{"post_id":"6p83n3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How can large chains (Target, Walmart, etc) produce store brand versions of nearly every product imaginable while industry manufacturers only really produce a single type of item?","c_root_id_A":"dknarx2","c_root_id_B":"dkn9o53","created_at_utc_A":1500902015,"created_at_utc_B":1500900206,"score_A":13542,"score_B":322,"human_ref_A":"Because they don't actually make it.  Costco doesn't make \"Coscto Whisky\" Costco has a contract with (it's not but for ease of names) Jack Daniels. And again for ease I will use \"Bottles\" not \"Barrels\"  If Jack Daniels sells their whisky for $20 a bottle, say it costs them $10 to produce. Costco says \"We want to buy your whisky at $15 per bottle, but we will order 10,000 bottles. We're going to resell it as Costco Whisky\"  Jack Daniels says \"Sure thing, but here's an Non-Disclosure Agreement. You cannot tell anyone Costco Whisky is made by Jack Daniels.\"  Jack Daniels may only make $5 per bottle instead of 10 but they just sold 10,000 bottles. Costco paid $15\/bottle, cost the $1\/bottle to re-label it and they sell it at $18\/bottle.  So it's cheaper to buy costco & they still make money. They then do this with many other products.","human_ref_B":"They don't produce it themselves, they just pay some other company to make it and allow them to put their logo on the packages.  Often times the store brand version of something is made in the same factory as the real brand stuff.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1809.0,"score_ratio":42.0559006211}
{"post_id":"6p83n3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How can large chains (Target, Walmart, etc) produce store brand versions of nearly every product imaginable while industry manufacturers only really produce a single type of item?","c_root_id_A":"dknub6d","c_root_id_B":"dknb3s0","created_at_utc_A":1500924144,"created_at_utc_B":1500902513,"score_A":6702,"score_B":4810,"human_ref_A":"This is the defining moment in my Reddit career - the opportunity to set the record straight and give the definitive answer. Why did I get here so late? Private brand merchandising is a significant portion of my day to day job so I hope I can be helpful. Please excuse any errors, I'm on mobile.  First I think it's important to break things down into four distinct categories: Food\/consumables private branding, general merchandise private branding, co-branding, and special make ups (SMUs).  Food and consumables (think OTC, health and wellness, cosmetics, and cleaning supplies) are in their own category since they typically follow a recipe. Cookies are the common example here. I could use Coke but I'd prefer to say cola and keep it generic. In the case of major national brands, the recipe has been standardized and reduced to a science. A retailer's private brand seeks to offer that standardized, reliable product at a discount. That discount is achieved by eliminating marketing expense. Store brand dish soap is 99.8% or more identical to Dawn or another national brand, but the retailer gets a deal because marketing costs are not rolled into the cost of the item. It is even possible that the packaging itself (materials, amount\/number of ink pantones used) represents a chance for cost savings. In most cases the store brand seeks to meet or beat the national brand quality while providing better value to the customer and better margins to the retailer. In other cases, the retailer could have multiple private brands where there are quality concessions. This cadence allows for the retailer to capture multiple demographics.   For general merchandise, it's less likely that the national brand has complete control over manufacturing. Not always, but for the most part you can assume that an imported item comes from an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM). Very few American brands actually own their factories overseas. Some do, some might rent space and staff the factories, but most brands will simply contract with a factory to build an item to their specifications. The end result here is that multiple national brands are often made in the same building. There are entire multi-billion dollar industries that are supported by a network of 3-4 massive factories in China. In the case of private brands, a retailer here can cut out the national brand entirely and go straight to the Chinese factory. Whereas private brands are often a partnership with the national brand in food, general merchandise is an area where a retailer's private brand is in direct competition with the national brand. Example: The $50 name brand HDMI cable you bought from Best Buy was probably built in the same factory as the $10 Dynex cable. I've spent my entire career in hard goods. It's to the point where I can look at an item, regardless of the brand, and know which factory it came from. The overall goal stays the same as with food and consumables, but the road map here is different.  Co-branding is when a retailer has \"their private brand\" by \"national brand.\" Someone mentioned Kirkland Signature Dish Detergent by Cascade. Obviously you aren't saving much on marketing here since the retailer still gets the advantage of using the national brand's name. The goal here is to add legitimacy to the private brand by roping in the national brand. Maybe Costco was having a hard time convincing members to switch to Kirkland brand detergent, so they needed to associate themselves with Cascade in order to boost confidence.  Special make ups are like private versions of a national brand. The best example of SMUs are TVs. Walmart and Best Buy are shown an entirely different lineup of TVs by Samsung. Both retailers might have an item with identical features except for the number of HDMI inputs. This allows them to promote and discount their items independently without having a price war. SMUs are also one of the few areas where a retailer might lower the product spec or quantity in order to differentiate itself. This can be done simply by changing the pack size, concentration of an ingredient (marshmallows in Rocky Road ice cream, for example), substituting a material (lower quality steel in a kitchen knife), anything that allows the big box retailer to show a value over the typical item.  Feel free to PM if you have any questions.    Edit: Hijacking my own post just to say this. The next time you have a bad experience at a big box store, please remember that some of the people at corporate are Redditors just like you, with student loans, a mortgage, and two golden retrievers at home, who are just trying to do their best and get by. Nothing makes me happier than knowing I made a customer happy with a cool item that I found and brought to them.","human_ref_B":"Most manufacturers are actually contracted by multiple companies to produce similar goods - they maintain a single assembly line for something like shoes, dresses, furniture, washing machines etc.. The workers in the factories receive specifications for each of the stations, and do the same simple task - applying a half dozen screws in 30 seconds, nailing a heel to shoe, attaching a plastic face plate - regardless of the product in question. Much of the customized work is from either automation that presses steel and plastic into pre-fabricated molds, or from templates that show exactly where someone cuts a piece of fabric, leather, leg for a chair, etc..   Much of the \"fashionable\" work of goods, such as a name tag, designer face plate, or novel engineering feature such as more settings on a washer-dryer, will fit the same templates or molds, and when the same line of goods is sold to Target or Walmart, they'll simply skip the steps in the manufacturing line that adds those features. In the case of outer shape or color differences, the manufacturer will use left over stocks of last year's fabrics and prints, or less complex molds that can cast more copies of a plastic shell without losing the details that are on the higher end models.  In fashion in particular its not uncommon for Target or Walmart to contract with a middle tier design house (i.e. Martha Stewart brand, etc.) to copy particular features of last season fashion styles, which avoids paying licensing costs or royalties to expensive Parisan or New York fashion designers. The features might be the length of a dress, features of asymmetry, types of prints or patterns on fabric, etc.. After the top end design houses have finished production runs with factories, Target or Walmart will contract the same factories to run their knock off designs with cheaper fabrics using nearly identical templates, or less sophisticated prints that use fewer dyes. They'll also skip a lot of the quality control checks, or accept more defects per individual item to squeeze as much volume from a contracted order as possible.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":21631.0,"score_ratio":1.3933471933}
{"post_id":"6p83n3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How can large chains (Target, Walmart, etc) produce store brand versions of nearly every product imaginable while industry manufacturers only really produce a single type of item?","c_root_id_A":"dknco2b","c_root_id_B":"dknub6d","created_at_utc_A":1500904686,"created_at_utc_B":1500924144,"score_A":375,"score_B":6702,"human_ref_A":"Procurement and supply chain professional here.  Archer Farms, Great Value, Kirkland's Best, and Private Selection, for example, are what's known as \"private labels\" for retailers Target, Walmart, Costco, and Kroger, respectively. For the most part, I believe, these examples are specific to food products; retailers can have several labels, each for different categories of products. Check out Walmart's list of private labels ; it's quite an array.   Private labels are the result of an arrangement between a company and its supplier called contract manufacturing. Your question appears to focus on consumer brands found in retailer or foodservice; however, this is a common practice in many industries. Often, due to economies of scale or specialized competencies, its beneficial for companies to outsource, while choosing to leverage the strength of their brand (e.g. quality, cheap, etc.) by utilizing a private label.   Stopping because make breakfast for wife.   Edit: breakfast was had. Thank you, kind Redditors, for your care and interest. Two fried eggs, if you're wondering. She's a simple gal.   Edit #2: wrote Kirkland instead of Kroger by mistake.","human_ref_B":"This is the defining moment in my Reddit career - the opportunity to set the record straight and give the definitive answer. Why did I get here so late? Private brand merchandising is a significant portion of my day to day job so I hope I can be helpful. Please excuse any errors, I'm on mobile.  First I think it's important to break things down into four distinct categories: Food\/consumables private branding, general merchandise private branding, co-branding, and special make ups (SMUs).  Food and consumables (think OTC, health and wellness, cosmetics, and cleaning supplies) are in their own category since they typically follow a recipe. Cookies are the common example here. I could use Coke but I'd prefer to say cola and keep it generic. In the case of major national brands, the recipe has been standardized and reduced to a science. A retailer's private brand seeks to offer that standardized, reliable product at a discount. That discount is achieved by eliminating marketing expense. Store brand dish soap is 99.8% or more identical to Dawn or another national brand, but the retailer gets a deal because marketing costs are not rolled into the cost of the item. It is even possible that the packaging itself (materials, amount\/number of ink pantones used) represents a chance for cost savings. In most cases the store brand seeks to meet or beat the national brand quality while providing better value to the customer and better margins to the retailer. In other cases, the retailer could have multiple private brands where there are quality concessions. This cadence allows for the retailer to capture multiple demographics.   For general merchandise, it's less likely that the national brand has complete control over manufacturing. Not always, but for the most part you can assume that an imported item comes from an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM). Very few American brands actually own their factories overseas. Some do, some might rent space and staff the factories, but most brands will simply contract with a factory to build an item to their specifications. The end result here is that multiple national brands are often made in the same building. There are entire multi-billion dollar industries that are supported by a network of 3-4 massive factories in China. In the case of private brands, a retailer here can cut out the national brand entirely and go straight to the Chinese factory. Whereas private brands are often a partnership with the national brand in food, general merchandise is an area where a retailer's private brand is in direct competition with the national brand. Example: The $50 name brand HDMI cable you bought from Best Buy was probably built in the same factory as the $10 Dynex cable. I've spent my entire career in hard goods. It's to the point where I can look at an item, regardless of the brand, and know which factory it came from. The overall goal stays the same as with food and consumables, but the road map here is different.  Co-branding is when a retailer has \"their private brand\" by \"national brand.\" Someone mentioned Kirkland Signature Dish Detergent by Cascade. Obviously you aren't saving much on marketing here since the retailer still gets the advantage of using the national brand's name. The goal here is to add legitimacy to the private brand by roping in the national brand. Maybe Costco was having a hard time convincing members to switch to Kirkland brand detergent, so they needed to associate themselves with Cascade in order to boost confidence.  Special make ups are like private versions of a national brand. The best example of SMUs are TVs. Walmart and Best Buy are shown an entirely different lineup of TVs by Samsung. Both retailers might have an item with identical features except for the number of HDMI inputs. This allows them to promote and discount their items independently without having a price war. SMUs are also one of the few areas where a retailer might lower the product spec or quantity in order to differentiate itself. This can be done simply by changing the pack size, concentration of an ingredient (marshmallows in Rocky Road ice cream, for example), substituting a material (lower quality steel in a kitchen knife), anything that allows the big box retailer to show a value over the typical item.  Feel free to PM if you have any questions.    Edit: Hijacking my own post just to say this. The next time you have a bad experience at a big box store, please remember that some of the people at corporate are Redditors just like you, with student loans, a mortgage, and two golden retrievers at home, who are just trying to do their best and get by. Nothing makes me happier than knowing I made a customer happy with a cool item that I found and brought to them.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":19458.0,"score_ratio":17.872}
{"post_id":"6p83n3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How can large chains (Target, Walmart, etc) produce store brand versions of nearly every product imaginable while industry manufacturers only really produce a single type of item?","c_root_id_A":"dknub6d","c_root_id_B":"dkn9o53","created_at_utc_A":1500924144,"created_at_utc_B":1500900206,"score_A":6702,"score_B":322,"human_ref_A":"This is the defining moment in my Reddit career - the opportunity to set the record straight and give the definitive answer. Why did I get here so late? Private brand merchandising is a significant portion of my day to day job so I hope I can be helpful. Please excuse any errors, I'm on mobile.  First I think it's important to break things down into four distinct categories: Food\/consumables private branding, general merchandise private branding, co-branding, and special make ups (SMUs).  Food and consumables (think OTC, health and wellness, cosmetics, and cleaning supplies) are in their own category since they typically follow a recipe. Cookies are the common example here. I could use Coke but I'd prefer to say cola and keep it generic. In the case of major national brands, the recipe has been standardized and reduced to a science. A retailer's private brand seeks to offer that standardized, reliable product at a discount. That discount is achieved by eliminating marketing expense. Store brand dish soap is 99.8% or more identical to Dawn or another national brand, but the retailer gets a deal because marketing costs are not rolled into the cost of the item. It is even possible that the packaging itself (materials, amount\/number of ink pantones used) represents a chance for cost savings. In most cases the store brand seeks to meet or beat the national brand quality while providing better value to the customer and better margins to the retailer. In other cases, the retailer could have multiple private brands where there are quality concessions. This cadence allows for the retailer to capture multiple demographics.   For general merchandise, it's less likely that the national brand has complete control over manufacturing. Not always, but for the most part you can assume that an imported item comes from an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM). Very few American brands actually own their factories overseas. Some do, some might rent space and staff the factories, but most brands will simply contract with a factory to build an item to their specifications. The end result here is that multiple national brands are often made in the same building. There are entire multi-billion dollar industries that are supported by a network of 3-4 massive factories in China. In the case of private brands, a retailer here can cut out the national brand entirely and go straight to the Chinese factory. Whereas private brands are often a partnership with the national brand in food, general merchandise is an area where a retailer's private brand is in direct competition with the national brand. Example: The $50 name brand HDMI cable you bought from Best Buy was probably built in the same factory as the $10 Dynex cable. I've spent my entire career in hard goods. It's to the point where I can look at an item, regardless of the brand, and know which factory it came from. The overall goal stays the same as with food and consumables, but the road map here is different.  Co-branding is when a retailer has \"their private brand\" by \"national brand.\" Someone mentioned Kirkland Signature Dish Detergent by Cascade. Obviously you aren't saving much on marketing here since the retailer still gets the advantage of using the national brand's name. The goal here is to add legitimacy to the private brand by roping in the national brand. Maybe Costco was having a hard time convincing members to switch to Kirkland brand detergent, so they needed to associate themselves with Cascade in order to boost confidence.  Special make ups are like private versions of a national brand. The best example of SMUs are TVs. Walmart and Best Buy are shown an entirely different lineup of TVs by Samsung. Both retailers might have an item with identical features except for the number of HDMI inputs. This allows them to promote and discount their items independently without having a price war. SMUs are also one of the few areas where a retailer might lower the product spec or quantity in order to differentiate itself. This can be done simply by changing the pack size, concentration of an ingredient (marshmallows in Rocky Road ice cream, for example), substituting a material (lower quality steel in a kitchen knife), anything that allows the big box retailer to show a value over the typical item.  Feel free to PM if you have any questions.    Edit: Hijacking my own post just to say this. The next time you have a bad experience at a big box store, please remember that some of the people at corporate are Redditors just like you, with student loans, a mortgage, and two golden retrievers at home, who are just trying to do their best and get by. Nothing makes me happier than knowing I made a customer happy with a cool item that I found and brought to them.","human_ref_B":"They don't produce it themselves, they just pay some other company to make it and allow them to put their logo on the packages.  Often times the store brand version of something is made in the same factory as the real brand stuff.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":23938.0,"score_ratio":20.8136645963}
{"post_id":"6p83n3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How can large chains (Target, Walmart, etc) produce store brand versions of nearly every product imaginable while industry manufacturers only really produce a single type of item?","c_root_id_A":"dknboy1","c_root_id_B":"dknub6d","created_at_utc_A":1500903353,"created_at_utc_B":1500924144,"score_A":260,"score_B":6702,"human_ref_A":"I work for a food manufacturer that sells shrimp and frozen items. We co-pack (industry term for making product under another label) for a few of the biggest grocery retailers.  The shrimp we co-pack is the same as the shrimp we pick under our own brand. It's just raw shrimp so there isn't much we could do to differentiate anyway. The frozen items that we co-pack are always a slightly different take on something we make. They'll send their recipe for us to use, or we'll make some adjustments to give them a unique item. We prefer to sell our own brand so hat we can build brand equity, but co-packing is a good way to build the relationship with the retailer. And they probably already have built-in brand equity in their label so the volume can be immediately high.","human_ref_B":"This is the defining moment in my Reddit career - the opportunity to set the record straight and give the definitive answer. Why did I get here so late? Private brand merchandising is a significant portion of my day to day job so I hope I can be helpful. Please excuse any errors, I'm on mobile.  First I think it's important to break things down into four distinct categories: Food\/consumables private branding, general merchandise private branding, co-branding, and special make ups (SMUs).  Food and consumables (think OTC, health and wellness, cosmetics, and cleaning supplies) are in their own category since they typically follow a recipe. Cookies are the common example here. I could use Coke but I'd prefer to say cola and keep it generic. In the case of major national brands, the recipe has been standardized and reduced to a science. A retailer's private brand seeks to offer that standardized, reliable product at a discount. That discount is achieved by eliminating marketing expense. Store brand dish soap is 99.8% or more identical to Dawn or another national brand, but the retailer gets a deal because marketing costs are not rolled into the cost of the item. It is even possible that the packaging itself (materials, amount\/number of ink pantones used) represents a chance for cost savings. In most cases the store brand seeks to meet or beat the national brand quality while providing better value to the customer and better margins to the retailer. In other cases, the retailer could have multiple private brands where there are quality concessions. This cadence allows for the retailer to capture multiple demographics.   For general merchandise, it's less likely that the national brand has complete control over manufacturing. Not always, but for the most part you can assume that an imported item comes from an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM). Very few American brands actually own their factories overseas. Some do, some might rent space and staff the factories, but most brands will simply contract with a factory to build an item to their specifications. The end result here is that multiple national brands are often made in the same building. There are entire multi-billion dollar industries that are supported by a network of 3-4 massive factories in China. In the case of private brands, a retailer here can cut out the national brand entirely and go straight to the Chinese factory. Whereas private brands are often a partnership with the national brand in food, general merchandise is an area where a retailer's private brand is in direct competition with the national brand. Example: The $50 name brand HDMI cable you bought from Best Buy was probably built in the same factory as the $10 Dynex cable. I've spent my entire career in hard goods. It's to the point where I can look at an item, regardless of the brand, and know which factory it came from. The overall goal stays the same as with food and consumables, but the road map here is different.  Co-branding is when a retailer has \"their private brand\" by \"national brand.\" Someone mentioned Kirkland Signature Dish Detergent by Cascade. Obviously you aren't saving much on marketing here since the retailer still gets the advantage of using the national brand's name. The goal here is to add legitimacy to the private brand by roping in the national brand. Maybe Costco was having a hard time convincing members to switch to Kirkland brand detergent, so they needed to associate themselves with Cascade in order to boost confidence.  Special make ups are like private versions of a national brand. The best example of SMUs are TVs. Walmart and Best Buy are shown an entirely different lineup of TVs by Samsung. Both retailers might have an item with identical features except for the number of HDMI inputs. This allows them to promote and discount their items independently without having a price war. SMUs are also one of the few areas where a retailer might lower the product spec or quantity in order to differentiate itself. This can be done simply by changing the pack size, concentration of an ingredient (marshmallows in Rocky Road ice cream, for example), substituting a material (lower quality steel in a kitchen knife), anything that allows the big box retailer to show a value over the typical item.  Feel free to PM if you have any questions.    Edit: Hijacking my own post just to say this. The next time you have a bad experience at a big box store, please remember that some of the people at corporate are Redditors just like you, with student loans, a mortgage, and two golden retrievers at home, who are just trying to do their best and get by. Nothing makes me happier than knowing I made a customer happy with a cool item that I found and brought to them.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":20791.0,"score_ratio":25.7769230769}
{"post_id":"6p83n3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How can large chains (Target, Walmart, etc) produce store brand versions of nearly every product imaginable while industry manufacturers only really produce a single type of item?","c_root_id_A":"dknb3s0","c_root_id_B":"dkn9o53","created_at_utc_A":1500902513,"created_at_utc_B":1500900206,"score_A":4810,"score_B":322,"human_ref_A":"Most manufacturers are actually contracted by multiple companies to produce similar goods - they maintain a single assembly line for something like shoes, dresses, furniture, washing machines etc.. The workers in the factories receive specifications for each of the stations, and do the same simple task - applying a half dozen screws in 30 seconds, nailing a heel to shoe, attaching a plastic face plate - regardless of the product in question. Much of the customized work is from either automation that presses steel and plastic into pre-fabricated molds, or from templates that show exactly where someone cuts a piece of fabric, leather, leg for a chair, etc..   Much of the \"fashionable\" work of goods, such as a name tag, designer face plate, or novel engineering feature such as more settings on a washer-dryer, will fit the same templates or molds, and when the same line of goods is sold to Target or Walmart, they'll simply skip the steps in the manufacturing line that adds those features. In the case of outer shape or color differences, the manufacturer will use left over stocks of last year's fabrics and prints, or less complex molds that can cast more copies of a plastic shell without losing the details that are on the higher end models.  In fashion in particular its not uncommon for Target or Walmart to contract with a middle tier design house (i.e. Martha Stewart brand, etc.) to copy particular features of last season fashion styles, which avoids paying licensing costs or royalties to expensive Parisan or New York fashion designers. The features might be the length of a dress, features of asymmetry, types of prints or patterns on fabric, etc.. After the top end design houses have finished production runs with factories, Target or Walmart will contract the same factories to run their knock off designs with cheaper fabrics using nearly identical templates, or less sophisticated prints that use fewer dyes. They'll also skip a lot of the quality control checks, or accept more defects per individual item to squeeze as much volume from a contracted order as possible.","human_ref_B":"They don't produce it themselves, they just pay some other company to make it and allow them to put their logo on the packages.  Often times the store brand version of something is made in the same factory as the real brand stuff.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2307.0,"score_ratio":14.9378881988}
{"post_id":"6p83n3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How can large chains (Target, Walmart, etc) produce store brand versions of nearly every product imaginable while industry manufacturers only really produce a single type of item?","c_root_id_A":"dkn9o53","c_root_id_B":"dknco2b","created_at_utc_A":1500900206,"created_at_utc_B":1500904686,"score_A":322,"score_B":375,"human_ref_A":"They don't produce it themselves, they just pay some other company to make it and allow them to put their logo on the packages.  Often times the store brand version of something is made in the same factory as the real brand stuff.","human_ref_B":"Procurement and supply chain professional here.  Archer Farms, Great Value, Kirkland's Best, and Private Selection, for example, are what's known as \"private labels\" for retailers Target, Walmart, Costco, and Kroger, respectively. For the most part, I believe, these examples are specific to food products; retailers can have several labels, each for different categories of products. Check out Walmart's list of private labels ; it's quite an array.   Private labels are the result of an arrangement between a company and its supplier called contract manufacturing. Your question appears to focus on consumer brands found in retailer or foodservice; however, this is a common practice in many industries. Often, due to economies of scale or specialized competencies, its beneficial for companies to outsource, while choosing to leverage the strength of their brand (e.g. quality, cheap, etc.) by utilizing a private label.   Stopping because make breakfast for wife.   Edit: breakfast was had. Thank you, kind Redditors, for your care and interest. Two fried eggs, if you're wondering. She's a simple gal.   Edit #2: wrote Kirkland instead of Kroger by mistake.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":4480.0,"score_ratio":1.1645962733}
{"post_id":"6p83n3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How can large chains (Target, Walmart, etc) produce store brand versions of nearly every product imaginable while industry manufacturers only really produce a single type of item?","c_root_id_A":"dknboy1","c_root_id_B":"dknco2b","created_at_utc_A":1500903353,"created_at_utc_B":1500904686,"score_A":260,"score_B":375,"human_ref_A":"I work for a food manufacturer that sells shrimp and frozen items. We co-pack (industry term for making product under another label) for a few of the biggest grocery retailers.  The shrimp we co-pack is the same as the shrimp we pick under our own brand. It's just raw shrimp so there isn't much we could do to differentiate anyway. The frozen items that we co-pack are always a slightly different take on something we make. They'll send their recipe for us to use, or we'll make some adjustments to give them a unique item. We prefer to sell our own brand so hat we can build brand equity, but co-packing is a good way to build the relationship with the retailer. And they probably already have built-in brand equity in their label so the volume can be immediately high.","human_ref_B":"Procurement and supply chain professional here.  Archer Farms, Great Value, Kirkland's Best, and Private Selection, for example, are what's known as \"private labels\" for retailers Target, Walmart, Costco, and Kroger, respectively. For the most part, I believe, these examples are specific to food products; retailers can have several labels, each for different categories of products. Check out Walmart's list of private labels ; it's quite an array.   Private labels are the result of an arrangement between a company and its supplier called contract manufacturing. Your question appears to focus on consumer brands found in retailer or foodservice; however, this is a common practice in many industries. Often, due to economies of scale or specialized competencies, its beneficial for companies to outsource, while choosing to leverage the strength of their brand (e.g. quality, cheap, etc.) by utilizing a private label.   Stopping because make breakfast for wife.   Edit: breakfast was had. Thank you, kind Redditors, for your care and interest. Two fried eggs, if you're wondering. She's a simple gal.   Edit #2: wrote Kirkland instead of Kroger by mistake.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1333.0,"score_ratio":1.4423076923}
{"post_id":"l6ptb7","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: what is a hedge-fund? I\u2019ve been trying to follow the Wall Street bets situations, but I can\u2019t find a simple definition of hedge funds. Help?","c_root_id_A":"gl29pmj","c_root_id_B":"gl24m0r","created_at_utc_A":1611819731,"created_at_utc_B":1611815948,"score_A":13796,"score_B":87,"human_ref_A":"You and I as individual investors can trade a company's stock, bonds, commodities etc. on a public market.  Then there are investment companies which offer pooled funds, where we can put in money and they will bundle it together and trade common securities (stocks, bonds etc.) for us, hopefully getting positive returns while saving us from having to do the work ourselves. There are different types of such funds, mutual funds being the most common \u2013 either actively managed by an investment manager or tracking some index like the S&P 500. The basic idea is to buy hundreds or thousands or more securities together to not be affected by fluctuations in a single one.  Hedge funds take things up a notch. They are specialized and exclusive versions of mutual funds open only to institutional investors or very high net worth individuals. They are also far less regulated than publicly accessible funds. Hedge fund managers use very aggressive investment techniques and invest in a wider array of products than just stocks or bonds \u2013 like options and other derivatives,\u00a0real estate, currencies, art, precious metals or really anything else that can be bought and sold. They often use large amounts of borrowed money (aka leverage) and so are generally exposed to a lot more risk than normal funds. They also frequently take short positions (bet that a stock will go down instead of up) in order to \"hedge\" against market downturns or take advantage of failing companies.  Worth noting though that while the name \"hedge fund\" originated in the 50s and 60s because such funds would optimize their investments to reduce risk, today's hedge funds are mostly the opposite. It's more and more just a generic label used by private funds with varying (and sometimes opposite) goals and investment strategies.","human_ref_B":"A hedge fund is a kind of investment firm that specializes in low risk, high dollar trading. Only profitable if you are VERY rich or representing some kind of group fund.  The name comes from the practice of doing paired, opposing bets to reduce risk. Say you bet a lot that Tesla does well this year, but also bet a little on the off chance they do poorly. You're literally hedging your bets.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3783.0,"score_ratio":158.5747126437}
