context: It is certain that Lily is gray. It is unlikely that Bernhard is a lion. There is a better than even chance that Julius is a frog. It is improbable that if Bernhard is a lion, or Julius is a frog, then Mary took the apple. It is probable that if Lily is gray, and Bernhard is a lion, then Fred left the football. It is improbable that if Bernhard is a lion, and Julius is a frog, then Sandra grabbed the milk.
hypothesis: It is highly unlikely that mary took the apple, and Lily is gray.
valid_hypothesis: It is highly unlikely that mary took the apple, and Lily is gray.
invalid_hypothesis: It is almost certain that mary took the apple, and Lily is gray.
hypothesis_assertion: Mary took the apple, and Lily is gray.