapy currently or two weeks before Lives in household with somebody currently participating in a respiratory vaccination or antiviral study Has current or past participation (within 2 months of trial enrollment visit) in any clinical trial involving a drug or biologic with activity against respiratory disease Has any condition determined by investigator as likely to interfere with evaluation of the vaccine or be a significant potential health risk to the child


eligible ages (years): 3.0-4.0,  All  Children Under-nutrition Child is between 36 and 48 months of age Child has weight-for-height greater than or equal to 5th and less than or equal to the 25th percentile Child is capable of oral feeding Child's parent(s)or Legal Guardian is willing to abstain from giving additional non-study nutritional supplements to the child throughout the study period  Child whose either parent has BMI greater than or equal to 27.5 kg/m2 Child allergic or intolerant to any ingredient found in the study product Child who was delivered pre-term Child was born small for gestational Child had birth weight < 2500 g or > 4000 g Child has current acute or chronic infections Child demonstrates presence of severe gastrointestinal disorders Child has a diagnosis of neoplastic diseases, renal, hepatic and cardiovascular diseases Child has a diagnosis of hormonal or metabolic disorders Child has a congenital disease or genetic disorder


eligible ages (years): 0.25-4.0,  All  Cystic Fibrosis Cystic Fibrosis participants laboratory diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis  Major organ system disease other than Cystic Fibrosis History of prematurity Non Cystic Fibrosis control participants Proof of a negative newborn CF screening test Major organ system disease History of prematurity


eligible ages (years): 40.0-999.0,  All  Acute Coronary Syndrome Recently (< 52 weeks) hospitalized for ACS  Age < 40 years ACS event occurring more than 52 weeks prior to randomization visit LDL-C likely to be <70 mg/dL (<1.81 mmo/L) with evidence-based medical and dietary management of dyslipidemia


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Atrial Fibrillation patients with atrial fibrillation foreseen for Pradaxa anticoagulation according to physician's decision for stroke prevention patients with mild or moderate renal impairment age >= 18 years at enrollment  severe renal impairment (Creatinine Clearance < 30 ml/min)


eligible ages (years): 5.0-999.0,  All  Visceral Leishmaniasis Human African Trypanosomiasis Enteric Fever Melioidosis Brucellosis Leptospirosis Relapsing Fever Rickettsial Diseases HIV Tuberculosis Malaria Amoebic Liver Abscess fever for ≥ 1 week ≥ 5 years old (18 years onward in Cambodia)  unwilling or unable to give written informed consent unable in the study physician's opinion to comply with the study requirements existing laboratory confirmed diagnosis need of immediate intensive care due to shock or respiratory distress


eligible ages (years): 18.0-30.0,  All  Influenza Adults aged between 18-30 Presenting with symptoms of acute URTI (at least two among the following symptoms: body temperature ≥37.8°C, cough, rhinorrhea, sore throat, headache, myalgia/arthralgia) within 48 hours of illness onset being tested positive with a QuickVue rapid influenza test  Allergic to paracetamol or any other antipyretics Have any underlying immunocompromized condition or be receiving immunosuppressive agents Have any history of chronic liver disease, or any active lung, heart or renal diseases requiring regular medication


eligible ages (years): 2.0-5.0,  All  Overweight Obesity In each of the three geographical areas (NC, CA, CT), two pairs of community-based child care centers in urban areas with English-speaking directors, kitchens, and with 50-60 children between the ages of 2 and 5 years, 35% of whom are eligible for subsidy  If the randomly selected child care center has an open case of child abuse or neglect


eligible ages (years): 50.0-999.0,  All  Diabetes Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 Type 2 diabetes Age above or equal to 50 years with predefined previous cardiovascular disease(s) or renal disease or age above or equal to 60 years with predefined cardiovascular risk factors HbA1c (glycosylated haemoglobin) above or equal to 7.0% or HbA1c below 7.0% and current insulin treatment corresponding to above or equal to 20 U of basal insulin per day One or more oral or injectable antidiabetic agent(s)  An acute coronary or cerebrovascular event in the previous 60 days Planned coronary, carotid or peripheral artery revascularisation Chronic heart failure NYHA (New York Heart Association) class IV Current or past (within the last 5 years) malignant neoplasms (except basal cell and squamous cell skin carcinoma)


