eligible ages (years): 55.0-85.0,  All  Probable Alzheimer Disease (AD) Parkinson Disease (PK) Neurological Disease Without Cognitive Degradation Brain Trauma Acute Hydrocephaly Reports written consent, informed and signed by the patient and a trusted person Subject member or beneficiary of a social security system Specific for group 1 and 2B  Age between 55 and 85 years old for patients Subject with AD or other neurodegenerative disease (frontotemporal dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson disease) Subjects with chronic adult hydrocephalus (HCA) requiring depletion lumbar puncture (PL) Specific for group 2A  Adult patient requiring neurosurgery with CSF shunt (subject with brain trauma, acute hydrocephaly) and favorable evolution that allows removal of the shunt  Patient deprived of liberty by judicial or administrative decision Major protected by law Pregnancy, women of childbearing age with risk of pregnancy, or breast-feeding Presence of a transmissible viral disease (HlV, hepatitis B and C) Patient included in a clinical trial lnadequate cardiac, hepatic or severe renal disfunction Disease amino acid metabolism (Leucinose..) Information clinical and para-clinical insufficient or unavailable Patient deprived of liberty by judicial or administrative decision Major protected by law


A 44-year-old man was recently in an automobile accident where he sustained a skull fracture. In the emergency room, he noted clear fluid dripping from his nose. The following day he started complaining of severe headache and fever. Nuchal rigidity was found on physical examination.

eligible ages (years): 18.0-80.0,  All  Pituitary Adenoma Patients with suspected nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas (≥ 1 cm) with planned transsphenoidal surgery Adults (age 18-80 years) Medically stable for surgery Reasonable expectation that patient will complete study and be available for follow-up assessments  Prisoners Pregnant women Patients with suspected functioning pituitary adenoma Unable to obtain MRI of the pituitary (e.g., pacemaker, anaphylaxis to gadolinium, low GFR) Pituitary apoplexy


eligible ages (years): 0.0-999.0,  All  Brain Injuries Skull Fractures Severe traumatic brain injury, GCS 8 or less and/or Craniofacial fracture  Died before admitted to hospital


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak Subjects ≥18 years of age undergoing craniotomy/craniectomy for pathological processes in the supratentorial region or posterior fossa Subjects or legally authorized representatives must be willing to participate in the study and provide written informed consent Surgical wound classification Class I The cuff of native dura along the craniotomy edge on each side is adequate, based on surgeon's judgment, to facilitate suturing and to allow for sufficient surface area for adherence of the investigational product Presence of intra-operative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage following primary dural closure or after Valsalva maneuver  Subjects with a dural lesion from a recent surgery that still has the potential for CSF leakage Chemotherapy scheduled within 7 days following surgery Radiation therapy to the head scheduled within 7 days following surgery A previous craniotomy/craniectomy within 6 months prior to the study surgery Known hypersensitivity to the components of the investigational product Subjects with a known allergy to FD&C Blue #1 dye Subjects with an infection present at the surgical site Subjects with an infection indicated by any one of the following: clinical diagnosis of infection, fever, positive urine culture, positive blood culture, positive chest X-ray Female subjects of childbearing potential with a positive pregnancy test or intent to become pregnant during the clinical study period Female subjects who are nursing


eligible ages (years): 0.083-18.0,  All  Bacterial Meningitis Probable bacterial meningitis patients: Clinical manifestation (Any person with sudden onset of fever (> 38.5 °C rectal or 38.0 °C axillary) and one of the following signs: neck stiffness, altered consciousness or other meningeal sign) with cerebrospinal fluid examination showing at least one of the following A. turbid appearance; B.leukocytosis (> 100 cells/mm3); C.leukocytosis (10-100 cells/ mm3) AND either an elevated protein (> 100 mg/dl) or decreased glucose (< 40 mg/dl) Confirmed bacterial meningitis patients: A case that is laboratory-confirmed by growing (i.e. culturing) or identifying (i.e. by Gram stain or antigen detection methods) a bacterial pathogen (Hib, pneumococcus or meningococcus) in the cerebrospinal fluid or from the blood in a child with a clinical syndrome consistent with bacterial meningitis  Congenital immunodeficiency patients HIV patients Patients with corticosteroid treatment for long time Patients with disorders in adrenal gland and pituitary gland and hypothalamus Patients with tuberculosis


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Brain Injuries Patients treated in the ICU with the diagnose of traumatic or nontraumatic brain damage, with a more than 24-hour stay  Patients admitted less than 24 hour


eligible ages (years): 0.0-0.083,  All  Neonatal Sepsis Neonatal Infection Neonatal Meningitis This study aims to all neonates presenting here and at the high and medium care facilities with clinical signs of infection, sepsis or meningitis (age: 0-1 month) that require infection work up (i.e., laboratory testing and culturing) Baseline controls: uncomplicated jaunice, no other signs of infection Clinical signs of infection: tachypnea, dyspnea, apnea, grunting, tachycardia, bradycardia, hypotension, poor perfusion, vomitus, abdominal distension, constipation, poor feeding, lethargy, irritability, convulsions, temperature instability, pale, yellow, bleak, petechiae, bruising, bleeding  Extreme prematurity: gestational below 32 weeks of gestational age Extreme dysmaturity: birthweight below 1500 grams Maternal HIV or malignancy


eligible ages (years): 18.0-75.0,  All  Acute Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury Aged 18-75 years inclusive Diagnosis of acute SCI Injury is less than 24 hours old Impairment Scale Grade "A," "B" or "C" based upon first evaluation after arrival to the hospital Neurological level of injury between C4-C8 based upon first evaluation after arrival to the hospital Women of childbearing potential must have a negative serum β-hCG pregnancy test or a negative urine pregnancy test Patient is willing to participate in the study Informed consent document signed by patient or witnessed informed consent document No contraindications for study treatment(s) Able to cooperate in the completion of a standardized neurological examination by standards (includes patients who are on a ventilator)  Injury arising from penetrating mechanism Significant concomitant head injury defined by a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score < 14 with a clinically significant abnormality on a head CT (head CT required only for patients suspected to have a brain injury at the discretion of the investigator) Pre-existing neurologic or mental disorder which would preclude accurate evaluation and follow-up (i.e. Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, unstable psychiatric disorder with hallucinations and/or delusions or schizophrenia) Prior history of SCI Recent history (less than 1 year) of chemical substance dependency or significant psychosocial disturbance that may impact the outcome or study participation, in the opinion of the investigator Is a prisoner Participation in another clinical trial within the past 30 days Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex Active malignancy or history of invasive malignancy within the last five years, with the exception of superficial basal cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin that has been definitely treated. Patients with carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix treated definitely more than 1 year prior to enrollment may enter the study


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Meningitis Meningococcal Meningitis Meningococcal Infections Aged ≥ 18 years on the day of Received booster dose of Menactra vaccine in trial MTA77 Informed consent form has been signed and dated Able to attend the scheduled visit and to comply with all trial procedures  Participation at the time of trial enrollment (or in the 4 weeks preceding trial enrollment) in another clinical trial investigating a vaccine, drug, medical device, or medical procedure Receipt of any meningococcal vaccine, including serogroup B meningococcal vaccine, after receipt of the booster dose of Menactra vaccine administered in trial MTA77 Receipt of immune globulins, blood or blood-derived products in the past 3 months Known or suspected congenital or acquired immunodeficiency; or receipt of immunosuppressive therapy, such as anti-cancer chemotherapy or radiation therapy, within the preceding 6 months; or long-term systemic corticosteroid therapy (prednisone or equivalent for more than 2 consecutive weeks within the past 3 months) History of meningococcal infection, confirmed either clinically, serologically, or microbiologically Bleeding disorder, thrombocytopenia, or receipt of anticoagulants contraindicating venipuncture at the discretion of the Investigator Deprived of freedom by an administrative or court order, or in an emergency setting, or hospitalized involuntarily Current alcohol abuse or drug addiction Any illness that, in the opinion of the Investigator, might interfere with trial conduct or trial results Receipt of oral or injectable antibiotic therapy within 72 hours prior to the blood draw. (A prospective subject should not be included in the trial until 72 hours has passed.)


A 5-year-old boy presents to the emergency department with complaints of progressively worsening dysphagia, drooling, fever and vocal changes. He is toxic-appearing, and leans forward while sitting on his mother's lap. He is drooling and speaks with a muffled "hot potato" voice. The parents deny the possibility of foreign body ingestion or trauma, and they report that they are delaying some of his vaccines.

eligible ages (years): 0.0-999.0,  All  Deglutition Disorder Motor Neuron Disease Any Clinical Center inpatients and outpatients with known or suspected dysphagia on any other NIH institute protocol can be included for study as well as patients who are admitted specifically for this protocol Those patients at risk for oropharyngeal dysfunction will be screened initially by completing a self-assessment swallowing questionnaire, and by an interview with staff and/or family members. Patients who demonstrate appropriate signs and symptoms of dysphagia and oral motor impairment on the screening assessment will be considered for the protocol Difficulty swallowing food or pills Changed swallowing ability Coughing or choking when eating Shortness of breath during swallowing Food backing up into the mouth or nasal passage Fever or voice changes after swallowing Pain when swallowing Unexplained loss of weight  Patients who are severely demented or severely compromised will be excluded if they do not have sufficient cognitive ability to follow directions Patients who are non-ambulatory will be excluded if they can not be braced or supported within the fluoroscopy unit Highly agitated individuals will also be excluded if they are unable to remain confined in the equipment Infants and children under age 3 will be excluded due to radiation risk on the developing visual system


eligible ages (years): 20.0-80.0,  All  Phonation Disorder Spastic Dysphonia Voice Disorder Normal Volunteers Normal volunteers between the ages of 20 and 80 years of age will be selected after a screening examination Subjects will be without cardiac, pulmonary, neurological, otolaryngological, psychiatric or speech and hearing problems as determined by medical history and examination by an otolaryngologist None of the subjects included for study will have a reduction in the range of vocal fold movement during non-speech tasks such as whistling suggesting either paralysis or paresis, joint abnormality or neoplasm  Normal Volunteers Any patient with a history of airway obstruction will be excluded from the study No smokers or tobacco users will be included in the study Subjects with a history of a psychiatric disorder, under the care of a psychiatrist, or on medications for treatment of a psychiatric disorder will be excluded from study. Examples of psychiatric disorders to be excluded are: somatoform disorders, conversion disorders, currently under treatment for a major depression, or a history of schizophrenia or a bipolar disorder. However, a history of a previous episode of a minor reactive depression would not a person from participation Any individual with: 1) an implant or surgical clip implanted neural stimulator, implanted cardiac pacemaker or autodefibrillator, cochlear implant, ocular implant, aneurysm clip, artificial heart valve, insulin pump, orthopedic pins or prosthesis: 2) a foreign body metal shavings, shrapnel, orthodontic braces, tattoos or permanent eye liner; and/or, 3) any other implanted device or foreign body not listed above that is possibly ferromagnetic will also be excluded from study seven because of contraindications for magnetic resonance imaging Patients with Spasmodic Dysphonia Symptoms present during speech and not apparent at rest Symptoms less evident during whisper, singing or falsetto