{"post_id":"l6ptb7","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: what is a hedge-fund? I\u2019ve been trying to follow the Wall Street bets situations, but I can\u2019t find a simple definition of hedge funds. Help?","c_root_id_A":"gl2cctp","c_root_id_B":"gl24m0r","created_at_utc_A":1611821874,"created_at_utc_B":1611815948,"score_A":294,"score_B":87,"human_ref_A":"You should think of hedge funds in investing terms similar to the difference between a basic car like a Honda Accord versus say a Ferrari. Most regular individuals will invest in stocks or index funds, or mutual funds, just like most people will have a regular car. These will only go 'long' positions (which just means they tend to only buy stock in companies they like and hope they go up for a profit). Hedge Funds are the Ferraris of the investment world, they are private and generally only accessible to the wealthy. They can use a host of different complicated financial instruments to invest money. The most basic example is shorting, basically betting against a company. How does shorting work?   Example: John shorting company A   Let's say you own 1 share of company A and John believes its stock price will go down. John will borrow that share from you and promise to return it at a specified date (let's call it a month from now.) So he borrows your share, sells it on the open market for its fair price, call it $100, believing it will go down. Let's say in two weeks the price goes down to $50. John can repurchase the share for $50 dollars, give you back the share worth $50 and profit $50 off of the decline of the stock price. Bear in mind this is an extremely risky strategy, because the maximum profit to be made off shorting company A would be $100 a share (because the stock can only go down to 0), but theoretically, the price can go up to anything, $1,000, $10,000, etc. In the event company A's share price went to $1,000 by the end of the month, John would have to purchase the stock for $1,000, losing $900. Extremely risky.   These sorts of more complicated financial instruments are why hedge funds are only accessible to the wealthy. The US has drafted laws that are supposedly meant to 'protect' lower income and less knowledgeable investors (apparently concluded from how rich you are) by only allowing those with a certain net worth to invest in these types of complicated strategies. This is also why they charge substantially higher fees than regular investment managers (think 2% of assets managed and 20% of profits, compared to roughly 0.5-1% for a regular actively managed investment fund).   Now, being that hedge funds are the Ferraris of the investment world, they should have all of the bells and whistles that a Honda does not. Sure, both are trying to make your money go up, just like cars get you from point A to point B, but hedge funds should ensure a smoother ride and only be staffed with the best talent. In reality, this isn't necessarily the case, but that is a whole other discussion.   In short: Hedge Funds are Ferraris, while regular investment funds are Hondas. Ferrari is shiny, loud, fast, and seems amazing compared to a boring Honda, that is, until you realize new tires will cost you 5 grand, you can't fit your groceries in the trunk, and it costs an arm and leg to maintain. Honda actually seems like a cheaper, better way to get around that will more easily fit your needs.   Not sure how well I explained it but I've worked in industry so feel free to ask any questions, happy to help answer them more thoroughly or explain it differently so it makes sense!","human_ref_B":"A hedge fund is a kind of investment firm that specializes in low risk, high dollar trading. Only profitable if you are VERY rich or representing some kind of group fund.  The name comes from the practice of doing paired, opposing bets to reduce risk. Say you bet a lot that Tesla does well this year, but also bet a little on the off chance they do poorly. You're literally hedging your bets.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":5926.0,"score_ratio":3.3793103448}
{"post_id":"l6ptb7","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: what is a hedge-fund? I\u2019ve been trying to follow the Wall Street bets situations, but I can\u2019t find a simple definition of hedge funds. Help?","c_root_id_A":"gl24m0r","c_root_id_B":"gl2iqin","created_at_utc_A":1611815948,"created_at_utc_B":1611827220,"score_A":87,"score_B":274,"human_ref_A":"A hedge fund is a kind of investment firm that specializes in low risk, high dollar trading. Only profitable if you are VERY rich or representing some kind of group fund.  The name comes from the practice of doing paired, opposing bets to reduce risk. Say you bet a lot that Tesla does well this year, but also bet a little on the off chance they do poorly. You're literally hedging your bets.","human_ref_B":"The simplest explanation:    Imagine you have a candy market in town. You can buy a piece of candy from each stall, and as their supply decreases, your piece of candy increases in value as there are fewer of them.   Normally you can only buy the \"normal\" candy, and only a little bit as you don't have a ton of money by yourself. But what if you and your friends went together to gather all your money and buy candy from each stall? Suddenly much more candy, and if one stall does poorly, it wont be a big problem as you have candy from other stalls.   Now say you wanted to buy the special candy. The stuff not found in stalls. You would have to go together with your friends, get a bunch of money and call yourself something, so other people recognize you. One day, however, you realize: \"there are other things than candy. What if we bought things like race cars, dinosaur fossils and shoes, held onto them and sold them when they became worth more?\" So you do. You borrow money or get it from wherever you can, and risk it all on something you believe is a good idea. You've now become a Hedge Fund. Here comes the tricky part: People now recognize you. They know what you do, and that you do it well, so they want in, so you make a demand: \"you have to make this much money available so we can buy dinosaur bones, candy and anything else, and we'll share the profit with you if we make any\".  Suddenly, you're an exclusive group, which means you can be tricky. People trust you when you say Twirly candy will soon be sold out. They trust you when you say Candy canes are not worth the price they cost. So you do the tricky: You bet with the other people that buy candy that Candy canes are going to drop massively in price, then immediately afterwards you go out and say \"Candy canes are not worth as much as they are being sold for.\"  Suddenly Candy canes are being sold en masse. Their value drops a ton, which is normally a bad thing, but since you've bet that they would drop in value, you are now making money.   This was possible because you:    A: Pooled your funds with other people.  B: Don't have the same regulations and oversight as other collective investors, as you trade practically anything, so you are free to bet a ton of candy is going to go down (commonly called \"shorting\").  C: Are considered an authority.  ​  Just to go further: This is what happened with Gamestop. A Hedgefund (collection of people) shorted Gamestop believing it would do terrible. Since they are kind of dicks with much too much money - oversimplification - another subreddit -  Wallstreetbets - decided to buy a ton of Gamestop candy, so their value went up. This made the Hedgefund lose all their money, as they bet a ton on Gamestop doing poorly, and lost that bet.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":11272.0,"score_ratio":3.1494252874}
{"post_id":"l6ptb7","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: what is a hedge-fund? I\u2019ve been trying to follow the Wall Street bets situations, but I can\u2019t find a simple definition of hedge funds. Help?","c_root_id_A":"gl24m0r","c_root_id_B":"gl2wk9d","created_at_utc_A":1611815948,"created_at_utc_B":1611837712,"score_A":87,"score_B":227,"human_ref_A":"A hedge fund is a kind of investment firm that specializes in low risk, high dollar trading. Only profitable if you are VERY rich or representing some kind of group fund.  The name comes from the practice of doing paired, opposing bets to reduce risk. Say you bet a lot that Tesla does well this year, but also bet a little on the off chance they do poorly. You're literally hedging your bets.","human_ref_B":"Imagine you ask your mom to borrow her watch for a week. Now you tell your little sister that the watch is worth a lot of money, and she pays you a lot of money for it. A week later, you come back to your sister and tell her the price for a watch isn't so high anymore, and ask if you could buy the watch back for a low price. Now you give the watch back to your mom, after making money off of it without really doing anything.  That's what hedge funds do, except on a bigger scale and with stocks instead of watches. They borrow the stocks, sell them when they're expensive, buy them back when they're cheap, and make millions.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":21764.0,"score_ratio":2.6091954023}
{"post_id":"l6ptb7","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: what is a hedge-fund? I\u2019ve been trying to follow the Wall Street bets situations, but I can\u2019t find a simple definition of hedge funds. Help?","c_root_id_A":"gl24m0r","c_root_id_B":"gl2wmvg","created_at_utc_A":1611815948,"created_at_utc_B":1611837756,"score_A":87,"score_B":115,"human_ref_A":"A hedge fund is a kind of investment firm that specializes in low risk, high dollar trading. Only profitable if you are VERY rich or representing some kind of group fund.  The name comes from the practice of doing paired, opposing bets to reduce risk. Say you bet a lot that Tesla does well this year, but also bet a little on the off chance they do poorly. You're literally hedging your bets.","human_ref_B":"Everyone here\u2019s taking way too long to explain it.  Wall Street bigwigs like to short stocks.  This means borrowing a bunch of them and selling them off, but you agree to buy them back at a certain point in time.    When you do this, you want the stock to tank in value, so that when you buy them back, you pay much less, leaving you with a large profit.  Wall Street hedge funds, which are the bigwig\u2019s mutual exchange fund, tried to short GameStop stocks.  r\/wallstreetbets retorted; they\u2019re a group of small time investors and circlejerkers who artificially inflated the moribund company\u2019s value by purchasing shares en masse.  They essentially turned GameStop into a Fortune 500 company overnight, and the Wall Street bigwigs actually took a loss for once.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":21808.0,"score_ratio":1.3218390805}
{"post_id":"hqze9w","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If the universe is always expanding, that means that there are places that the universe hasn't reached yet. What is there before the universe gets there. I just can't fathom what's on the other side of the universe, and would love if you guys could help!","c_root_id_A":"fy0ximj","c_root_id_B":"fy0xvsa","created_at_utc_A":1594725038,"created_at_utc_B":1594725377,"score_A":589,"score_B":8129,"human_ref_A":"When we say the universe is expanding what we mean is that space itself is expanding. And space itself is not expanding into more space but rather there is just more and more space in among all the other space. So the new places that the univers expands into is evenly distributed thorughout the universe and is brand new. The places that the universe expands into did not exist before. If you were to measure the distance between two far away galaxies very accuratly an then repeat the measurement some time later you will find that there are now more space between the galaxies even if they have not moved in relation to each other. There are just more space, more places that have popped into existance between the galaxies.","human_ref_B":"The best metaphor for this is to imagine the universe is 2D, not 3D, so it's basically on a plane, like stars are painted on a sheet of paper. Now imagine it's not a sheet of paper but the rubber surface of a ballon. Now imagine the ballon is inflating. More and more space (the surface) is created, it is expanding, but it's not like it is expanding \"over\" empty space: the space itself is expanding.  (This metaphor creates some misunderstanding as well, but works well for your question. Here is where it fails: it leads you to think you need some \"3D\" space outside\/inside that 2D \"universe\"; you don't actually need that to explain our universe).","labels":0,"seconds_difference":339.0,"score_ratio":13.8013582343}
{"post_id":"hqze9w","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If the universe is always expanding, that means that there are places that the universe hasn't reached yet. What is there before the universe gets there. I just can't fathom what's on the other side of the universe, and would love if you guys could help!","c_root_id_A":"fy1yjd9","c_root_id_B":"fy0ximj","created_at_utc_A":1594746578,"created_at_utc_B":1594725038,"score_A":7187,"score_B":589,"human_ref_A":"The universe already exists everywhere, it's just stretching. So the gaps between things are growing bigger.","human_ref_B":"When we say the universe is expanding what we mean is that space itself is expanding. And space itself is not expanding into more space but rather there is just more and more space in among all the other space. So the new places that the univers expands into is evenly distributed thorughout the universe and is brand new. The places that the universe expands into did not exist before. If you were to measure the distance between two far away galaxies very accuratly an then repeat the measurement some time later you will find that there are now more space between the galaxies even if they have not moved in relation to each other. There are just more space, more places that have popped into existance between the galaxies.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":21540.0,"score_ratio":12.2020373514}
{"post_id":"hqze9w","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If the universe is always expanding, that means that there are places that the universe hasn't reached yet. What is there before the universe gets there. I just can't fathom what's on the other side of the universe, and would love if you guys could help!","c_root_id_A":"fy1xv1i","c_root_id_B":"fy1yjd9","created_at_utc_A":1594746258,"created_at_utc_B":1594746578,"score_A":436,"score_B":7187,"human_ref_A":"I'm a little late, but I think I can add a good analogy as to how space can expand when it is infinite and there's nothing outside of it. Imagine a number line. You're sitting at 1, and I'm sitting at 2. Now, we \"expand\" our number line by multiplying every number by 2. So you're now sitting at 2, and I'm sitting at 4. The distance between us has increased, but we haven't \"moved.\" Space itself is expanding beneath us!  But as to what space is expanding \"into\" it's expanding into itself. Where did 5 go? It expanded to 10. Where did 100 go to? It went to 200. Where did 9,825,651,057,241 go to?  Well, you get the idea. Because there's no limit to infinity, you never \"run out\" of space to expand \"into\" and there's no edge that needs to push some boundry. Where things were, well, they're farther apart now.","human_ref_B":"The universe already exists everywhere, it's just stretching. So the gaps between things are growing bigger.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":320.0,"score_ratio":16.4839449541}
{"post_id":"hqze9w","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If the universe is always expanding, that means that there are places that the universe hasn't reached yet. What is there before the universe gets there. I just can't fathom what's on the other side of the universe, and would love if you guys could help!","c_root_id_A":"fy1x0y8","c_root_id_B":"fy1yjd9","created_at_utc_A":1594745862,"created_at_utc_B":1594746578,"score_A":159,"score_B":7187,"human_ref_A":"Apparently, it's not even known whether the entire universe (as opposed to just the observable universe) is finite or infinite (Wikipedia). This doesn't directly affect your question, since either way the expansion is just things in the universe getting further apart, but it's interesting to think that there might not even be \"places the universe hasn't reached\" at all.","human_ref_B":"The universe already exists everywhere, it's just stretching. So the gaps between things are growing bigger.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":716.0,"score_ratio":45.2012578616}
{"post_id":"hqze9w","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If the universe is always expanding, that means that there are places that the universe hasn't reached yet. What is there before the universe gets there. I just can't fathom what's on the other side of the universe, and would love if you guys could help!","c_root_id_A":"fy1wru5","c_root_id_B":"fy1yjd9","created_at_utc_A":1594745740,"created_at_utc_B":1594746578,"score_A":94,"score_B":7187,"human_ref_A":"Nothing that you should concern yourself with. Who told you you could snoop around anyway?","human_ref_B":"The universe already exists everywhere, it's just stretching. So the gaps between things are growing bigger.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":838.0,"score_ratio":76.4574468085}
{"post_id":"hqze9w","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If the universe is always expanding, that means that there are places that the universe hasn't reached yet. What is there before the universe gets there. I just can't fathom what's on the other side of the universe, and would love if you guys could help!","c_root_id_A":"fy1xv1i","c_root_id_B":"fy1x0y8","created_at_utc_A":1594746258,"created_at_utc_B":1594745862,"score_A":436,"score_B":159,"human_ref_A":"I'm a little late, but I think I can add a good analogy as to how space can expand when it is infinite and there's nothing outside of it. Imagine a number line. You're sitting at 1, and I'm sitting at 2. Now, we \"expand\" our number line by multiplying every number by 2. So you're now sitting at 2, and I'm sitting at 4. The distance between us has increased, but we haven't \"moved.\" Space itself is expanding beneath us!  But as to what space is expanding \"into\" it's expanding into itself. Where did 5 go? It expanded to 10. Where did 100 go to? It went to 200. Where did 9,825,651,057,241 go to?  Well, you get the idea. Because there's no limit to infinity, you never \"run out\" of space to expand \"into\" and there's no edge that needs to push some boundry. Where things were, well, they're farther apart now.","human_ref_B":"Apparently, it's not even known whether the entire universe (as opposed to just the observable universe) is finite or infinite (Wikipedia). This doesn't directly affect your question, since either way the expansion is just things in the universe getting further apart, but it's interesting to think that there might not even be \"places the universe hasn't reached\" at all.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":396.0,"score_ratio":2.7421383648}
{"post_id":"hqze9w","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If the universe is always expanding, that means that there are places that the universe hasn't reached yet. What is there before the universe gets there. I just can't fathom what's on the other side of the universe, and would love if you guys could help!","c_root_id_A":"fy1xv1i","c_root_id_B":"fy1wru5","created_at_utc_A":1594746258,"created_at_utc_B":1594745740,"score_A":436,"score_B":94,"human_ref_A":"I'm a little late, but I think I can add a good analogy as to how space can expand when it is infinite and there's nothing outside of it. Imagine a number line. You're sitting at 1, and I'm sitting at 2. Now, we \"expand\" our number line by multiplying every number by 2. So you're now sitting at 2, and I'm sitting at 4. The distance between us has increased, but we haven't \"moved.\" Space itself is expanding beneath us!  But as to what space is expanding \"into\" it's expanding into itself. Where did 5 go? It expanded to 10. Where did 100 go to? It went to 200. Where did 9,825,651,057,241 go to?  Well, you get the idea. Because there's no limit to infinity, you never \"run out\" of space to expand \"into\" and there's no edge that needs to push some boundry. Where things were, well, they're farther apart now.","human_ref_B":"Nothing that you should concern yourself with. Who told you you could snoop around anyway?","labels":1,"seconds_difference":518.0,"score_ratio":4.6382978723}
{"post_id":"hqze9w","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If the universe is always expanding, that means that there are places that the universe hasn't reached yet. What is there before the universe gets there. I just can't fathom what's on the other side of the universe, and would love if you guys could help!","c_root_id_A":"fy1wru5","c_root_id_B":"fy1x0y8","created_at_utc_A":1594745740,"created_at_utc_B":1594745862,"score_A":94,"score_B":159,"human_ref_A":"Nothing that you should concern yourself with. Who told you you could snoop around anyway?","human_ref_B":"Apparently, it's not even known whether the entire universe (as opposed to just the observable universe) is finite or infinite (Wikipedia). This doesn't directly affect your question, since either way the expansion is just things in the universe getting further apart, but it's interesting to think that there might not even be \"places the universe hasn't reached\" at all.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":122.0,"score_ratio":1.6914893617}
{"post_id":"hqze9w","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If the universe is always expanding, that means that there are places that the universe hasn't reached yet. What is there before the universe gets there. I just can't fathom what's on the other side of the universe, and would love if you guys could help!","c_root_id_A":"fy20lq5","c_root_id_B":"fy23z9o","created_at_utc_A":1594747555,"created_at_utc_B":1594749151,"score_A":72,"score_B":77,"human_ref_A":"You sound like you're picturing it expanding at the edges. Two things.  1) It's expanding everywhere, not just at the edges.  2) There are no edges!  If space is infinite, that means our little human brains can't really picture how it works at all. Can you picture something in your head that doesn't have edges? Can you picture something that doesn't have a middle?  Even the scientists getting PhD's for doing the math on this stuff have trouble intuitively picturing what's going on. Infinity is crazy!  How can something infinite, without edges or a middle, get bigger? It's tough to follow. Pay extra attention in math class if you want to get paid to daydream about how cool stuff like this works!","human_ref_B":"The universe is all of the everything, but also all of the nothing. But 'nothing' is just what we call it where there isn't any of the everything in that spot.  The everything is moving apart in all directions at once, which means that as time goes by, there's more nothing in between the everything. There isn't any more nothing than there was before - the everything is just further apart.  This is difficult for us to imagine because any explanation usually starts with \"Imagine a [container].\" By definition a container has edges. The nothing doesn't. The nothing is the place where things aren't, just like darkness is the place where light isn't, and silence is the place where sound isn't. Just like you can't be darker than darkness or more quiet than silence, you can't be \"outside\" the nothing. To be \"outside\" the nothing would indicate a boundary, but to build a boundary you'd need some of the everything.  We don't know yet if we've found the edge of where the everything is. It would be very hard to be sure, because the further into the nothing we look, the harder it is to spot any of the everything. But when we say things like \"the universe is expanding\" or \"the universe might collapse one day\", we're really talking about the everything. The nothing will still not be there whatever happens, because it's always not been there. The nothing is just what we call it when there isn't any of the everything in that spot.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1596.0,"score_ratio":1.0694444444}
{"post_id":"cj20mp","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: why is a chip on a credit card considered \u2018safer\u2019 than swiping the magnetic strip?","c_root_id_A":"evap26k","c_root_id_B":"evb88yq","created_at_utc_A":1564353402,"created_at_utc_B":1564368786,"score_A":1354,"score_B":2266,"human_ref_A":"Others have already explained how it works, so I will go to the practical side a bit more.     You know how in the news, big companies sometimes have hackers steal credit card information?  If they steal information from a magnetic strip, then they have your credit card number and can now buy things on YOUR credit.       If they steal the information from a chip it's useless to them.  They can't use it to commit fraud because the numbers the chips makes can only ever be used once.     So using the chip makes you hacker proof in any places you use the chip.     Note that it does really protect you much if you've ever used both at the same place or if you use the actual card number online.  So it helps a lot, but it's not foolproof.","human_ref_B":"The magnetic strip is like a secret code that lets you buy things. I can copy your secret code and use it to buy things.  The chip is like a little man who makes secret codes that can each be used to buy one thing. I can copy the secret code but not the little man. Because the secret code only works once and for a limited time, and in one situation, stealing the secret code isn\u2019t useful. You can\u2019t steal the little man without doing a lot of work.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":15384.0,"score_ratio":1.6735598227}
{"post_id":"cj20mp","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: why is a chip on a credit card considered \u2018safer\u2019 than swiping the magnetic strip?","c_root_id_A":"evb88yq","c_root_id_B":"evapvrd","created_at_utc_A":1564368786,"created_at_utc_B":1564354004,"score_A":2266,"score_B":327,"human_ref_A":"The magnetic strip is like a secret code that lets you buy things. I can copy your secret code and use it to buy things.  The chip is like a little man who makes secret codes that can each be used to buy one thing. I can copy the secret code but not the little man. Because the secret code only works once and for a limited time, and in one situation, stealing the secret code isn\u2019t useful. You can\u2019t steal the little man without doing a lot of work.","human_ref_B":"If only in the USA we'd go the next step to \"chip and PIN\", I wouldn't feel like a caveman when I go to other countries and they have to find a pen for me to sign a receipt.      Or we could just go totally backwards and I could carry a special individual seal with me, and they'd scramble to find me some wax.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":14782.0,"score_ratio":6.9296636086}
{"post_id":"cj20mp","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: why is a chip on a credit card considered \u2018safer\u2019 than swiping the magnetic strip?","c_root_id_A":"evb88yq","c_root_id_B":"evawl9q","created_at_utc_A":1564368786,"created_at_utc_B":1564359252,"score_A":2266,"score_B":291,"human_ref_A":"The magnetic strip is like a secret code that lets you buy things. I can copy your secret code and use it to buy things.  The chip is like a little man who makes secret codes that can each be used to buy one thing. I can copy the secret code but not the little man. Because the secret code only works once and for a limited time, and in one situation, stealing the secret code isn\u2019t useful. You can\u2019t steal the little man without doing a lot of work.","human_ref_B":"The chip is actually a tiny computer that is powered by the reader.   It has a secret number inside of it that cannot be read. Only the bank knows the number. There's no way to ask it the secret number. Instead, you can only give it another number, and it will do some math on that number and its secret number and tell you another number. That's what happens when you read the card. The bank picks a number and asks the card to respond. The bank does the same math, and if your card has the same secret number it must be legit.  Now, you're probably thinking someone could figure out the secret number by just getting it to do the math enough times. But the numbers involved are so big, this will take too long to be practical, more than 10 years to get enough numbers to have a shred of making a guess. Even with very modern computers. That's longer than your card's expiration date so it's fine.  And if computers get fast enough the math fails, the banks can simply change the chips to use new algorithms and new, bigger numbers that take even longer to crack.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":9534.0,"score_ratio":7.7869415808}
{"post_id":"74f9nn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do snipers need a 'spotter'?","c_root_id_A":"dnxwnr7","c_root_id_B":"dnxw9nm","created_at_utc_A":1507209737,"created_at_utc_B":1507209242,"score_A":11602,"score_B":2833,"human_ref_A":"I was an infantry sniper in the Army from around 2013-2016.  We were supposed to run three man teams.  Spotter, shooter, and security.  This isn't what every sniper team runs.  For example, I have no real idea what special operations do but I would imagine a two man team at least.  -The spotter is the team leader and most senior on the team.  His job is to provide guidance to the shooter.  Generally in the form of walking the shooter onto target if not already there.  Determining distance and giving an elevation hold, wind hold and hold for movement if applicable.    After the shot it is important to watch for trace and impact to determine hit or miss.  If there is a miss it is the spotters job to give a quick follow up call for the shooter.  Simultaneously it is the shooters job to tell the spotter if they broke the shot clean or if they feel like the pulled directionally.  The spotter also carries a long gun, usually something like a precision semi auto, but isn't the primary shooter.  -The shooters job is to focus on the shots and as I said above to tell the spotter if they think their shot was their fault.  -The security is basically your new guy.  He is there to carry extra shit(ammo\/batteries\/radio maybe) and watch your back while you are both focused down range.    TL;DR - Spotter is the leader and guides the shooter.  Edit:  Thanks for the gold!  Trying to keep up in comments.  Edit:  I just want to be clear, I never deployed but I am sniper qualified and trained for the position.  I'm not trying to take away from those who did.  Any actual combat experience supersedes my experience.  Also, I'm going back to school for civil engineering.  So if anyone wants to hire me that would be awesome.  Northern Colorado, pm me!  Shameless plug I know... worth a shot!","human_ref_B":"Former army sniper here. There are several reasons you have a spotter. One is that ideally all the shooter should have to do is trigger pull, so you need someone to spot hits and give adjustment to get on target or where the next target is. The second is that rifle optics have a relatively narrow field of view compared to binoculars or a spotting scope, so the spotter has a better overall picture of what is going on. This also frees up the spotter to do secondary activities like calling up Intel reports and calling for fire. Finally you would never send a soldier into the field alone, so you may as well augment there abilities with some of similar skill set.   Edit: an addendum to what I am seeing in the comments, the spotter is almost always the more experienced of the two, but not always the better shooter, as their emphasis is on target designation and quick correction which are skills developed over time.  Edit 2: thanks for the gold trying to keep up with comments but at work","labels":1,"seconds_difference":495.0,"score_ratio":4.09530533}
{"post_id":"74f9nn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do snipers need a 'spotter'?","c_root_id_A":"dnxwnr7","c_root_id_B":"dnxvxa7","created_at_utc_A":1507209737,"created_at_utc_B":1507208788,"score_A":11602,"score_B":131,"human_ref_A":"I was an infantry sniper in the Army from around 2013-2016.  We were supposed to run three man teams.  Spotter, shooter, and security.  This isn't what every sniper team runs.  For example, I have no real idea what special operations do but I would imagine a two man team at least.  -The spotter is the team leader and most senior on the team.  His job is to provide guidance to the shooter.  Generally in the form of walking the shooter onto target if not already there.  Determining distance and giving an elevation hold, wind hold and hold for movement if applicable.    After the shot it is important to watch for trace and impact to determine hit or miss.  If there is a miss it is the spotters job to give a quick follow up call for the shooter.  Simultaneously it is the shooters job to tell the spotter if they broke the shot clean or if they feel like the pulled directionally.  The spotter also carries a long gun, usually something like a precision semi auto, but isn't the primary shooter.  -The shooters job is to focus on the shots and as I said above to tell the spotter if they think their shot was their fault.  -The security is basically your new guy.  He is there to carry extra shit(ammo\/batteries\/radio maybe) and watch your back while you are both focused down range.    TL;DR - Spotter is the leader and guides the shooter.  Edit:  Thanks for the gold!  Trying to keep up in comments.  Edit:  I just want to be clear, I never deployed but I am sniper qualified and trained for the position.  I'm not trying to take away from those who did.  Any actual combat experience supersedes my experience.  Also, I'm going back to school for civil engineering.  So if anyone wants to hire me that would be awesome.  Northern Colorado, pm me!  Shameless plug I know... worth a shot!","human_ref_B":"Recoil from a high powered rifle (almost) always causes the sniper to temporarily lose sight of his target. By the time the he reacquires the target, the bullet has hit. If it was a miss, he has no way of knowing if he was high, low, left, or right. The spotter never loses sight of the target, and can tell the sniper what corrections he needs to make.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":949.0,"score_ratio":88.5648854962}
{"post_id":"74f9nn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do snipers need a 'spotter'?","c_root_id_A":"dnxw9nm","c_root_id_B":"dnxvxa7","created_at_utc_A":1507209242,"created_at_utc_B":1507208788,"score_A":2833,"score_B":131,"human_ref_A":"Former army sniper here. There are several reasons you have a spotter. One is that ideally all the shooter should have to do is trigger pull, so you need someone to spot hits and give adjustment to get on target or where the next target is. The second is that rifle optics have a relatively narrow field of view compared to binoculars or a spotting scope, so the spotter has a better overall picture of what is going on. This also frees up the spotter to do secondary activities like calling up Intel reports and calling for fire. Finally you would never send a soldier into the field alone, so you may as well augment there abilities with some of similar skill set.   Edit: an addendum to what I am seeing in the comments, the spotter is almost always the more experienced of the two, but not always the better shooter, as their emphasis is on target designation and quick correction which are skills developed over time.  Edit 2: thanks for the gold trying to keep up with comments but at work","human_ref_B":"Recoil from a high powered rifle (almost) always causes the sniper to temporarily lose sight of his target. By the time the he reacquires the target, the bullet has hit. If it was a miss, he has no way of knowing if he was high, low, left, or right. The spotter never loses sight of the target, and can tell the sniper what corrections he needs to make.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":454.0,"score_ratio":21.6259541985}