eligible ages (years): 0.25-16.0,  All  Dengue Disease Progression Age >3 months and <16 years Clinical suspicion of dengue hemorrhagic fever. (Revised WHO Classification System) Not a prisoner or ward of the state Parents able and willing to give consent. Children older then 7 able and willing to give assent  Allergic to Ultrasound gel Prisoners or wards of the state Unstable patients Known pleural effusion, ascites, or gallbladder wall thickening


eligible ages (years): 40.0-999.0,  All  Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive Informed Consent: A signed and dated written informed consent prior to study participation Type of subject: Outpatient Age: Subjects 40 years of age or older at Visit 1 Gender: Male or female subjects. A female is eligible to enter and participate in the study if she is of: Non-child bearing potential (i.e. physiologically incapable of becoming pregnant, including any female who is post-menopausal or surgically sterile). Surgically sterile females are defined as those with a documented hysterectomy and/or bilateral oophorectomy or tubal ligation. Post-menopausal females are defined as being amenorrhoeic for greater than 1 year with an appropriate clinical profile, e.g. age appropriate, > 45 years, in the absence of hormone replacement therapy OR Child bearing potential, has a negative pregnancy test at screening, and agrees to one of the following acceptable contraceptive methods used consistently and correctly (i.e. in accordance with the approved product label and the instructions of the physician for the duration of the study screening to safety follow-up contact): Abstinence; Oral Contraceptive, either combined or progestogen alone; Injectable progestogen; Implants of levonorgestrel; Estrogenic vaginal ring; Percutaneous contraceptive patches; Intrauterine device (IUD) or intrauterine system (IUS); Male partner sterilization (vasectomy with documentation of azoospermia) prior to the female subject's entry into the study, and this male is the sole partner for that subject. For this definition, "documented" refers to the outcome of the investigator's/designee's medical examination of the subject or review of the subject's medical history for study as obtained via a verbal interview with the subject or from the subject's medical records. Double barrier method: condom and an occlusive cap (diaphragm or cervical/vault caps) with a vaginal spermicidal agent (foam/gel/film/cream/suppository) COPD Diagnosis: An established clinical history of COPD in accordance with the definition by the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Smoking History: Current or former cigarette smokers with a history of cigarette smoking of >=10 pack-years at screening (visit 1) [number of pack years = (number of cigarettes per day / 20) x number of years smoked (e.g., 20 cigarettes per day for 10 years, or 10 cigarettes per day for 20 years)]. Previous smokers are defined as those who have stopped smoking for at least 6 months prior to Visit 1. Note: Pipe and/or cigar use cannot be used to calculate pack-year history Severity of COPD symptoms: A score of >=10 on the COPD Assessment Test (CAT) at screening Severity of COPD Disease: A post-albuterol/salbutamol FEV1/ Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) ratio of <0.70 at Screening Existing COPD maintenance treatment: Subject must be receiving daily maintenance treatment for their COPD for at least 3 months prior to Screening. Note: Subjects receiving only Pro re nata (PRN) COPD medications are not eligible  Pregnancy: Women who are pregnant or lactating or are planning on becoming pregnant during the study Asthma: Subjects with a current diagnosis of asthma. (Subjects with a prior history of asthma are eligible if they have a current diagnosis of COPD) Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency: Subjects with Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency as the underlying cause of COPD Other respiratory disorders: Subjects with active tuberculosis, lung cancer, significant bronchiectasis, sarcoidosis, lung fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, interstitial lung diseases or other active pulmonary diseases Lung resection: Subjects with lung volume reduction surgery within the 12 months prior to Screening Risk Factors for Pneumonia: immune suppression (e.g. human immunodeficiency virus [HIV], Lupus) or other risk factors for pneumonia (e.g. neurological disorders affecting control of the upper airway, such as Parkinson's Disease, Myasthenia Gravis). Patients at potentially high risk (e.g. very low BMI, severely malnourished, or very low FEV1) will only be included at the discretion of the Investigator Pneumonia and/or moderate or severe COPD exacerbation that has not resolved at least 14 days prior to Screening and at least 30 days following the last dose of oral/systemic corticosteroids (if applicable). In addition, any subject that experiences pneumonia and/or moderate or severe COPD exacerbation during the run-in period will be excluded Other Respiratory tract infections that have not resolved at least 7 days prior to screening Abnormal Chest x-ray(CXR): Chest x-ray (posteroanterior and lateral) reveals evidence of pneumonia or a clinically significant abnormality not believed to be due to the presence of COPD, or another condition that would hinder the ability to detect an infiltrate on CXR (e.g. significant cardiomegaly, pleural effusion or scarring). All subjects will have a chest x-ray at Screening Visit 1 (or historical radiograph or computerised tomography (CT) scan obtained within 3 months prior to screening) that will be over-read by a central vendor. Note: Subjects who have experienced pneumonia and/or moderate or severe COPD exacerbation within 3 months of screening must provide a post pneumonia/exacerbation chest x-ray to be over-read by the central vendor or have a chest x-ray conducted at screening. For sites in Germany: If a chest x-ray (or CT scan) within 3 months prior to Screening (Visit 1) is not available, approval to conduct a diagnostic chest x-ray will need to be obtained from the Federal Office for Radiation Protection (Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz [BfS]) Other diseases/abnormalities: Subjects with historical or current evidence of clinically significant cardiovascular, neurological, psychiatric, renal, hepatic, immunological, gastrointestinal, urogenital, nervous system, musculoskeletal, skin, sensory, endocrine (including uncontrolled diabetes or thyroid disease) or hematological abnormalities that are uncontrolled. Significant is defined as any disease that, in the opinion of the Investigator, would put the safety of the subject at risk through participation, or which would affect the efficacy or safety analysis if the disease/condition exacerbated during the study