eligible ages (years): 20.0-70.0,  All  Voice Disorders The for normal volunteers are normal vocal function and average health as determined by the staff otolaryngologist. Normal vocal function refers to normal voice quality, a negative history for voice or laryngeal disorders. Persons with significant pulmonary, neurological and psychiatric function will not be recruited. The primary for the voice disordered groups are a current diagnosis of spasmodic dysphonia (abductor or adductor type), muscular tension dysphonia or voice tremor. These persons will not have pulmonary, neurological or psychiatric disorders or criteria for Patients with Spasmodic Dysphonia Intermittent strained hoarseness, uncontrolled voice breaks or changes in pitch are present during vowels, liquids (r & l) and semi-vowels (w & y), during speech for adductor SD or prolonged voiceless consonants producing breathy breaks for abductor SD Less prominent symptoms during whisper, singing or falsetto Normal voice and vocal fold movement for protective and emotional laryngeal function, such as cough, laugh or cry A diagnosis of adductor or adductor spasmodic dysphonia based on voice testing and fiberoptic nasolaryngoscopy by a board certified otolaryngologist and Speech-Language Pathologist during the initial interview of other laryngeal pathologies based on a fiberoptic nasolaryngoscopic examination conducted during the initial interview by the staff otolaryngologist for Patients with Muscular Tension Dysphonia Increased phonatory muscle tension in the paralaryngeal and suprahyoid muscles on palpation A consistent hypertonic laryngeal posture for phonation, such as either an anterior-posterior squeeze (pin-hole posture) or ventricular hyper adduction and an absence of SD or vocal tremor as determined by a Speech-Language Pathologist and the staff otolaryngologist  Any individual with a history of one or more of the following contraindications will be excluded from the study Airway obstruction, smoking or tobacco use Pulmonary, or neurological disease Pregnancy as reported by the volunteer or a positive pregnancy result from a urine sample obtained on the day of testing Psychiatric disorder, under psychiatric care, or on medication for psychiatric disorders. Examples of psychiatric disorders to be excluded are: somatoform disorders, conversion disorders, major depression, schizophrenia or a bipolar disorder. A history of a previous episode of minor reactive depression would not a person from participation Speech or hearing problems as determined by medical history and examination by the otolaryngologist. A 30 dB HL hearing screening between 500 and 3000 Hz will be conducted if subjects report difficulty following spoken instructions or significant noise exposure A reduction in the range of vocal fold movement during non-speech tasks such as whistling suggesting either paralysis or paresis, joint abnormality or neoplasm as determined by videolaryngoscopic examination by the staff otolaryngologist Complete aphonia, a history of airway obstruction or structural abnormalities affect the larynx such as vocal fold nodules, polyps, carcinoma, cysts, contact ulcers, chronic laryngitis as determined by videolaryngoscopic examination by the staff otolaryngologist Individuals having any condition that would present unnecessary risk to them, e.g., claustrophobia Specific contraindications for magnetic resonance imaging i) Any implant or surgical clip


eligible ages (years): 0.0-999.0,  All  Auditory Perception Males and females of any race or ethnicity will be eligible to participate in this study Volunteers must be between the ages of 18 and 45 with normal hearing and voice function. Participants will be further selected for having a steady heart rate. A history of voice training is not required, but participants must be able to produce grossly independent voice F0 and amplitude changes  Contraindications to participation pregnancy, cardiac pacemaker or auto defibrillator, artificial heart valve, neural pacemaker, surgical metal clips in the brain, eye, or on blood vessels, cochlear implants, ocular implants or foreign bodies such as metal shavings or splinters, insulin pump, implanted drug infusion device, shrapnel, bullet or shot wound, and tattooed makeup. Participants will be screened with the NMR Center Safety Screening Questionnaire which also includes items such as intraventricular shunts, transdermal medication patches, wire sutures, bone/joint pins, screws, nails, or plates, and body piercings. Given that surgical staples, orthopedic pins, orthodontic braces and dental implants are no longer considered absolute contraindications in MRI, Dr. Saxon or Dr. Kearney will approve or disapprove participation in the study based on their judgment of the MR compatibility of these items, using published guides including those referenced above Volunteers will be also excluded if they are found to be pregnant, report any tendency toward claustrophobia or are unable for any reason to lie still within an MR scanner


eligible ages (years): 0.0-999.0,  All  Healthy The Healthy volunteers will be without cardiac, pulmonary, neurological, otolaryngological, psychiatric or speech, swallowing and hearing problems as determined by medical history and examination by a physician  History of Rheumatic fever, mitral valve prolapse, or cardiac arrhythmias as determined by medical history, physical and EKG. A physician will auscultate for cardiac murmurs prior to any study to volunteers who might be at risk for endocarditis. Subjects will have an EKG as part of the screening for participation in the study Pregnancy will women from participation because the study involves radiation exposure None of the Healthy volunteers will have a reduction in the range of vocal fold movement during the nasoendoscopy that might suggest laryngeal paralysis or paresis, joint abnormality or neoplasm Healthy Volunteers who have a cardiac demand pacemaker, dementia, exhibit non-stop vocalization, significant reflux due to use of a feeding tube, or drug toxicity will not be included for VitalStim, as these are contraindications to use of the device


eligible ages (years): 6.0-21.0,  All  Cerebral Palsy Drooling diagnosis of cerebral palsy severe drooling aged 6-21 yrs subjects (or their guardian) who are able to understand the requirements of the study and sign the informed consent form  age below 6 yrs or above 21 yrs known allergy or sensitivity to the study medication or its component diagnosis of myasthenia gravis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or any other disease that might interfere with neuromuscular function subjects who have prior surgery of the submandibular gland subjects who are receiving medication that affect drooling such as anticholinergic drug inability to give informed consent


eligible ages (years): 0.5-13.0,  All  Tonsillitis Pharyngitis Age 6 months to less than 13 years of age (<13) Clinical diagnosis of acute tonsillitis/pharyngitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes based on A positive result from a rapid detection throat swab test for Group A streptococcal antigen and submission of a throat swab specimen for bacterial culture, identification, and antibiotic-susceptibility testing; and A sore and scratchy throat and/or pain on swallowing (odynophagia) together with at least 2 of the following clinical signs Tonsil and/or pharyngeal erythema and/or exudate Cervical adenopathy Uvular edema Fever  Symptoms that collectively suggest nonstreptococcal T/P (eg, laryngitis, coryza, conjunctivitis, diarrhea, cough) History of positive throat culture for Streptococcus pyogenes in the absence of clinical signs and symptoms of T/P Infection of the deep tissues of the upper respiratory tract (eg, epiglottitis, retropharyngeal or buccal cellulitis, or abscess of the retropharynx, tonsil, or peritonsillar area) or of the suprapharyngeal respiratory tract and its connecting structures (eg, sinusitis, otitis media, or orbital/periorbital cellulitis) History of rheumatic heart disease Females of childbearing potential (ie, have reached menarche) Known congenital prolonged QT syndrome Known or suspected uncorrected hypokalemia (≤3 mmol/L [mEq/L]), or hypomagnesemia or bradycardia (<50 bpm) Myasthenia gravis Known impaired renal function, as shown by creatinine clearance ≤25 mL/min The subject


eligible ages (years): 13.0-999.0,  All  Tonsillitis Pharyngitis Age equal to or over 13 years For female subjects, the following conditions are to be met Subject is premenarchal or surgically incapable of bearing children Subject is of childbearing potential and all of the following conditions are met Have normal menstrual flow within 1 month before study entry Have negative pregnancy test (urine pregnancy test sensitive to at least 50 mU/mL, and Must agree to use an accepted method of contraception throughout the study (if sexually active) Clinical diagnosis of acute tonsillitis/pharyngitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes based on A positive result from a rapid detection test for Group A streptococcal antigen and submission of a throat swab specimen for bacterial culture, identification, and antibiotic-susceptibility testing; and A sore and scratchy throat and/or pain on swallowing (odynophagia) together with at least 2 of the following clinical signs  Symptoms that collectively suggest nonstreptococcal T/P (eg, laryngitis, coryza, conjunctivitis, diarrhea, cough) History of positive throat culture for Streptococcus pyogenes in the absence of clinical signs and symptoms of T/P Infection of the deep tissues of the upper respiratory tract (eg, epiglottitis, retropharyngeal or buccal cellulitis, or abscess of the retropharynx, tonsil, or peritonsillar area) or of the suprapharyngeal respiratory tract and its connecting structures (eg, sinusitis, otitis media, or orbital/periorbital cellulitis) History of rheumatic heart disease Known congenital prolonged QT syndrome Known or suspected uncorrected hypokalemia (≤3 mmol/L [mEq/L) or hypomagnesemia or bradycardia (<50 bpm) Known impaired renal function, as shown by creatinine clearance ≤25 mL/min Myasthenia gravis History of hypersensitivity or intolerance to macrolides, penicillins, or cephalosporins Previous enrollment in this study or previous treatment with telithromycin