{"post_id":"74f9nn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do snipers need a 'spotter'?","c_root_id_A":"dnxzyty","c_root_id_B":"dnxvxa7","created_at_utc_A":1507213708,"created_at_utc_B":1507208788,"score_A":491,"score_B":131,"human_ref_A":"The military has an axiom: \"There is no such thing as an individual\"  This underlies everything that is done.  For example, the smallest unit in the Canadian Infantry is the Fire Team- for us that's a two soldier group. (the Fire Team is one half of an Assault Group, of which there are two in a Rifle Section...and on it goes upward)  What this is intended to mean is that the welfare of the group is greater than the welfare of the individual- which might seem straightforward to some- but it is this group mentality which can be critical to success on the battlefield.  There is a great deal of psychology and philosophy wrapped up in this concept.  It is a very interesting thing to study because it can be both deeply indoctrinated and at times counter-intuitive.  As far as snipers go, the top comment got this more or less correct.  Very simply, two sets of eyes are better than one.  That, and the art of sniping is far more than what it is often seen reduced to in popular media- look down a telescopic sight, put the crosshairs in between the eyes, pull trigger.    The science involved in making or ensuring conditions for a successful shot, particularly at extreme ranges requires a great deal of complex calculations and using equipment that would require a solitary shooter to leave his firing position to work with.  Marksmanship is a lot like getting a good golf swing.  It is an entire body discipline.  We use the acronym \"HABIT\" to teach the principles of marksmanship to each and every recruit:  H Holding- a firm, controlled grasp of the weapon.  The body of the shooter is to be imagines as a stabilizer, not unlike a bipod.  A Aiming- pick a point of aim- centre of mass- and do not waver from it while engaging this target.  B Breathing- particularly while lying flat in the prone position, the mere act of breathing will raise or lower the weapon's muzzle.  Be conscious of breathing patterns, and always try to fire while holding a half exhaled breath (the pattern we teach is \"breath in-breathe out- breathe in-halfway out, hold-BANG-all the way out\")  I  Instinctive Positioning- this ties in to what I said above.  From head to feet, the shooter must hold their position as still as possible. The slightest movement at the firing point will put the shot off.  The further away the shooter is to target, the more a tiny fraction of movement can take a definite hit and create a wide miss.  At the extreme ranges snipers operate, this is critical.    T  Trigger Control- even the way in which the trigger finger operates the weapon can create a nudge that would shift point of aim.  A smooth, slow and fluid motion against the slack of the trigger is to be followed through in the same way. A quick snap on the trigger is called a \"jerk\" for a reason.  So, those very basic concepts in \"HABIT\" is merely the foundation upon which the sniper is putting his shot together.  Any information that they need or communication to their superiors beyond what can be done from a steadied firing position will be handled by the spotter.","human_ref_B":"Recoil from a high powered rifle (almost) always causes the sniper to temporarily lose sight of his target. By the time the he reacquires the target, the bullet has hit. If it was a miss, he has no way of knowing if he was high, low, left, or right. The spotter never loses sight of the target, and can tell the sniper what corrections he needs to make.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":4920.0,"score_ratio":3.7480916031}
{"post_id":"6viv8i","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do we know dinosaurs didn't have cartilage protrusions like human ears and noses?","c_root_id_A":"dm0owng","c_root_id_B":"dm0kon9","created_at_utc_A":1503501899,"created_at_utc_B":1503497125,"score_A":6261,"score_B":3821,"human_ref_A":"Unrelated, but it's actually possible that ancient relatives of crocodiles had external ears. The bit where you'd put modern crocs' earlid muscles was greatly developed in land-based cousins called notosuchians, and even further in a subgroup called the baurusuchids. This implies they had *something* over their ears that needed to be wiggled, and they weren't exactly keeping water out of their ears regularly.  So yeah. Possible land crocs with ears, big enough to hunt dinosaurs. Mesozoic be whack yo.  EDIT: Unfortunately their ears were not in fact superpredators. This is why I need to grammar.  EDIT2: Have a speculative reconstruction by a cool dude I know.","human_ref_B":"We don't conclusively know.  We do have a few indicators.  Cartilage usually attaches to bone or connects in such a way that leaves marks.  Beyond this we can look at their closest relatives.  Dinosaurs were the ancestors to birds, which have no ears.  Dinosaurs were cousins to lizards and other large reptiles, who again have no ears and kind of suck for hearing.  While they may have had ears in the sense of audio sensing organs, they almost certainly did not have ears as we recognize on mammals.   Edit- Officially my highest rated comment ever","labels":1,"seconds_difference":4774.0,"score_ratio":1.6385762889}
{"post_id":"6viv8i","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do we know dinosaurs didn't have cartilage protrusions like human ears and noses?","c_root_id_A":"dm0onnp","c_root_id_B":"dm0owng","created_at_utc_A":1503501635,"created_at_utc_B":1503501899,"score_A":2496,"score_B":6261,"human_ref_A":"We have found dinosaurs with an outline of their skin fossilized and some with organs. Recently they found a dinosaur so well preserved they are calling it a dinosaur mummy.  http:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/magazine\/2017\/06\/dinosaur-nodosaur-fossil-discovery\/","human_ref_B":"Unrelated, but it's actually possible that ancient relatives of crocodiles had external ears. The bit where you'd put modern crocs' earlid muscles was greatly developed in land-based cousins called notosuchians, and even further in a subgroup called the baurusuchids. This implies they had *something* over their ears that needed to be wiggled, and they weren't exactly keeping water out of their ears regularly.  So yeah. Possible land crocs with ears, big enough to hunt dinosaurs. Mesozoic be whack yo.  EDIT: Unfortunately their ears were not in fact superpredators. This is why I need to grammar.  EDIT2: Have a speculative reconstruction by a cool dude I know.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":264.0,"score_ratio":2.5084134615}
{"post_id":"6viv8i","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do we know dinosaurs didn't have cartilage protrusions like human ears and noses?","c_root_id_A":"dm0owng","c_root_id_B":"dm0nyde","created_at_utc_A":1503501899,"created_at_utc_B":1503500870,"score_A":6261,"score_B":726,"human_ref_A":"Unrelated, but it's actually possible that ancient relatives of crocodiles had external ears. The bit where you'd put modern crocs' earlid muscles was greatly developed in land-based cousins called notosuchians, and even further in a subgroup called the baurusuchids. This implies they had *something* over their ears that needed to be wiggled, and they weren't exactly keeping water out of their ears regularly.  So yeah. Possible land crocs with ears, big enough to hunt dinosaurs. Mesozoic be whack yo.  EDIT: Unfortunately their ears were not in fact superpredators. This is why I need to grammar.  EDIT2: Have a speculative reconstruction by a cool dude I know.","human_ref_B":"The remains from cartilaginous protrusions would be visible in sedimentary deposits. For example, look at this cast made from the body of someone who died in Pompeii during the Vesuvius explosion. His cartilaginous nose is visible. Dinosaurs would have left similar impressions.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1029.0,"score_ratio":8.6239669421}
{"post_id":"6viv8i","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do we know dinosaurs didn't have cartilage protrusions like human ears and noses?","c_root_id_A":"dm0owng","c_root_id_B":"dm0jatd","created_at_utc_A":1503501899,"created_at_utc_B":1503495390,"score_A":6261,"score_B":638,"human_ref_A":"Unrelated, but it's actually possible that ancient relatives of crocodiles had external ears. The bit where you'd put modern crocs' earlid muscles was greatly developed in land-based cousins called notosuchians, and even further in a subgroup called the baurusuchids. This implies they had *something* over their ears that needed to be wiggled, and they weren't exactly keeping water out of their ears regularly.  So yeah. Possible land crocs with ears, big enough to hunt dinosaurs. Mesozoic be whack yo.  EDIT: Unfortunately their ears were not in fact superpredators. This is why I need to grammar.  EDIT2: Have a speculative reconstruction by a cool dude I know.","human_ref_B":"I'm not a relevant expert, but doesn't cartilage usually attach to bones leaving telltale marks? Measurements of tendon attachment points gives information about muscle size, for example...","labels":1,"seconds_difference":6509.0,"score_ratio":9.8134796238}
{"post_id":"6viv8i","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do we know dinosaurs didn't have cartilage protrusions like human ears and noses?","c_root_id_A":"dm0kon9","c_root_id_B":"dm0jatd","created_at_utc_A":1503497125,"created_at_utc_B":1503495390,"score_A":3821,"score_B":638,"human_ref_A":"We don't conclusively know.  We do have a few indicators.  Cartilage usually attaches to bone or connects in such a way that leaves marks.  Beyond this we can look at their closest relatives.  Dinosaurs were the ancestors to birds, which have no ears.  Dinosaurs were cousins to lizards and other large reptiles, who again have no ears and kind of suck for hearing.  While they may have had ears in the sense of audio sensing organs, they almost certainly did not have ears as we recognize on mammals.   Edit- Officially my highest rated comment ever","human_ref_B":"I'm not a relevant expert, but doesn't cartilage usually attach to bones leaving telltale marks? Measurements of tendon attachment points gives information about muscle size, for example...","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1735.0,"score_ratio":5.9890282132}
{"post_id":"6viv8i","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do we know dinosaurs didn't have cartilage protrusions like human ears and noses?","c_root_id_A":"dm0onnp","c_root_id_B":"dm0rpdi","created_at_utc_A":1503501635,"created_at_utc_B":1503504829,"score_A":2496,"score_B":3569,"human_ref_A":"We have found dinosaurs with an outline of their skin fossilized and some with organs. Recently they found a dinosaur so well preserved they are calling it a dinosaur mummy.  http:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/magazine\/2017\/06\/dinosaur-nodosaur-fossil-discovery\/","human_ref_B":"It's notable that for animals that we've only found skeletons that artist depictions are probably missing things like loose skin and fat deposits. Unfortunately I can't find a better source so Buzzfeed it shall be. Two paleontologists took skeletons of modern animals and sketched them the way we've been historically sketching dinosaurs.   https:\/\/www.buzzfeed.com\/natashaumer\/dinosaur-animals?utm_term=.vhojKmrBb#.fheOV5Y3X  Granted they took a good bit of artistic liberty for emphasis.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":3194.0,"score_ratio":1.4298878205}
{"post_id":"6viv8i","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do we know dinosaurs didn't have cartilage protrusions like human ears and noses?","c_root_id_A":"dm0nyde","c_root_id_B":"dm0rpdi","created_at_utc_A":1503500870,"created_at_utc_B":1503504829,"score_A":726,"score_B":3569,"human_ref_A":"The remains from cartilaginous protrusions would be visible in sedimentary deposits. For example, look at this cast made from the body of someone who died in Pompeii during the Vesuvius explosion. His cartilaginous nose is visible. Dinosaurs would have left similar impressions.","human_ref_B":"It's notable that for animals that we've only found skeletons that artist depictions are probably missing things like loose skin and fat deposits. Unfortunately I can't find a better source so Buzzfeed it shall be. Two paleontologists took skeletons of modern animals and sketched them the way we've been historically sketching dinosaurs.   https:\/\/www.buzzfeed.com\/natashaumer\/dinosaur-animals?utm_term=.vhojKmrBb#.fheOV5Y3X  Granted they took a good bit of artistic liberty for emphasis.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":3959.0,"score_ratio":4.9159779614}
{"post_id":"6viv8i","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do we know dinosaurs didn't have cartilage protrusions like human ears and noses?","c_root_id_A":"dm0rpdi","c_root_id_B":"dm0jatd","created_at_utc_A":1503504829,"created_at_utc_B":1503495390,"score_A":3569,"score_B":638,"human_ref_A":"It's notable that for animals that we've only found skeletons that artist depictions are probably missing things like loose skin and fat deposits. Unfortunately I can't find a better source so Buzzfeed it shall be. Two paleontologists took skeletons of modern animals and sketched them the way we've been historically sketching dinosaurs.   https:\/\/www.buzzfeed.com\/natashaumer\/dinosaur-animals?utm_term=.vhojKmrBb#.fheOV5Y3X  Granted they took a good bit of artistic liberty for emphasis.","human_ref_B":"I'm not a relevant expert, but doesn't cartilage usually attach to bones leaving telltale marks? Measurements of tendon attachment points gives information about muscle size, for example...","labels":1,"seconds_difference":9439.0,"score_ratio":5.5940438871}
{"post_id":"6viv8i","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do we know dinosaurs didn't have cartilage protrusions like human ears and noses?","c_root_id_A":"dm0nyde","c_root_id_B":"dm0onnp","created_at_utc_A":1503500870,"created_at_utc_B":1503501635,"score_A":726,"score_B":2496,"human_ref_A":"The remains from cartilaginous protrusions would be visible in sedimentary deposits. For example, look at this cast made from the body of someone who died in Pompeii during the Vesuvius explosion. His cartilaginous nose is visible. Dinosaurs would have left similar impressions.","human_ref_B":"We have found dinosaurs with an outline of their skin fossilized and some with organs. Recently they found a dinosaur so well preserved they are calling it a dinosaur mummy.  http:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/magazine\/2017\/06\/dinosaur-nodosaur-fossil-discovery\/","labels":0,"seconds_difference":765.0,"score_ratio":3.4380165289}
{"post_id":"6viv8i","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do we know dinosaurs didn't have cartilage protrusions like human ears and noses?","c_root_id_A":"dm0onnp","c_root_id_B":"dm0jatd","created_at_utc_A":1503501635,"created_at_utc_B":1503495390,"score_A":2496,"score_B":638,"human_ref_A":"We have found dinosaurs with an outline of their skin fossilized and some with organs. Recently they found a dinosaur so well preserved they are calling it a dinosaur mummy.  http:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/magazine\/2017\/06\/dinosaur-nodosaur-fossil-discovery\/","human_ref_B":"I'm not a relevant expert, but doesn't cartilage usually attach to bones leaving telltale marks? Measurements of tendon attachment points gives information about muscle size, for example...","labels":1,"seconds_difference":6245.0,"score_ratio":3.9122257053}
{"post_id":"6viv8i","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do we know dinosaurs didn't have cartilage protrusions like human ears and noses?","c_root_id_A":"dm0nyde","c_root_id_B":"dm0jatd","created_at_utc_A":1503500870,"created_at_utc_B":1503495390,"score_A":726,"score_B":638,"human_ref_A":"The remains from cartilaginous protrusions would be visible in sedimentary deposits. For example, look at this cast made from the body of someone who died in Pompeii during the Vesuvius explosion. His cartilaginous nose is visible. Dinosaurs would have left similar impressions.","human_ref_B":"I'm not a relevant expert, but doesn't cartilage usually attach to bones leaving telltale marks? Measurements of tendon attachment points gives information about muscle size, for example...","labels":1,"seconds_difference":5480.0,"score_ratio":1.1379310345}
{"post_id":"7fxfka","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How does bowing work in Japanese culture. I've heard there are so many subtleties to bowing that a Westerner should never attempt it. Is this true? What are some of these subtleties?","c_root_id_A":"dqf5ste","c_root_id_B":"dqfdh2a","created_at_utc_A":1511814046,"created_at_utc_B":1511821785,"score_A":3803,"score_B":6946,"human_ref_A":"Think of it like a non-English speaker trying to express gratitude by saying \"Thank I\". It's wrong, and an American saying it would get a very strange look, but from someone who doesn't understand the language, it's completely acceptable and welcomed because it's shows effort and respect.","human_ref_B":"White guy living in Japan for over a decade here. If you don\u2019t look Japanese everyone here will assume you are completely ignorant of the culture and language and most indiscretions will be forgiven. Any attempt at anything \u201cJapanese\u201d will generally be met with happiness and cultural pride that you are trying and interested.  The only things you can do off the top of my head to piss people off that you might not know to do or not do: don\u2019t talk on the phone in trains or on busses, stand on the left side of elevators (or the right side in Kyoto\/Osaka), let people get off trains before you get on. Maybe more, but that\u2019s all I can think of.  Edit: Whoops! Why did I say elevators?! I meant escalators!","labels":0,"seconds_difference":7739.0,"score_ratio":1.8264528004}
{"post_id":"7fxfka","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How does bowing work in Japanese culture. I've heard there are so many subtleties to bowing that a Westerner should never attempt it. Is this true? What are some of these subtleties?","c_root_id_A":"dqf2u5a","c_root_id_B":"dqfdh2a","created_at_utc_A":1511811089,"created_at_utc_B":1511821785,"score_A":2982,"score_B":6946,"human_ref_A":"American here who's been to Japan, they typically don't have a huge expectation that you'll know the rules as a westerner and **trying** to do it right is more than enough. Pretty much any polite greeting, \"thank you\" or \"good bye\" moment is the right moment for a quick bow.  It's kinda like handshakes, sure there's stuff about confident handshakes vs polite vs \"this guy's too important for you to stroll up to\" but largely as long as you're TRYING to be nice, nobody's worried.","human_ref_B":"White guy living in Japan for over a decade here. If you don\u2019t look Japanese everyone here will assume you are completely ignorant of the culture and language and most indiscretions will be forgiven. Any attempt at anything \u201cJapanese\u201d will generally be met with happiness and cultural pride that you are trying and interested.  The only things you can do off the top of my head to piss people off that you might not know to do or not do: don\u2019t talk on the phone in trains or on busses, stand on the left side of elevators (or the right side in Kyoto\/Osaka), let people get off trains before you get on. Maybe more, but that\u2019s all I can think of.  Edit: Whoops! Why did I say elevators?! I meant escalators!","labels":0,"seconds_difference":10696.0,"score_ratio":2.3293091885}
{"post_id":"7fxfka","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How does bowing work in Japanese culture. I've heard there are so many subtleties to bowing that a Westerner should never attempt it. Is this true? What are some of these subtleties?","c_root_id_A":"dqfdh2a","c_root_id_B":"dqf369c","created_at_utc_A":1511821785,"created_at_utc_B":1511811426,"score_A":6946,"score_B":1606,"human_ref_A":"White guy living in Japan for over a decade here. If you don\u2019t look Japanese everyone here will assume you are completely ignorant of the culture and language and most indiscretions will be forgiven. Any attempt at anything \u201cJapanese\u201d will generally be met with happiness and cultural pride that you are trying and interested.  The only things you can do off the top of my head to piss people off that you might not know to do or not do: don\u2019t talk on the phone in trains or on busses, stand on the left side of elevators (or the right side in Kyoto\/Osaka), let people get off trains before you get on. Maybe more, but that\u2019s all I can think of.  Edit: Whoops! Why did I say elevators?! I meant escalators!","human_ref_B":"99% of the subtleties you'd never need to know, or would be forgiven for not knowing as a foreigner so long as you bow in general.  If it's in a traditional setting, expect to bow. If it's in a non-traditional formal setting (e.g. business meeting), expect to make a short bow, followed by a handshake.  That's literally all there is to it.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":10359.0,"score_ratio":4.3250311333}
{"post_id":"7fxfka","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How does bowing work in Japanese culture. I've heard there are so many subtleties to bowing that a Westerner should never attempt it. Is this true? What are some of these subtleties?","c_root_id_A":"dqfbv28","c_root_id_B":"dqfdh2a","created_at_utc_A":1511820077,"created_at_utc_B":1511821785,"score_A":747,"score_B":6946,"human_ref_A":"You bow lower the more \"respect\" the person deserves. You would bow much lower to your teacher than you would to a fellow student. Consequently your teacher would bow shorter to you than a colleague.  basically a status thing. The lower you bow, the higher above you than they are. But if you are above the other person you still bow, don't just nod your head. That is seen as very disrespectful. Kind of condescending \"Here's a token attempt\"  Maintaining eye contact shows a bit of distrust \"I respect you, but I am not willing to take my eyes off you.\" This is why you will see martial artists bow but maintain eye contact. Because technically they are opponents at this moment.  Those are the two I know.","human_ref_B":"White guy living in Japan for over a decade here. If you don\u2019t look Japanese everyone here will assume you are completely ignorant of the culture and language and most indiscretions will be forgiven. Any attempt at anything \u201cJapanese\u201d will generally be met with happiness and cultural pride that you are trying and interested.  The only things you can do off the top of my head to piss people off that you might not know to do or not do: don\u2019t talk on the phone in trains or on busses, stand on the left side of elevators (or the right side in Kyoto\/Osaka), let people get off trains before you get on. Maybe more, but that\u2019s all I can think of.  Edit: Whoops! Why did I say elevators?! I meant escalators!","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1708.0,"score_ratio":9.2985274431}
{"post_id":"7fxfka","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How does bowing work in Japanese culture. I've heard there are so many subtleties to bowing that a Westerner should never attempt it. Is this true? What are some of these subtleties?","c_root_id_A":"dqf5ste","c_root_id_B":"dqf2u5a","created_at_utc_A":1511814046,"created_at_utc_B":1511811089,"score_A":3803,"score_B":2982,"human_ref_A":"Think of it like a non-English speaker trying to express gratitude by saying \"Thank I\". It's wrong, and an American saying it would get a very strange look, but from someone who doesn't understand the language, it's completely acceptable and welcomed because it's shows effort and respect.","human_ref_B":"American here who's been to Japan, they typically don't have a huge expectation that you'll know the rules as a westerner and **trying** to do it right is more than enough. Pretty much any polite greeting, \"thank you\" or \"good bye\" moment is the right moment for a quick bow.  It's kinda like handshakes, sure there's stuff about confident handshakes vs polite vs \"this guy's too important for you to stroll up to\" but largely as long as you're TRYING to be nice, nobody's worried.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2957.0,"score_ratio":1.2753185781}
{"post_id":"7fxfka","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How does bowing work in Japanese culture. I've heard there are so many subtleties to bowing that a Westerner should never attempt it. Is this true? What are some of these subtleties?","c_root_id_A":"dqf369c","c_root_id_B":"dqf5ste","created_at_utc_A":1511811426,"created_at_utc_B":1511814046,"score_A":1606,"score_B":3803,"human_ref_A":"99% of the subtleties you'd never need to know, or would be forgiven for not knowing as a foreigner so long as you bow in general.  If it's in a traditional setting, expect to bow. If it's in a non-traditional formal setting (e.g. business meeting), expect to make a short bow, followed by a handshake.  That's literally all there is to it.","human_ref_B":"Think of it like a non-English speaker trying to express gratitude by saying \"Thank I\". It's wrong, and an American saying it would get a very strange look, but from someone who doesn't understand the language, it's completely acceptable and welcomed because it's shows effort and respect.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2620.0,"score_ratio":2.3679950187}
{"post_id":"6pk7rz","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How did the restaurant industry convince the American population to pay their employees for them? Where did we buy into the tip system?","c_root_id_A":"dkqnheq","c_root_id_B":"dkqkj0l","created_at_utc_A":1501069589,"created_at_utc_B":1501062814,"score_A":2669,"score_B":2260,"human_ref_A":"A local brew pub recently switched to a \"no tip\" model here in the US and received  quite a bit of backlash about it. The owner wrote a pretty extensive blog post about why he did it and how he hopes to see it play out.   Some of his key reasons:    * There is enormous inequity in pay between the servers and the kitchen staff. * Tipping promotes discrimination and harassment. * Tipping has an ugly history rooted in classism and racism. * Tipping has very little if any influence on the quality of service * Earning tips is the source of motivation is only half the truth * A major cost for any restaurant is turnover * Working in hospitality is a respectable career that deserves a respectable pay  Edit: I know this doesn't directly explain the OP's question, but if you read the blog post it does a good job explaining some of the history and why America should change it's ways.","human_ref_B":"This will, of course, get lost or downvoted to oblivion.  I'll put the TL;DR first...  TL;DR The tipping system creates higher potential wages, lower operating costs and a less expensive dine in experience for customers.  On average in my business my tipped employees make 19% off of my gross sales. That's one hell of a lot better than what I make off of it. And, I'm the one shouldering all the risk. I work the most, work the hardest and went years without income to build it.  Even if the business is losing money, the tipped employees still make a percentage of gross sales.  So, the assumption seems to center on \"Those cheap owners, why do I have to pay their staffs wages?\". Not only does the customer have to pay the wages, they have to pay the rent, utilities, food costs, insurance, trash pick up, water ect. If customers do not pay at least 100% of the costs of a business to operate that business closes.  The next  argument is \"Just raise menu prices to cover tips so I don't have to feel bad about not tipping\". And here is where they've really gone off course because that would actually cost customers MORE money than the current tipping culture\/system.  The assumption is that I can just raise my prices 19% (to cover the tip rate) and eliminate tipping and servers\/bartenders can make the same amount of money. Here is why that is wrong.  1) Sales Tax: There is no sales tax on tips. But, if tips were rolled into the menu price the cost of the meal not only went up by 19%, sales tax also went up 19%. The cost of the meal is now 21% higher.  2) Insurance premiums: The premiums of the various types of insurance a restaurant\/bar must carry (with the exception of insuring the property itself since that's based on its appraised value) are based on gross sales. Assuming that at the higher price, total volume remains the same (which it won't but I'll get to that) gross sales increase so insurance premiums increase. That cost must also be added to the cost of the meal (increasing the menu price and the total sales tax paid again)  3) Employer payroll taxes: This costs about 13% of payroll. The increase in payroll increases the amount of employer payroll tax (which increases the menu price and total sales tax paid again)  These are the big three. It is, therefor, cheaper for the customer to pay a lower menu price and tip.  Now lets talk about what happens at the higher price point.  Restaurant\/Bar spending is highly elastic. What does that mean in economics?  >  \"If a small change in price is accompanied by a large change in quantity demanded, the product is said to be elastic (or responsive to price changes). Conversely, a product is inelastic if a large change in price is accompanied by a small amount of change in quantity demanded\"  At the higher price point, volume will decrease. You may achieve the same gross sales but the volume moved to get those sales is lower (less items sold at a higher price). This reduces the demand for labor. There will be less hours available to work.  At a higher price point, the size of the customer pool a restaurant\/bar has to draw from will shrink. Tipping creates a sliding price scale for customers. One customer may pay less than another customer for the same meal because they tip less. Our average tip rate is 19%. Some customers tip 40%, some 20%, some tip 0%. A $10 meal costs customer A $10 and customer C $14. If you eliminate tipping and raise the price to $12, customer B will still come and probably still tip while customer A has been eliminated from your market. (decreasing volume and the need for labor)  Now lets talk about the employees specifically.  Tips are federally protected wages. I can't touch that money. It must go to the tipped employees. If I raised my prices and eliminated tipping, that money is now MINE to do with what I please. There are plenty of operators out there that would just slide some of that money into their pocket.  With regards to inflation: Because tipped employees make a percentage of their gross sales, a big chunk of their wages are directly tied to inflation. If my costs go up 3% and I have to raise my prices 3% they make 3% more in tips. Flat wages instead of tipping uncouples tipped employees wages from inflation. So, keep that in mind when you hear a server complain how they are making the same hourly wage they did 10 years ago, because they are not. Their tips have increased with inflation.  Then there is the issue of fair compensation between tipped employees. Tipped employees make a percentage of their sales volume. If tipped employees made flat wages instead, how many would be clamoring to work a Friday or Saturday night, deal with all that volume and stress when they can just work Monday and make the same amount of money? I'd rather be off on the weekends! Our lowest total hourly wage tipped employee averaged $16.13 an hour (tips + hourly) last year and our highest almost $30 an hour (tips + hourly) last year. But, the $30\/hr employee worked the toughest shifts, handled more stress and offered more flexible hours (aside from just being a better employee period). The tipping system directly accounts for the difference in how much effort the two employees put in last year. How do you account for that in a flat wage system? And don't tell me I have to do additional hours of payroll acrobatics with fluctuating hourly payrates based on demand.  With the tipping system in place now, the highest value, most talented and hardest working employees are directly compensated by making a percentage of their higher gross sales and they are directly compensated for working the toughest, highest volume shifts.  TL;DR The tipping system creates higher potential wages, lower operating costs and a less expensive dine in experience for customers.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":6775.0,"score_ratio":1.1809734513}
{"post_id":"6pk7rz","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How did the restaurant industry convince the American population to pay their employees for them? Where did we buy into the tip system?","c_root_id_A":"dkqcvh3","c_root_id_B":"dkqnheq","created_at_utc_A":1501045856,"created_at_utc_B":1501069589,"score_A":875,"score_B":2669,"human_ref_A":"There's a clip from \"Adam Ruins Everything\" that talks about this system. It basically started around the Great Depression and never left. Large restaurant chains figured it was less expensive to pay a handful of lawyers to lobby for lower wages than it was to pay hundreds or thousands of employees a higher wage.  As a server, though, there are some benefits. If you're working 50% harder than the server next to you- turning tables quickly and up-selling expensive items (in the current system) you'll usually notice it in your pay at the end of the night. Under the usual hourly-wage system used in other industries, your boss may consider one night a fluke, may notice in weekly or monthly reports, and at the end of a year give you a 5% raise for your efforts. There's an instant gratification with tips.","human_ref_B":"A local brew pub recently switched to a \"no tip\" model here in the US and received  quite a bit of backlash about it. The owner wrote a pretty extensive blog post about why he did it and how he hopes to see it play out.   Some of his key reasons:    * There is enormous inequity in pay between the servers and the kitchen staff. * Tipping promotes discrimination and harassment. * Tipping has an ugly history rooted in classism and racism. * Tipping has very little if any influence on the quality of service * Earning tips is the source of motivation is only half the truth * A major cost for any restaurant is turnover * Working in hospitality is a respectable career that deserves a respectable pay  Edit: I know this doesn't directly explain the OP's question, but if you read the blog post it does a good job explaining some of the history and why America should change it's ways.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":23733.0,"score_ratio":3.0502857143}
{"post_id":"6pk7rz","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How did the restaurant industry convince the American population to pay their employees for them? Where did we buy into the tip system?","c_root_id_A":"dkqiuw9","c_root_id_B":"dkqnheq","created_at_utc_A":1501058383,"created_at_utc_B":1501069589,"score_A":121,"score_B":2669,"human_ref_A":"Short answer: it's left over from the Great Depression. There's several good explanations already here.    To everyone saying \"I would rather pay more and have the restaurants pay their servers directly\", I've got bad news. Several restaurants have tried that, and a lot of them couldn't keep good servers. Turns out, lots of people in the service industry like the current tipping model, that's why they stay in the service industry. (Myself included. I make on average $25\/hr bartending. I'm a disabled college dropout with no trained skills. I can't make that kind of money anywhere that's not tip-based.) They lost staff, spent more money on payroll, raised prices, and didn't see an increase in customers. It wasn't beneficial for anyone.  https:\/\/www.google.com\/amp\/www.sandiegouniontribune.com\/sdut-no-tipping-trend-now-at-more-restaurants-with-2016aug31-story,amp.html","human_ref_B":"A local brew pub recently switched to a \"no tip\" model here in the US and received  quite a bit of backlash about it. The owner wrote a pretty extensive blog post about why he did it and how he hopes to see it play out.   Some of his key reasons:    * There is enormous inequity in pay between the servers and the kitchen staff. * Tipping promotes discrimination and harassment. * Tipping has an ugly history rooted in classism and racism. * Tipping has very little if any influence on the quality of service * Earning tips is the source of motivation is only half the truth * A major cost for any restaurant is turnover * Working in hospitality is a respectable career that deserves a respectable pay  Edit: I know this doesn't directly explain the OP's question, but if you read the blog post it does a good job explaining some of the history and why America should change it's ways.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":11206.0,"score_ratio":22.0578512397}
