context: It is almost certain that Mary took the apple. It is improbable that Bill is in the school. It is unlikely that John dropped the apple. It is certain that if Bill is in the school, or Mary took the apple, then Greg is yellow. There is little chance that if either John dropped the apple, or Mary took the apple, then Julius is a rhino. There is little chance that if Mary took the apple, or John dropped the apple, then Lily is green.
hypothesis: It is probably the case that mary took the apple, and Bill is in the school.
valid_hypothesis: Chances are slight that mary took the apple, and Bill is in the school.
invalid_hypothesis: It is probably the case that mary took the apple, and Bill is in the school.
hypothesis_assertion: Mary took the apple, and Bill is in the school.