eligible ages (years): 0.25-4.917,  All  Pneumonia Children admitted with severe pneumonia as defined by the presence of all the following as defined as below months to 59 months old History of cough and/or shortness of breath Unwell for <= 7 days -Increased respiratory rate ( ≥ 50/min if ≤12 months old, ≥ 40/min) or retractions,- Any of the following signs/symptoms are present at examination that would necessitate admission: chest retractions, cyanosis, saturation< 92% on air, poor feeding or lethargy Documented fever (axillary /central temp ≥ 38/38.5°C) within 24 hrs of admission Abnormal CXR with presence of alveolar infiltrates Responds to IV antibiotics by the first 72 hrs and able to go home with oral antibiotics i.e. no more hypoxia and afebrile and reduced respiratory symptoms  Children who (a) are transferred from another hospital (b) refuse blood taking (c) have a doctor diagnosis of asthma or recurrent wheezing illness (d) have a diagnosis of bronchiolitis i.e. wheezing in a child with a CXR with no consolidation (e) not acute illness ( ie >7 days) (f) unable to come for follow-up (g) not community acquired pneumonia e.g. aspiration pneumonia (h)complicated pneumonia with effusion, pneumothorax, clinical suspicion of necrotizing pneumonia (i)PICU admission or use of Non-invasive ventilation (j)significant comorbidities that can increase the risk of having a complicated pneumonia (k) need for use of other antibiotics like anti-staph or macrolides (l)extra-pulmonary infection e.g. meningitis (m)allergy to penicillin (n) unable to tolerate oral antibiotics (o) underlying illness that can predispose to recurrent pneumonia