{"post_id":"6pk7rz","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How did the restaurant industry convince the American population to pay their employees for them? Where did we buy into the tip system?","c_root_id_A":"dkqkj0l","c_root_id_B":"dkqcvh3","created_at_utc_A":1501062814,"created_at_utc_B":1501045856,"score_A":2260,"score_B":875,"human_ref_A":"This will, of course, get lost or downvoted to oblivion.  I'll put the TL;DR first...  TL;DR The tipping system creates higher potential wages, lower operating costs and a less expensive dine in experience for customers.  On average in my business my tipped employees make 19% off of my gross sales. That's one hell of a lot better than what I make off of it. And, I'm the one shouldering all the risk. I work the most, work the hardest and went years without income to build it.  Even if the business is losing money, the tipped employees still make a percentage of gross sales.  So, the assumption seems to center on \"Those cheap owners, why do I have to pay their staffs wages?\". Not only does the customer have to pay the wages, they have to pay the rent, utilities, food costs, insurance, trash pick up, water ect. If customers do not pay at least 100% of the costs of a business to operate that business closes.  The next  argument is \"Just raise menu prices to cover tips so I don't have to feel bad about not tipping\". And here is where they've really gone off course because that would actually cost customers MORE money than the current tipping culture\/system.  The assumption is that I can just raise my prices 19% (to cover the tip rate) and eliminate tipping and servers\/bartenders can make the same amount of money. Here is why that is wrong.  1) Sales Tax: There is no sales tax on tips. But, if tips were rolled into the menu price the cost of the meal not only went up by 19%, sales tax also went up 19%. The cost of the meal is now 21% higher.  2) Insurance premiums: The premiums of the various types of insurance a restaurant\/bar must carry (with the exception of insuring the property itself since that's based on its appraised value) are based on gross sales. Assuming that at the higher price, total volume remains the same (which it won't but I'll get to that) gross sales increase so insurance premiums increase. That cost must also be added to the cost of the meal (increasing the menu price and the total sales tax paid again)  3) Employer payroll taxes: This costs about 13% of payroll. The increase in payroll increases the amount of employer payroll tax (which increases the menu price and total sales tax paid again)  These are the big three. It is, therefor, cheaper for the customer to pay a lower menu price and tip.  Now lets talk about what happens at the higher price point.  Restaurant\/Bar spending is highly elastic. What does that mean in economics?  >  \"If a small change in price is accompanied by a large change in quantity demanded, the product is said to be elastic (or responsive to price changes). Conversely, a product is inelastic if a large change in price is accompanied by a small amount of change in quantity demanded\"  At the higher price point, volume will decrease. You may achieve the same gross sales but the volume moved to get those sales is lower (less items sold at a higher price). This reduces the demand for labor. There will be less hours available to work.  At a higher price point, the size of the customer pool a restaurant\/bar has to draw from will shrink. Tipping creates a sliding price scale for customers. One customer may pay less than another customer for the same meal because they tip less. Our average tip rate is 19%. Some customers tip 40%, some 20%, some tip 0%. A $10 meal costs customer A $10 and customer C $14. If you eliminate tipping and raise the price to $12, customer B will still come and probably still tip while customer A has been eliminated from your market. (decreasing volume and the need for labor)  Now lets talk about the employees specifically.  Tips are federally protected wages. I can't touch that money. It must go to the tipped employees. If I raised my prices and eliminated tipping, that money is now MINE to do with what I please. There are plenty of operators out there that would just slide some of that money into their pocket.  With regards to inflation: Because tipped employees make a percentage of their gross sales, a big chunk of their wages are directly tied to inflation. If my costs go up 3% and I have to raise my prices 3% they make 3% more in tips. Flat wages instead of tipping uncouples tipped employees wages from inflation. So, keep that in mind when you hear a server complain how they are making the same hourly wage they did 10 years ago, because they are not. Their tips have increased with inflation.  Then there is the issue of fair compensation between tipped employees. Tipped employees make a percentage of their sales volume. If tipped employees made flat wages instead, how many would be clamoring to work a Friday or Saturday night, deal with all that volume and stress when they can just work Monday and make the same amount of money? I'd rather be off on the weekends! Our lowest total hourly wage tipped employee averaged $16.13 an hour (tips + hourly) last year and our highest almost $30 an hour (tips + hourly) last year. But, the $30\/hr employee worked the toughest shifts, handled more stress and offered more flexible hours (aside from just being a better employee period). The tipping system directly accounts for the difference in how much effort the two employees put in last year. How do you account for that in a flat wage system? And don't tell me I have to do additional hours of payroll acrobatics with fluctuating hourly payrates based on demand.  With the tipping system in place now, the highest value, most talented and hardest working employees are directly compensated by making a percentage of their higher gross sales and they are directly compensated for working the toughest, highest volume shifts.  TL;DR The tipping system creates higher potential wages, lower operating costs and a less expensive dine in experience for customers.","human_ref_B":"There's a clip from \"Adam Ruins Everything\" that talks about this system. It basically started around the Great Depression and never left. Large restaurant chains figured it was less expensive to pay a handful of lawyers to lobby for lower wages than it was to pay hundreds or thousands of employees a higher wage.  As a server, though, there are some benefits. If you're working 50% harder than the server next to you- turning tables quickly and up-selling expensive items (in the current system) you'll usually notice it in your pay at the end of the night. Under the usual hourly-wage system used in other industries, your boss may consider one night a fluke, may notice in weekly or monthly reports, and at the end of a year give you a 5% raise for your efforts. There's an instant gratification with tips.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":16958.0,"score_ratio":2.5828571429}
{"post_id":"6pk7rz","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How did the restaurant industry convince the American population to pay their employees for them? Where did we buy into the tip system?","c_root_id_A":"dkqkj0l","c_root_id_B":"dkqiuw9","created_at_utc_A":1501062814,"created_at_utc_B":1501058383,"score_A":2260,"score_B":121,"human_ref_A":"This will, of course, get lost or downvoted to oblivion.  I'll put the TL;DR first...  TL;DR The tipping system creates higher potential wages, lower operating costs and a less expensive dine in experience for customers.  On average in my business my tipped employees make 19% off of my gross sales. That's one hell of a lot better than what I make off of it. And, I'm the one shouldering all the risk. I work the most, work the hardest and went years without income to build it.  Even if the business is losing money, the tipped employees still make a percentage of gross sales.  So, the assumption seems to center on \"Those cheap owners, why do I have to pay their staffs wages?\". Not only does the customer have to pay the wages, they have to pay the rent, utilities, food costs, insurance, trash pick up, water ect. If customers do not pay at least 100% of the costs of a business to operate that business closes.  The next  argument is \"Just raise menu prices to cover tips so I don't have to feel bad about not tipping\". And here is where they've really gone off course because that would actually cost customers MORE money than the current tipping culture\/system.  The assumption is that I can just raise my prices 19% (to cover the tip rate) and eliminate tipping and servers\/bartenders can make the same amount of money. Here is why that is wrong.  1) Sales Tax: There is no sales tax on tips. But, if tips were rolled into the menu price the cost of the meal not only went up by 19%, sales tax also went up 19%. The cost of the meal is now 21% higher.  2) Insurance premiums: The premiums of the various types of insurance a restaurant\/bar must carry (with the exception of insuring the property itself since that's based on its appraised value) are based on gross sales. Assuming that at the higher price, total volume remains the same (which it won't but I'll get to that) gross sales increase so insurance premiums increase. That cost must also be added to the cost of the meal (increasing the menu price and the total sales tax paid again)  3) Employer payroll taxes: This costs about 13% of payroll. The increase in payroll increases the amount of employer payroll tax (which increases the menu price and total sales tax paid again)  These are the big three. It is, therefor, cheaper for the customer to pay a lower menu price and tip.  Now lets talk about what happens at the higher price point.  Restaurant\/Bar spending is highly elastic. What does that mean in economics?  >  \"If a small change in price is accompanied by a large change in quantity demanded, the product is said to be elastic (or responsive to price changes). Conversely, a product is inelastic if a large change in price is accompanied by a small amount of change in quantity demanded\"  At the higher price point, volume will decrease. You may achieve the same gross sales but the volume moved to get those sales is lower (less items sold at a higher price). This reduces the demand for labor. There will be less hours available to work.  At a higher price point, the size of the customer pool a restaurant\/bar has to draw from will shrink. Tipping creates a sliding price scale for customers. One customer may pay less than another customer for the same meal because they tip less. Our average tip rate is 19%. Some customers tip 40%, some 20%, some tip 0%. A $10 meal costs customer A $10 and customer C $14. If you eliminate tipping and raise the price to $12, customer B will still come and probably still tip while customer A has been eliminated from your market. (decreasing volume and the need for labor)  Now lets talk about the employees specifically.  Tips are federally protected wages. I can't touch that money. It must go to the tipped employees. If I raised my prices and eliminated tipping, that money is now MINE to do with what I please. There are plenty of operators out there that would just slide some of that money into their pocket.  With regards to inflation: Because tipped employees make a percentage of their gross sales, a big chunk of their wages are directly tied to inflation. If my costs go up 3% and I have to raise my prices 3% they make 3% more in tips. Flat wages instead of tipping uncouples tipped employees wages from inflation. So, keep that in mind when you hear a server complain how they are making the same hourly wage they did 10 years ago, because they are not. Their tips have increased with inflation.  Then there is the issue of fair compensation between tipped employees. Tipped employees make a percentage of their sales volume. If tipped employees made flat wages instead, how many would be clamoring to work a Friday or Saturday night, deal with all that volume and stress when they can just work Monday and make the same amount of money? I'd rather be off on the weekends! Our lowest total hourly wage tipped employee averaged $16.13 an hour (tips + hourly) last year and our highest almost $30 an hour (tips + hourly) last year. But, the $30\/hr employee worked the toughest shifts, handled more stress and offered more flexible hours (aside from just being a better employee period). The tipping system directly accounts for the difference in how much effort the two employees put in last year. How do you account for that in a flat wage system? And don't tell me I have to do additional hours of payroll acrobatics with fluctuating hourly payrates based on demand.  With the tipping system in place now, the highest value, most talented and hardest working employees are directly compensated by making a percentage of their higher gross sales and they are directly compensated for working the toughest, highest volume shifts.  TL;DR The tipping system creates higher potential wages, lower operating costs and a less expensive dine in experience for customers.","human_ref_B":"Short answer: it's left over from the Great Depression. There's several good explanations already here.    To everyone saying \"I would rather pay more and have the restaurants pay their servers directly\", I've got bad news. Several restaurants have tried that, and a lot of them couldn't keep good servers. Turns out, lots of people in the service industry like the current tipping model, that's why they stay in the service industry. (Myself included. I make on average $25\/hr bartending. I'm a disabled college dropout with no trained skills. I can't make that kind of money anywhere that's not tip-based.) They lost staff, spent more money on payroll, raised prices, and didn't see an increase in customers. It wasn't beneficial for anyone.  https:\/\/www.google.com\/amp\/www.sandiegouniontribune.com\/sdut-no-tipping-trend-now-at-more-restaurants-with-2016aug31-story,amp.html","labels":1,"seconds_difference":4431.0,"score_ratio":18.6776859504}
{"post_id":"6pk7rz","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How did the restaurant industry convince the American population to pay their employees for them? Where did we buy into the tip system?","c_root_id_A":"dkqcvh3","c_root_id_B":"dkr23a0","created_at_utc_A":1501045856,"created_at_utc_B":1501086807,"score_A":875,"score_B":1673,"human_ref_A":"There's a clip from \"Adam Ruins Everything\" that talks about this system. It basically started around the Great Depression and never left. Large restaurant chains figured it was less expensive to pay a handful of lawyers to lobby for lower wages than it was to pay hundreds or thousands of employees a higher wage.  As a server, though, there are some benefits. If you're working 50% harder than the server next to you- turning tables quickly and up-selling expensive items (in the current system) you'll usually notice it in your pay at the end of the night. Under the usual hourly-wage system used in other industries, your boss may consider one night a fluke, may notice in weekly or monthly reports, and at the end of a year give you a 5% raise for your efforts. There's an instant gratification with tips.","human_ref_B":"This is a good question.   When people go to a quick casual restaurant the price you see is the price you get. This is hopefully the optimum price for owners and customers, and the employees are paid a wage dependent on the local market.  It makes a lot of sense from a supply and demand perspective, including labor and production. Customers pay a price they are willing to pay, workers work for the most the market will bear, and owners make as much profit as they possibly can. The system is based on the constant push and pull, ultimately leading to $8.50 burritos.  Why doesn\u2019t this transfer to sit down restaurants? Denny\u2019s all the way up to a steak house, waiters are paid around $2.50 + tips, while at a Chipotle it is reasonable to expect a starting wage at $9.50. Both are providing basically the same product, food. Why shouldn\u2019t people be paid the same?  The question we should ask isn\u2019t \u201cwhy shouldn\u2019t people be paid the same\u201d, rather \u201cwhy aren\u2019t people paid the same\u201d. It is always more useful to understand why before asking if things should be different.  So why are people tipped? The idea when you first look at it is ridiculous. Every single waiter in the country is an actor, playing their part, and at the end of each performance they receive a grade. Their tip. And arguably the better your performance the better your tip. Is this why people tip? Mostly no. If someone tips 20% at every meal the chance they will tip less than 15% is highly unlikely. And just as unlikely is tipping 25%. The same can be said for someone who tips 10%, or 5%. People go into restaurants with their own idea of what is appropriate and tip accordingly, regardless of service.  This is not to completely diminish the importance of competent waiters, good service and hard work matter. They just don\u2019t matter nearly as much as many people would like to believe.  This misconception is important explain tipping\u2019s staying power. It fits nicely with American ideas of hard work and individualism. It also makes it easier to manage a wait staff. The carrot is nicely held in front \u201cdo good work, be diligent and friendly, you will be paid more\u201d.  That isn\u2019t the only reason for tipping, full service restaurant economics might be more important. For those unaware full-service restaurants are expensive operations. If you buy a plate of pasta for $20, reasonably you can expect 10% to 15% of the bill to go to rent, around 25% to 30% to go to the cost of food, between 20% and 25% of the bill is labor. Just with rent, labor, and COGS a restaurants margin is somewhere between 45% and 30%. This does not include management, cleaning, maintenance, marketing, utilities, and dozens of other small expenses. When all is said and done, most sit down full-service restaurants make anywhere between 4% and 7% of gross income. That pasta made the owner somewhere between $.80 to $1.40.  Should you pity the restaurateur? Probably not. It can be a good living and owner operated locations often have the benefit of not \u201cpaying\u201d for management and some labor, meaning someone can run a $600,000 a year restaurant and bring home around $80,000 to $120,000. But for big corporate chains the reality is margins are low compared to other businesses, operating cost are high, and there is a nasty little industry secret.  They don\u2019t make money 80% of the time.  A slow lunch on Tuesday doesn\u2019t keep the lights on. It might only cover the cost of rent. A good example is Twin Peaks, a chain similar too Hooters. Each Twin Peaks has a very expensive building, in an expensive areas, with expensive cooks, high management costs, and only makes money after 5 PM Monday through Thursday. Those high-volume times are so high they pay for the rest of the \u201cdead time\u201d.  This is typical for many restaurants, some are busy for lunch during the week, others are big breakfast places, others need have a good Friday or they can\u2019t pay their suppliers. Whatever the pattern of customers it is very rare to find a restaurant which can support a full staff 100% of the time. Here\u2019s the kicker, customers expect and demand the same service level 100% of the time.  What do you do?  You need cooks in the back, at a minimum labor is $10 an hour (probably more, in large Texas cities a good line cook makes at least $11.50 an hour). You need managers, contrary to popular belief they do things. Here is where tipping makes a lot of sense. The cooks and the managers jobs are the same Monday through Sunday. Yes, they may be busier sometimes, but a manager can do inventory on slow times and a good line cook is always prepping for busy times. They can spread their labor around, and as such it is unreasonable to expect a them to be paid less in a slow time.  Now for the waiters, they can\u2019t functionally spread their labor to other times. You can\u2019t build up waiter capacity and use it when needed. A waiter is only useful to a restaurant when a customer is in the building.  The cost of running a restaurant are fixed (even labor and management to a certain extent) but the revenue is inconsistent. Tipping allows restaurants to meet the expectations of customers, high quality service always, and allows restaurants to pay waiters only when they can afford to pay them. The waiters get to earn a percentage of their sales and give up a standard paycheck in return for more control over their salaries.  There are plenty of holes in the argument and it raises a lot of question. Why don\u2019t restaurants find out what the actual hourly wage is for servers and pay them accordingly? Why don\u2019t restaurants staff employees more effectively? Why don\u2019t customers accept higher prices? Why don\u2019t restaurants raise prices to just pay people more?  All the questions are worth answering, but it always gets back to supply and demand and human behavior. When people look at the price of a menu they decide to purchase the food or go to another restaurant. And with Yelp and Google price comparisons are easier than ever. It means if a restaurant charges $15 for a burger it had better be at least 2X as good as $7.50 burger. Higher prices must correlate with higher value. And as much as every restaurant claims to have \u201cthe best\u2026.\u201d there is a market price for a burger and for a steak.  But almost all Americans know the price you see is not the result. We don\u2019t have VAT, we factor in tax and tip. We are all taxed the same, but we don\u2019t all tip the same.  Tipping functions the same way as a coupon. Tipping allows customers to receive the same service, eating at a restaurant and ordering the same food, while paying different prices. There is an efficiency to the system. Those who are price conscious and less willing to tip are more enticed to a restaurant with low prices, while a less price conscious person is attracted to the same restaurant. The owner gets the business of both customers and the wait staff gets functionally an average tip from both customers.  At this point it is worth pointing out how many redditors have said \u201cwhile I was in university I waited tables\u201d or \u201cwhile I was in college I worked the bar\u201d and they made \u201cwell over minimum wage\u201d because \u201cthey worked hard\u201d. This is a generalization and as a rule should be avoided. Except in the preceding sentence. But they hint at a very uncomfortable truth about the service industry, educated, young, and attractive people can make very good money from tips (big assumption, redditors are young, attractive, and well educated). I assure you, you are not better at your job than the middle-aged waiter at Denny\u2019s, but you will get paid more. The ability to access higher paying jobs in the service industry is based on your background, your looks, and how you speak.  What is the conclusion? Should we abolish tipping? Outlawing tipping might make waiters at lower cost restaurants get paid more (this makes sense, tipping is a function of a percentage of sales, lower cost food leads to a lower cost per transaction, leading to a lower tip, and lower wages), but it certainly would impact a lot of college educated people capitalizing on their social skills. It might make a lot of restaurant radically readjust their labor, with some restaurant surely closing. It might make an entire industry segment, sit down restaurants (which are losing sales and business at a fast clip) less attractive to customers, lowering sales and lowering overall wages.  Personally, I see tipping as a bad system, not from an economic standpoint but from a moral standpoint. People shouldn\u2019t have to sing for their supper. They should do a job, get paid for the job, and whether some jerk tipped shouldn\u2019t affect whether you make rent. But it is much more complicated than that. Many restaurants have tried to change tipping culture, and none has met with much success. Certainly there hasn\u2019t been a brushfire of \u201cde-tipping\u201d.  I hope you all found this helpful.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":40951.0,"score_ratio":1.912}
{"post_id":"6pk7rz","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How did the restaurant industry convince the American population to pay their employees for them? Where did we buy into the tip system?","c_root_id_A":"dkr23a0","c_root_id_B":"dkqiuw9","created_at_utc_A":1501086807,"created_at_utc_B":1501058383,"score_A":1673,"score_B":121,"human_ref_A":"This is a good question.   When people go to a quick casual restaurant the price you see is the price you get. This is hopefully the optimum price for owners and customers, and the employees are paid a wage dependent on the local market.  It makes a lot of sense from a supply and demand perspective, including labor and production. Customers pay a price they are willing to pay, workers work for the most the market will bear, and owners make as much profit as they possibly can. The system is based on the constant push and pull, ultimately leading to $8.50 burritos.  Why doesn\u2019t this transfer to sit down restaurants? Denny\u2019s all the way up to a steak house, waiters are paid around $2.50 + tips, while at a Chipotle it is reasonable to expect a starting wage at $9.50. Both are providing basically the same product, food. Why shouldn\u2019t people be paid the same?  The question we should ask isn\u2019t \u201cwhy shouldn\u2019t people be paid the same\u201d, rather \u201cwhy aren\u2019t people paid the same\u201d. It is always more useful to understand why before asking if things should be different.  So why are people tipped? The idea when you first look at it is ridiculous. Every single waiter in the country is an actor, playing their part, and at the end of each performance they receive a grade. Their tip. And arguably the better your performance the better your tip. Is this why people tip? Mostly no. If someone tips 20% at every meal the chance they will tip less than 15% is highly unlikely. And just as unlikely is tipping 25%. The same can be said for someone who tips 10%, or 5%. People go into restaurants with their own idea of what is appropriate and tip accordingly, regardless of service.  This is not to completely diminish the importance of competent waiters, good service and hard work matter. They just don\u2019t matter nearly as much as many people would like to believe.  This misconception is important explain tipping\u2019s staying power. It fits nicely with American ideas of hard work and individualism. It also makes it easier to manage a wait staff. The carrot is nicely held in front \u201cdo good work, be diligent and friendly, you will be paid more\u201d.  That isn\u2019t the only reason for tipping, full service restaurant economics might be more important. For those unaware full-service restaurants are expensive operations. If you buy a plate of pasta for $20, reasonably you can expect 10% to 15% of the bill to go to rent, around 25% to 30% to go to the cost of food, between 20% and 25% of the bill is labor. Just with rent, labor, and COGS a restaurants margin is somewhere between 45% and 30%. This does not include management, cleaning, maintenance, marketing, utilities, and dozens of other small expenses. When all is said and done, most sit down full-service restaurants make anywhere between 4% and 7% of gross income. That pasta made the owner somewhere between $.80 to $1.40.  Should you pity the restaurateur? Probably not. It can be a good living and owner operated locations often have the benefit of not \u201cpaying\u201d for management and some labor, meaning someone can run a $600,000 a year restaurant and bring home around $80,000 to $120,000. But for big corporate chains the reality is margins are low compared to other businesses, operating cost are high, and there is a nasty little industry secret.  They don\u2019t make money 80% of the time.  A slow lunch on Tuesday doesn\u2019t keep the lights on. It might only cover the cost of rent. A good example is Twin Peaks, a chain similar too Hooters. Each Twin Peaks has a very expensive building, in an expensive areas, with expensive cooks, high management costs, and only makes money after 5 PM Monday through Thursday. Those high-volume times are so high they pay for the rest of the \u201cdead time\u201d.  This is typical for many restaurants, some are busy for lunch during the week, others are big breakfast places, others need have a good Friday or they can\u2019t pay their suppliers. Whatever the pattern of customers it is very rare to find a restaurant which can support a full staff 100% of the time. Here\u2019s the kicker, customers expect and demand the same service level 100% of the time.  What do you do?  You need cooks in the back, at a minimum labor is $10 an hour (probably more, in large Texas cities a good line cook makes at least $11.50 an hour). You need managers, contrary to popular belief they do things. Here is where tipping makes a lot of sense. The cooks and the managers jobs are the same Monday through Sunday. Yes, they may be busier sometimes, but a manager can do inventory on slow times and a good line cook is always prepping for busy times. They can spread their labor around, and as such it is unreasonable to expect a them to be paid less in a slow time.  Now for the waiters, they can\u2019t functionally spread their labor to other times. You can\u2019t build up waiter capacity and use it when needed. A waiter is only useful to a restaurant when a customer is in the building.  The cost of running a restaurant are fixed (even labor and management to a certain extent) but the revenue is inconsistent. Tipping allows restaurants to meet the expectations of customers, high quality service always, and allows restaurants to pay waiters only when they can afford to pay them. The waiters get to earn a percentage of their sales and give up a standard paycheck in return for more control over their salaries.  There are plenty of holes in the argument and it raises a lot of question. Why don\u2019t restaurants find out what the actual hourly wage is for servers and pay them accordingly? Why don\u2019t restaurants staff employees more effectively? Why don\u2019t customers accept higher prices? Why don\u2019t restaurants raise prices to just pay people more?  All the questions are worth answering, but it always gets back to supply and demand and human behavior. When people look at the price of a menu they decide to purchase the food or go to another restaurant. And with Yelp and Google price comparisons are easier than ever. It means if a restaurant charges $15 for a burger it had better be at least 2X as good as $7.50 burger. Higher prices must correlate with higher value. And as much as every restaurant claims to have \u201cthe best\u2026.\u201d there is a market price for a burger and for a steak.  But almost all Americans know the price you see is not the result. We don\u2019t have VAT, we factor in tax and tip. We are all taxed the same, but we don\u2019t all tip the same.  Tipping functions the same way as a coupon. Tipping allows customers to receive the same service, eating at a restaurant and ordering the same food, while paying different prices. There is an efficiency to the system. Those who are price conscious and less willing to tip are more enticed to a restaurant with low prices, while a less price conscious person is attracted to the same restaurant. The owner gets the business of both customers and the wait staff gets functionally an average tip from both customers.  At this point it is worth pointing out how many redditors have said \u201cwhile I was in university I waited tables\u201d or \u201cwhile I was in college I worked the bar\u201d and they made \u201cwell over minimum wage\u201d because \u201cthey worked hard\u201d. This is a generalization and as a rule should be avoided. Except in the preceding sentence. But they hint at a very uncomfortable truth about the service industry, educated, young, and attractive people can make very good money from tips (big assumption, redditors are young, attractive, and well educated). I assure you, you are not better at your job than the middle-aged waiter at Denny\u2019s, but you will get paid more. The ability to access higher paying jobs in the service industry is based on your background, your looks, and how you speak.  What is the conclusion? Should we abolish tipping? Outlawing tipping might make waiters at lower cost restaurants get paid more (this makes sense, tipping is a function of a percentage of sales, lower cost food leads to a lower cost per transaction, leading to a lower tip, and lower wages), but it certainly would impact a lot of college educated people capitalizing on their social skills. It might make a lot of restaurant radically readjust their labor, with some restaurant surely closing. It might make an entire industry segment, sit down restaurants (which are losing sales and business at a fast clip) less attractive to customers, lowering sales and lowering overall wages.  Personally, I see tipping as a bad system, not from an economic standpoint but from a moral standpoint. People shouldn\u2019t have to sing for their supper. They should do a job, get paid for the job, and whether some jerk tipped shouldn\u2019t affect whether you make rent. But it is much more complicated than that. Many restaurants have tried to change tipping culture, and none has met with much success. Certainly there hasn\u2019t been a brushfire of \u201cde-tipping\u201d.  I hope you all found this helpful.","human_ref_B":"Short answer: it's left over from the Great Depression. There's several good explanations already here.    To everyone saying \"I would rather pay more and have the restaurants pay their servers directly\", I've got bad news. Several restaurants have tried that, and a lot of them couldn't keep good servers. Turns out, lots of people in the service industry like the current tipping model, that's why they stay in the service industry. (Myself included. I make on average $25\/hr bartending. I'm a disabled college dropout with no trained skills. I can't make that kind of money anywhere that's not tip-based.) They lost staff, spent more money on payroll, raised prices, and didn't see an increase in customers. It wasn't beneficial for anyone.  https:\/\/www.google.com\/amp\/www.sandiegouniontribune.com\/sdut-no-tipping-trend-now-at-more-restaurants-with-2016aug31-story,amp.html","labels":1,"seconds_difference":28424.0,"score_ratio":13.826446281}
{"post_id":"l17upy","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"eli5: On an atomic level, how does an atom \u2018know\u2019 it belongs to (for example) a sheet of paper but not the sheet of paper below it. Also how do scissors interact with the paper on an atomic level to cut it into two pieces.","c_root_id_A":"gjxr5it","c_root_id_B":"gjxug4f","created_at_utc_A":1611145023,"created_at_utc_B":1611147547,"score_A":207,"score_B":10965,"human_ref_A":"To add to the other answers already here, on the atomic level, it's electrons that are responsible for holding atoms 'together'. This doesn't make much sense in terms of our scale of reality, but the electrons \"in\" an atom, despite being very small, occupy a much larger volume than the nucleus. They can be 'shared' from one atom to another, and that's how atoms stick together and form molecules. Individual atoms in the paper are stuck to adjacent atoms this way, but those big molecules are in turn just kind of mushed together and held together by a mess of fibres and adhesives all kind of tangled together - not the strong connections made by the sharing of elections. The metal in the scissors on the other hand is mostly held together by the sharing of electrons between all the iron atoms in a big 'electron sea,' a property specific to metals. This is basically what's happening when scissors cuts paper: It's very unlikely that anything in the paper would be strong enough to dislodge the iron atoms from each other, but the vastly weaker connections between \"paper molecules\" (really, the paper fibres) are very easy for the cutting edge of the scissors to get between and mechanically separate.","human_ref_B":">eli5: On an atomic level, how does an atom \u2018know\u2019 it belongs to (for example) a sheet of paper but not the sheet of paper below it.   It doesn't. Look up vacuum welding, it's fascinating. When you have two very clean surfaces of, say, aluminium, and touch them together in a vacuum, they will weld themselves together because yes the atoms don't 'know' which piece of metal it's a part of. The reason they don't in your everyday experience is because our environment is full of oils, and dirt, and oxygen corroding the metal, so there are multiple dividing layers between the actual metal.   Of course paper is less simple since it's actually a bunch of fibres mashed together.  >Also how do scissors interact with the paper on an atomic level to cut it into two pieces.  The scissors blades compress the paper fibres until they break apart. Scissor blades aren't lined up for a reason, what they're doing is basically pulling the paper apart, just in a very small area. It's why very blunt scissors don't cut, they bend the paper instead; the area on which they're pulling is too large, and the force of your hand isn't great enough to pull that many fibres apart","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2524.0,"score_ratio":52.9710144928}