eligible ages (years): 0.115-0.231,  All  Pneumococcal Infections Male or female between, and including, 6-12 weeks (42 to 90 days) of age at the time of the first vaccination Subjects for whom the investigator believes that their parents/guardians can and will comply with the requirements of the protocol Written informed consent obtained from the parent or guardian of the subject Free of obvious health problems as established by medical history and clinical examination before entering into the study Born after a gestation period between 36 and 42 weeks  Use of any investigational or non-registered product (drug or vaccine) other than the study vaccine(s) within 30 days preceding the first dose of study vaccine, or planned use during the study period Chronic administration (defined as more than 14 days) of immunosuppressants or other immune-modifying drugs within six months prior to the first vaccine dose Planned administration/ administration of a vaccine not foreseen by the study protocol during the period starting one month before each dose of vaccine(s) and ending 7 days after dose 1 and dose 2 or 1 month after dose 3 Previous vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and/or S. pneumoniae with the exception of vaccines where the first dose can be given within the first two weeks of life according to the national recommendations History of or intercurrent diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B, polio, and Haemophilus influenzae type b diseases History of allergic disease or reactions likely to be exacerbated by any component of the vaccines History of seizures (this criterion does not apply to subjects who have had a single, uncomplicated febrile convulsion in the past) or neurological disease Acute disease at the time of enrolment Any confirmed or suspected immunosuppressive or immunodeficient condition based on medical history and physical A family history of congenital or hereditary immunodeficiency


eligible ages (years): 1.0-18.0,  All  Sleep Apnea, Obstructive Respiration Disorders year old to 18 years of age, clinical signs or symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea (snoring, witnessed apneas, daytime somnolence, restless sleeping, or cyanosis), abnormal polysomnogram (mild, moderate, or severe OSA) including CO2 measures, failed or refused trial of CPAP, or not recommended by their pulmonologist or primary care doctor  prior laser supraglottoplasty, prior adenoidectomy prior tonsillectomy, stridor with cyanosis or apnea, severe respiratory distress, recurrent pneumonia (x3), Laryngeal cyst, vocal cord (VC) Paralysis, airway vascular malformation, neoplasm, subglottic hemangioma, paradoxical vocal cord (VC) motion, posterior glottic stenosis, glottic webs, discoordinate pharyngolaryngomalacia, or refusal to participate


eligible ages (years): 0.167-4.917,  All  Severe Pneumonia Age: 2 to 59 months Sex: Both boys and girls Severe pneumonia according to WHO (Severe pneumonia is defined as cough or difficult breathing with lower chest wall in drawing with or without fast breathing which is defined as the respiratory rate ≥ 50 breaths per minute for children aged 2-11 months and ≥ 40 breaths per minute for children aged 12-59 months) Attend the Radda Clinic and ICHSH between 8:00 am to 4:00 pm (Sunday through Saturday) Written informed consent by respective parents/guardians  Very severe and non-severe pneumonia Nosocomial pneumonia History of taking antibiotics for pneumonia within 48 hour prior to enrollment Chronic illnesses like tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis Congenital deformities/anomalies e.g. Down's Syndrome, congenital heart disease Immunodeficiency Trauma/burn Bronchiolitis Bronchial asthma Lives far away from the Radda Clinic and ICHSH (outside 5 km radius from the respective study site)


eligible ages (years): 3.0-18.0,  All  Cerebral Palsy Neurological Conditions Mental Retardation Sialorrhea To be included in this study, patients must meet the following Male or female, weighing at least 13 kilograms (27 pounds), aged 3 through 18 years Diagnosis of cerebral palsy and/or mental retardation or any other neurologic impairment or condition (cognitively capable and cognitively impaired patients may be enrolled) Chronic drooling in the absence of treatment to the extent that the chin or clothing becomes wet on most days by confirming the Modified Teacher's Drooling Scale score ≥ 5 Must be living in a situation where reliable parents/caregivers are willing and capable of administering medications, as determined by the investigator Written informed consent signed by the parent or legally acceptable representative Written assent signed by the age-appropriate patient if mentally capable, as determined by the investigator, and required by the site's Institutional Review Board If female of childbearing potential, the patient must have a negative pregnancy test at screening and Visit 2 If female of childbearing potential and sexually active, she must use a medically acceptable form of contraception  Patients are excluded from this study if they meet any of the following Patients who used glycopyrrolate within approximately 24 hours prior to the start of the baseline period, which began on Day -2 Patients who used prohibited medications within 5 plasma half-lives of the medication prior to the start of the baseline period Patients injected with intrasalivary gland botulinum toxin within 10 months prior to the start of the baseline period Patients using intraoral devices or prosthetics for the treatment of drooling within 1 week prior to the start of the baseline period Patients receiving acupuncture for the treatment of drooling or who have received acupuncture for the treatment of drooling within 3 months prior to the start of the baseline period Patients who have medical conditions contraindicating anticholinergic therapy including gastrointestinal reflux, narrow-angle glaucoma, obstructive uropathy, obstructive disease of the gastrointestinal tract (i.e., delayed gastric emptying, pyloroduodenal stenosis, etc.), paralytic ileus, intestinal atony, vesicoureteral reflux, reactive airway disease, myasthenia gravis, hyperthyroidism, cardiac arrhythmias and/or tachycardia, and/or clinically significant electrocardiogram abnormalities, as determined by the investigator Patients who have a known contraindication to the study medication, including allergy to the study medication or any of its components Patients who have poorly controlled seizures defined as daily seizures Patients who have a history of obstructive disease of the gastrointestinal tract (i.e., intestinal obstruction)


eligible ages (years): 18.0-85.0,  All  Drooling Parkinsons' Disease patients with Sialorrhea for at least 3 months  Patients with non-idiopathic PD parkinsonism Patients previously exposed to botulinum toxins Patients with a history of aspiration pneumonia, moderate/severe choking and/or moderate/severe dysphagia Patients with prior salivary gland surgery


eligible ages (years): 2.0-4.917,  All  Healthy Healthy Age: born within the same calendar quarter as the reference FluMist vaccinee  Children who have evidence of medical conditions that put them at high risk for complications of influenza (e.g., chronic cardiovascular and pulmonary disease) will be excluded from this control group


eligible ages (years): 18.0-85.0,  All  Intrathoracic Malignancies Unilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis Patients with UVCP undergoing type I thyroplasty or vocal fold augmentation for rehabilitation of speech and swallowing for the healthy subjects From age 18-85  for the UVCP patients includes the following History of significant psychiatric condition (e.g. schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, significant dementia) History of the following neurological conditions: CVA, seizure disorders, demyelinating conditions, systemic neuromuscular disorders, cerebral palsy, Alzheimer's disease History of previous moderate to severe traumatic brain injury History of significant cardiovascular, gastrointestinal or renal disease (e.g. myocardial infarction within the previous 12 months, significant vaso-occlusive disease, severe or advanced asthma, or renal compromise) History of achalasia History of dysphagia, odynophagia, or aphasia unrelated to present illness History of significant claustrophobic reactions Standard contraindications to MR examinations (e.g. implanted stimulators, pregnancy) for the healthy subjects includes the following


eligible ages (years): 18.0-80.0,  All  Paralysis American Society of Anesthesiology physical status grade I-II Age 18-80 yr Elective gynecological surgery Supine position  Known or predicted difficult airway Body mass index >35 kg m-2 Risk of aspiration


eligible ages (years): 0.231-999.0,  All  Rotavirus Severe Gastroenteritis for enrolled subjects and cases  A male or female child born after 1 March 2006 (which corresponds to the date of introduction of Rotarix™ in the EPI) and at least 12 weeks of age Subject admitted to the study hospital for SGE (refer to the glossary) during the study period Onset of SGE <= 14 days prior to admission Laboratory confirmed (i.e. by ELISA at the hospital laboratory) RV positive stool sample at hospital admission or during the first 48 hours of hospitalisation. Note: This criterion is applicable only for cases Written informed consent obtained from the parent or guardian of the subject for controls Admitted for non-GE causes at the same hospital as the case. Note: This criterion is applicable to hospital controls only Living in the same neighbourhood as the case for at least three consecutive months. Note: This criterion is applicable to neighbourhood controls only At least 12 weeks of age and being born within ± 2 weeks from the date of birth of the case. If the list of children born within ± 2 weeks is exhausted, then the range would be extended to ± 4 weeks  for enrolled subjects and cases Subject has previously participated as case or control in this study Hospitalisation is unrelated to GE Onset of SGE > 48 hours after admission to the hospital (nosocomial infections) for controls For hospital controls: Child who has symptoms of GE during current hospitalisation or on the day of interview of his/her parent or guardian For neighbourhood controls: Child who has symptoms of GE on the day of interview of his/her parent or guardian children with the following vaccine preventable diseases: measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, tuberculosis, invasive Haemophilus Influenzae Type B (Hib) infections (meningitis, bacteraemia, septic arthritis, cellulitis, and epiglottitis) and hepatitis B Child has participated in the past as a case or control in this study Child living in the same house as the case. Note: This criterion is applicable to neighbourhood controls only


eligible ages (years): 1.0-999.0,  All  Varicella (Chickenpox) Chickenpox Vaccines Male or female child at least one year of age, born on or after July 1 2003 Residence in Germany At least one previous well-child visit to the practice Written informed consent obtained from parents/guardians of the subject as per local requirements Specific criterion for cases Suspected primary varicella disease (i.e. chickenpox) at the time of study entry  Ineligible for varicella vaccination, due to any medical contraindication. These contraindications are History of hypersensitivity to any of the components of the vaccines Congenital or acquired immunodeficiency Treatment with immunosuppressive therapy HIV-infected patients, when CD4 < 25% of total lymphocytes Previous history of chickenpox by physician record or parental report Lack of documented vaccination history (written or computerised practice records or child's vaccination card/booklet)


eligible ages (years): 21.0-80.0,  All  Spasmodic Dysphonia Focal Dystonia Healthy research volunteers and adult patients with ADSD and WC will be eligible for the study Adult patients with ADSD will have clinically documented ADSD established by voice and speech testing and fiberoptic nasolaryngoscopy Patients will be required to have Intermittent uncontrolled voice breaks in vowels, liquids (r & l), semivowels (w & y) during speech in ADSD (at least 3 voice breaks), or Less prominent symptoms during whisper, singing, falsetto, or shout Normal voice and vocal fold movement during protective laryngeal functions and emotional phonation, such as cough, laughter, cry Adult patients with WC will have clinically documented WC established by history and neurological examination Controls will be healthy subjects with a negative history of laryngeal, neurological, or psychiatric problems All participants will be from 21 to 80 years old and right hand dominant All participants should be able to perform a sequential finger-tapping task for 40 seconds consecutively  Subjects who are incapable of giving an informed consent Pregnant or breastfeeding women until a time when they are no longer pregnant or breastfeeding Subjects with past or present medical history of (a) neurological problems, such as stroke, movement disorders (other than SD and WC in the patient group), brain tumors, traumatic brain injury with loss of consciousness, ataxias, myopathies, myasthenia gravis, demyelinating diseases, alcoholism, drug dependence; (b) psychiatric problems, such as schizophrenia, major and/or bipolar depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder; (c) laryngeal problems, such as vocal fold paralysis, paresis, vocal fold nodules and polyps, carcinoma, chronic laryngitis. (d) ventricular arrhythmias, renal and hepatic insufficiency, vascular headache, or carcinoid syndrome Patients who are currently taking medications known to affect GABA and dopamine receptor binding. Occasionally, patients report receiving such medication, although dopaminergic and GABA agonist/antagonists are not typically prescribed in these patients Patients who received treatment with botulinum toxin injections into the laryngeal muscles within the past 3 months Patients with vocal and hand tremor or muscle tension dysphonia Subjects who have tattoos with contraindications to MRI, ferromagnetic objects in their bodies (e.g., implanted stimulators, surgical clips, prosthesis, artificial heart valve, etc.) that cannot be removed for the purpose of study participation Subjects who received previous radiation exposure greater than 5.0 rem per year WC patients who experience focal hand dystonia at rest WC patients who have focal hand dystonia associated with trauma or a known neuroanatomic lesion or disease


