context: There is little chance that Brian is a rhino. Chances are about even that Mary took the apple. It is probably the case that Gertrude is a sheep. It is almost certain that if Mary took the apple, and Gertrude is a sheep, then Greg is a swan. It is certain that if Gertrude is a sheep, and Mary took the apple, then Julius is a lion. It is probably not the case that if Brian is a rhino, or Mary took the apple, then John went to the kitchen.
hypothesis: It is certain that gertrude is a sheep, and Mary took the apple.
valid_hypothesis: It is probably not the case that gertrude is a sheep, and Mary took the apple.
invalid_hypothesis: It is certain that gertrude is a sheep, and Mary took the apple.
hypothesis_assertion: Gertrude is a sheep, and Mary took the apple.