{"post_id":"l17upy","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"eli5: On an atomic level, how does an atom \u2018know\u2019 it belongs to (for example) a sheet of paper but not the sheet of paper below it. Also how do scissors interact with the paper on an atomic level to cut it into two pieces.","c_root_id_A":"gjxug4f","c_root_id_B":"gjxqhtk","created_at_utc_A":1611147547,"created_at_utc_B":1611144473,"score_A":10965,"score_B":33,"human_ref_A":">eli5: On an atomic level, how does an atom \u2018know\u2019 it belongs to (for example) a sheet of paper but not the sheet of paper below it.   It doesn't. Look up vacuum welding, it's fascinating. When you have two very clean surfaces of, say, aluminium, and touch them together in a vacuum, they will weld themselves together because yes the atoms don't 'know' which piece of metal it's a part of. The reason they don't in your everyday experience is because our environment is full of oils, and dirt, and oxygen corroding the metal, so there are multiple dividing layers between the actual metal.   Of course paper is less simple since it's actually a bunch of fibres mashed together.  >Also how do scissors interact with the paper on an atomic level to cut it into two pieces.  The scissors blades compress the paper fibres until they break apart. Scissor blades aren't lined up for a reason, what they're doing is basically pulling the paper apart, just in a very small area. It's why very blunt scissors don't cut, they bend the paper instead; the area on which they're pulling is too large, and the force of your hand isn't great enough to pull that many fibres apart","human_ref_B":"To create a bond between atoms you need to put energy into the system. Paper consists of molecules that are formed through some process that uses energy to bind atoms. In a tree, this energy is stored through photosynthesis for example - which utilizes the energy of sunlight to create carbohydrate molecules. Breaking a bond releases energy - that is what happens when you burn things for example. It's also why your body 'burns' sugar - the energy released from breaking bonds in a sugar molecule is what powers the rest of your body. However, if you put two sheets of paper on top of eachother, the atoms don't interact with eachother much, because you are not putting energy into the system, so they cannot 'fuse' so to speak. So the atoms don't 'know' that they are part of any particular sheet of paper, but they necessarily have to remain bonded to the other atoms that are part of the sheet of paper, because they are 'energetically bonded' to them in a way.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3074.0,"score_ratio":332.2727272727}
{"post_id":"l17upy","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"eli5: On an atomic level, how does an atom \u2018know\u2019 it belongs to (for example) a sheet of paper but not the sheet of paper below it. Also how do scissors interact with the paper on an atomic level to cut it into two pieces.","c_root_id_A":"gjy2ehn","c_root_id_B":"gjxr5it","created_at_utc_A":1611152387,"created_at_utc_B":1611145023,"score_A":659,"score_B":207,"human_ref_A":"At the atomic level, a single atom \"belongs to something\" as long as nothing kicks it out of place. It's like playing with a grape inside a bowl:  If someone gives you a grape on a bowl, as long as you're careful, you can move the bowl and the grape and it will never fall off and \"the grape belongs to the bowl.  If you're not careful or if you move the grape or the bowl too fast, the grape *might* fall of, and then \"the grape no longer belongs to the bowl\"  **Atoms are like grapes** and **molecules are like bowls**, but ***the bowl is also made of grapes that also are bowls***. Weird, right? We need to read that sentence again to try to understand!   If we think about paper, a single atom of paper is \"inside a bowl made of paper atoms\", and unless you kick it with enough force you won't be able to take that paper atom out. That's because \"the paper atoms that make the bowl\" don't let the paper atom escape.  Scissors work by pushing the atoms in the paper with enough force to take them out of their bowls. They do it in a way where only a few stops in the paper are pushed, and they are all close enough that you can separate the paper into two pieces.  We can think about it as a bunch of eggs on carton holders, the kind that can hold 100 or 144 eggs at a time:   Think about every egg as a single paper atom. If you start pushing eggs from a line or column, your hand becomes like a scissor that cuts trough paper.","human_ref_B":"To add to the other answers already here, on the atomic level, it's electrons that are responsible for holding atoms 'together'. This doesn't make much sense in terms of our scale of reality, but the electrons \"in\" an atom, despite being very small, occupy a much larger volume than the nucleus. They can be 'shared' from one atom to another, and that's how atoms stick together and form molecules. Individual atoms in the paper are stuck to adjacent atoms this way, but those big molecules are in turn just kind of mushed together and held together by a mess of fibres and adhesives all kind of tangled together - not the strong connections made by the sharing of elections. The metal in the scissors on the other hand is mostly held together by the sharing of electrons between all the iron atoms in a big 'electron sea,' a property specific to metals. This is basically what's happening when scissors cuts paper: It's very unlikely that anything in the paper would be strong enough to dislodge the iron atoms from each other, but the vastly weaker connections between \"paper molecules\" (really, the paper fibres) are very easy for the cutting edge of the scissors to get between and mechanically separate.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":7364.0,"score_ratio":3.1835748792}
{"post_id":"l17upy","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"eli5: On an atomic level, how does an atom \u2018know\u2019 it belongs to (for example) a sheet of paper but not the sheet of paper below it. Also how do scissors interact with the paper on an atomic level to cut it into two pieces.","c_root_id_A":"gjxqhtk","c_root_id_B":"gjy2ehn","created_at_utc_A":1611144473,"created_at_utc_B":1611152387,"score_A":33,"score_B":659,"human_ref_A":"To create a bond between atoms you need to put energy into the system. Paper consists of molecules that are formed through some process that uses energy to bind atoms. In a tree, this energy is stored through photosynthesis for example - which utilizes the energy of sunlight to create carbohydrate molecules. Breaking a bond releases energy - that is what happens when you burn things for example. It's also why your body 'burns' sugar - the energy released from breaking bonds in a sugar molecule is what powers the rest of your body. However, if you put two sheets of paper on top of eachother, the atoms don't interact with eachother much, because you are not putting energy into the system, so they cannot 'fuse' so to speak. So the atoms don't 'know' that they are part of any particular sheet of paper, but they necessarily have to remain bonded to the other atoms that are part of the sheet of paper, because they are 'energetically bonded' to them in a way.","human_ref_B":"At the atomic level, a single atom \"belongs to something\" as long as nothing kicks it out of place. It's like playing with a grape inside a bowl:  If someone gives you a grape on a bowl, as long as you're careful, you can move the bowl and the grape and it will never fall off and \"the grape belongs to the bowl.  If you're not careful or if you move the grape or the bowl too fast, the grape *might* fall of, and then \"the grape no longer belongs to the bowl\"  **Atoms are like grapes** and **molecules are like bowls**, but ***the bowl is also made of grapes that also are bowls***. Weird, right? We need to read that sentence again to try to understand!   If we think about paper, a single atom of paper is \"inside a bowl made of paper atoms\", and unless you kick it with enough force you won't be able to take that paper atom out. That's because \"the paper atoms that make the bowl\" don't let the paper atom escape.  Scissors work by pushing the atoms in the paper with enough force to take them out of their bowls. They do it in a way where only a few stops in the paper are pushed, and they are all close enough that you can separate the paper into two pieces.  We can think about it as a bunch of eggs on carton holders, the kind that can hold 100 or 144 eggs at a time:   Think about every egg as a single paper atom. If you start pushing eggs from a line or column, your hand becomes like a scissor that cuts trough paper.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":7914.0,"score_ratio":19.9696969697}
{"post_id":"l17upy","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"eli5: On an atomic level, how does an atom \u2018know\u2019 it belongs to (for example) a sheet of paper but not the sheet of paper below it. Also how do scissors interact with the paper on an atomic level to cut it into two pieces.","c_root_id_A":"gjxqhtk","c_root_id_B":"gjxr5it","created_at_utc_A":1611144473,"created_at_utc_B":1611145023,"score_A":33,"score_B":207,"human_ref_A":"To create a bond between atoms you need to put energy into the system. Paper consists of molecules that are formed through some process that uses energy to bind atoms. In a tree, this energy is stored through photosynthesis for example - which utilizes the energy of sunlight to create carbohydrate molecules. Breaking a bond releases energy - that is what happens when you burn things for example. It's also why your body 'burns' sugar - the energy released from breaking bonds in a sugar molecule is what powers the rest of your body. However, if you put two sheets of paper on top of eachother, the atoms don't interact with eachother much, because you are not putting energy into the system, so they cannot 'fuse' so to speak. So the atoms don't 'know' that they are part of any particular sheet of paper, but they necessarily have to remain bonded to the other atoms that are part of the sheet of paper, because they are 'energetically bonded' to them in a way.","human_ref_B":"To add to the other answers already here, on the atomic level, it's electrons that are responsible for holding atoms 'together'. This doesn't make much sense in terms of our scale of reality, but the electrons \"in\" an atom, despite being very small, occupy a much larger volume than the nucleus. They can be 'shared' from one atom to another, and that's how atoms stick together and form molecules. Individual atoms in the paper are stuck to adjacent atoms this way, but those big molecules are in turn just kind of mushed together and held together by a mess of fibres and adhesives all kind of tangled together - not the strong connections made by the sharing of elections. The metal in the scissors on the other hand is mostly held together by the sharing of electrons between all the iron atoms in a big 'electron sea,' a property specific to metals. This is basically what's happening when scissors cuts paper: It's very unlikely that anything in the paper would be strong enough to dislodge the iron atoms from each other, but the vastly weaker connections between \"paper molecules\" (really, the paper fibres) are very easy for the cutting edge of the scissors to get between and mechanically separate.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":550.0,"score_ratio":6.2727272727}
{"post_id":"6etmhj","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are some cities 'twinned' with eachother? What does it mean for cities to be 'sister cities'? For example: Lucca, Tuscany is paired with Colmar, France. Birmingham, UK is paired with Chicago, USA and Leipzig, Germany.","c_root_id_A":"dicx6qk","c_root_id_B":"did02av","created_at_utc_A":1496401832,"created_at_utc_B":1496407344,"score_A":5621,"score_B":6797,"human_ref_A":"It is a way to create greater diplomatic connection on a local level.  It is something that became popular after WWII with the general idea being that people would be much less likely to violently murder each other if they knew the people on the other side as more than faceless enemy.  They created partnerships between towns in different countries and organized cultural exchanges on a local level.  Usually the partner towns are similar in size and have something in common. Sometimes the something can be that both towns have an economy based on the same industry. Sometimes it can be something like the reason Coventry and Dresden became twin cities: They were both bombed a lot during the war.","human_ref_B":"Wow! Something I can actually answer. I do a lot of translation work for news articles and documents for this in China, so my scope will be limited to China and some of its own cities and their sister cities.  The sister city program is a way for smaller cities (usually not Tier 1, which was a lot less until a few weeks ago) to get their name out in a country or region by pairing with another city in some way or another, promising better rates and opportunities for business, investors, entrepreneurs, and other notables between the two cities. It helps to foster a bond that will hopefully reap economic benefits sometimes in the near future.  They provide opportunities for students and other citizens with potential to visit schools and universities in their partner to help foster studying abroad and communication that, again, they will hope will foster economic connections and benefits later.  One of the more notable ones is Lodz, Poland (I think) and Chengdu being sister cities, which led to the first direct train route being built between the two cities, allowing for a lot more trade to happen between the region and Chengdu, which being a Tier 2 city, did not get some of the benefits cities like Beijing or Shanghai were privy to. Then, more direct routes from their respective airports opened up and have led to a more direct connection, both metaphorically and physically.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":5512.0,"score_ratio":1.2092154421}
{"post_id":"6etmhj","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are some cities 'twinned' with eachother? What does it mean for cities to be 'sister cities'? For example: Lucca, Tuscany is paired with Colmar, France. Birmingham, UK is paired with Chicago, USA and Leipzig, Germany.","c_root_id_A":"diczp6s","c_root_id_B":"did02av","created_at_utc_A":1496406748,"created_at_utc_B":1496407344,"score_A":731,"score_B":6797,"human_ref_A":"I actually had a first hand experience with city twinning. I was part of a cultural artist exchange program between the cities of Detroit and Turin, Italy. The cities are sister cities due to their respective relationships to the auto industry. The project was officially endorsed by the cities mayors and universities. The universities funded our travel. It was an exchange between musicians and visual artists from the two cities. I went to Turin twice and hosted a photographer from Italy here in detroit several times. It was one of the amazing experiences of my life. It lasted a few years and by the time it was over we had put on some concerts and exhibitions in each city, and I made great new friends in Italy who I later revisited and stayed with.","human_ref_B":"Wow! Something I can actually answer. I do a lot of translation work for news articles and documents for this in China, so my scope will be limited to China and some of its own cities and their sister cities.  The sister city program is a way for smaller cities (usually not Tier 1, which was a lot less until a few weeks ago) to get their name out in a country or region by pairing with another city in some way or another, promising better rates and opportunities for business, investors, entrepreneurs, and other notables between the two cities. It helps to foster a bond that will hopefully reap economic benefits sometimes in the near future.  They provide opportunities for students and other citizens with potential to visit schools and universities in their partner to help foster studying abroad and communication that, again, they will hope will foster economic connections and benefits later.  One of the more notable ones is Lodz, Poland (I think) and Chengdu being sister cities, which led to the first direct train route being built between the two cities, allowing for a lot more trade to happen between the region and Chengdu, which being a Tier 2 city, did not get some of the benefits cities like Beijing or Shanghai were privy to. Then, more direct routes from their respective airports opened up and have led to a more direct connection, both metaphorically and physically.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":596.0,"score_ratio":9.2982216142}
{"post_id":"6etmhj","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are some cities 'twinned' with eachother? What does it mean for cities to be 'sister cities'? For example: Lucca, Tuscany is paired with Colmar, France. Birmingham, UK is paired with Chicago, USA and Leipzig, Germany.","c_root_id_A":"did02av","c_root_id_B":"dicxoj8","created_at_utc_A":1496407344,"created_at_utc_B":1496402910,"score_A":6797,"score_B":673,"human_ref_A":"Wow! Something I can actually answer. I do a lot of translation work for news articles and documents for this in China, so my scope will be limited to China and some of its own cities and their sister cities.  The sister city program is a way for smaller cities (usually not Tier 1, which was a lot less until a few weeks ago) to get their name out in a country or region by pairing with another city in some way or another, promising better rates and opportunities for business, investors, entrepreneurs, and other notables between the two cities. It helps to foster a bond that will hopefully reap economic benefits sometimes in the near future.  They provide opportunities for students and other citizens with potential to visit schools and universities in their partner to help foster studying abroad and communication that, again, they will hope will foster economic connections and benefits later.  One of the more notable ones is Lodz, Poland (I think) and Chengdu being sister cities, which led to the first direct train route being built between the two cities, allowing for a lot more trade to happen between the region and Chengdu, which being a Tier 2 city, did not get some of the benefits cities like Beijing or Shanghai were privy to. Then, more direct routes from their respective airports opened up and have led to a more direct connection, both metaphorically and physically.","human_ref_B":"I live in Bundaberg, Queensland, Australia and our sister city is Nanning, China. They send reps here for chinese new year and they give a speech. We send school kids over there for cultural exchange. And some of the Nanning investors are going to invest in some of our local farms, or so we're promised.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":4434.0,"score_ratio":10.0995542348}
{"post_id":"6etmhj","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are some cities 'twinned' with eachother? What does it mean for cities to be 'sister cities'? For example: Lucca, Tuscany is paired with Colmar, France. Birmingham, UK is paired with Chicago, USA and Leipzig, Germany.","c_root_id_A":"did02av","c_root_id_B":"dicyfii","created_at_utc_A":1496407344,"created_at_utc_B":1496404442,"score_A":6797,"score_B":107,"human_ref_A":"Wow! Something I can actually answer. I do a lot of translation work for news articles and documents for this in China, so my scope will be limited to China and some of its own cities and their sister cities.  The sister city program is a way for smaller cities (usually not Tier 1, which was a lot less until a few weeks ago) to get their name out in a country or region by pairing with another city in some way or another, promising better rates and opportunities for business, investors, entrepreneurs, and other notables between the two cities. It helps to foster a bond that will hopefully reap economic benefits sometimes in the near future.  They provide opportunities for students and other citizens with potential to visit schools and universities in their partner to help foster studying abroad and communication that, again, they will hope will foster economic connections and benefits later.  One of the more notable ones is Lodz, Poland (I think) and Chengdu being sister cities, which led to the first direct train route being built between the two cities, allowing for a lot more trade to happen between the region and Chengdu, which being a Tier 2 city, did not get some of the benefits cities like Beijing or Shanghai were privy to. Then, more direct routes from their respective airports opened up and have led to a more direct connection, both metaphorically and physically.","human_ref_B":"Twinning cities is meant as a way of cultural exchange. Our town is twinned with a town in France and one in the UK, and we have trips to the twin cities, student exchange, we celebrate special holidays of the twinned cities country (e.g. we have a Guy Fawkes night here, although without fireworks). I have to admit that I am a member of the twinning committee for the English city, not the French, so I have no idea what they are doing.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2902.0,"score_ratio":63.523364486}
{"post_id":"6etmhj","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are some cities 'twinned' with eachother? What does it mean for cities to be 'sister cities'? For example: Lucca, Tuscany is paired with Colmar, France. Birmingham, UK is paired with Chicago, USA and Leipzig, Germany.","c_root_id_A":"diczp6s","c_root_id_B":"dicxoj8","created_at_utc_A":1496406748,"created_at_utc_B":1496402910,"score_A":731,"score_B":673,"human_ref_A":"I actually had a first hand experience with city twinning. I was part of a cultural artist exchange program between the cities of Detroit and Turin, Italy. The cities are sister cities due to their respective relationships to the auto industry. The project was officially endorsed by the cities mayors and universities. The universities funded our travel. It was an exchange between musicians and visual artists from the two cities. I went to Turin twice and hosted a photographer from Italy here in detroit several times. It was one of the amazing experiences of my life. It lasted a few years and by the time it was over we had put on some concerts and exhibitions in each city, and I made great new friends in Italy who I later revisited and stayed with.","human_ref_B":"I live in Bundaberg, Queensland, Australia and our sister city is Nanning, China. They send reps here for chinese new year and they give a speech. We send school kids over there for cultural exchange. And some of the Nanning investors are going to invest in some of our local farms, or so we're promised.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3838.0,"score_ratio":1.0861812779}
{"post_id":"6etmhj","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are some cities 'twinned' with eachother? What does it mean for cities to be 'sister cities'? For example: Lucca, Tuscany is paired with Colmar, France. Birmingham, UK is paired with Chicago, USA and Leipzig, Germany.","c_root_id_A":"dicyfii","c_root_id_B":"diczp6s","created_at_utc_A":1496404442,"created_at_utc_B":1496406748,"score_A":107,"score_B":731,"human_ref_A":"Twinning cities is meant as a way of cultural exchange. Our town is twinned with a town in France and one in the UK, and we have trips to the twin cities, student exchange, we celebrate special holidays of the twinned cities country (e.g. we have a Guy Fawkes night here, although without fireworks). I have to admit that I am a member of the twinning committee for the English city, not the French, so I have no idea what they are doing.","human_ref_B":"I actually had a first hand experience with city twinning. I was part of a cultural artist exchange program between the cities of Detroit and Turin, Italy. The cities are sister cities due to their respective relationships to the auto industry. The project was officially endorsed by the cities mayors and universities. The universities funded our travel. It was an exchange between musicians and visual artists from the two cities. I went to Turin twice and hosted a photographer from Italy here in detroit several times. It was one of the amazing experiences of my life. It lasted a few years and by the time it was over we had put on some concerts and exhibitions in each city, and I made great new friends in Italy who I later revisited and stayed with.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2306.0,"score_ratio":6.8317757009}
{"post_id":"6etmhj","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are some cities 'twinned' with eachother? What does it mean for cities to be 'sister cities'? For example: Lucca, Tuscany is paired with Colmar, France. Birmingham, UK is paired with Chicago, USA and Leipzig, Germany.","c_root_id_A":"did2mqe","c_root_id_B":"dicyfii","created_at_utc_A":1496411059,"created_at_utc_B":1496404442,"score_A":653,"score_B":107,"human_ref_A":"Many years ago I ran the Sister Cities program for a major US city that had 6 sister cities. In that city, at least, the programs were initiated by groups of citizens who wanted to create exchanges, each for different reasons. Most were cultural, but some involved business exchanges. Some groups petitioned the city to make new Sisters in order to make a political statement.    At that time that I was there, the city put very little money and effort into supporting the exchanges, which were mostly arranged and financed by the citizen groups running them. So each program was only as active as the citizen group.      The Sisters in other countries had differing levels on interest, too. In some, the Mayor's office was very interesting in the exchanges, spent a lot of money and worked very hard to promoted the connection. In other cities you could barely get anyone from the Mayor's staff to answer the phone.      In my time at that job I helped to coordinate student exchanges, performances by artists from the Sister Cities, a couple of trade shows. The program was not very active.    The bottom line is that each program is different, depending on the parties involved.","human_ref_B":"Twinning cities is meant as a way of cultural exchange. Our town is twinned with a town in France and one in the UK, and we have trips to the twin cities, student exchange, we celebrate special holidays of the twinned cities country (e.g. we have a Guy Fawkes night here, although without fireworks). I have to admit that I am a member of the twinning committee for the English city, not the French, so I have no idea what they are doing.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":6617.0,"score_ratio":6.1028037383}
{"post_id":"6etmhj","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are some cities 'twinned' with eachother? What does it mean for cities to be 'sister cities'? For example: Lucca, Tuscany is paired with Colmar, France. Birmingham, UK is paired with Chicago, USA and Leipzig, Germany.","c_root_id_A":"did0uw6","c_root_id_B":"did2mqe","created_at_utc_A":1496408589,"created_at_utc_B":1496411059,"score_A":52,"score_B":653,"human_ref_A":"Oakville, Ontario is twinned with several different cities.   First, in 1957, they were twinned with Dorval, Quebec. One of Oakville's major streets is named after Dorval.  Then, in 1984, Oakville twinned with Neyagawa, Japan. There is also a street named Neyagawa, which is close to Dorval.  Finally, and most recently, Oakville twinned with Huai'an, China in 2012. There has yet to be a street named after Huai'an.   The incentives towards twinning mostly seem to be economic, though there is a strong social incentive of promoting cooperation and understanding between distant groups of people.  Source 1: I work in Oakville.  Source 2: Here.","human_ref_B":"Many years ago I ran the Sister Cities program for a major US city that had 6 sister cities. In that city, at least, the programs were initiated by groups of citizens who wanted to create exchanges, each for different reasons. Most were cultural, but some involved business exchanges. Some groups petitioned the city to make new Sisters in order to make a political statement.    At that time that I was there, the city put very little money and effort into supporting the exchanges, which were mostly arranged and financed by the citizen groups running them. So each program was only as active as the citizen group.      The Sisters in other countries had differing levels on interest, too. In some, the Mayor's office was very interesting in the exchanges, spent a lot of money and worked very hard to promoted the connection. In other cities you could barely get anyone from the Mayor's staff to answer the phone.      In my time at that job I helped to coordinate student exchanges, performances by artists from the Sister Cities, a couple of trade shows. The program was not very active.    The bottom line is that each program is different, depending on the parties involved.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2470.0,"score_ratio":12.5576923077}
{"post_id":"6etmhj","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are some cities 'twinned' with eachother? What does it mean for cities to be 'sister cities'? For example: Lucca, Tuscany is paired with Colmar, France. Birmingham, UK is paired with Chicago, USA and Leipzig, Germany.","c_root_id_A":"did0uw6","c_root_id_B":"did2z6s","created_at_utc_A":1496408589,"created_at_utc_B":1496411503,"score_A":52,"score_B":89,"human_ref_A":"Oakville, Ontario is twinned with several different cities.   First, in 1957, they were twinned with Dorval, Quebec. One of Oakville's major streets is named after Dorval.  Then, in 1984, Oakville twinned with Neyagawa, Japan. There is also a street named Neyagawa, which is close to Dorval.  Finally, and most recently, Oakville twinned with Huai'an, China in 2012. There has yet to be a street named after Huai'an.   The incentives towards twinning mostly seem to be economic, though there is a strong social incentive of promoting cooperation and understanding between distant groups of people.  Source 1: I work in Oakville.  Source 2: Here.","human_ref_B":"Sister cities, as mentioned elsewhere, are about joint economic growth and partnership. I won't delve into that because there's already been a great response on it.  Twinned cities don't always mean anything besides diplomacy, if that. Certainly in the UK it's largely just a hangover from the war, where it was believed that getting two countries heavily involved with one another would make another war less likely. Twin *cities* will often promote cultural and commercial links and perhaps even international business links, but for the most part twin *towns* (and villages) don't really have any connections besides in name.  E.g. my hometown of Crawley, population ~100,000 in the UK is twinned with Dorsten, population ~80,000 in Germany. And yet, I'm guessing maybe 1 in 20 people from either town would be able to tell you that.  If you're familiar with how the concept of the EU came about - fostering cultural and financial ties between nations in order to encourage peace and not have another war in Europe - it's basically the same thing at a more local level, although each twinning program is independent and don't necessarily mean anything at all.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2914.0,"score_ratio":1.7115384615}
{"post_id":"6etmhj","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are some cities 'twinned' with eachother? What does it mean for cities to be 'sister cities'? For example: Lucca, Tuscany is paired with Colmar, France. Birmingham, UK is paired with Chicago, USA and Leipzig, Germany.","c_root_id_A":"did3kz5","c_root_id_B":"did0uw6","created_at_utc_A":1496412290,"created_at_utc_B":1496408589,"score_A":54,"score_B":52,"human_ref_A":"Just a clarification to all the other great comments on here:  What you're asking about are sister cities, which is, like \/u\/darcmosh explained, when two cities that are far from each other decide to establish friendly economic\/diplomatic\/educational\/whatever ties.  These are different from places that call themselves \"twin cities\" (like Minneapolis and St. Paul) or \"tri-cities\" (like Richland, Pasco, and Kennewick, WA), which are just cities that are close to each other, and have just kind of grown to the point where they all run together.","human_ref_B":"Oakville, Ontario is twinned with several different cities.   First, in 1957, they were twinned with Dorval, Quebec. One of Oakville's major streets is named after Dorval.  Then, in 1984, Oakville twinned with Neyagawa, Japan. There is also a street named Neyagawa, which is close to Dorval.  Finally, and most recently, Oakville twinned with Huai'an, China in 2012. There has yet to be a street named after Huai'an.   The incentives towards twinning mostly seem to be economic, though there is a strong social incentive of promoting cooperation and understanding between distant groups of people.  Source 1: I work in Oakville.  Source 2: Here.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3701.0,"score_ratio":1.0384615385}
{"post_id":"qph44c","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old Why does it take a computer minutes to search if a certain file exists, but a browser can search through millions of sites in less than a second?","c_root_id_A":"hjtk19g","c_root_id_B":"hjtijna","created_at_utc_A":1636389464,"created_at_utc_B":1636388870,"score_A":13006,"score_B":1481,"human_ref_A":"A browser can't do that. What it *can* do is send a request to an enormous data center which has *already* read through those millions of sites, and has created an index of their contents, So when it gets a request to search for a word, it just has to look that word up in its index, and it can go \"yep, that occurs in these websites\".  So there are two pieces of trickery involved. One is that all the hard work has been done ahead of time, indexing millions and millions of websites *before* receiving your request. The other is that your request isn't handled by your computer, but by some of the biggest data centers on the planet. Literally hundreds of computers may be involved in answering your Google search query.","human_ref_B":"The magic is called indexing.  Instead of searching the whole web when you enter your query it searches only a prebuilt index. They already have a list of all the websites they could give you and have them neatly sorted by keywords.  The difference is like searching a library for a book instead of just going to the counter and then checking where the book you want is in their database.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":594.0,"score_ratio":8.7819041188}
{"post_id":"65v693","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.9,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why aren't we putting a lot more research toward making genetically modified plants\/algae\/bacteria that consume a lot more CO2? Isn't this a legit solution to slow down, stop or reverse global CO2 emissions, and thus, warming?","c_root_id_A":"dgdflrp","c_root_id_B":"dgdf8dz","created_at_utc_A":1492433183,"created_at_utc_B":1492432467,"score_A":336,"score_B":50,"human_ref_A":"Remember it is no good just getting plants to take up CO2 if they end up releasing greenhouse gases back into the air eventually, eg when they rot.  Wood is good as it can replace some fossil fuel usage but soft plant material is less of a solution.  What is really needed is permanent sequestration, ie CO2 that is taken in but never, ever released again.  Anything else is just putting off the problem.","human_ref_B":"I think a back of the envelope calculation would show that you need massive amounts of these plants\/algae\/bacteria in order to really offset the amounts of CO2 we produce in the world. These amounts might not make it a legit solution and therefore research might be focused on more value adding solutions. Solutions that prevent the production of CO2 instead of reversing\/storing it.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":716.0,"score_ratio":6.72}
{"post_id":"65v693","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.9,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why aren't we putting a lot more research toward making genetically modified plants\/algae\/bacteria that consume a lot more CO2? Isn't this a legit solution to slow down, stop or reverse global CO2 emissions, and thus, warming?","c_root_id_A":"dgds9x0","c_root_id_B":"dgdpczs","created_at_utc_A":1492449520,"created_at_utc_B":1492446285,"score_A":20,"score_B":15,"human_ref_A":"The answers here are good, but they are missing a poltical aspect.  There is currently a very anti sceintific movement against GMOs.   GMOs are literally being blamed for every health problem you can imagine as far as diet.  You really think these groups aren't going to be putting out false data about the effects of air produced by GMOs?  So not only does getting funding mean convincing global warming deniers from the right, it means convincing anti GMO Luddites from the left too.  It's hard to get funding, meaning a private firm would need to do it, and where is the financial incentive?","human_ref_B":"co2 is a zero sum game. it can be sequestered and stored in plants, biological lifeforms but these systems are more or less cycles rather then permanent removal. the more co2 we put into the cycle from fossil fuels, the higher amount if gases that absorb sunlight, the warmer the earth gets.  what we really need to do and i know it is only a part of the global warming issue, is remove co2 from the atmo and shove it back underground or covert it back to oil. i know this takes obsurd amounts of energy blah blah but at some point were going to need to take it out via artificial ways because were removing natural ways faster and faster.  the more we remove these natural ways the smaller the amount of co2 is removed each cycle.  so massive reforestation, haha we need room for cows and corn. or implement an artificial removal system.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3235.0,"score_ratio":1.3333333333}