eligible ages (years): 0.167-1.667,  All  Haemophilus Influenzae Type b Infants of either sex, aged 16 months / 2 months in good health as determined by: medical history physical examination clinical judgment of the investigator available for all visits scheduled in the study and able to comply with all study regulations written informed consent obtained, from at least one parent or legal guardian  parent or legal guardian is unwilling or unable to give written informed consent to participate in study infants who presented a previous disease potentially related to Haemophilus influenzae type b infants who had household contact and/or intimate exposure in the previous 30 days to an individual with ascertained Haemophilus influenzae type b disease infants who have received any other Haemophilus influenzae type b immunization dose before (for 16-20 months old children who have received a booster vaccination already) premature (before 37th week of gestation) or birth weight less than 2500 g history of anaphylactic shock, asthma, urticaria or other allergic reaction after previous vaccinations or hypersensitivity to any vaccine component fever ≥38.0 °C (axillary body temperature) and/or significant acute or chronic infection requiring systemic antibiotic or antiviral therapy within the past 7 days before enrollment subjects with any serious chronic disease such as cardiac, neurological, metabolic, hematologic, or neoplastic disease known/suspected immunodeficiency, or autoimmune disease, or any immunologic disorder subjects with any neurological disorder, e.g., epilepsy or history of seizure disorder


eligible ages (years): 18.0-54.0,  All  Haemophilus Influenzae (NTHI) for Inoculated Volunteers Healthy 18-54 years old (male or female) with no chronic medical conditions with the exception of well-controlled hypertension Availability for study visits over the next 1 month Normal hemoglobin, white blood cell count, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), platelet count Signed informed consent form In good health as determined by medical history and physical exam on the screening evaluation [including heart rate 55-100 beats per minute (bpm); blood pressure: systolic 90-140 mm Hg and diastolic 50-90 mm Hg]. If the subject is a well trained athlete by the judgment of the Principal Investigator (PI), heart rate of 40-100 bpm is acceptable Negative urine pregnancy test for women of childbearing potential If the subject is female and of childbearing potential, she agrees to use acceptable contraception and not become pregnant for the duration of the study. (Acceptable contraception includes abstinence, implants, injectables, combined oral contraceptives, effective intrauterine devices, or a vasectomized partner) Negative human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for HIV 1 and 2 or indeterminate Western blot or other assay confirming that the serostatus does not reflect HIV infection, negative hepatitis C and hepatitis B serology or other assay confirming that the serostatus does not reflect active hepatitis C virus (HCV) or hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection Negative urine protein and glucose by dipstick  for Inoculated Volunteers Acute illness within the week prior to inoculation Acute febrile illness (oral temperature greater than or equal to 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit) on the day of inoculation Allergic rhinitis requiring therapy in the past year Treatment for sinusitis, otitis, chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, bronchospasm or asthma in the past 5 years Abnormal gag reflex Active drug or alcohol abuse Smoking tobacco within the past year Average ingestion of more than one alcoholic beverage per day for women or two alcoholic beverages per day for men Splenectomy or disease that results in functional asplenism such as sickle cell diseases


eligible ages (years): 0.5-17.0,  All  Intubation months of age to 17 years of age (not yet 18) Male or female English or Spanish speaking Normal airway (Mallampati Classification ) American Society of Anesthesiology Physical Status Classification I or II Elective surgical procedure expected to last at least 45 minutes in length Written informed consent/assent for participation given by the parent legal guardian and subject (if applicable)  < 6 months of age, > 17 years of age Difficult airway (Mallampati Classification) History of previous difficult intubation, suspected abnormal airway: *micrognathia facial trauma airway tumor epiglottitis retropharyngeal abscess foreign body, etc Scheduled for non-elective, emergent OR procedure Parent, legal guardian, or subject is unavailable or unwilling to consent for study participation


eligible ages (years): 0.5-3.0,  All  Croup Written informed consent obtained by parents/legal representative prior to any study-related procedures Male or female subject aged between 6 months and 3 years referring to ER with acute onset barky cough, stridor, hoarseness, and respiratory distress Children with a diagnosis of moderate croup (Westley score 3-8)  Symptoms or signs of any other cause of stridor Previous acute angioneurotic oedema Children with diagnosis of severe croup (Wesley score >8) History of congenital or acquired stridor, diagnosis of epiglottitis, chronic pulmonary disease, asthma, severe systemic disease, exposure to chickenpox virus within the previous 21 days, or known immune dysfunction Any other severe acute or chronic medical or psychiatric condition or laboratory abnormality that may increase the risk associated with study participation or study drug administration or may interfere with the interpretation of study results and, in the judgment of the investigator, would make the subject inappropriate for entry into this study Treatment with oral or parenteral corticosteroids within the previous 2 weeks; Treatment with epinephrine for respiratory distress before enrollment Previous visit to an emergency room department due to croup during this episode of the disease Inability of the parent to understand the nature and scope of the study or the possible benefits or unwanted effects of the study treatments Enrollment in another clinical trial in the previous 4 weeks or subject already admitted in this study Lack of a telephone at home


eligible ages (years): 0.0-999.0,  All  Abscess, Peritonsillar clinical existence of a PLA (phlegmon), validated by a senior ENT, usually (but not necessarily) following a request by an emergency. The visible appearance to the merits throat must justify puncture. Cases will be included whether or not they had consulted for a "sore throat" in the 10 days preceding the date of diagnosis  Neoplastic disease of the throat, scalable Hematologic with tonsillar localization History of tonsillectomy


eligible ages (years): 19.0-999.0,  All  Dysphagia Dysphonia Patients undergoing revision anterior cervical spine surgery  Primary pathology of the upper aero-digestive tract other than mild chronic pharyngitis, pre-existing vocal cord paralysis


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Angioedema Males and females of any race or ethnicity 18 or older. The locations of the study will permit all racial and ethnic distribution in the study Must currently be on an ACE inhibitor Presenting with ACE induced angioedema within 12 hours after onset. This is to be documented in the source document and CRF All females of childbearing age must have a negative pregnancy test prior to administration of the study drug  Participation in another investigational study within 30 days prior to enrollment Patients who improve on conventional (standard of care) therapy Patients previously treated with ecallantide Hypersensitivity to ecallantide Pregnancy or breast feeding Other definable causes of angioedema (i.e., hereditary or acquired angioedema) Patients receiving C-1 inhibitor as prophylaxis Treatment requiring tranexamic acid, and epsilon-aminocaproic acid Receiving fresh frozen plasma within 3 days prior to enrollment


eligible ages (years): 0.5-1.0,  All  Haemophilus Influenzae Type b (Hib) Infection Infants 6-12 months of age  Prior Hib vaccine administration History of serious reaction(s) following vaccination Any vaccination within 14 days of study vaccination Known or suspected immune impairment For additional entry please refer to the protocol


eligible ages (years): 18.0-60.0,  All  Thyroidectomy Distress Surgery (a) a minimally invasive follicular thyroid carcinoma ≤4 cm in diameter, or (b) a papillary thyroid carcinoma ≤2 cm in diameter  (a) previous neck operations (b) age <21 or >65 years (c) prior vocal fold paralysis or a history of voice or laryngeal disease requiring therapy (d) a malignancy with definite extrathyroid invasion, multiple lateral neck node metastasis, perinodal infiltration at a metastatic lymph node, or distant metastasis; and/or (e) a lesion located in the thyroid dorsal area (especially adjacent to the tracheoesophageal groove) caused by possible injury to the trachea, esophagus, or recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN)


eligible ages (years): 1.083-4.917,  All  Haemophilus Influenzae Type b (Hib) Infection Infants 13-59 months of age  Prior Hib vaccine administration History of serious reaction(s) following vaccination Any vaccination within 7 days of study vaccination Known or suspected immune impairment Premature (before 37th week of gestation) or birth weight less than 2500g For additional entry please refer to the protocol


