context: Chances are about even that Brian is a frog. It is highly unlikely that Bernhard is green. It is certain that Emily is a sheep. It is improbable that if Emily is a sheep, or Brian is a frog, then Lily is yellow. Chances are slight that if either Bernhard is green, or Brian is a frog, then Fred dropped the apple. We doubt that if Brian is a frog, or Emily is a sheep, then Julius is white.
hypothesis: It is certain that bernhard is green, or Lily is yellow.
valid_hypothesis: It is improbable that bernhard is green, or Lily is yellow.
invalid_hypothesis: It is certain that bernhard is green, or Lily is yellow.
hypothesis_assertion: Bernhard is green, or Lily is yellow.