{"post_id":"65v693","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.9,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why aren't we putting a lot more research toward making genetically modified plants\/algae\/bacteria that consume a lot more CO2? Isn't this a legit solution to slow down, stop or reverse global CO2 emissions, and thus, warming?","c_root_id_A":"dgdpczs","c_root_id_B":"dgdvvvs","created_at_utc_A":1492446285,"created_at_utc_B":1492453517,"score_A":15,"score_B":16,"human_ref_A":"co2 is a zero sum game. it can be sequestered and stored in plants, biological lifeforms but these systems are more or less cycles rather then permanent removal. the more co2 we put into the cycle from fossil fuels, the higher amount if gases that absorb sunlight, the warmer the earth gets.  what we really need to do and i know it is only a part of the global warming issue, is remove co2 from the atmo and shove it back underground or covert it back to oil. i know this takes obsurd amounts of energy blah blah but at some point were going to need to take it out via artificial ways because were removing natural ways faster and faster.  the more we remove these natural ways the smaller the amount of co2 is removed each cycle.  so massive reforestation, haha we need room for cows and corn. or implement an artificial removal system.","human_ref_B":"Short answer: That's true, and we are researching ways to make CO2 capture faster.   Alright, so photosynthesis depends on this really inefficient enzyme called RuBisCO, which does this miraculous thing where it captures CO2 from the air and produces the first molecules in the carbon fixation process. No RuBisCO = CO2 just passing out of the plant.  A scientist would ask: \"Why, then, over the course of billions of years of evolution, is it still inefficient?\"  Nature's answer is to just make an insane amount of RuBisCO. As it happens, RuBisCO is the most abundant enzyme on Earth. Plants overcome its inefficiencies by making more of it. This happens to be easier then waiting to stumble upon more competitive forms of the enzyme over the course of thousands of years. Plants that produced more of the enzyme were more competitive.  Current research focusing on the question you raise centers around the development of more efficient forms of RuBisCO, and attempting to incorporate that into plants to exponentially step up their CO2 capture speed. It's a hot topic, and research on RuBisCO efficiency manipulation consistently gets published in high-tier journals like Nature. http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v513\/n7519\/full\/nature13776.html  Granted, I've seen other posters talking about C3 vs. C4 photosynthesis. I think a combination of these topics will lead to the most efficient photosynthesis processes.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":7232.0,"score_ratio":1.0666666667}
{"post_id":"97w6bn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do medical professionals seem to accurately predict when someone \u201cis getting close \u201c to dying when the cause of death is vague such as old age or a long suffered disease?","c_root_id_A":"e4bmy28","c_root_id_B":"e4bizhd","created_at_utc_A":1534462216,"created_at_utc_B":1534458409,"score_A":13143,"score_B":2120,"human_ref_A":"EDIT:  i am amazed and humbled by the kind words and beautiful stories shared here.  they are treasures.  please write them down so your sons and daughters can read them.  I threw this list together really fast and posted it.  imagine my surprise when i saw my in box and almost fell over.  so i made some changes, mainly in explaining more thoroughly and in more detail to \"explain like i am five\".  i also added a few, that i had forgotten.  the list was very errr, cold and clinical and i did not convey my love for this work.  some of your responses reminded me i need to address this.  we live in a \"youth worship\" western country, often where the wise elders are forgotten, death and dying are hidden, not discussed, taboo, whereas at one time in our past, death was as normal as birth, with the working close to the land and animals, we knew and were familiar with the natural swing of life and death.  we run from death, we do everything we can to make ourselves younger, and to avoid that inevitable experience we will all have.  working for hospice allows me to become a part of an elder's life, to bring my support to them when it may be needed most.  i consider it a calling to bring more awareness of the normal reality of death.  and more awareness of the incredible sweetness of being able to support a loved one through their passage.  i cannot convey to you the blessing of being able to walk with a patient from the beginning of their journey, to the end of their life.  it is the most vulnerable, most tender of mercies to be able to have the privilege to witness that passage.  if you have the opportunity to be present for an elder during this journey, please try to.  It may change you forever in a good way.  It is the most spiritual of moments I have had in my lifetime.  You may want to even volunteer for hospice to be able to serve our wise elderly and walk with them through this time, to acompany them at a time they may be abandoned (it happens).   You will be rewarded greatly. ______________________________________   Hospice worker 26 years.  1. Withdrawing from interaction. 2. No interest in food or water (beware, pt can aspirate at this point if forced to eat or drink). 3. 02 (oxygen blood saturation level often called \"sats\" or \"sat level\") levels dropping (70 and below),  Normal is 90s.  I find using the oximeter is very helpful. 4. Color changes.. skin can go very pasty and grey 5.  Mottling of knees, elbows.  Mottling is a kind of blue\/ white effect on the skin that may look a bit like bruising. 6.  Blueness of fingernail beds, slight facial blueness around nose, mouth.  Blank staring at ceiling or corner and or talking to a family member long deceased. 8.  Muscle wasting at temples and eyes sinking into boney orbits 9.  Apneic and or shallow respiration.  Near the end a patient will often start to breathe irregularly.  This is called apnea and or cheyne stokes respiration.  what you will see is the patient breathes, then pauses.  then breathes again.  this can go on for a while or it can be near the end.  as the patient gets closer to passing, the pauses will start to be longer than the breathing.  i.e. starting... 10 seconds of pause, 50 seconds of respiration.  then 20 second pause, 40 seconds of respirations (i use the second hand of my watch to count).  As the time passes, the pauses become longer and longer.  This is the place of truly near death.. as the pauses become longer and longer, the pauses will gently last until the patient gently passes.  it can be an almost seamless and very peaceful thing to watch.  they drift into death, and you wait for the next breath, and it just doesn't come.  these are the deaths one hopes for, the good deaths with family around the bed, as the patient literally just slips away. 10.  Sweaty, hot skin and or clammy cold skin. 11.  Small dove like sounds on exhalation. 12.  Inability to interact verbally. Remember the sense of hearing lingers .. your loved one will hear you to the very very end despite showing no outward signs or inability to move or respond verbally. 13.  Cooling of extremities (hands and feet). 14.  Phlegmy sounds.  This is what is commonly called the \"death rattle\".  Pt cannot swallow their oral secretions at end of life and these may build up in the throat.  The sound you hear is the sound of the inhalation and exhalation air going over around and through those secretions in the throat.  Lay the patient on their side and the secretions can come out.  There is also a medication that can be used to help with this (drops) (can't remember name of it sorry) but the medication can take a while to take effect.  I have been told that though this is difficultf for us to hear, it is not painful for the patient.  This can be hard.  Sometimes the nurse can drain the mucousy secretions with a machine, but it is said that the more the machine is used, the more secretions are manufactured. 15.  There is a type of respiration that is often seen near the end, and it is best described as breathing \"like a fish out of water\".  Patient will often use auxillary muscles (like their shoulders and upper torso) to try to breathe.     16. Pain.   A)     Physical pain.   What I have found is that it is very very difficult to die if you are in intractable pain.  the muscles are tense and hard, the body is wracked, the pain becomes all encompassing.  the goal is to make the patient comfortable and to ease pain.  this could mean trying differrent medications to assist with pain reduction.  I cannot tell you the many times that finally, once the patient is relieved of physical pain, they can RELAX and let go.   B)    MYTH.. we do NOT kill our patients with medications.  this is ILLEGAL.  What we try to do is find the balance of pain relievers that will allow the patient to be pain free, and also allow them to still carry on with their normal activities and at the end, be able to speak or communicate if they are able.  example:  some patients are in so much pain when they come to us, they are unable to do anything.  with the right meds, one lady was able to take her crafts to her regular craft fair out of state with her hubby in their RV, for the last time, to say goodbye to all her craft fair colleagues she had known and worked with for 30 years.  another man was able to go spend a last visit at the cabin he built up in the mountains.   Another patient was able to go to disneyland with her family, one last time.  Medications are a wondrous thing.  We learn what the patient would like to do and we try to find the medications that will allow them to do that.  We will often pay for a final wish like this.  C)     Emotional Pain.  Sometimes called spiritual pain.  releasing emotional pain can come with counseling with spiritual counselors and social workers (both available through hospice).   At end of life there may be issues that are unresolved with family members that have caused patient deep regret and grief.  EMOTIONAL PAIN CAN TURN INTO PHSYSICAL PAIN THAT NO PHARMACOLOGICAL MEDICATION CAN TOUCH.  Although sometimes resolution may be impossible, our counselors do their best to help patient resolve conflicts and issues that are a burden to patient and a burden to the family members.  NOTE:  these resolutions could mean the diffference between a peaceful death and a difficult death.    There is something we can see, a definite change of pallor, expression, something hard to explain, that can tell an experienced eye that it is soon.  It is very hard to tell you exactly when it will happen but the above are some     things to watch for. ______________________________________  Many of your comments were around hearing at end of life.  Here's just one article. https:\/\/news.northwestern.edu\/stories\/2015\/01\/family-voices-and-stories-speed-coma-recovery","human_ref_B":"In hospitals at least, patients seem to know. They often say \"I'm going to die\" or they will ask to contact a relative. You do not take these requests lightly; dying people know when they're getting close.  Also, experience. People can look really really ill for weeks or months, but one day you'll look at someone and they'll look different from an hour ago. More grey in colour, or a different facial expression, or... you just *know*.   All this of course aside from clinical findings, respiratory rate, BP, blood tests if you're still doing that stuff by this point, etc etc.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3807.0,"score_ratio":6.1995283019}
{"post_id":"97w6bn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do medical professionals seem to accurately predict when someone \u201cis getting close \u201c to dying when the cause of death is vague such as old age or a long suffered disease?","c_root_id_A":"e4bj8xv","c_root_id_B":"e4bmy28","created_at_utc_A":1534458654,"created_at_utc_B":1534462216,"score_A":828,"score_B":13143,"human_ref_A":"Nurse here.   When we say that someone is going to die soon, what we're really saying is that there is nothing left that we can do to save them. Particularly in cases of old age or a long illness, the person has been kept alive, at least in part, by medical intervention. Medications, surgeries, medical devices or therapies. When these interventions are removed, the body is unable to support itself, so the person dies. We can predict a timeframe from experience. For instance, we know that, if someone is dependant on dialysis, and we stop dialysis, they will die within a couple of days, because we've seen it happen a thousand times before. We, as a profession, know from experience what a body can survive and what it can't survive.   Regardless of cause of death, there are certain indicators that tell us that death is imminent. Someone who is actively dying will usually start refusing food and drink. They will be in and out of consciousness. Their breathing changes. Their vitals (blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen levels) start to change. Their hands and feet start to feel cooler. They stop producing urine.   Despite this, we don't always get it right.","human_ref_B":"EDIT:  i am amazed and humbled by the kind words and beautiful stories shared here.  they are treasures.  please write them down so your sons and daughters can read them.  I threw this list together really fast and posted it.  imagine my surprise when i saw my in box and almost fell over.  so i made some changes, mainly in explaining more thoroughly and in more detail to \"explain like i am five\".  i also added a few, that i had forgotten.  the list was very errr, cold and clinical and i did not convey my love for this work.  some of your responses reminded me i need to address this.  we live in a \"youth worship\" western country, often where the wise elders are forgotten, death and dying are hidden, not discussed, taboo, whereas at one time in our past, death was as normal as birth, with the working close to the land and animals, we knew and were familiar with the natural swing of life and death.  we run from death, we do everything we can to make ourselves younger, and to avoid that inevitable experience we will all have.  working for hospice allows me to become a part of an elder's life, to bring my support to them when it may be needed most.  i consider it a calling to bring more awareness of the normal reality of death.  and more awareness of the incredible sweetness of being able to support a loved one through their passage.  i cannot convey to you the blessing of being able to walk with a patient from the beginning of their journey, to the end of their life.  it is the most vulnerable, most tender of mercies to be able to have the privilege to witness that passage.  if you have the opportunity to be present for an elder during this journey, please try to.  It may change you forever in a good way.  It is the most spiritual of moments I have had in my lifetime.  You may want to even volunteer for hospice to be able to serve our wise elderly and walk with them through this time, to acompany them at a time they may be abandoned (it happens).   You will be rewarded greatly. ______________________________________   Hospice worker 26 years.  1. Withdrawing from interaction. 2. No interest in food or water (beware, pt can aspirate at this point if forced to eat or drink). 3. 02 (oxygen blood saturation level often called \"sats\" or \"sat level\") levels dropping (70 and below),  Normal is 90s.  I find using the oximeter is very helpful. 4. Color changes.. skin can go very pasty and grey 5.  Mottling of knees, elbows.  Mottling is a kind of blue\/ white effect on the skin that may look a bit like bruising. 6.  Blueness of fingernail beds, slight facial blueness around nose, mouth.  Blank staring at ceiling or corner and or talking to a family member long deceased. 8.  Muscle wasting at temples and eyes sinking into boney orbits 9.  Apneic and or shallow respiration.  Near the end a patient will often start to breathe irregularly.  This is called apnea and or cheyne stokes respiration.  what you will see is the patient breathes, then pauses.  then breathes again.  this can go on for a while or it can be near the end.  as the patient gets closer to passing, the pauses will start to be longer than the breathing.  i.e. starting... 10 seconds of pause, 50 seconds of respiration.  then 20 second pause, 40 seconds of respirations (i use the second hand of my watch to count).  As the time passes, the pauses become longer and longer.  This is the place of truly near death.. as the pauses become longer and longer, the pauses will gently last until the patient gently passes.  it can be an almost seamless and very peaceful thing to watch.  they drift into death, and you wait for the next breath, and it just doesn't come.  these are the deaths one hopes for, the good deaths with family around the bed, as the patient literally just slips away. 10.  Sweaty, hot skin and or clammy cold skin. 11.  Small dove like sounds on exhalation. 12.  Inability to interact verbally. Remember the sense of hearing lingers .. your loved one will hear you to the very very end despite showing no outward signs or inability to move or respond verbally. 13.  Cooling of extremities (hands and feet). 14.  Phlegmy sounds.  This is what is commonly called the \"death rattle\".  Pt cannot swallow their oral secretions at end of life and these may build up in the throat.  The sound you hear is the sound of the inhalation and exhalation air going over around and through those secretions in the throat.  Lay the patient on their side and the secretions can come out.  There is also a medication that can be used to help with this (drops) (can't remember name of it sorry) but the medication can take a while to take effect.  I have been told that though this is difficultf for us to hear, it is not painful for the patient.  This can be hard.  Sometimes the nurse can drain the mucousy secretions with a machine, but it is said that the more the machine is used, the more secretions are manufactured. 15.  There is a type of respiration that is often seen near the end, and it is best described as breathing \"like a fish out of water\".  Patient will often use auxillary muscles (like their shoulders and upper torso) to try to breathe.     16. Pain.   A)     Physical pain.   What I have found is that it is very very difficult to die if you are in intractable pain.  the muscles are tense and hard, the body is wracked, the pain becomes all encompassing.  the goal is to make the patient comfortable and to ease pain.  this could mean trying differrent medications to assist with pain reduction.  I cannot tell you the many times that finally, once the patient is relieved of physical pain, they can RELAX and let go.   B)    MYTH.. we do NOT kill our patients with medications.  this is ILLEGAL.  What we try to do is find the balance of pain relievers that will allow the patient to be pain free, and also allow them to still carry on with their normal activities and at the end, be able to speak or communicate if they are able.  example:  some patients are in so much pain when they come to us, they are unable to do anything.  with the right meds, one lady was able to take her crafts to her regular craft fair out of state with her hubby in their RV, for the last time, to say goodbye to all her craft fair colleagues she had known and worked with for 30 years.  another man was able to go spend a last visit at the cabin he built up in the mountains.   Another patient was able to go to disneyland with her family, one last time.  Medications are a wondrous thing.  We learn what the patient would like to do and we try to find the medications that will allow them to do that.  We will often pay for a final wish like this.  C)     Emotional Pain.  Sometimes called spiritual pain.  releasing emotional pain can come with counseling with spiritual counselors and social workers (both available through hospice).   At end of life there may be issues that are unresolved with family members that have caused patient deep regret and grief.  EMOTIONAL PAIN CAN TURN INTO PHSYSICAL PAIN THAT NO PHARMACOLOGICAL MEDICATION CAN TOUCH.  Although sometimes resolution may be impossible, our counselors do their best to help patient resolve conflicts and issues that are a burden to patient and a burden to the family members.  NOTE:  these resolutions could mean the diffference between a peaceful death and a difficult death.    There is something we can see, a definite change of pallor, expression, something hard to explain, that can tell an experienced eye that it is soon.  It is very hard to tell you exactly when it will happen but the above are some     things to watch for. ______________________________________  Many of your comments were around hearing at end of life.  Here's just one article. https:\/\/news.northwestern.edu\/stories\/2015\/01\/family-voices-and-stories-speed-coma-recovery","labels":0,"seconds_difference":3562.0,"score_ratio":15.8731884058}
{"post_id":"97w6bn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do medical professionals seem to accurately predict when someone \u201cis getting close \u201c to dying when the cause of death is vague such as old age or a long suffered disease?","c_root_id_A":"e4bl3yw","c_root_id_B":"e4bmy28","created_at_utc_A":1534460428,"created_at_utc_B":1534462216,"score_A":519,"score_B":13143,"human_ref_A":"Experience from taking care of my 98 year old great grandmother:   She died slowly and totally of old age. She was on hospice for over a year (very tough lady). The biggest signs were her oxygen levels going down, lack of appetite and refusal to urinate. That\u2019s what happens when you die strictly of old age, though. She had zero medical issues throughout her life and more or less just \u201cshut down\u201d.","human_ref_B":"EDIT:  i am amazed and humbled by the kind words and beautiful stories shared here.  they are treasures.  please write them down so your sons and daughters can read them.  I threw this list together really fast and posted it.  imagine my surprise when i saw my in box and almost fell over.  so i made some changes, mainly in explaining more thoroughly and in more detail to \"explain like i am five\".  i also added a few, that i had forgotten.  the list was very errr, cold and clinical and i did not convey my love for this work.  some of your responses reminded me i need to address this.  we live in a \"youth worship\" western country, often where the wise elders are forgotten, death and dying are hidden, not discussed, taboo, whereas at one time in our past, death was as normal as birth, with the working close to the land and animals, we knew and were familiar with the natural swing of life and death.  we run from death, we do everything we can to make ourselves younger, and to avoid that inevitable experience we will all have.  working for hospice allows me to become a part of an elder's life, to bring my support to them when it may be needed most.  i consider it a calling to bring more awareness of the normal reality of death.  and more awareness of the incredible sweetness of being able to support a loved one through their passage.  i cannot convey to you the blessing of being able to walk with a patient from the beginning of their journey, to the end of their life.  it is the most vulnerable, most tender of mercies to be able to have the privilege to witness that passage.  if you have the opportunity to be present for an elder during this journey, please try to.  It may change you forever in a good way.  It is the most spiritual of moments I have had in my lifetime.  You may want to even volunteer for hospice to be able to serve our wise elderly and walk with them through this time, to acompany them at a time they may be abandoned (it happens).   You will be rewarded greatly. ______________________________________   Hospice worker 26 years.  1. Withdrawing from interaction. 2. No interest in food or water (beware, pt can aspirate at this point if forced to eat or drink). 3. 02 (oxygen blood saturation level often called \"sats\" or \"sat level\") levels dropping (70 and below),  Normal is 90s.  I find using the oximeter is very helpful. 4. Color changes.. skin can go very pasty and grey 5.  Mottling of knees, elbows.  Mottling is a kind of blue\/ white effect on the skin that may look a bit like bruising. 6.  Blueness of fingernail beds, slight facial blueness around nose, mouth.  Blank staring at ceiling or corner and or talking to a family member long deceased. 8.  Muscle wasting at temples and eyes sinking into boney orbits 9.  Apneic and or shallow respiration.  Near the end a patient will often start to breathe irregularly.  This is called apnea and or cheyne stokes respiration.  what you will see is the patient breathes, then pauses.  then breathes again.  this can go on for a while or it can be near the end.  as the patient gets closer to passing, the pauses will start to be longer than the breathing.  i.e. starting... 10 seconds of pause, 50 seconds of respiration.  then 20 second pause, 40 seconds of respirations (i use the second hand of my watch to count).  As the time passes, the pauses become longer and longer.  This is the place of truly near death.. as the pauses become longer and longer, the pauses will gently last until the patient gently passes.  it can be an almost seamless and very peaceful thing to watch.  they drift into death, and you wait for the next breath, and it just doesn't come.  these are the deaths one hopes for, the good deaths with family around the bed, as the patient literally just slips away. 10.  Sweaty, hot skin and or clammy cold skin. 11.  Small dove like sounds on exhalation. 12.  Inability to interact verbally. Remember the sense of hearing lingers .. your loved one will hear you to the very very end despite showing no outward signs or inability to move or respond verbally. 13.  Cooling of extremities (hands and feet). 14.  Phlegmy sounds.  This is what is commonly called the \"death rattle\".  Pt cannot swallow their oral secretions at end of life and these may build up in the throat.  The sound you hear is the sound of the inhalation and exhalation air going over around and through those secretions in the throat.  Lay the patient on their side and the secretions can come out.  There is also a medication that can be used to help with this (drops) (can't remember name of it sorry) but the medication can take a while to take effect.  I have been told that though this is difficultf for us to hear, it is not painful for the patient.  This can be hard.  Sometimes the nurse can drain the mucousy secretions with a machine, but it is said that the more the machine is used, the more secretions are manufactured. 15.  There is a type of respiration that is often seen near the end, and it is best described as breathing \"like a fish out of water\".  Patient will often use auxillary muscles (like their shoulders and upper torso) to try to breathe.     16. Pain.   A)     Physical pain.   What I have found is that it is very very difficult to die if you are in intractable pain.  the muscles are tense and hard, the body is wracked, the pain becomes all encompassing.  the goal is to make the patient comfortable and to ease pain.  this could mean trying differrent medications to assist with pain reduction.  I cannot tell you the many times that finally, once the patient is relieved of physical pain, they can RELAX and let go.   B)    MYTH.. we do NOT kill our patients with medications.  this is ILLEGAL.  What we try to do is find the balance of pain relievers that will allow the patient to be pain free, and also allow them to still carry on with their normal activities and at the end, be able to speak or communicate if they are able.  example:  some patients are in so much pain when they come to us, they are unable to do anything.  with the right meds, one lady was able to take her crafts to her regular craft fair out of state with her hubby in their RV, for the last time, to say goodbye to all her craft fair colleagues she had known and worked with for 30 years.  another man was able to go spend a last visit at the cabin he built up in the mountains.   Another patient was able to go to disneyland with her family, one last time.  Medications are a wondrous thing.  We learn what the patient would like to do and we try to find the medications that will allow them to do that.  We will often pay for a final wish like this.  C)     Emotional Pain.  Sometimes called spiritual pain.  releasing emotional pain can come with counseling with spiritual counselors and social workers (both available through hospice).   At end of life there may be issues that are unresolved with family members that have caused patient deep regret and grief.  EMOTIONAL PAIN CAN TURN INTO PHSYSICAL PAIN THAT NO PHARMACOLOGICAL MEDICATION CAN TOUCH.  Although sometimes resolution may be impossible, our counselors do their best to help patient resolve conflicts and issues that are a burden to patient and a burden to the family members.  NOTE:  these resolutions could mean the diffference between a peaceful death and a difficult death.    There is something we can see, a definite change of pallor, expression, something hard to explain, that can tell an experienced eye that it is soon.  It is very hard to tell you exactly when it will happen but the above are some     things to watch for. ______________________________________  Many of your comments were around hearing at end of life.  Here's just one article. https:\/\/news.northwestern.edu\/stories\/2015\/01\/family-voices-and-stories-speed-coma-recovery","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1788.0,"score_ratio":25.323699422}
{"post_id":"97w6bn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do medical professionals seem to accurately predict when someone \u201cis getting close \u201c to dying when the cause of death is vague such as old age or a long suffered disease?","c_root_id_A":"e4bmy28","c_root_id_B":"e4bm76s","created_at_utc_A":1534462216,"created_at_utc_B":1534461483,"score_A":13143,"score_B":302,"human_ref_A":"EDIT:  i am amazed and humbled by the kind words and beautiful stories shared here.  they are treasures.  please write them down so your sons and daughters can read them.  I threw this list together really fast and posted it.  imagine my surprise when i saw my in box and almost fell over.  so i made some changes, mainly in explaining more thoroughly and in more detail to \"explain like i am five\".  i also added a few, that i had forgotten.  the list was very errr, cold and clinical and i did not convey my love for this work.  some of your responses reminded me i need to address this.  we live in a \"youth worship\" western country, often where the wise elders are forgotten, death and dying are hidden, not discussed, taboo, whereas at one time in our past, death was as normal as birth, with the working close to the land and animals, we knew and were familiar with the natural swing of life and death.  we run from death, we do everything we can to make ourselves younger, and to avoid that inevitable experience we will all have.  working for hospice allows me to become a part of an elder's life, to bring my support to them when it may be needed most.  i consider it a calling to bring more awareness of the normal reality of death.  and more awareness of the incredible sweetness of being able to support a loved one through their passage.  i cannot convey to you the blessing of being able to walk with a patient from the beginning of their journey, to the end of their life.  it is the most vulnerable, most tender of mercies to be able to have the privilege to witness that passage.  if you have the opportunity to be present for an elder during this journey, please try to.  It may change you forever in a good way.  It is the most spiritual of moments I have had in my lifetime.  You may want to even volunteer for hospice to be able to serve our wise elderly and walk with them through this time, to acompany them at a time they may be abandoned (it happens).   You will be rewarded greatly. ______________________________________   Hospice worker 26 years.  1. Withdrawing from interaction. 2. No interest in food or water (beware, pt can aspirate at this point if forced to eat or drink). 3. 02 (oxygen blood saturation level often called \"sats\" or \"sat level\") levels dropping (70 and below),  Normal is 90s.  I find using the oximeter is very helpful. 4. Color changes.. skin can go very pasty and grey 5.  Mottling of knees, elbows.  Mottling is a kind of blue\/ white effect on the skin that may look a bit like bruising. 6.  Blueness of fingernail beds, slight facial blueness around nose, mouth.  Blank staring at ceiling or corner and or talking to a family member long deceased. 8.  Muscle wasting at temples and eyes sinking into boney orbits 9.  Apneic and or shallow respiration.  Near the end a patient will often start to breathe irregularly.  This is called apnea and or cheyne stokes respiration.  what you will see is the patient breathes, then pauses.  then breathes again.  this can go on for a while or it can be near the end.  as the patient gets closer to passing, the pauses will start to be longer than the breathing.  i.e. starting... 10 seconds of pause, 50 seconds of respiration.  then 20 second pause, 40 seconds of respirations (i use the second hand of my watch to count).  As the time passes, the pauses become longer and longer.  This is the place of truly near death.. as the pauses become longer and longer, the pauses will gently last until the patient gently passes.  it can be an almost seamless and very peaceful thing to watch.  they drift into death, and you wait for the next breath, and it just doesn't come.  these are the deaths one hopes for, the good deaths with family around the bed, as the patient literally just slips away. 10.  Sweaty, hot skin and or clammy cold skin. 11.  Small dove like sounds on exhalation. 12.  Inability to interact verbally. Remember the sense of hearing lingers .. your loved one will hear you to the very very end despite showing no outward signs or inability to move or respond verbally. 13.  Cooling of extremities (hands and feet). 14.  Phlegmy sounds.  This is what is commonly called the \"death rattle\".  Pt cannot swallow their oral secretions at end of life and these may build up in the throat.  The sound you hear is the sound of the inhalation and exhalation air going over around and through those secretions in the throat.  Lay the patient on their side and the secretions can come out.  There is also a medication that can be used to help with this (drops) (can't remember name of it sorry) but the medication can take a while to take effect.  I have been told that though this is difficultf for us to hear, it is not painful for the patient.  This can be hard.  Sometimes the nurse can drain the mucousy secretions with a machine, but it is said that the more the machine is used, the more secretions are manufactured. 15.  There is a type of respiration that is often seen near the end, and it is best described as breathing \"like a fish out of water\".  Patient will often use auxillary muscles (like their shoulders and upper torso) to try to breathe.     16. Pain.   A)     Physical pain.   What I have found is that it is very very difficult to die if you are in intractable pain.  the muscles are tense and hard, the body is wracked, the pain becomes all encompassing.  the goal is to make the patient comfortable and to ease pain.  this could mean trying differrent medications to assist with pain reduction.  I cannot tell you the many times that finally, once the patient is relieved of physical pain, they can RELAX and let go.   B)    MYTH.. we do NOT kill our patients with medications.  this is ILLEGAL.  What we try to do is find the balance of pain relievers that will allow the patient to be pain free, and also allow them to still carry on with their normal activities and at the end, be able to speak or communicate if they are able.  example:  some patients are in so much pain when they come to us, they are unable to do anything.  with the right meds, one lady was able to take her crafts to her regular craft fair out of state with her hubby in their RV, for the last time, to say goodbye to all her craft fair colleagues she had known and worked with for 30 years.  another man was able to go spend a last visit at the cabin he built up in the mountains.   Another patient was able to go to disneyland with her family, one last time.  Medications are a wondrous thing.  We learn what the patient would like to do and we try to find the medications that will allow them to do that.  We will often pay for a final wish like this.  C)     Emotional Pain.  Sometimes called spiritual pain.  releasing emotional pain can come with counseling with spiritual counselors and social workers (both available through hospice).   At end of life there may be issues that are unresolved with family members that have caused patient deep regret and grief.  EMOTIONAL PAIN CAN TURN INTO PHSYSICAL PAIN THAT NO PHARMACOLOGICAL MEDICATION CAN TOUCH.  Although sometimes resolution may be impossible, our counselors do their best to help patient resolve conflicts and issues that are a burden to patient and a burden to the family members.  NOTE:  these resolutions could mean the diffference between a peaceful death and a difficult death.    There is something we can see, a definite change of pallor, expression, something hard to explain, that can tell an experienced eye that it is soon.  It is very hard to tell you exactly when it will happen but the above are some     things to watch for. ______________________________________  Many of your comments were around hearing at end of life.  Here's just one article. https:\/\/news.northwestern.edu\/stories\/2015\/01\/family-voices-and-stories-speed-coma-recovery","human_ref_B":"I'm a GP dealing with a primarily elderly population, and a good rule of thumb is this:  If they're clearly getting worse over the course of months, they likely have months. If there's a clear decline over the course of weeks, they likely have weeks. If it's days, they have days.   Occasionally, I'll get surprised, and a person who seems to have been stable dies in their sleep. Interestingly, though, the people in these cases frequently seemed to have known that their time was coming in the weeks beforehand, and often may have asked to speak with a priest, or get their affairs in order otherwise.   It mainly boils down to experience, trajectory, and listening to your patients.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":733.0,"score_ratio":43.5198675497}
