context: We doubt that Fred dropped the apple. It is highly unlikely that Bernhard is gray. It is probable that Emily is a wolf. It is almost certain that if Fred dropped the apple, or Emily is a wolf, then John went to the garden. It is probably not the case that if Emily is a wolf, or Bernhard is gray, then Sandra grabbed the milk. Chances are about even that if Emily is a wolf, or Bernhard is gray, then Brian is yellow.
hypothesis: It is certain that brian is yellow, or Bernhard is gray.
valid_hypothesis: Chances are about even that brian is yellow, or Bernhard is gray.
invalid_hypothesis: It is certain that brian is yellow, or Bernhard is gray.
hypothesis_assertion: Brian is yellow, or Bernhard is gray.