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Abscess Patients presenting to the Civic Campus emergency department of The Ottawa Hospital with an abscess less than 5 cm diameter, as judged by the attending emergency physician (measurement with tape measure for diameter) between the hours of 7 am and 10 pm will be approached for possible enrollment. Ultrasound will be used to assess the appropriate  Patients under the age of 18 years Patients with a Glasgow coma scale score of <15 (i.e. not completely alert and oriented) Patients suspected of having necrotising fascitis Patients with hemodynamic instability (defined as SBP <90, and/or HR >110) Patients admitted to hospital Patients who are neither French nor English speaking Patients who are not available for telephone follow-up (i.e. homeless) Ultrasound image demonstrates that the abscess is not compressible (generally indicates that the contents of the cyst includes solids, which would not be amenable to aspiration) Ultrasound demonstrates that there is no abscess to manage Patients with perianal abscesses who have either Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis or known perirectal fistula


eligible ages (years): 8.0-21.0,  All  Cystic Fibrosis With Mild to Moderate Lung Disease CMRI of Lung Perfusion Lung Perfusion Lung Vascularization Research subjects must meet the following Age 8 years to age 21 years Weight > 20kg Diagnosis of cystic fibrosis confirmed by a prior sweat chloride evaluation of > 60 mmol/liter or by two identified CFTR mutations on genetic analysis Able to perform acceptable and repeatable spirometry per American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS) joint consensus criteria Have valid spirometry data for at least 3 years Must have mild to moderate lung disease (Mild lung disease will be defined as an FEV1%p of 80-99% predicted. Moderate lung disease will be defined as an FEV1%p of 60-79% predicted.) If under the age of 18, the subject must assent to participation in the study, and the subject's parent or guardian must be able to give written informed consent and comply with the requirements of the study protocol If 18 years of age or older, the subject must be able to give written parental permission and comply with the requirements of the study protocol For female subjects: negative serum pregnancy test and must be willing to use contraception during study participation  Research subjects will be excluded from the study based on History of CF-related liver disease with portal hypertension Currently smoking cigarettes or other tobacco products Use of daytime oxygen supplementation Previous organ transplantation Unstable or uncontrolled hypertension Ongoing use of oral corticosteroids For female subjects: pregnancy or lactation and unwillingness to use contraception during study participation Any hemodynamically significant congenital or acquired cardiac disease or significant cardiomyopathy, hematologic disease (i.e. hemoglobinopathies), or pulmonary disease associated with an increased risk of pulmonary perfusion defects or pulmonary hypertension other than as an outcome of CF History of renal and/or hepatic insufficiency, defined as cystatin-C level that exceeds normal range and a previous diagnosis of liver cirrhosis


eligible ages (years): 3.0-12.0,  All  Tonsillectomy children age 3-12 years ASAI,II  contraindication for usage of Ketamine, dexamethasone upper respiratory tract infection increase intracranial pressure( ICP) history of allergy ,seizure,psychiatric illness, , bleeding disorders chronic usage of analgesic ,antiemetic ,stroied drugs two weeks before surgery history of peritonsillar abscess, , tonsillitis within two weeks, -


eligible ages (years): 1.0-1.559,  All  Haemophilus Influenzae Type b (Hib) Infection Infants 365-569 days of age  Subjects who already received a booster dose of Hib vaccine History of serious reaction(s) following vaccination Any vaccination within 7 days of study vaccination Known or suspected immune impairment


eligible ages (years): 18.0-65.0,  All  Peritonsillar Abscess Criteria:patients with PTA in ages 18-65, who agreed to join the research -  cave to dypiron and/or tramadol, pregnant women, mental illness,soldiers


eligible ages (years): 20.0-70.0,  All  Dysphagia The Stroke Center inpatients and outpatients with known or suspected dysphagia can be included for study as well as patients who are admitted specifically for this protocol. (Difficulty swallowing food or pills,changed swallowing ability,coughing or choking when eating, shortness of breath during swallowing, food backing up into the mouth or nasal passage, fever or voice changes after swallowing, pain when swallowing, unexplained loss of weight  Patients who are severely demented or severely compromised will be excluded if they do not have sufficient cognitive ability to follow directions. Non-ambulatory patients will be excluded if they cannot be braced or supported within the fluoroscopy unit. Highly agitated individuals will also be excluded if they are unable to remain confined in the equipment


eligible ages (years): 2.0-5.0,  All  Crossbite Openbite Drooling healthy children aged 3-4 years that use a pacifier  children suffering from a chronic or developmental disease that can affect the orofacial region finger sucking children children suffering from low muscle tonus, abnormal drooling


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Peritonsillar Abscess referring doctor suspects peritonsillar abscess patient is voluntary patient has daily access to his/her e-mail patient speaks and understands Finnish of Swedish female patients have adequate birth-control method patient has peritonsillar abscess  allergy to penicillin allergy to metronidazole use of metronidazole in preceding one month pregnancy breast-feeding renal insufficiency liver insufficiency alcoholism (drunk at least once a week) participant in another clinical trial at the moment treatment of peritonsillar abscess requires in-patient care


eligible ages (years): 6.0-10.0,  All  Vocal Fold Nodules is contingent on the presence of apparent vocal fold nodules, which are defined as bilateral, localized, benign, superficial growths with protrusion on the medial surface of the true vocal folds at the junction of their anterior and middle thirds. This examination is based on video-stroboscopic examination, or, in rare cases, on operative microsuspension laryngoscopy. In addition, strict are applied toward excluding masses that are not nodules. Defining characteristics for these are based upon the evaluations of three senior otolaryngologists of each participant's exam. Children evaluated by the senior otolaryngologist at each institution suspected to have vocal fold nodules are candidates for to this study. Patient de-identified images of the stroboscopy are reviewed by each of the other two laryngologists; only those children with confirmed vocal fold nodules by the all three senior otolaryngologists will be considered for entry into this study Children 6 to10 years of age will be enrolled. The rationale for this age range was previously noted. In brief, children in this age range (a) have similar educational and social exposures; (b) will likely not yet encounter pubertal changes affecting the larynx; and (c) are relatively cognitively homogeneous. Moreover, children in this age range have the ability to cooperate with voice therapy and have also been shown to be tolerant of stroboscopic examination. Finally, the voice therapy regimen in this protocol has been shown to be clinically effective for many children in this age range Voice-related quality of life must be affected to the extent that baseline scores are <87.5 (on a scale of the worst, 0, to the best, 100) at the time of entry into the trial. Based on previously published data, this subset of scores will be clearly distinct from scores in children with normal voices. In addition, scores <87.5 represent worse than average scores among children diagnosed with vocal fold nodules Dysphonia duration prior to randomization must be at least 12 weeks, in order to ensure that vocal dysfunction is chronic in nature Hearing in better ear of 35 dB or better Agreement by informed consent from the parents and informed assent from the child participant with anticipated commitment to compliance throughout the follow up period of 3 months is necessary for enrollment which includes time commitment of up to 3 hours per week to therapy sessions and homework Vocal fold nodules are a pathology that predominantly affects males. A number of studies and the databases utilized to track this pathology at the clinical sites indicate that the male: female ratio is approximately 7:3. Given this background, the enrollment plan for the current investigation will seek to have a 30% female representation of the patients enrolled in this study to ensure appropriate gender representation. Additionally, patients with a diagnosis of pediatric vocal fold nodules predominantly are found in Caucasian populations. However, in accordance with the National Institute of Health Revitalization Act of 1993 the of minorities in this proposal will be targeted to the representation of minorities in the greater Boston, Philadelphia and Milwaukee metropolitan regions  Children with non-standard nodules or masses that are not unequivocally nodules are excluded, including those with irregular epithelium, concern for malignancy requiring biopsy, rapid growth pattern, airway obstruction requiring urgent or operative intervention, and prior laryngeal surgery. Furthermore, since there are several lesions that can present as bilateral true vocal fold masses (such as unilateral cysts or polyps with contralateral fibrovascular reaction, contact granulomas, and Reinke's edema), masses with the following characteristics will be excluded: a) yellow or blue color suggestive of a mucous or fluid-filled component, b) pink friable lesions at the posterior aspect of the true vocal folds, c) watery edematous expansion without a distinct protrusive mass. Defining characteristics for these are determined and corroborated by the evaluations of three senior otolaryngologists of each participant's videostroboscopic exam. This examination is based on video-stroboscopy, or, in rare cases, on operative microsuspension laryngoscopy. The video images will be placed on a password-protected server to which all three senior investigators will have access; these video images will not contain any patient identifying information but rather a study number that will be assigned to each participant. In addition, strict are applied toward excluding masses that are not nodules Children who have previously received any form of speech therapy targeting voice and/or resonance with the exception of articulation or speech therapy Children for whom voice therapy protocols will be problematic are excluded: developmental delay, cognitive disorder, behavioral disorder, neurologic disorder, articulation disorder, phonological disorder, language disorder, expressive and/or receptive language delay, specific language impairment, central auditory processing disorder, fluency disorder, prior knowledge of voice therapy principles through previous interventions (with the exception of articulation or speech therapy), and inability to commit to at least 12 weeks of therapy as determined and evaluated by the treating speech language pathologist and confirmed by consensus of all three PIs Children whose caregivers cannot complete the primary endpoint are excluded: non-English speaking as the instrument is administered in English, and those unable to commit to the 3-month treatment and follow-up schedule Children whose caregivers are not willing to commit up to 3 hours per week to vocal therapy including therapy sessions and homework for up to 12 weeks Children who cannot tolerate a conscious video-stroboscopic examination and whose parents feel that the diagnostic information gained by a planned examination under anesthesia is not valuable for the severity of presenting symptoms are excluded Children with significant confounders of voice-related quality of life are excluded: vocal fold paralysis, neurologic disorder of the larynx (dystonias, tics, tremors, etc), ongoing acute upper respiratory tract infection (defined by at least 2 of the following: sneezing, coughing, nasal congestion, runny nose, or temperature greater than 100.4° F (38.0° C), and untreated or unsuccessfully treated allergic rhinitis/post nasal drip


eligible ages (years): 0.5-6.0,  All  Infections, Respiratory Tract Subjects who the investigator believes that parent(s)/ legally acceptable representative can and will comply with the requirements of the protocol A male or female child between, and including, six to 72 months of age at the time of enrolment Written informed consent obtained from the parent(s)/ legally acceptable representative of the subject No antibiotic therapy within four weeks prior to the visit No cystic fibrosis or known major immunodeficiency such as agammaglobulinaemia, T cell deficiency or Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome No documented evidence or suspicion of gastroesophageal reflux disease No evidence of an upper viral respiratory infection four weeks prior to the visit In addition, all subjects regarded as 'cases' must satisfy all the following at study entry Persistent cough greater than eight weeks No response to five-day prednisolone treatment  Concurrently participating in another study, at any time during the study period, in which the subject has been or will be exposed to an investigational or a non-investigational product Use of any investigational or non-registered product within 30 days prior to study procedures, or planned use during the study period Any confirmed or suspected immunosuppressive or immunodeficient condition, based on medical history and physical examination Child in care


eligible ages (years): 0.5-3.0,  All  Seasonal Influenza; Influenza; Influenza Due to Unspecified Influenza Virus Human Influenza Male and female previously unvaccinated healthy children aged 6 to <36 months  Any known or suspected impairment of the immune system, any serious disease Any subjects receiving licensed vaccines within 2 weeks (for inactivated vaccines) or 4 weeks (for live vaccines) prior to enrollment in this study Individuals who have had influenza vaccine or documented suspected influenza disease prior to day 1


