Training Data for Text Embedding Models

This repository contains training files to train text embedding models, e.g. using sentence-transformers.

Data Format

All files are in a jsonl.gz format: Each line contains a JSON-object that represent one training example.

The JSON objects can come in different formats:

Pairs: ["text1", "text2"] - This is a positive pair that should be close in vector space.
Triplets: ["anchor", "positive", "negative"] - This is a triplet: The positive text should be close to the anchor, while the negative text should be distant to the anchor.
Sets: {"set": ["text1", "text2", ...]} A set of texts describing the same thing, e.g. different paraphrases of the same question, different captions for the same image. Any combination of the elements is considered as a positive pair.
Query-Pairs: {"query": "text", "pos": ["text1", "text2", ...]} A query together with a set of positive texts. Can be formed to a pair ["query", "positive"] by randomly selecting a text from pos.
Query-Triplets: {"query": "text", "pos": ["text1", "text2", ...], "neg": ["text1", "text2", ...]} A query together with a set of positive texts and negative texts. Can be formed to a triplet ["query", "positive", "negative"] by randomly selecting a text from pos and neg.

Available Datasets

Note: I'm currently in the process to upload the files. Please check again next week to get the full list of datasets

We measure the performance for each training dataset by training the nreimers/MiniLM-L6-H384-uncased model on it with MultipleNegativesRankingLoss, a batch size of 256, for 2000 training steps. The performance is then averaged across 14 sentence embedding benchmark datasets from diverse domains (Reddit, Twitter, News, Publications, E-Mails, ...).

Dataset	Description	Size (#Lines)	Performance	Reference
AllNLI.jsonl.gz	Combination of SNLI + MultiNLI Triplets: (Anchor, Entailment_Text, Contradiction_Text)	277,230	56.57	SNLI and MNLI
altlex.jsonl.gz	Matched pairs (English_Wikipedia, Simple_English_Wikipedia)	112,696	55.95	altlex
amazon_review_2018.jsonl.gz	(Title, review) pairs from Amazon	87,877,725	57.65	Amazon review data (2018)
amazon-qa.jsonl.gz	(Question, Answer) pairs from Amazon	1,095,290	57.48	AmazonQA
coco_captions.jsonl.gz	Different captions for the same image	82,783	53.77	COCO
codesearchnet.jsonl.gz	CodeSearchNet corpus is a dataset of (comment, code) pairs from opensource libraries hosted on GitHub. It contains code and documentation for several programming languages.	1,151,414	55.80	CodeSearchNet
eli5_question_answer.jsonl.gz	(Question, Answer)-Pairs from ELI5 dataset	325,475	58.24	ELI5
fever_train.jsonl.gz	Training data from the FEVER corpus	139,051	52.63	FEVER
flickr30k_captions.jsonl.gz	Different captions for the same image from the Flickr30k dataset	31,783	54.68	Flickr30k
gooaq_pairs.jsonl.gz	(Question, Answer)-Pairs from Google auto suggest	3,012,496	59.06	GooAQ
msmarco-triplets.jsonl.gz	(Question, Answer, Negative)-Triplets from MS MARCO Passages dataset	499,184	58.76	MS MARCO Passages
NQ-train_pairs.jsonl.gz	Training pairs (query, answer_passage) from the NQ dataset	100,231	57.48	Natural Questions
PAQ_pairs.jsonl.gz	Training pairs (query, answer_passage) from the PAQ dataset	64,371,441	56.11	PAQ
quora_duplicates.jsonl.gz	Duplicate question pairs from Quora	103,663	57.36	QQP
quora_duplicates_triplets.jsonl.gz	Duplicate question pairs from Quora with additional hard negatives (mined & denoised by cross-encoder)	101,762	56.97	QQP
sentence-compression.jsonl.gz	Pairs (long_text, short_text) about sentence-compression	180,000	55.63	Sentence-Compression
specter_train_triples.jsonl.gz	Triplets (Title, related_title, hard_negative) for Scientific Publications from Specter	684,100	56.32	SPECTER
squad_pairs.jsonl.gz	(Question, Answer_Passage) Pairs from SQuAD dataset	87,599	58.02	SQuAD
stackexchange_duplicate_questions_body_body.jsonl.gz	(Body, Body) pairs of duplicate questions from StackExchange	250,519	57.26	Stack Exchange Data API
stackexchange_duplicate_questions_title-body_title-body.jsonl.gz	(Title+Body, Title+Body) pairs of duplicate questions from StackExchange	250,460	57.30	Stack Exchange Data API
stackexchange_duplicate_questions_title_title.jsonl.gz	(Title, Title) pairs of duplicate questions from StackExchange	304,525	58.47	Stack Exchange Data API
S2ORC_citations_titles.jsonl.gz	Citation network (paper titles)	51,030,086	57.28	S2ORC
S2ORC_title_abstract.jsonl.gz	(Title, Abstract) pairs of scientific papers	41,769,185	57.39	S2ORC
searchQA_top5_snippets.jsonl.gz	Question + Top5 text snippets from SearchQA dataset. Top5	117,220	57.34	search_qa
SimpleWiki.jsonl.gz	Matched pairs (English_Wikipedia, Simple_English_Wikipedia)	102,225	56.15	SimpleWiki
TriviaQA_pairs.jsonl.gz	Pairs (query, answer) from TriviaQA dataset	73,346	55.56	TriviaQA
WikiAnswers.jsonl.gz	Sets of duplicates questions	27,383,151	57.34	WikiAnswers Corpus
wikihow.jsonl.gz	(Summary, Text) from WikiHow	128,542	57.67	WikiHow
yahoo_answers_question_answer.jsonl.gz	(Question_Body, Answer) pairs from Yahoo Answers	681,164	57.74	Yahoo Answers
yahoo_answers_title_answer.jsonl.gz	(Title, Answer) pairs from Yahoo Answers	1,198,260	58.65	Yahoo Answers
yahoo_answers_title_question.jsonl.gz	(Title, Question_Body) pairs from Yahoo Answers	659,896	58.05	Yahoo Answers

Disclaimer: We only distribute these datasets in a specific format, but we do not vouch for their quality or fairness, or claim that you have license to use the dataset. It remains the user's responsibility to determine whether you as a user have permission to use the dataset under the dataset's license and to cite the right owner of the dataset. Please check the individual dataset webpages for the license agreements.

If you're a dataset owner and wish to update any part of it, or do not want your dataset to be included in this dataset collection, feel free to contact me.