{"post_id":"97w6bn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do medical professionals seem to accurately predict when someone \u201cis getting close \u201c to dying when the cause of death is vague such as old age or a long suffered disease?","c_root_id_A":"e4bmy28","c_root_id_B":"e4bdzdg","created_at_utc_A":1534462216,"created_at_utc_B":1534453905,"score_A":13143,"score_B":211,"human_ref_A":"EDIT:  i am amazed and humbled by the kind words and beautiful stories shared here.  they are treasures.  please write them down so your sons and daughters can read them.  I threw this list together really fast and posted it.  imagine my surprise when i saw my in box and almost fell over.  so i made some changes, mainly in explaining more thoroughly and in more detail to \"explain like i am five\".  i also added a few, that i had forgotten.  the list was very errr, cold and clinical and i did not convey my love for this work.  some of your responses reminded me i need to address this.  we live in a \"youth worship\" western country, often where the wise elders are forgotten, death and dying are hidden, not discussed, taboo, whereas at one time in our past, death was as normal as birth, with the working close to the land and animals, we knew and were familiar with the natural swing of life and death.  we run from death, we do everything we can to make ourselves younger, and to avoid that inevitable experience we will all have.  working for hospice allows me to become a part of an elder's life, to bring my support to them when it may be needed most.  i consider it a calling to bring more awareness of the normal reality of death.  and more awareness of the incredible sweetness of being able to support a loved one through their passage.  i cannot convey to you the blessing of being able to walk with a patient from the beginning of their journey, to the end of their life.  it is the most vulnerable, most tender of mercies to be able to have the privilege to witness that passage.  if you have the opportunity to be present for an elder during this journey, please try to.  It may change you forever in a good way.  It is the most spiritual of moments I have had in my lifetime.  You may want to even volunteer for hospice to be able to serve our wise elderly and walk with them through this time, to acompany them at a time they may be abandoned (it happens).   You will be rewarded greatly. ______________________________________   Hospice worker 26 years.  1. Withdrawing from interaction. 2. No interest in food or water (beware, pt can aspirate at this point if forced to eat or drink). 3. 02 (oxygen blood saturation level often called \"sats\" or \"sat level\") levels dropping (70 and below),  Normal is 90s.  I find using the oximeter is very helpful. 4. Color changes.. skin can go very pasty and grey 5.  Mottling of knees, elbows.  Mottling is a kind of blue\/ white effect on the skin that may look a bit like bruising. 6.  Blueness of fingernail beds, slight facial blueness around nose, mouth.  Blank staring at ceiling or corner and or talking to a family member long deceased. 8.  Muscle wasting at temples and eyes sinking into boney orbits 9.  Apneic and or shallow respiration.  Near the end a patient will often start to breathe irregularly.  This is called apnea and or cheyne stokes respiration.  what you will see is the patient breathes, then pauses.  then breathes again.  this can go on for a while or it can be near the end.  as the patient gets closer to passing, the pauses will start to be longer than the breathing.  i.e. starting... 10 seconds of pause, 50 seconds of respiration.  then 20 second pause, 40 seconds of respirations (i use the second hand of my watch to count).  As the time passes, the pauses become longer and longer.  This is the place of truly near death.. as the pauses become longer and longer, the pauses will gently last until the patient gently passes.  it can be an almost seamless and very peaceful thing to watch.  they drift into death, and you wait for the next breath, and it just doesn't come.  these are the deaths one hopes for, the good deaths with family around the bed, as the patient literally just slips away. 10.  Sweaty, hot skin and or clammy cold skin. 11.  Small dove like sounds on exhalation. 12.  Inability to interact verbally. Remember the sense of hearing lingers .. your loved one will hear you to the very very end despite showing no outward signs or inability to move or respond verbally. 13.  Cooling of extremities (hands and feet). 14.  Phlegmy sounds.  This is what is commonly called the \"death rattle\".  Pt cannot swallow their oral secretions at end of life and these may build up in the throat.  The sound you hear is the sound of the inhalation and exhalation air going over around and through those secretions in the throat.  Lay the patient on their side and the secretions can come out.  There is also a medication that can be used to help with this (drops) (can't remember name of it sorry) but the medication can take a while to take effect.  I have been told that though this is difficultf for us to hear, it is not painful for the patient.  This can be hard.  Sometimes the nurse can drain the mucousy secretions with a machine, but it is said that the more the machine is used, the more secretions are manufactured. 15.  There is a type of respiration that is often seen near the end, and it is best described as breathing \"like a fish out of water\".  Patient will often use auxillary muscles (like their shoulders and upper torso) to try to breathe.     16. Pain.   A)     Physical pain.   What I have found is that it is very very difficult to die if you are in intractable pain.  the muscles are tense and hard, the body is wracked, the pain becomes all encompassing.  the goal is to make the patient comfortable and to ease pain.  this could mean trying differrent medications to assist with pain reduction.  I cannot tell you the many times that finally, once the patient is relieved of physical pain, they can RELAX and let go.   B)    MYTH.. we do NOT kill our patients with medications.  this is ILLEGAL.  What we try to do is find the balance of pain relievers that will allow the patient to be pain free, and also allow them to still carry on with their normal activities and at the end, be able to speak or communicate if they are able.  example:  some patients are in so much pain when they come to us, they are unable to do anything.  with the right meds, one lady was able to take her crafts to her regular craft fair out of state with her hubby in their RV, for the last time, to say goodbye to all her craft fair colleagues she had known and worked with for 30 years.  another man was able to go spend a last visit at the cabin he built up in the mountains.   Another patient was able to go to disneyland with her family, one last time.  Medications are a wondrous thing.  We learn what the patient would like to do and we try to find the medications that will allow them to do that.  We will often pay for a final wish like this.  C)     Emotional Pain.  Sometimes called spiritual pain.  releasing emotional pain can come with counseling with spiritual counselors and social workers (both available through hospice).   At end of life there may be issues that are unresolved with family members that have caused patient deep regret and grief.  EMOTIONAL PAIN CAN TURN INTO PHSYSICAL PAIN THAT NO PHARMACOLOGICAL MEDICATION CAN TOUCH.  Although sometimes resolution may be impossible, our counselors do their best to help patient resolve conflicts and issues that are a burden to patient and a burden to the family members.  NOTE:  these resolutions could mean the diffference between a peaceful death and a difficult death.    There is something we can see, a definite change of pallor, expression, something hard to explain, that can tell an experienced eye that it is soon.  It is very hard to tell you exactly when it will happen but the above are some     things to watch for. ______________________________________  Many of your comments were around hearing at end of life.  Here's just one article. https:\/\/news.northwestern.edu\/stories\/2015\/01\/family-voices-and-stories-speed-coma-recovery","human_ref_B":"The deaths that come from old age or terminal diseases are most often caused by the failure of some important organ - say the kidneys, or the liver.  When these organs shut down, death isn't instant, but since they can't do their jobs, death will soon follow if a transplant can't be done.  So when a doctor has an old patient whose kidneys are shutting down, for example, they can say \"they're getting close,\" because death will follow soon after a major organ failure like that, and with a very old patient, transplants or treatments aren't viable.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":8311.0,"score_ratio":62.2890995261}
{"post_id":"97w6bn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do medical professionals seem to accurately predict when someone \u201cis getting close \u201c to dying when the cause of death is vague such as old age or a long suffered disease?","c_root_id_A":"e4bmy28","c_root_id_B":"e4bei8u","created_at_utc_A":1534462216,"created_at_utc_B":1534454364,"score_A":13143,"score_B":144,"human_ref_A":"EDIT:  i am amazed and humbled by the kind words and beautiful stories shared here.  they are treasures.  please write them down so your sons and daughters can read them.  I threw this list together really fast and posted it.  imagine my surprise when i saw my in box and almost fell over.  so i made some changes, mainly in explaining more thoroughly and in more detail to \"explain like i am five\".  i also added a few, that i had forgotten.  the list was very errr, cold and clinical and i did not convey my love for this work.  some of your responses reminded me i need to address this.  we live in a \"youth worship\" western country, often where the wise elders are forgotten, death and dying are hidden, not discussed, taboo, whereas at one time in our past, death was as normal as birth, with the working close to the land and animals, we knew and were familiar with the natural swing of life and death.  we run from death, we do everything we can to make ourselves younger, and to avoid that inevitable experience we will all have.  working for hospice allows me to become a part of an elder's life, to bring my support to them when it may be needed most.  i consider it a calling to bring more awareness of the normal reality of death.  and more awareness of the incredible sweetness of being able to support a loved one through their passage.  i cannot convey to you the blessing of being able to walk with a patient from the beginning of their journey, to the end of their life.  it is the most vulnerable, most tender of mercies to be able to have the privilege to witness that passage.  if you have the opportunity to be present for an elder during this journey, please try to.  It may change you forever in a good way.  It is the most spiritual of moments I have had in my lifetime.  You may want to even volunteer for hospice to be able to serve our wise elderly and walk with them through this time, to acompany them at a time they may be abandoned (it happens).   You will be rewarded greatly. ______________________________________   Hospice worker 26 years.  1. Withdrawing from interaction. 2. No interest in food or water (beware, pt can aspirate at this point if forced to eat or drink). 3. 02 (oxygen blood saturation level often called \"sats\" or \"sat level\") levels dropping (70 and below),  Normal is 90s.  I find using the oximeter is very helpful. 4. Color changes.. skin can go very pasty and grey 5.  Mottling of knees, elbows.  Mottling is a kind of blue\/ white effect on the skin that may look a bit like bruising. 6.  Blueness of fingernail beds, slight facial blueness around nose, mouth.  Blank staring at ceiling or corner and or talking to a family member long deceased. 8.  Muscle wasting at temples and eyes sinking into boney orbits 9.  Apneic and or shallow respiration.  Near the end a patient will often start to breathe irregularly.  This is called apnea and or cheyne stokes respiration.  what you will see is the patient breathes, then pauses.  then breathes again.  this can go on for a while or it can be near the end.  as the patient gets closer to passing, the pauses will start to be longer than the breathing.  i.e. starting... 10 seconds of pause, 50 seconds of respiration.  then 20 second pause, 40 seconds of respirations (i use the second hand of my watch to count).  As the time passes, the pauses become longer and longer.  This is the place of truly near death.. as the pauses become longer and longer, the pauses will gently last until the patient gently passes.  it can be an almost seamless and very peaceful thing to watch.  they drift into death, and you wait for the next breath, and it just doesn't come.  these are the deaths one hopes for, the good deaths with family around the bed, as the patient literally just slips away. 10.  Sweaty, hot skin and or clammy cold skin. 11.  Small dove like sounds on exhalation. 12.  Inability to interact verbally. Remember the sense of hearing lingers .. your loved one will hear you to the very very end despite showing no outward signs or inability to move or respond verbally. 13.  Cooling of extremities (hands and feet). 14.  Phlegmy sounds.  This is what is commonly called the \"death rattle\".  Pt cannot swallow their oral secretions at end of life and these may build up in the throat.  The sound you hear is the sound of the inhalation and exhalation air going over around and through those secretions in the throat.  Lay the patient on their side and the secretions can come out.  There is also a medication that can be used to help with this (drops) (can't remember name of it sorry) but the medication can take a while to take effect.  I have been told that though this is difficultf for us to hear, it is not painful for the patient.  This can be hard.  Sometimes the nurse can drain the mucousy secretions with a machine, but it is said that the more the machine is used, the more secretions are manufactured. 15.  There is a type of respiration that is often seen near the end, and it is best described as breathing \"like a fish out of water\".  Patient will often use auxillary muscles (like their shoulders and upper torso) to try to breathe.     16. Pain.   A)     Physical pain.   What I have found is that it is very very difficult to die if you are in intractable pain.  the muscles are tense and hard, the body is wracked, the pain becomes all encompassing.  the goal is to make the patient comfortable and to ease pain.  this could mean trying differrent medications to assist with pain reduction.  I cannot tell you the many times that finally, once the patient is relieved of physical pain, they can RELAX and let go.   B)    MYTH.. we do NOT kill our patients with medications.  this is ILLEGAL.  What we try to do is find the balance of pain relievers that will allow the patient to be pain free, and also allow them to still carry on with their normal activities and at the end, be able to speak or communicate if they are able.  example:  some patients are in so much pain when they come to us, they are unable to do anything.  with the right meds, one lady was able to take her crafts to her regular craft fair out of state with her hubby in their RV, for the last time, to say goodbye to all her craft fair colleagues she had known and worked with for 30 years.  another man was able to go spend a last visit at the cabin he built up in the mountains.   Another patient was able to go to disneyland with her family, one last time.  Medications are a wondrous thing.  We learn what the patient would like to do and we try to find the medications that will allow them to do that.  We will often pay for a final wish like this.  C)     Emotional Pain.  Sometimes called spiritual pain.  releasing emotional pain can come with counseling with spiritual counselors and social workers (both available through hospice).   At end of life there may be issues that are unresolved with family members that have caused patient deep regret and grief.  EMOTIONAL PAIN CAN TURN INTO PHSYSICAL PAIN THAT NO PHARMACOLOGICAL MEDICATION CAN TOUCH.  Although sometimes resolution may be impossible, our counselors do their best to help patient resolve conflicts and issues that are a burden to patient and a burden to the family members.  NOTE:  these resolutions could mean the diffference between a peaceful death and a difficult death.    There is something we can see, a definite change of pallor, expression, something hard to explain, that can tell an experienced eye that it is soon.  It is very hard to tell you exactly when it will happen but the above are some     things to watch for. ______________________________________  Many of your comments were around hearing at end of life.  Here's just one article. https:\/\/news.northwestern.edu\/stories\/2015\/01\/family-voices-and-stories-speed-coma-recovery","human_ref_B":"When you work with the dying, you start to notice similarities in colors of various body parts, smells coming off the client and you see a decided decrease in bodily functions as you see the shutting down mentioned in the other answers. You also almost always see a noticeable cognitive decline the days and sometimes weeks before and they tend to know themselves too and often will tell you as much.  Edit: blood tests will give docs an idea of when organ failure is starting too based on the function numbers.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":7852.0,"score_ratio":91.2708333333}
{"post_id":"97w6bn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do medical professionals seem to accurately predict when someone \u201cis getting close \u201c to dying when the cause of death is vague such as old age or a long suffered disease?","c_root_id_A":"e4bdzdg","c_root_id_B":"e4bizhd","created_at_utc_A":1534453905,"created_at_utc_B":1534458409,"score_A":211,"score_B":2120,"human_ref_A":"The deaths that come from old age or terminal diseases are most often caused by the failure of some important organ - say the kidneys, or the liver.  When these organs shut down, death isn't instant, but since they can't do their jobs, death will soon follow if a transplant can't be done.  So when a doctor has an old patient whose kidneys are shutting down, for example, they can say \"they're getting close,\" because death will follow soon after a major organ failure like that, and with a very old patient, transplants or treatments aren't viable.","human_ref_B":"In hospitals at least, patients seem to know. They often say \"I'm going to die\" or they will ask to contact a relative. You do not take these requests lightly; dying people know when they're getting close.  Also, experience. People can look really really ill for weeks or months, but one day you'll look at someone and they'll look different from an hour ago. More grey in colour, or a different facial expression, or... you just *know*.   All this of course aside from clinical findings, respiratory rate, BP, blood tests if you're still doing that stuff by this point, etc etc.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":4504.0,"score_ratio":10.0473933649}
{"post_id":"97w6bn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do medical professionals seem to accurately predict when someone \u201cis getting close \u201c to dying when the cause of death is vague such as old age or a long suffered disease?","c_root_id_A":"e4bei8u","c_root_id_B":"e4bizhd","created_at_utc_A":1534454364,"created_at_utc_B":1534458409,"score_A":144,"score_B":2120,"human_ref_A":"When you work with the dying, you start to notice similarities in colors of various body parts, smells coming off the client and you see a decided decrease in bodily functions as you see the shutting down mentioned in the other answers. You also almost always see a noticeable cognitive decline the days and sometimes weeks before and they tend to know themselves too and often will tell you as much.  Edit: blood tests will give docs an idea of when organ failure is starting too based on the function numbers.","human_ref_B":"In hospitals at least, patients seem to know. They often say \"I'm going to die\" or they will ask to contact a relative. You do not take these requests lightly; dying people know when they're getting close.  Also, experience. People can look really really ill for weeks or months, but one day you'll look at someone and they'll look different from an hour ago. More grey in colour, or a different facial expression, or... you just *know*.   All this of course aside from clinical findings, respiratory rate, BP, blood tests if you're still doing that stuff by this point, etc etc.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":4045.0,"score_ratio":14.7222222222}
{"post_id":"97w6bn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do medical professionals seem to accurately predict when someone \u201cis getting close \u201c to dying when the cause of death is vague such as old age or a long suffered disease?","c_root_id_A":"e4bj8xv","c_root_id_B":"e4bdzdg","created_at_utc_A":1534458654,"created_at_utc_B":1534453905,"score_A":828,"score_B":211,"human_ref_A":"Nurse here.   When we say that someone is going to die soon, what we're really saying is that there is nothing left that we can do to save them. Particularly in cases of old age or a long illness, the person has been kept alive, at least in part, by medical intervention. Medications, surgeries, medical devices or therapies. When these interventions are removed, the body is unable to support itself, so the person dies. We can predict a timeframe from experience. For instance, we know that, if someone is dependant on dialysis, and we stop dialysis, they will die within a couple of days, because we've seen it happen a thousand times before. We, as a profession, know from experience what a body can survive and what it can't survive.   Regardless of cause of death, there are certain indicators that tell us that death is imminent. Someone who is actively dying will usually start refusing food and drink. They will be in and out of consciousness. Their breathing changes. Their vitals (blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen levels) start to change. Their hands and feet start to feel cooler. They stop producing urine.   Despite this, we don't always get it right.","human_ref_B":"The deaths that come from old age or terminal diseases are most often caused by the failure of some important organ - say the kidneys, or the liver.  When these organs shut down, death isn't instant, but since they can't do their jobs, death will soon follow if a transplant can't be done.  So when a doctor has an old patient whose kidneys are shutting down, for example, they can say \"they're getting close,\" because death will follow soon after a major organ failure like that, and with a very old patient, transplants or treatments aren't viable.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":4749.0,"score_ratio":3.9241706161}
{"post_id":"97w6bn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do medical professionals seem to accurately predict when someone \u201cis getting close \u201c to dying when the cause of death is vague such as old age or a long suffered disease?","c_root_id_A":"e4bj8xv","c_root_id_B":"e4bei8u","created_at_utc_A":1534458654,"created_at_utc_B":1534454364,"score_A":828,"score_B":144,"human_ref_A":"Nurse here.   When we say that someone is going to die soon, what we're really saying is that there is nothing left that we can do to save them. Particularly in cases of old age or a long illness, the person has been kept alive, at least in part, by medical intervention. Medications, surgeries, medical devices or therapies. When these interventions are removed, the body is unable to support itself, so the person dies. We can predict a timeframe from experience. For instance, we know that, if someone is dependant on dialysis, and we stop dialysis, they will die within a couple of days, because we've seen it happen a thousand times before. We, as a profession, know from experience what a body can survive and what it can't survive.   Regardless of cause of death, there are certain indicators that tell us that death is imminent. Someone who is actively dying will usually start refusing food and drink. They will be in and out of consciousness. Their breathing changes. Their vitals (blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen levels) start to change. Their hands and feet start to feel cooler. They stop producing urine.   Despite this, we don't always get it right.","human_ref_B":"When you work with the dying, you start to notice similarities in colors of various body parts, smells coming off the client and you see a decided decrease in bodily functions as you see the shutting down mentioned in the other answers. You also almost always see a noticeable cognitive decline the days and sometimes weeks before and they tend to know themselves too and often will tell you as much.  Edit: blood tests will give docs an idea of when organ failure is starting too based on the function numbers.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":4290.0,"score_ratio":5.75}
{"post_id":"97w6bn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do medical professionals seem to accurately predict when someone \u201cis getting close \u201c to dying when the cause of death is vague such as old age or a long suffered disease?","c_root_id_A":"e4bl3yw","c_root_id_B":"e4bdzdg","created_at_utc_A":1534460428,"created_at_utc_B":1534453905,"score_A":519,"score_B":211,"human_ref_A":"Experience from taking care of my 98 year old great grandmother:   She died slowly and totally of old age. She was on hospice for over a year (very tough lady). The biggest signs were her oxygen levels going down, lack of appetite and refusal to urinate. That\u2019s what happens when you die strictly of old age, though. She had zero medical issues throughout her life and more or less just \u201cshut down\u201d.","human_ref_B":"The deaths that come from old age or terminal diseases are most often caused by the failure of some important organ - say the kidneys, or the liver.  When these organs shut down, death isn't instant, but since they can't do their jobs, death will soon follow if a transplant can't be done.  So when a doctor has an old patient whose kidneys are shutting down, for example, they can say \"they're getting close,\" because death will follow soon after a major organ failure like that, and with a very old patient, transplants or treatments aren't viable.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":6523.0,"score_ratio":2.4597156398}
{"post_id":"97w6bn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do medical professionals seem to accurately predict when someone \u201cis getting close \u201c to dying when the cause of death is vague such as old age or a long suffered disease?","c_root_id_A":"e4bei8u","c_root_id_B":"e4bl3yw","created_at_utc_A":1534454364,"created_at_utc_B":1534460428,"score_A":144,"score_B":519,"human_ref_A":"When you work with the dying, you start to notice similarities in colors of various body parts, smells coming off the client and you see a decided decrease in bodily functions as you see the shutting down mentioned in the other answers. You also almost always see a noticeable cognitive decline the days and sometimes weeks before and they tend to know themselves too and often will tell you as much.  Edit: blood tests will give docs an idea of when organ failure is starting too based on the function numbers.","human_ref_B":"Experience from taking care of my 98 year old great grandmother:   She died slowly and totally of old age. She was on hospice for over a year (very tough lady). The biggest signs were her oxygen levels going down, lack of appetite and refusal to urinate. That\u2019s what happens when you die strictly of old age, though. She had zero medical issues throughout her life and more or less just \u201cshut down\u201d.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":6064.0,"score_ratio":3.6041666667}
{"post_id":"97w6bn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do medical professionals seem to accurately predict when someone \u201cis getting close \u201c to dying when the cause of death is vague such as old age or a long suffered disease?","c_root_id_A":"e4bm76s","c_root_id_B":"e4bnfjl","created_at_utc_A":1534461483,"created_at_utc_B":1534462705,"score_A":302,"score_B":353,"human_ref_A":"I'm a GP dealing with a primarily elderly population, and a good rule of thumb is this:  If they're clearly getting worse over the course of months, they likely have months. If there's a clear decline over the course of weeks, they likely have weeks. If it's days, they have days.   Occasionally, I'll get surprised, and a person who seems to have been stable dies in their sleep. Interestingly, though, the people in these cases frequently seemed to have known that their time was coming in the weeks beforehand, and often may have asked to speak with a priest, or get their affairs in order otherwise.   It mainly boils down to experience, trajectory, and listening to your patients.","human_ref_B":"ER nurse:  I usually see people die more quickly but we do have a lot of older folks whose family brings them in close to death ( keep your parents at home and let them die in comfort people I promise you dont want to see CPR on your 87 yr old grandma)  When are people going to die: 1: When they tell you. Never take this lightly they know! Get ahold of family quickly.  2: If they have been sick and suddenly they feel better. They are going to die soon.  3: Its hard to explain but their breathing changes. It become more shallow. Their 02 stats slowly drop. Aka death rattle  4: Their color changes. Becomes more grey.  5: Cold extremeties 6: If they ask you to hold their hand bc they are scared. Hold it no matter how many other patients you have. Hold it. No one should die alone.  7: If some one comes in with chest pain and they tell you they have to poop really bad. DONT LET THEM they are gonna die.  Clearly these are not scientific just little things i have learned over the years","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1222.0,"score_ratio":1.1688741722}
{"post_id":"97w6bn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do medical professionals seem to accurately predict when someone \u201cis getting close \u201c to dying when the cause of death is vague such as old age or a long suffered disease?","c_root_id_A":"e4bdzdg","c_root_id_B":"e4bnfjl","created_at_utc_A":1534453905,"created_at_utc_B":1534462705,"score_A":211,"score_B":353,"human_ref_A":"The deaths that come from old age or terminal diseases are most often caused by the failure of some important organ - say the kidneys, or the liver.  When these organs shut down, death isn't instant, but since they can't do their jobs, death will soon follow if a transplant can't be done.  So when a doctor has an old patient whose kidneys are shutting down, for example, they can say \"they're getting close,\" because death will follow soon after a major organ failure like that, and with a very old patient, transplants or treatments aren't viable.","human_ref_B":"ER nurse:  I usually see people die more quickly but we do have a lot of older folks whose family brings them in close to death ( keep your parents at home and let them die in comfort people I promise you dont want to see CPR on your 87 yr old grandma)  When are people going to die: 1: When they tell you. Never take this lightly they know! Get ahold of family quickly.  2: If they have been sick and suddenly they feel better. They are going to die soon.  3: Its hard to explain but their breathing changes. It become more shallow. Their 02 stats slowly drop. Aka death rattle  4: Their color changes. Becomes more grey.  5: Cold extremeties 6: If they ask you to hold their hand bc they are scared. Hold it no matter how many other patients you have. Hold it. No one should die alone.  7: If some one comes in with chest pain and they tell you they have to poop really bad. DONT LET THEM they are gonna die.  Clearly these are not scientific just little things i have learned over the years","labels":0,"seconds_difference":8800.0,"score_ratio":1.672985782}
{"post_id":"97w6bn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do medical professionals seem to accurately predict when someone \u201cis getting close \u201c to dying when the cause of death is vague such as old age or a long suffered disease?","c_root_id_A":"e4bnfjl","c_root_id_B":"e4bei8u","created_at_utc_A":1534462705,"created_at_utc_B":1534454364,"score_A":353,"score_B":144,"human_ref_A":"ER nurse:  I usually see people die more quickly but we do have a lot of older folks whose family brings them in close to death ( keep your parents at home and let them die in comfort people I promise you dont want to see CPR on your 87 yr old grandma)  When are people going to die: 1: When they tell you. Never take this lightly they know! Get ahold of family quickly.  2: If they have been sick and suddenly they feel better. They are going to die soon.  3: Its hard to explain but their breathing changes. It become more shallow. Their 02 stats slowly drop. Aka death rattle  4: Their color changes. Becomes more grey.  5: Cold extremeties 6: If they ask you to hold their hand bc they are scared. Hold it no matter how many other patients you have. Hold it. No one should die alone.  7: If some one comes in with chest pain and they tell you they have to poop really bad. DONT LET THEM they are gonna die.  Clearly these are not scientific just little things i have learned over the years","human_ref_B":"When you work with the dying, you start to notice similarities in colors of various body parts, smells coming off the client and you see a decided decrease in bodily functions as you see the shutting down mentioned in the other answers. You also almost always see a noticeable cognitive decline the days and sometimes weeks before and they tend to know themselves too and often will tell you as much.  Edit: blood tests will give docs an idea of when organ failure is starting too based on the function numbers.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":8341.0,"score_ratio":2.4513888889}
{"post_id":"97w6bn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do medical professionals seem to accurately predict when someone \u201cis getting close \u201c to dying when the cause of death is vague such as old age or a long suffered disease?","c_root_id_A":"e4bm76s","c_root_id_B":"e4bdzdg","created_at_utc_A":1534461483,"created_at_utc_B":1534453905,"score_A":302,"score_B":211,"human_ref_A":"I'm a GP dealing with a primarily elderly population, and a good rule of thumb is this:  If they're clearly getting worse over the course of months, they likely have months. If there's a clear decline over the course of weeks, they likely have weeks. If it's days, they have days.   Occasionally, I'll get surprised, and a person who seems to have been stable dies in their sleep. Interestingly, though, the people in these cases frequently seemed to have known that their time was coming in the weeks beforehand, and often may have asked to speak with a priest, or get their affairs in order otherwise.   It mainly boils down to experience, trajectory, and listening to your patients.","human_ref_B":"The deaths that come from old age or terminal diseases are most often caused by the failure of some important organ - say the kidneys, or the liver.  When these organs shut down, death isn't instant, but since they can't do their jobs, death will soon follow if a transplant can't be done.  So when a doctor has an old patient whose kidneys are shutting down, for example, they can say \"they're getting close,\" because death will follow soon after a major organ failure like that, and with a very old patient, transplants or treatments aren't viable.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":7578.0,"score_ratio":1.4312796209}