eligible ages (years): 0.164-0.329,  All  Diphtheria Pertussis Tetanus Hepatitis B Haemophilus Influenzae Infections Infants are at age of DTP vaccination of the local EPI program (60-120 days old) and free from any obvious health problems Have a normal gestational age (≥ 37 weeks); birth weight > 2.5 kg There is no congenital disease detected through interview and clinical examination Already had or not yet received Hepatitis B vaccination at birth Do not have dermatological diseases such as eczema, allergies Parent or legal guardian voluntarily provides consent for their child for participation in the study by signing the informed consent and agrees to comply with all study procedures  Already vaccinated with DTP vaccine Have an acute infection at the time of study vaccination Contraindications to Quinvaxem Receiving treatment with systemic corticosteroids Currently participating in another clinical trial In receipt of a parenteral immunoglobulin preparation and/or blood/blood products since birth Parents intend to move to another location during the study (the next 12 months)


eligible ages (years): 0.167-5.0,  All  Haemophilus Influenzae Type B Infection Male and female children 2 months to 5 years of age scheduled to receive vaccination  Contraindications to Vaxem™Hib Korean Prescribing information


eligible ages (years): 0.5-5.0,  All  Healthy Healthy subjects aged from 6 months to 5years old of normal intelligence The subjects'guardians are able to understand and sign the informed consent Subjects established as healthy after medical history questioning,physical examination and clinical decision and in accordance with vaccination requirements of the experimental vaccine Subjects who can comply with the requirements of the clinical trial program according to the researcher's views Subjects who have never received group A, C polysaccharide meningococcal vaccine and type b haemophilus Influenzal vaccine Subjects with temperature ＜37°C on axillary setting  for the first dose Subject who has a medical history of Meningitis Subject that has a medical history of any of the following: allergies, seizures, epilepsy, encephalopathy history and so on Subject who is allergic with tetanus toxoid components Subject suffering from thrombocytopenia or other coagulation disorder may lead to contraindication to intramuscular injection Subject who has a history of allergic reactions Any known immunological dysfunction Had received gamma globulin or immune globulin, in the past two weeks Subject suffering from congenital malformations, dysgenopathy or serious chronic disease Any acute infections


eligible ages (years): 0.5-5.0,  All  Group A, C Polysaccharide Meningitis Type b Haemophilus Influenza For the children (aged from 2 to 5 years old) Healthy subjects aged from 2 to 5 years old of normal intelligence The subjects' guardians are able to understand and sign the informed consent Subjects established as healthy after medical history questioning, physical examination and clinical decision and in accordance with vaccination requirements of the investigational vaccine Subjects who can comply with the requirements of the clinical trial program according to the researcher's views Subjects who have never received group A, C polysaccharide meningococcal vaccine and type b haemophilus Influenzal vaccine Subjects with temperature ＜37°C on axillary setting  Subject who has a medical history of Meningitis Subject that has a medical history of any of the following: allergies, seizures, epilepsy, encephalopathy history and so on Subject who is allergic with tetanus toxoid components Subject suffering from thrombocytopenia or other coagulation disorder may lead to contraindication to intramuscular injection Subject who has a history of allergic reactions Any known immunological dysfunction Had received gamma globulin or immune globulin, in the past two weeks Subject suffering from congenital malformations, dysgenopathy or serious chronic disease Any acute infections Any condition that in the opinion of the investigator, may interfere with the evaluation of study objectives


eligible ages (years): 50.0-55.0,  All  Herpes Esophagitis Vocal Fold Palsy Patient of Herpes esophagitis with vocal palsy presentation  Patient of Herpes esophagitis without vocal palsy presentation


eligible ages (years): 0.25-0.417,  All  Meningitis Influenza Healthy subjects aged 3 to 5 months, normal intelligence The subjects' guardians are able to understand and sign the informed consent Healthy subjects confirmed by medical history questioning, physical examination and clinical decision and in accordance with vaccination requirements of the investigational vaccine Subjects who can comply with the requirements of the clinical trial program according to the researcher's views Subjects who have never received group A, C polysaccharide meningococcal vaccine and type b haemophilus Influenzal vaccine Subjects with temperature＜=37°C on axillary setting  for the first vaccination Subject who has a medical history of Meningitis Subject who has a medical history of any of the following: allergies, seizures, epilepsy, encephalopathy history and so on Subject who is allergic with tetanus toxoid components Subject suffering from thrombocytopenia or other coagulation disorder may lead to contraindication to intramuscular injection Subject who has a history of allergic reactions Any known immunological dysfunction Had received gamma globulin or immune globulin, in the past two weeks Bleeding disorder diagnosed by a doctor or significant bruising or bleeding difficulties with IM injections or blood draws Any acute infections in last 7 days


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Abrasion of Soft Palate Intubation Complication Informed patient consent ASA I III Age > 18 years Elective surgery, other than head and/or neck surgery Pre-operative Mallampati I III BMI < 35 kg/m2 Fasted (≥6 hours)  No informed patient consent ASA ≥ IV Age < 18 year Emergency surgery, surgery of head and/of neck Locoregional anaesthesia Pre-operative Mallampati IV BMI > 35 kg/m2 Fasted < 6 hours Pre-operative expected difficult airway (restrict neck movement, thyromental distance < 65mm, retrognathia) Bad, fragile dentition


eligible ages (years): 0.0-5.0,  All  Infections, Rotavirus Continuously enrolled from birth. (Note: Due to the absence of birth dates in insurance claims data, this criterion will be met if a child's year of first enrollment and year of birth are the same. If so, then the date of first enrollment will be used as proxy for date of birth.) Received both medical and pharmacy benefits  Enrolled in capitation-based health plans For MarketScan Commercial, residence in states with universal vaccination programs that the RV vaccine or where RV vaccine cannot be ascertained (i.e., Alaska, Idaho, Massachusetts, Maine, North Dakota, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming) Lost to follow-up or had RV prior to 6 weeks of age


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Peritonsillar Abscess Older than 18 years of age Diagnosed with a peritonsillar abscess that has been drained and purulence has been obtained  Pregnant Under the age of 18 Bilateral peritonsillar abscesses Recently drained peritonsillar abscess Immunocomprimised


eligible ages (years): 0.0-999.0,  All  Streptococcus Pneumoniae Neisseria Meningitidis Haemophilus Influenzae Subjects who the investigator believes can and will comply with the requirements of the protocol or subjects who the investigator believes that parent(s)/Legally Acceptable Representative(s) [LAR(s)] can and will comply with the requirements of the protocol Written informed consent obtained from the subject/from the parent(s)/LAR of the subject A male or female subject who visits the hospital with suspected bacterial meningitis CSF sample taken as part of routine practice  Child in care


eligible ages (years): 18.0-70.0,  All  Airway Morbidity ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists patient fitness category) I, II, III Age 18-70 General anesthetic for where LMA placement is not contraindicated will be included  Small mouth opening Preoperative sore throat/dysphagia/dysphonia Patients at increased risk for aspiration Morbid obesity BMI > 40 Untreated chronic GERD Pregnancy Suspected supraglottic abnormalities N2O use Need for oral-pharyngeal suctioning Undergoing oral and nasal surgery


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Recurrent Tonsillitis Recurrent Peritonsillar Abscess Obstructive Sleep Apnea Any adult patient who meets and is scheduled for tonsillectomy  Any patient with prior use of acupuncture Individuals under age 18 Tonsillectomy performed with other surgical procedures, i.e UPPP, adenoidectomy Patients with a known personal or family history of a bleeding disorder will be excluded Patients with a history of kidney or liver problems will also be excluded Patients found to be pregnant will be excluded from participation Patients unwilling to enroll in the study will have the tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy performed according to current practice standards


eligible ages (years): 18.0-70.0,  All  Sleep Apnea, Obstructive for OSA Patients OSA (elevated AHI) Age range 18-70 years  Any known cardiac (apart from treated hypertension), pulmonary (including asthma), renal, neurologic (including epilepsy), neuromuscular, or hepatic disease Susceptible to stomach ulcers Pregnant women History of hypersensitivity to Afrin, Lidocaine, trazodone and/or donepezil History of bleeding diathesis and/or gastrointestinal bleeding Use of any medications that may affect sleep or breathing A psychiatric disorder, other than mild depression; e.g. schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, panic or anxiety disorders Substantial cigarette (>5/day), alcohol (>3oz/day) or use of illicit drugs More than 10 cups of beverages with caffeine (coffee, tea, soda/pop) per day Desaturations to below 70% lasting greater than 10 seconds in duration per event on polysomnography


eligible ages (years): 60.0-85.0,  All  Pulmonary Aspiration Age 60-85 years' old Both male and female patients ASA I-II Body mass index (BMI) ≤ 30 kg/m2 Elective surgery under general anaesthesia with the use of laryngeal mask airway (LMA) / LMA Proseal / LMA Supreme Type of surgery: Urogynecological, General Surgery, Orthopedics, Eye, Vascular, Plastic Surgery/anaesthesia lasting for 0.5-3 hours  Patients with difficulty in swallowing, preexisting neuromuscular or central nervous system disorder Patients undergoing intra abdominal, thoracic, face, nasal or throat surgery Known condition interfering with gastric emptying Patients with cognitive or hearing impairment and inability to provide informed consent ASA III-IV patients Use of muscle relaxant during the course of general anesthesia Contraindication or previous adverse response to any of the study drugs