eligible ages (years): 2.0-999.0,  All  Influenza Poultry-exposed individuals with poultry in the household willing to participate by signing a consent or assent form as appropriate for age, completing the study questionnaire, and permitting the withdrawal of blood, nasal washes, nasal swabs, and throat swabs  Any known immunosuppressive condition or immune deficiency disease (including HIV infection), or ongoing receipt of any immunosuppressive therapy. (Note that we have chosen to such populations because of their increased risk of acquiring infections, they are relatively few, and are not representative of a national sample.) Terminally ill individuals Children who are less than 2 years old when baseline enrollment is performed


eligible ages (years): 0.0-999.0,  All  Infant Behavior Child Behavior Parenting Child Rearing Depression Personal Satisfaction Behavioral Symptoms Social Control, Informal Baby is getting pediatric care at Bellevue Hospital Center or Pittsburgh Children's Hospital Caregiver primary language is English or Spanish Family can be contacted (has a working phone) Family attended second (follow-up) meeting with study team  Birth weight <2500gm Gestational age < 37 weeks Not singleton birth (twin, triplet, etc.) Known or suspected significant genetic abnormality Known neurodevelopmental/neuromuscular disorder likely to affect development, movement, e.g., seizure disorder, microcephaly (low head circumference) Known sensory defect Known significant malformation likely to affect development or likely to require significant therapy Meets for Early Intervention at birth Significant postnatal complication requiring level II or III nursery stay. Examples: sepsis, significant hypoglycemia, seizures Mother with known significant impairment that will be barrier to communication and participation (e.g., intellectual disability, schizophrenia)


eligible ages (years): 0.0-999.0,  All  Resident Education and Assessment of Difficult and High Acuity Scenarios That Focus on Cardiac Anesthesia Resident physicians who have completed at least one month of cardiac rotation are included.This high fidelity simulation lab course if offerred to every resident that meets the criteria.This is a part of their educational activity.At the beginning of the course they are given the option to participate in the survey.If they do not wish to participate in the survey it will not affect their education.Participitaion in the survey is purely voluntary  Resident physicians that did not wish to participate in filling out the survey or not able to fill out the survey


eligible ages (years): 5.0-999.0,  All  Tenia Solium Infection Willing and able to participate in all aspects of the study, including providing blood and stool samples, participating in a questionnaire survey and group discussions, and taking oral anthelmintic tablets (the latter specific for the elimination arm) Willing and able to provide informed consent (signature or thumb print with impartial witness; assent for minors with parental consent) Living in, attending school in, or regularly visiting the bore holes present in, the study communities Aged five years of age or older People without epilepsy  Unwilling or unable to participate in some or all aspects of the study, including providing blood and stool samples, participating in a questionnaire survey and group discussions, or taking oral anthelmintic tablets (the latter specific for the elimination arm) Unwilling or unable to provide written (signature or thumb print with impartial witness) informed consent (or assent for minors) Living outside of, and not regularly visiting, or attending school in, the study communities Children aged four years or younger People with epilepsy (identified cases by the Rural Health Centre, questions included in the registration procedure) Seriously ill individuals (people unable to engage in the normal activities of daily living without assistance because of their illnesses)


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Child Abuse Parenting for villages (n = 8) Situated within 1 hour driving distance from Shinyanga, Tanzania Provide community consent via community local leader and approval from local authorities Contain registered farmer groups for participating farmer groups (n = 16, 2 per village) Situated within participating village Registered with Tanzanian Ministry of Agriculture within the previous 3 years Registered to participate in ICS's Agribusiness and Skilful Parenting programme Provide consent via farmer group leader for adults caregivers (n = 240, 30 per village)  for adult participants Any adult exhibiting severe mental health problems or acute mental disabilities Any adult that has been referred to social services or child protection services during the course of baseline data collection as a result of reported or observed indications of significant potential psychological harm towards a child for child respondents (n = 240, 30 per village) Age 10 to 17 years at initial assessment Lives in the house at least 4 nights per week Must have an adult primary caregiver who lives in the household, who provides consent, and who participates in the study Provides assent to participate in the full study for child respondents Any child who is either experiencing severe mental health problems, has acute developmental disabilities