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Esophageal Cancer age ≥ 18 years dysphagia due to unresectable esophageal cancer participant resides within 50 km of Tenwek Hospital tumor is ≤ 9 cm in length and > 2 cm distal to the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) no esophago-respiratory fistula (ERF) or suspected perforation is present  unable to provide written informed consent


eligible ages (years): 3.0-9.0,  All  Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Streptococcus Pneumoniae for FinIP-vaccinated children age 3 to 5 years enrolled in the FinIP trial and has received at least one dose of study vaccine in the infant vaccine schedule (3+1 or 2+1) at least one parent with fluent Finnish informed consent from one parent  for FinIP-vaccinated children PCV vaccination administered, other than the randomized study vaccine history of antimicrobial treatment within 4 weeks (the child can be enrolled later) for unvaccinated siblings age 5 to 9 years younger sibling living in the same household having participated in the FinIP trial (regardless of the vaccination schedule) at least one parent with fluent Finnish informed consent from one parent for unvaccinated siblings PCV vaccination administered


eligible ages (years): 3.0-9.0,  All  Pain Postoperative, Intraoperative Hemorrhage children aged 3-9 years American Society of Anesthesiologists 1-2 status, scheduled for adenotonsillectomy  Children with systemic disease, metabolic and endocrin disorders, growth developmental and motor-mental retardation, those who had a history of allergy to any of the study drugs, peritonsillar abscess, hypertension, psychiatric and epileptic disorders, chronic pain syndrome, and those who received analgesics within 24 h prior to surgery were excluded from study


eligible ages (years): 20.0-60.0,  All  Voice Disorders Age between 20-60 No occurence of speech therapy simultaneously to the intervention  Professional voice use in another activity Frequent use of alcohol and tobacco Influenza and/or upper respiratory tract infections (eg, rhinitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis) during the period of participation in the research


eligible ages (years): 4.0-11.0,  All  Vocal Fold Nodules Diagnosis of vocal fold nodules Age 4-11 yr Informed Consent English comprehension and production sufficient to participate in the protocol and in voice therapy Considered behaviorally and cognitively appropriate by the ear, nose, and throat physician and speech-language pathologist for voice therapy Parent and child willingness to participate in all aspects of the protocol and voice therapy  Co-morbid medical conditions or medications that would mask or amplify the outcome of voice therapy, including (a) developmental or other neuromuscular conditions, (b) major illness, chronic or acute, with the exception of laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPR) or allergies and their treatments, which are common in both children and adults with voice disorders, thus their would severely restrict the participant pool and, moreover, threaten external validity Hearing loss: > 20 dB hearing loss at 1000, 2000, 4000 Hz in at least one ear


eligible ages (years): 18.0-70.0,  All  Obstructive Sleep Apnea Ages 18-70 years sleep study (with apnea hypopnea index>5) Diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea  Any known unstable cardiac (apart from treated hypertension), pulmonary (including asthma), renal, neurologic (including epilepsy), neuromuscular, or hepatic disease Susceptible to stomach ulcers Pregnant women or Nursing mothers Using positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy over one week or longer Body weight <55kg History of hypersensitivity to Afrin, Lidocaine and/or Donepezil History of bleeding diathesis and/or gastrointestinal bleeding Use of any medications that may affect sleep or breathing A psychiatric disorder, other than mild depression; e.g. schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, panic or anxiety disorders Substantial cigarette (>5/day), alcohol (>3oz/day) or use of illicit drugs


eligible ages (years): 0.083-65.0,  All  Abscess Soft tissue abscess suspected by patient history and physical exam and confirmed by bedside ultrasound Able to provide written consent/ assent Incision and drainage to be performed by ED physician  Peritonsillar abscess Pilonidal cyst, genital or perirectal abscess Post-surgical wound infections Pregnant Prisoners Previous incision and drainage for current abscess


eligible ages (years): 2.5-4.0,  All  Premature Birth Child was born between 26 and 37 weeks gestational age Infant is a singleton (matched between groups) Mother is 18 years of age or older Mother has at least one supporting person in the home (e.g. significant other, mother, father, sibling, aunt, grandmother, step-parent) Child demonstrates developmental deficit (language, cognition, motor, emotion)  The child has severe congenital anomalies including chromosomal anomalies The child has severe motor or physical disability Mother currently presents with psychosis or is currently taking antipsychotic medication Status of enrolled subject changes and subject no longer falls in Mother and/or infant has a medical condition that precludes intervention components Mother and/or infant has a contagion that endangers other participants in the study


eligible ages (years): 18.0-60.0,  All  Sleep Apnea, Obstructive Healthy control subjects  Cardiovascular disease other than well controlled hypertension Depression


eligible ages (years): 18.0-60.0,  All  Sleep Apnea, Obstructive Diagnosed OSA (moderate-to-severe; apnea hypopnea index >15 events/hr)  Cardiovascular disease other than well controlled hypertension Depression


eligible ages (years): 2.0-3.917,  All  Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis of autism Currently do not emit vocalizations or minimally verbal Willingness of the participant's parent/guardian to bring their child to the Marcus Autism Center for one-hour appointments, five days a week, for six weeks  Children with significant problem behavior that interferes with structured intervention


eligible ages (years): 18.0-85.0,  All  Sialorrhea Seeking treatment for troublesome sialorrhea for at least 3 months that is occurring secondary to any disorder or related to any cause, including, but not limited to, Parkinson's Disease (PD), adult cerebral palsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), stroke, traumatic brain injury, oral cancer, and side effects of other medications Able to read and provide written informed consent before enrollment into the study, or the subject's caregiver (Legally Authorized Representative) can provide written informed consent Male or female, 18 to 85 years of age (inclusive) Minimum unstimulated salivary flow rate of 0.2 g/min at screening Minimum Investigator's Drooling Frequency and Severity Scale (DFSS) score of 4 at screening Ability and availability to participate in the study for up to 1 year (ALS subjects: ability and availability to participate in the study for at least 6 months), based on overall health of the subject and disease prognosis  A moderate to high risk of aspiration will participation in this study. Subjects whose risk of aspiration are judged by the Investigator to be satisfactorily controlled by placement of PEG tube or G-tube for nutritional support are eligible to participate Respiratory forced vital capacity (FVC) of <20% of predicted Prior botulinum toxin type A or B treatment in the salivary gland(s) identified for treatment in this study within 24 weeks before screening. Prior botulinum toxin type A or B treatment into other anatomical regions not selected for treatment in this study is not exclusionary, but must have occurred at least 12 weeks before screening Subjects should be excluded if, in the Investigator's opinion, the subject failed to respond to previous treatment with botulinum toxin. Subjects should not receive nor have any plans for receiving any botulinum toxin treatment, other than the study drug (MYOBLOC), during the entire course of the study (from the point the informed consent is signed until subject's participation is complete) Concomitant use, or exposure within 5 half-lives of screening, of aminoglycoside antibiotics, curare-like agents, or other agents that interfere with neuromuscular function Prior salivary gland surgery Current treatment or treatment at any time during the study with Coumadin® (warfarin) or similar anti-coagulant medications. Anti-platelet medications are not specifically exclusionary Evidence of any clinically significant neurologic disease Pregnancy or lactation Anticipated or scheduled surgery during the study period. A PEG tube/G tube may be placed for nutritional support at any time during the study and will not the subject from continued study participation


A 27-year-old woman at 11 weeks gestation in her second pregnancy is found to have a hemoglobin (Hb) of 9.0 g/dL, white blood cell count 6.3 x 109/L, platelet count 119 x 109/L, mean corpuscular volume 109 fL. Further investigations reveal mild iron deficiency. She already receives iron supplementation. The obstetrician repeats the complete blood cell count 2 weeks later. The Hb is 8.9 g/dL, WBC count 7.1 x 109/L, and platelets 108 x 109/L. She describes difficulty swallowing. A reticulocyte count is performed and found elevated at 180 x 109/L. The obstetrician requests a hematology consult. The following additional results were found: Negative DAT, normal clotting screen, elevated LDH (2000 IU/L), normal urea and electrolytes, normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT), anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, no fragments, no agglutination, polychromasia and presence of hemosiderin in the urine.

eligible ages (years): 0.0-999.0,  All  Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune Felty Syndrome Purpura, Thrombocytopenic Autoimmune Diseases ENTRY --Disease Characteristics-- Diagnosis of severe autoimmune hematologic disease Autoimmune hemolytic anemia OR Immune thrombocytopenia Failure of at least 2 standard treatment approaches (e.g., prednisone therapy, splenectomy, intravenous immunoglobulin, or other immunosuppressants) Inability to taper prednisone dose to less than 10 mg/day OR Autoimmune neutropenia including the following: Felty's syndrome OR Disorders of large granular lymphocytes with recurrent infections or absolute neutrophil count less than 200/mm3 --Prior/Concurrent Therapy-- See Disease Characteristics --Patient Characteristics-- Age: Not specified Performance status: Not specified


eligible ages (years): 0.5-10.0,  All  Malaria presentation at health centre with febrile illness monoinfection with P falciparum parasitaemia >=500/microlitre fever or history of fever  signs of severe or complicated malaria (persistent vomiting with or without dehydration, history of convulsion during the present illness, inability to sit or stand, parasitaemia >200,000/ul) severe malnutrition clinically evident concomitant disease PCV <20% history of allergy to the study medications residence outside the study area and hence difficult to follow up


eligible ages (years): 0.0-999.0,  All  Myelodysplastic Syndromes diagnosis myelodysplastic syndrome (primary or secondary) based on cytopenia in at least 1 cell line + dysplasia in 2 cell lines (and no other cause (especially deficiencies)) and a pathologic anatomic diagnosis after bone marrow punction refractory anaemia (RA): blood: ≤ 1% blasts, ≤ 1 x 109 monocytes; bone marrow: < 5% blasts, ringed sideroblasts ≤ 15% of the erythroid cells refractory anaemia with ringed sideroblasts (RARS): blood: ≤ 1% blasts, ≤ 1 x 109 monocytes; bone marrow: < 5% blasts, ringed sideroblasts > 15% of the erythroid cells refractory anaemia with excess blasts (RAEB): blood: < 5% blasts, ≤ 1 x 109 monocytes; bone marrow: blasts ≥ 5 -≤ 20% chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML): blood: >1 x 109/l monocytes, <5% blasts; bone marrow: blasts < 20%, increase of the monocytic component erythrocyte transfusion need working knowledge of the national language written consent for participating this study (informed consent)  candidate for bone marrow or organ transplantation medication: growth factors (GM-CSF), or EPO patients who will receive an intensive chemotherapeutic treatment with a cytopenia, expected longer than 2 weeks refractory anaemia with excess blasts in transformation (RAEB-t): blood: ≥ 5% blasts or Auer rods; bone marrow: or blasts > 20 < 30% or Auer rods pregnancy at the moment of patients with congenital severe haemolytic anaemia, like thalassemia or sickle cell anaemia patients with AIDS or a severe congenital or acquired (e.g. iatrogenic) immunological disorder severe active infections at the moment of


eligible ages (years): 9.0-15.0,  All  Schistosomiasis Helminthiases Anaemia Criteria:all schoolchildren, in grade 2 and 3, at four selected schools -


eligible ages (years): 0.0-999.0,  All  Rh Isoimmunization Pregnant women with red cell alloimmunization associated with a risk of fetal anemia (D, E, c or Duffy (Fya )antibodies, alone or in combination with other antibodies) Gestational age between 12 and 34 weeks at study entry, viable fetus and accurate dating Maternal serum test-result, above the threshold at which the fetus is considered to be at risk of developing hemolytic anemia and thus a potential candidate for invasive testing  Presence of Kell-antibodies Presence of fetal hydrops at first ultrasonographic examination Major fetal congenital or chromosomal anomalies


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Schistosomiasis For screening Female, age 18 or over Present to a study midwife with suspected pregnancy Live in a study village For the main study Infected with S. japonicum Pregnancy as determined by urine pregnancy test Age 18 or older Participant is otherwise healthy as determined by history, physical exam, ultrasound and laboratory assessment Pregnancy between 12-16 weeks gestation  Presence of significant disease/illness that is either acute or chronic. This will be defined by history, physical examination, ultrasound and laboratory assessment. In particular History of seizures or other neurologic disorder, chronic medical problem determined by history or physical examination, e.g. active hepatitis, tuberculosis, heart disease Grade 3 or higher laboratory abnormality of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), Creatinine, bilirubin, white blood cell count, or platelet count will warrant exclusion. Grade 2 or higher abnormality of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) will warrant exclusion. For hemoglobin, women with severe anemia defined as hemoglobin less than 7.0 g/dl will be excluded Women with myoma on ultrasound that are sub-mucosal or women with myoma that is in any location and greater than 5 cm in size Women with congenital anomalies of the reproductive tract that would be expected to cause decreased fetal weight or greatly increase the risk of prematurity such as duplicate uterus, uterine septum For less clear cases, the researchers will define significant illness as one that significantly alters a woman's ability to perform activities of daily living, causes symptoms at least two days per week, or necessitates regular use of medication. In the case of acute medical conditions such as urinary tract infection, pneumonia, febrile illness, enrollment may be postponed until the illness is successfully treated (not currently on any medication for the illness) or the illness self resolves if this occurs before 16 weeks gestation Presence of cysts in the eye suggestive of neurocysticercosis Regular use of a medication for a chronic medical condition History of severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis, facial swelling, or difficulty breathing) or seizure with praziquantel administration Fetus has congenital anomaly determined by 12-16 week ultrasound or is determined to be nonviable (e.g. blighted ovum)


eligible ages (years): 0.5-18.0,  All  Leukemia All children greater than 6 months of age and less than 18 years of age with newly-diagnosed previously untreated or previously diagnosed JMML, which has reoccurred after treatment with chemotherapy, stem cell transplantation, and/or cis-retinoic acid A diagnosis of JMML is confirmed only if the following for JMML are met: a) ALL of the following: Absence of t(9;22) or BCR-ABL by PCR or FISH; Absolute monocyte count >1000 (1 X 109/µL); <20% bone marrow blasts; b) At least 2 of the following: Elevated Hb F hemoglobin; Myeloid precursors in peripheral blood; WBC >10,000 (10 X 109/µL); GM-CSF hypersensitivity in methylcellulose culture of bone marrow progenitors cells Adequate hepatic function (bilirubin equal or less than 2.0 mg/dl; ALT equal or less than 3x normal) Adequate renal function (serum creatinine equal or less than 2 x normal) Performance Status: Have a Karnofsky score >50 Written, informed consent according to institution guidelines  Pregnant or lactating Receiving any other chemotherapy. Patients must have been off chemotherapy for at least 2 weeks and must have recovered from acute toxicity of all previous therapy prior to enrollment Febrile neutropenia at study entry


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Iron Deficiency Anemia > 18 years of age and signed written informed consent Patients scheduled to undergo major orthopaedic surgery (hip or knee arthroplasty or back surgery) g/dl < Hb < 13.0 g/dl for men and 10 g/dl < Hb < 12.0 g/dl for women, at screening ( 3 weeks prior to surgery) Ferritin < 100 μg/l or 100-300 with TSat < 20%  Suspicion of iron overload (Ferritin >300 μg/l or/and TSAT>50%) Active severe infection/inflammation (defined as serum CRP > 20 mg/l) or diagnosed malignancy Folate-and/or Vitamin B12 deficiency (according to local lab reference range) Known history of hepatitis B/C or HIV-positive Liver values 3 times higher than normal Immunosuppressive or myelosuppressive therapy A concurrent medical condition(s) that, in the view of the investigator, would prevent compliance or participation or jeopardize the health of the patients Pregnancy or lactation Transfusion within 1 month prior to study EPO treatment with in the last 4 weeks, any iron treatment within 4 weeks prior to the in the trail Participation in any other therapeutic trial within the previous month


eligible ages (years): 18.0-45.0,  All  Iron Deficiency Folic Acid Deficiency Healthy pregnant women between 18 and 45 years of age in the second or third trimester of pregnancy (24-32 weeks of gestational age) Normal Hb (Hb≥110g/L and Hb≤144g/L)  Chronic illness (clinically significant neurological, endocrine, cardiovascular, pulmonary, hematologic, immunologic, psychiatric or metabolic diseases) A history or presence of hemosiderosis, hemochromatosis, peptic ulcer, regional enteritis, ulcerative colitis A history of or current use of IV iron therapy or erythropoietin therapy A history or presence of any clinically significant gastrointestinal pathology (eg. chronic diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, partial gastrectomy), unresolved gastrointestinal symptoms (eg. diarrhea or vomiting), steatorrhea, or other conditions known to interfere with the absorption, distribution, metabolism or excretion of iron or folic acid Abnormal hemoglobin electrophoresis ie. sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, etc Current acute illness and/or taking antibiotics Known or suspected allergies to Materna®, or any ingredient present in Materna or SuppleFem Sprinkles or any of the foods to be consumed during the trial Mildly to severely anemic women (Hb<110 g/L) or elevated hemoglobin (above 144g/L) Complications in pregnancy (including pregnancy induced hypertension, preeclampsia, a history of severe antepartum hemorrhage) Blood transfusion within last 3 months


eligible ages (years): 18.0-55.0,  All  Anemia Every patient followed at the HME at the beginnig of the pregnancy  pregnency women who don't speak french pregnancy women affected by béta thalassemia pregnancy woman having had a périconceptionnel treatment against the anaemia


eligible ages (years): 5.0-999.0,  All  Sickle Cell Disease Hemolytic Anemia Established Diagnosis of Hemolysis Sickle Cell Disease (e.g., HbSS, HbS/β-thalassemia, HbSC) Other conditions with hemolysis (e.g., RBC membranopathies, enzymopathies, unstable hemoglobinopathies, PNH) Age SCD participants: 5 years of age up to 19th birthday All other participants: 5 years of age and up (no age limit)  Previous cardiac surgery Known left ventricle dysfunction (i.e. shortening fraction < 28%) Known right sided congenital heart defect such as atrial septal defect or pulmonary valve stenosis


eligible ages (years): 18.0-65.0,  All  Chronic Hepatitis C Male and female patients aged 18-65 years Elevated liver enzymes levels Compensated liver disease Available liver histology confirming F2 fibrosis Written consent to participation  Age <18, >65 Prior ribavirin treatment Intolerance towards ribavirin, PegIFN or erythropoetin Pregnancy or breast feeding Relevant cardiovascular or pulmonary disease Kidney insufficiency (creatinine clearance <50ml/min) Coinfection with HIV or hepatitis B virus Hepatic comorbidities (hemochromatosis, Wilson's disease, autoimmune disorders) Alcohol consumption > 40g/day Psychiatric disorders


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Iron Overload Oxidative Stress Iron-deficiency Anemia Women less than 4 weeks postpartum years of age or older Took prenatal vitamins for at least 3 months during pregnancy Successfully initiated breastfeeding  Anemic (Hgb < 110 g/L)


eligible ages (years): 18.0-40.0,  All  Anemia Caucasian Primiparous Singleton pregnancy (wk 20 to wk 30) Non smokers Pre pregnancy BMI between 19.8 and 26 Healthy, free from iron metabolism disorders (pregnancy induced hypertension Not taking medicines known to influence iron status Not taking iron supplements (multivitamins will be accounted for) Free from gastrointestinal disorders No allergies  Pregnancy haemoglobin concentrations are not within the normal range (below 70g/l or over 160g/l)


eligible ages (years): 16.0-85.0,  All  End-Stage Renal Failure Functional Iron Deficiency Two groups of random routine anonamised blood samples (for use in determinimg a local normal range for the Reticulated Haemoglobin Content [RetHe])will be included in the study Normal red blood cell (RBC) Indices (Hb , Haematocrit, Mean Cell Volume ande Mean Cell Haemoglobin Content) ; an attempt will be made to select an equal mixture of men / women and an appropriate age spread to provide a valid control range for the group of test subjects (renal patients) The student Investigator will ask Haematology staff to record minimum details of iron deficient patients and "normal" test results noted at routine validation [positive identification number (barcode)/ age / sex] these samples will be coded and additionally analysed for RetHe test  All renal patient who have had surgery and / or a Blood Transfusion OR bleeding episodes within the last month prior to the study are excluded as this would interfere with red cell parameters All patients < 16 years and >85 years are excluded from the study


eligible ages (years): 18.0-999.0,  All  Anaemia Pregnant women aged ≥18, gestational week ≥20, ≤33 at baseline visit with normal antenatal screening test results Iron deficiency anaemia defined as Hb concentration ≥8 g/dl and ≤10.4 g/dL and serum ferritin ≤20 mcg/L at screening Demonstrated the ability to understand the requirements of the study, abide by the study restrictions, and agree to return for the required assessments. Patients (or their representative) must provide written informed consent for their participation in the study  Blood transfusion, erythropoietin treatment, parenteral iron or oral iron treatment (1 month prior to screening) or anticipated need for a blood transfusion during the study Anaemia not caused by iron deficiency (e.g., aplastic, megaloblastic or haemolytic anaemia) or related to acute or ongoing, haemoglobinopathies, rheumatic and other chronic diseases, autoimmune diseases, malignancies, bone marrow diseases, enzyme defects and drug induced anaemia Acute or chronic infection, clinically relevant active inflammatory disease (C-reactive protein >10 mg/dl or outside reference range), any acute infection at screening Pre-eclampsia Multiple pregnancy Evidence on any significant abnormalities on anomaly ultrasound Haemochromatosis or other iron storage disorders Folate deficiency (S-folate <4.5 nmol/L) at screening Vitamin B12 deficiency (S-cobalamin <145 pmol/L) at screening Serious medical condition, uncontrolled systemic disease or any other medical condition that, in the judgment of the Investigator, prohibits the patient from entering or potentially completing the study