{"post_id":"97w6bn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do medical professionals seem to accurately predict when someone \u201cis getting close \u201c to dying when the cause of death is vague such as old age or a long suffered disease?","c_root_id_A":"e4bm76s","c_root_id_B":"e4bei8u","created_at_utc_A":1534461483,"created_at_utc_B":1534454364,"score_A":302,"score_B":144,"human_ref_A":"I'm a GP dealing with a primarily elderly population, and a good rule of thumb is this:  If they're clearly getting worse over the course of months, they likely have months. If there's a clear decline over the course of weeks, they likely have weeks. If it's days, they have days.   Occasionally, I'll get surprised, and a person who seems to have been stable dies in their sleep. Interestingly, though, the people in these cases frequently seemed to have known that their time was coming in the weeks beforehand, and often may have asked to speak with a priest, or get their affairs in order otherwise.   It mainly boils down to experience, trajectory, and listening to your patients.","human_ref_B":"When you work with the dying, you start to notice similarities in colors of various body parts, smells coming off the client and you see a decided decrease in bodily functions as you see the shutting down mentioned in the other answers. You also almost always see a noticeable cognitive decline the days and sometimes weeks before and they tend to know themselves too and often will tell you as much.  Edit: blood tests will give docs an idea of when organ failure is starting too based on the function numbers.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":7119.0,"score_ratio":2.0972222222}
{"post_id":"g4qm5n","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.96,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do fans (and propellers) have different numbers of blades? What advantage is there to more or less blades? An actual question my five year old asked me and I couldn't answer, please help!","c_root_id_A":"fnze8p3","c_root_id_B":"fnz1chs","created_at_utc_A":1587392323,"created_at_utc_B":1587383147,"score_A":13862,"score_B":1274,"human_ref_A":"It's always a balance.  Number of blades:  * Fewer blades = More efficient shoveling of air because of turbulence (air swirls) created by other blades reduces efficiency. Usually simpler to make. * More blades = More stable because the force is spread out over more blades and shovels more air compared to how long the propellers are.  Propeller tips breaking sound barrier is bad (because of lots of turbulence). The longer the propeller the faster the tips go compared to the center. But having too short blades means more loss of energy at the blade tips:  * Longer blades = Better at generating lift, shoveling more air at lower speeds. Longer propellers also less stable and vibrate more. * Smaller blades = Allows higher top speeds since the propeller can go much faster without breaking the soundbarrier with the wingtips. More stable.  So basicly.WW1 airplane: We can't make so good engines. So we're gonna go with efficient short two-bladed propellers because that gives is the most thrust for our weak engines.  WW2 airplane: We gots a lot better engines now. But two-bladed propellers can't shovel enough air to take our planes as fast as we're going to go. So we're going to go with 4 short blades!  Helicopter: We gotta generate lots of lift. So we're going to go with longer and slower rotating blades!  Modern helicopter: Uh. Those blades aren't generating enough lift. MORE BLADES! More blades is harder to make, but more stable too.  Modern turboprop: Too noisy! We're making special 6 bladed propellers that are much quieter. And computer power and advanced materials allows us to make them special advanced shapes that generate even less noise and more power. So now they look more like ship propellers. But for air! Still kinda short blades because we gotta go fast!  Ship propellers: Water dense yo. So we gotta make blades short (or they'll break!) but we make them much wider to shovel a lot of water backwards.  P.S: Jet engines work entirely differently, even if they do have fans at the front they're for compressing air into the engine, not generating thrust.     P.P.S: For ceiling fan. You're moving lots of air, but you want to do it slowly and silently. So lots of wide blades. How long the blades are depends on how mobile you want the fan to be. Big fan = more air silently. Small fan = Noisier, but more mobile.","human_ref_B":"Next time you\u2019re in a swimming pool try moving your hand through the water as fast as you can. Change the angle a bit and notice that you push more or less water around. Now try it again with your whole arm under water. You can push more water around but it also requires much more effort.   Propellor optimization (fans are just propellers) involves striking a balance between the amount of fluid you want to move at the energy used to move it. Increasing the surface area of the propellor will move more fluid but require more energy to operate. This can be achieved by increasing either the size of the blades, the number of blades, or both.   A house fan only needs to move relatively little air at high efficiency. A speedboat propeller is going to be optimized to move water. Many airplanes also have the ability to change the angle of their blades, taking a larger or smaller \u201cbite\u201d out of the air without changing the surface area exposed to the medium.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":9176.0,"score_ratio":10.8806907378}
{"post_id":"g4qm5n","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.96,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do fans (and propellers) have different numbers of blades? What advantage is there to more or less blades? An actual question my five year old asked me and I couldn't answer, please help!","c_root_id_A":"fnyyc7f","c_root_id_B":"fnze8p3","created_at_utc_A":1587380221,"created_at_utc_B":1587392323,"score_A":138,"score_B":13862,"human_ref_A":"Here's my best shot at an ELIF:   Generally, the more blades you have (and the larger they are) the slower and quieter the fan will be. It all has to do with resistance. You'll notice that a lot of helicopters only have four really skinny blades; Super fast, and SUPER loud.   Very interesting question, kid!  Edited to say it wasn't as hard as I thought to make it simple lol","human_ref_B":"It's always a balance.  Number of blades:  * Fewer blades = More efficient shoveling of air because of turbulence (air swirls) created by other blades reduces efficiency. Usually simpler to make. * More blades = More stable because the force is spread out over more blades and shovels more air compared to how long the propellers are.  Propeller tips breaking sound barrier is bad (because of lots of turbulence). The longer the propeller the faster the tips go compared to the center. But having too short blades means more loss of energy at the blade tips:  * Longer blades = Better at generating lift, shoveling more air at lower speeds. Longer propellers also less stable and vibrate more. * Smaller blades = Allows higher top speeds since the propeller can go much faster without breaking the soundbarrier with the wingtips. More stable.  So basicly.WW1 airplane: We can't make so good engines. So we're gonna go with efficient short two-bladed propellers because that gives is the most thrust for our weak engines.  WW2 airplane: We gots a lot better engines now. But two-bladed propellers can't shovel enough air to take our planes as fast as we're going to go. So we're going to go with 4 short blades!  Helicopter: We gotta generate lots of lift. So we're going to go with longer and slower rotating blades!  Modern helicopter: Uh. Those blades aren't generating enough lift. MORE BLADES! More blades is harder to make, but more stable too.  Modern turboprop: Too noisy! We're making special 6 bladed propellers that are much quieter. And computer power and advanced materials allows us to make them special advanced shapes that generate even less noise and more power. So now they look more like ship propellers. But for air! Still kinda short blades because we gotta go fast!  Ship propellers: Water dense yo. So we gotta make blades short (or they'll break!) but we make them much wider to shovel a lot of water backwards.  P.S: Jet engines work entirely differently, even if they do have fans at the front they're for compressing air into the engine, not generating thrust.     P.P.S: For ceiling fan. You're moving lots of air, but you want to do it slowly and silently. So lots of wide blades. How long the blades are depends on how mobile you want the fan to be. Big fan = more air silently. Small fan = Noisier, but more mobile.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":12102.0,"score_ratio":100.4492753623}
{"post_id":"g4qm5n","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.96,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do fans (and propellers) have different numbers of blades? What advantage is there to more or less blades? An actual question my five year old asked me and I couldn't answer, please help!","c_root_id_A":"fnz60xo","c_root_id_B":"fnze8p3","created_at_utc_A":1587386988,"created_at_utc_B":1587392323,"score_A":19,"score_B":13862,"human_ref_A":"Its a balance between a lot of factors  Each additional blade adds more weight and cost which requires stronger($$$) engine components to overcome the increased drag from additional blades trying to move through the air.  They also disturb the air they pass through so having 8 blades instead of 4 won't give you twice the power because the extra blades are now passing through disturbed air and not working as efficiently.  Generally you get better results from increasing the length of the propeller but this requires a stronger propeller($$$)  Generally the better option is to have a second cheap engine\/propeller set (think twin engine propeller planes or the Chinook), or to use more elaborate propeller setups like Contra-Rotating propellers which boosts propeller efficiency giving you more thrust with the same horsepower despite driving two different sets of blades.  This was used on the later Spitfires to get the most power possible out of their limited propeller diameter.","human_ref_B":"It's always a balance.  Number of blades:  * Fewer blades = More efficient shoveling of air because of turbulence (air swirls) created by other blades reduces efficiency. Usually simpler to make. * More blades = More stable because the force is spread out over more blades and shovels more air compared to how long the propellers are.  Propeller tips breaking sound barrier is bad (because of lots of turbulence). The longer the propeller the faster the tips go compared to the center. But having too short blades means more loss of energy at the blade tips:  * Longer blades = Better at generating lift, shoveling more air at lower speeds. Longer propellers also less stable and vibrate more. * Smaller blades = Allows higher top speeds since the propeller can go much faster without breaking the soundbarrier with the wingtips. More stable.  So basicly.WW1 airplane: We can't make so good engines. So we're gonna go with efficient short two-bladed propellers because that gives is the most thrust for our weak engines.  WW2 airplane: We gots a lot better engines now. But two-bladed propellers can't shovel enough air to take our planes as fast as we're going to go. So we're going to go with 4 short blades!  Helicopter: We gotta generate lots of lift. So we're going to go with longer and slower rotating blades!  Modern helicopter: Uh. Those blades aren't generating enough lift. MORE BLADES! More blades is harder to make, but more stable too.  Modern turboprop: Too noisy! We're making special 6 bladed propellers that are much quieter. And computer power and advanced materials allows us to make them special advanced shapes that generate even less noise and more power. So now they look more like ship propellers. But for air! Still kinda short blades because we gotta go fast!  Ship propellers: Water dense yo. So we gotta make blades short (or they'll break!) but we make them much wider to shovel a lot of water backwards.  P.S: Jet engines work entirely differently, even if they do have fans at the front they're for compressing air into the engine, not generating thrust.     P.P.S: For ceiling fan. You're moving lots of air, but you want to do it slowly and silently. So lots of wide blades. How long the blades are depends on how mobile you want the fan to be. Big fan = more air silently. Small fan = Noisier, but more mobile.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":5335.0,"score_ratio":729.5789473684}
{"post_id":"g4qm5n","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.96,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do fans (and propellers) have different numbers of blades? What advantage is there to more or less blades? An actual question my five year old asked me and I couldn't answer, please help!","c_root_id_A":"fnz1chs","c_root_id_B":"fnyyc7f","created_at_utc_A":1587383147,"created_at_utc_B":1587380221,"score_A":1274,"score_B":138,"human_ref_A":"Next time you\u2019re in a swimming pool try moving your hand through the water as fast as you can. Change the angle a bit and notice that you push more or less water around. Now try it again with your whole arm under water. You can push more water around but it also requires much more effort.   Propellor optimization (fans are just propellers) involves striking a balance between the amount of fluid you want to move at the energy used to move it. Increasing the surface area of the propellor will move more fluid but require more energy to operate. This can be achieved by increasing either the size of the blades, the number of blades, or both.   A house fan only needs to move relatively little air at high efficiency. A speedboat propeller is going to be optimized to move water. Many airplanes also have the ability to change the angle of their blades, taking a larger or smaller \u201cbite\u201d out of the air without changing the surface area exposed to the medium.","human_ref_B":"Here's my best shot at an ELIF:   Generally, the more blades you have (and the larger they are) the slower and quieter the fan will be. It all has to do with resistance. You'll notice that a lot of helicopters only have four really skinny blades; Super fast, and SUPER loud.   Very interesting question, kid!  Edited to say it wasn't as hard as I thought to make it simple lol","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2926.0,"score_ratio":9.231884058}
{"post_id":"8ni40x","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why is - 1 X - 1 = 1 ? I\u2019ve always been interested in Mathematics but for the life of me I can never figure out how a negative number multiplied by a negative number produces a positive number. Could someone explain why like I\u2019m 5 ?","c_root_id_A":"dzvp0s3","c_root_id_B":"dzvv55d","created_at_utc_A":1527775149,"created_at_utc_B":1527780814,"score_A":14094,"score_B":42207,"human_ref_A":"Imagine you are watching a movie. The first number is how the person in the movie is moving. The second number is how you are watching the film (normal or in reverse).  1 x 1 is a person walking forward, you watch it normal. Answer is you see a person walking forward, which is 1.  1 x -1 is a person walking forward, you watch it in reverse. You see a person walking backwards. -1  -1 x 1 is a person walking backward, you watch it normal. You see a person walking backwards. -1  -1 x -1 is a person walking backwards, but you watch it in reverse. What you will see is a person that looks like they are walking forward. 1  Edit: I first saw this explanation on a prior Explain like I'm five years old. Just restating it to help spread the knowledge.","human_ref_B":"Repost from 2 years back:  I give you three $20 notes: +3 \u00d7 +20 = you gain $60   I give you three $20 debts: +3 \u00d7 -20 = you lose $60  I take three $20 notes from you: -3 \u00d7 +20 = you lose $60   I take three $20 debts from you: -3 \u00d7 -20 = you gain $60","labels":0,"seconds_difference":5665.0,"score_ratio":2.9946785866}
{"post_id":"8ni40x","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why is - 1 X - 1 = 1 ? I\u2019ve always been interested in Mathematics but for the life of me I can never figure out how a negative number multiplied by a negative number produces a positive number. Could someone explain why like I\u2019m 5 ?","c_root_id_A":"dzvv55d","c_root_id_B":"dzvua7u","created_at_utc_A":1527780814,"created_at_utc_B":1527780055,"score_A":42207,"score_B":1220,"human_ref_A":"Repost from 2 years back:  I give you three $20 notes: +3 \u00d7 +20 = you gain $60   I give you three $20 debts: +3 \u00d7 -20 = you lose $60  I take three $20 notes from you: -3 \u00d7 +20 = you lose $60   I take three $20 debts from you: -3 \u00d7 -20 = you gain $60","human_ref_B":"Negative really just means opposite.  If we take the opposite of the opposite, we are left with what we started with.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":759.0,"score_ratio":34.5959016393}
{"post_id":"8ni40x","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why is - 1 X - 1 = 1 ? I\u2019ve always been interested in Mathematics but for the life of me I can never figure out how a negative number multiplied by a negative number produces a positive number. Could someone explain why like I\u2019m 5 ?","c_root_id_A":"dzvl4hw","c_root_id_B":"dzvv55d","created_at_utc_A":1527770849,"created_at_utc_B":1527780814,"score_A":117,"score_B":42207,"human_ref_A":"Think of it like a direction (which it is on a number line). Negative means backward, positive means forward. Add is add distance, multiply is change how big your steps are.  Your equation says \u201ctravel 1 backward, change to backward of current direction\u201d (that might not be the best phrasing but I hope you get it).  It says turn 180 degrees, if you turn twice you are facing forward again. I think it helps the most if you draw it out on a number line though.","human_ref_B":"Repost from 2 years back:  I give you three $20 notes: +3 \u00d7 +20 = you gain $60   I give you three $20 debts: +3 \u00d7 -20 = you lose $60  I take three $20 notes from you: -3 \u00d7 +20 = you lose $60   I take three $20 debts from you: -3 \u00d7 -20 = you gain $60","labels":0,"seconds_difference":9965.0,"score_ratio":360.7435897436}
{"post_id":"8ni40x","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why is - 1 X - 1 = 1 ? I\u2019ve always been interested in Mathematics but for the life of me I can never figure out how a negative number multiplied by a negative number produces a positive number. Could someone explain why like I\u2019m 5 ?","c_root_id_A":"dzvl4hw","c_root_id_B":"dzvp0s3","created_at_utc_A":1527770849,"created_at_utc_B":1527775149,"score_A":117,"score_B":14094,"human_ref_A":"Think of it like a direction (which it is on a number line). Negative means backward, positive means forward. Add is add distance, multiply is change how big your steps are.  Your equation says \u201ctravel 1 backward, change to backward of current direction\u201d (that might not be the best phrasing but I hope you get it).  It says turn 180 degrees, if you turn twice you are facing forward again. I think it helps the most if you draw it out on a number line though.","human_ref_B":"Imagine you are watching a movie. The first number is how the person in the movie is moving. The second number is how you are watching the film (normal or in reverse).  1 x 1 is a person walking forward, you watch it normal. Answer is you see a person walking forward, which is 1.  1 x -1 is a person walking forward, you watch it in reverse. You see a person walking backwards. -1  -1 x 1 is a person walking backward, you watch it normal. You see a person walking backwards. -1  -1 x -1 is a person walking backwards, but you watch it in reverse. What you will see is a person that looks like they are walking forward. 1  Edit: I first saw this explanation on a prior Explain like I'm five years old. Just restating it to help spread the knowledge.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":4300.0,"score_ratio":120.4615384615}
{"post_id":"8ni40x","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why is - 1 X - 1 = 1 ? I\u2019ve always been interested in Mathematics but for the life of me I can never figure out how a negative number multiplied by a negative number produces a positive number. Could someone explain why like I\u2019m 5 ?","c_root_id_A":"dzvua7u","c_root_id_B":"dzvl4hw","created_at_utc_A":1527780055,"created_at_utc_B":1527770849,"score_A":1220,"score_B":117,"human_ref_A":"Negative really just means opposite.  If we take the opposite of the opposite, we are left with what we started with.","human_ref_B":"Think of it like a direction (which it is on a number line). Negative means backward, positive means forward. Add is add distance, multiply is change how big your steps are.  Your equation says \u201ctravel 1 backward, change to backward of current direction\u201d (that might not be the best phrasing but I hope you get it).  It says turn 180 degrees, if you turn twice you are facing forward again. I think it helps the most if you draw it out on a number line though.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":9206.0,"score_ratio":10.4273504274}
{"post_id":"6hfgph","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why can some people only sleep on their back, and others only on their front or side?","c_root_id_A":"diy4t07","c_root_id_B":"diy4utc","created_at_utc_A":1497548593,"created_at_utc_B":1497548647,"score_A":2393,"score_B":2785,"human_ref_A":"In mattress sales over here, and the type of mattress that people buy can affect this a lot. That's why there's all types of sleep guarantees, and if you don't like it you can return it type of sales. When someone who always sleeps on their side gets a really nice firm mattress they aren't going to like it. It's going to put too much pressure on their shoulders and hips. Same way with a back sleeper switching to a soft mattress, it will not give them nearly the same support that they're used to.   Think about it like this, in your home you want slippers. They're nice and cozy. On a run you want tennis shoes, they're durable and flexible. When you're on your feet all day, you'd want a nice pair of dress shoes with enough support to help with your posture, but at the same time having a good comfortable sole. With stomach sleepers you want a very soft mattress to take the stress off of your lower back. Side sleepers want soft mattress to conform to their curves, but also enough support to keep from sinking in. Back sleepers need support to keep their spine in line. Not a perfect metaphor, but it gets the job done. Sometimes one might have to change the way you sleep based on the type of mattress you have.   Just because someone has a great mattress, it doesn't always mean it's a great mattress for them. P. S. Buy a mattress protector with at least a 10 year warranty, yes they're expensive but it goes a heck of a long way.   Edit: they're, their, there. Because that seemed like the end of the world to some people.   I will admit that was pretty atrocious though. I apologize for completely not proofreading.  Edit: I want to point out that if you have a firm mattress and you sleep on your stomach, I'm not saying that you need to go out and buy a new mattress tomorrow! Honestly if you're feeling pain then try to sleep on your back. I had to do this and it was super annoying at first and it honestly took me about 2 weeks to completely adjust, but once I did I started getting wonderful sleep with the same mattress I already had.   Edit: I'm not sure why people are so skeptical of my advice considering I'm getting no commission off of this, and the chances of me running into any of you is extremely unlikely. Take it as you may, I'm just trying to help out the everyday type people.   Final Edit: When I said tennis shoes I meant athletic shoes in general. I grew up around people who referred to athletic shoes as tennis shoes. I know the difference, but I'm just so used to calling them tennis shoes. Kind of like how a lot of people will call tissues \"Kleenex\", or call lip balm \"Chapstick\".","human_ref_B":"In my experience as a massage therapist there isn't really a prefect answer. Most of this is just preference and what the body is used to.   If you're a side sleeper, it's not that you *can't* sleep on your back it's just your body isn't used to it. If you laid there long enough you would fall asleep. And vice versa.   For those wondering, best sleeping position is on back with pillow or some support under the knees. If you're a side sleeper stick a pillow between your knees. Don't sleep on your stomach. (But thanks to those who do because you keep me in business.)  Edit: usually stomach sleepers have neck pain because the neck is always on one side for hours at a time. If you don't have pain and it's comfortable then go for it. If you wake up with a sore neck then consider changing positions.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":54.0,"score_ratio":1.1638111158}
{"post_id":"6hfgph","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why can some people only sleep on their back, and others only on their front or side?","c_root_id_A":"diyn68h","c_root_id_B":"diykjla","created_at_utc_A":1497569506,"created_at_utc_B":1497566101,"score_A":203,"score_B":200,"human_ref_A":"Sorry about format. I'm on mobile :)   Sold mattresses for years. Still weirdly passionate about it. Here's my take: Our bodies are made to sleep on our back. Unfortunately, a lot of times our pillows and mattresses work against us. I would see a lot of people (usually elderly) come in and say \"I have back problems. I need something firm for support.\" Unfortunately \"support\" and \"firmness\" are two very different things! Think of what your spine looks like: it isn't a straight line, is it? It's curved. So when you lay on something hard your spine goes down to meet that hard surface as opposed to that surface coming up to meet you. THEN you have springs in most mattresses. They have what I used to call a \"push back system.\" Those coils, no matter what they are made out of, are constantly trying to go back to their natural position causing pressure points along your body. It may be subtle but it's why a lot of people toss and turn! Their body can feel those coils pushing on them after a while. Does a softer bed help? Somewhat! But what if you're not comfortable on a soft bed? No problem! My number one recommendation will always be a high quality memory foam bed or a hybrid (there's enough memory foam between you and the coils to make it pressure relieving). My personal favorite is a Tempur Pedic because science. Like, for reals. They have put a shit ton of research into those beds, BUT there are other options that aren't as pricey! If you get around to searching for a new bed the #1 way you will find a mattress that works for you will be to lay on that bed for 10-15 minutes. I don't care what sales people say, trust your body and keep an open mind!  Pillows? Go see your chiropractor. They have this kick ass pillows that are weird at first but they'll fix you right up! Hopefully that helps somebody! Having what we called in the biz \"a good sleep system\" seriously helps your quality of sleep and really your quality of life. I slept comfortably at 9 months pregnant, which is usually unheard of.","human_ref_B":"Sleep technologist here and in my experience, position dominance is quite common due to sleep apnea. Typically the fight or flight syndrome kicks in from the individual having sleep apnea, or lack of oxygen, and patients find the less destructive position. Many patients that tell me \"I can't sleep on my back\" aren't lying. This is because the body will interrupt sleep to breathe since they aren't breathing while sleeping. When apnea occurs continuously, sleep is significantly interrupted and the heart is stressed from reduction of oxygen in the blood. Too often the individual will turn to their side as a result where apnea is less frequent and severe. Same goes for many patients sleeping on their stomach. However when sleep apnea is resolved, many of these people that \"can't\", sleep on their back, end up doing so quite successfully. Hope this makes sense.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3405.0,"score_ratio":1.015}
{"post_id":"ef0sy4","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:If there's 3.2 billion base pairs in the human DNA, how come there's only about 20,000 genes? The title explains itself","c_root_id_A":"fbxqnai","c_root_id_B":"fbxjwhy","created_at_utc_A":1577197786,"created_at_utc_B":1577190974,"score_A":15814,"score_B":111,"human_ref_A":"Your post has 64 letters, but only 15 words. It\u2019s exactly the same thing, except in DNA, the \u201cwords\u201d are thousands\/millions of base pairs long  Edit: Also, most of your DNA is random strings of letters that don\u2019t seem to spell anything  Edit: Everyone seems to be in the giving spirit. Thanks for the gold and silver","human_ref_B":"Each gene contains between 1000 and 1,000,000 base pairs. Multiply by 20,000 genes and you get between 20 million and 20 billions base pairs total.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":6812.0,"score_ratio":142.4684684685}
{"post_id":"ef0sy4","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:If there's 3.2 billion base pairs in the human DNA, how come there's only about 20,000 genes? The title explains itself","c_root_id_A":"fbxjwhy","c_root_id_B":"fbxqsw0","created_at_utc_A":1577190974,"created_at_utc_B":1577197918,"score_A":111,"score_B":558,"human_ref_A":"Each gene contains between 1000 and 1,000,000 base pairs. Multiply by 20,000 genes and you get between 20 million and 20 billions base pairs total.","human_ref_B":"Explain like I'm five years old: A gene is a house and a base pair is a brick.  Just like it takes many bricks to build a house, a gene is composed of many base pairs. Additionally, just as there can be many different types of bricks such as color, size, or ways to arrange them, the same gene can be made up of different base pairs as long as there is a basic shared structure (there are many ways a house can look but it\u2019s more than just bricks randomly piled on each other).","labels":0,"seconds_difference":6944.0,"score_ratio":5.027027027}
{"post_id":"ef0sy4","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:If there's 3.2 billion base pairs in the human DNA, how come there's only about 20,000 genes? The title explains itself","c_root_id_A":"fbxr8xu","c_root_id_B":"fbxte1y","created_at_utc_A":1577198290,"created_at_utc_B":1577200004,"score_A":79,"score_B":83,"human_ref_A":"Genes are only the parts of the DNA that encode proteins and RNA. Other than genes, the human genome also contains a lot of control elements, like promoters, enhancers etc. that help regulate gene expression, but are not considered genes themselves.   Then there's a lot of stuff called mobile genetic elements - transposons, indigenous retroviruses and so on, that don't code for anything useful for the human cell, but as a side effect of their mobility they sometimes create extra copies of genes, which can lead to evolution of new genes.   Then there's structural elements, like telomeres and centromeres, that aren't genes and aren't involved in gene expression, but have important roles in keeping chromosomes intact and making sure they are split evenly between daughter cells during cell division, respectively.  And there's still parts of the human DNA that has unknown or maybe no function.","human_ref_B":"Because lots, LOTS of DNA is non-coding (they dont make a protein product). Those parts have many purposes. Most of them control expression of genes (turning them on\/off, modulating response). Some of them are thought to protect from viral insertions\/mutations (in short, the odds of mutatong something important in billions of pairs is much lower than in fewer base pairs with the same number\/size of genes). And some parts are leftover (old genes, inserted transpozones\/viruses, repeats...).  It takes a lot of regulators for one gene to function.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1714.0,"score_ratio":1.0506329114}
{"post_id":"ef0sy4","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:If there's 3.2 billion base pairs in the human DNA, how come there's only about 20,000 genes? The title explains itself","c_root_id_A":"fbxte1y","c_root_id_B":"fbxr9go","created_at_utc_A":1577200004,"created_at_utc_B":1577198302,"score_A":83,"score_B":20,"human_ref_A":"Because lots, LOTS of DNA is non-coding (they dont make a protein product). Those parts have many purposes. Most of them control expression of genes (turning them on\/off, modulating response). Some of them are thought to protect from viral insertions\/mutations (in short, the odds of mutatong something important in billions of pairs is much lower than in fewer base pairs with the same number\/size of genes). And some parts are leftover (old genes, inserted transpozones\/viruses, repeats...).  It takes a lot of regulators for one gene to function.","human_ref_B":"There's a whole lot more going on in the human genome than just genes. You have the coding portion (genes), you have things that regulate the expression of genes (enhances, suppressors, etc), and you have lots of other things like mRNAs and lnRNAs, some of which are still not completely understood. You also have to remember that there is billions of years of evolution at work, so you have things that are no longer functional as well.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1702.0,"score_ratio":4.15}
{"post_id":"jq6hgg","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"eli5: Why cant they anesthetize chemo patients so they don\u2019t feel the pain from chemotherapy?","c_root_id_A":"gbkhdyt","c_root_id_B":"gbkcb3r","created_at_utc_A":1604816868,"created_at_utc_B":1604814728,"score_A":4540,"score_B":88,"human_ref_A":"Chemo is basically poison that kills cancer cells, but also kills normal cells along the way. The meds don't really cause acute pain. It is just your body reacting to getting poisoned.","human_ref_B":"I read your title and got the terms anesthetize and euthanize confused for a second.  As you might imagine, I was initially horrified.   I'm not an anesthesiologist,  but I suspect it's because it would add significant risk and expense to an already criminally expensive process for only a temporary delay in the suffering the procedure causes.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2140.0,"score_ratio":51.5909090909}
{"post_id":"jq6hgg","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"eli5: Why cant they anesthetize chemo patients so they don\u2019t feel the pain from chemotherapy?","c_root_id_A":"gbkl78e","c_root_id_B":"gbkcb3r","created_at_utc_A":1604818466,"created_at_utc_B":1604814728,"score_A":178,"score_B":88,"human_ref_A":"Anaesthetics are actually a very dangerous type of medication. Not so much on a healthy person, but on people who are already suffering from illnesses like cancer, or treatments like chemo, it becomes much riskier.  It can be done if it's necessary. The risk isn't so high that it would never be done. But it's just not worth the risk when you could instead administer pain medication.  And that's forgetting the fact that chemo side effects are protracted. You couldn't reasonably keep someone under to avoid all of the side effects of chemo. You'd have to keep them under for days at a time.","human_ref_B":"I read your title and got the terms anesthetize and euthanize confused for a second.  As you might imagine, I was initially horrified.   I'm not an anesthesiologist,  but I suspect it's because it would add significant risk and expense to an already criminally expensive process for only a temporary delay in the suffering the procedure causes.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3738.0,"score_ratio":2.0227272727}
{"post_id":"hbywm5","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.96,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How did soldiers in hot countries in middle east and India survive the heat during wars wearing a metal body armor when temperatures in these regions touched 35 degree celcius (95f) in summer days?","c_root_id_A":"fvbvaru","c_root_id_B":"fvbtwv9","created_at_utc_A":1592567771,"created_at_utc_B":1592566652,"score_A":7410,"score_B":1562,"human_ref_A":"One of the popular theories is the surcoat, a light cotton coat worn over the armor. This would keep you a bit cooler because it would stop the (heat absorbing) metal armor from being exposed to sunlight while also shielding you from the sun, especially if it's a lighter color. Typical Arab clothing, even in the modern day, consists of a full-length white coat for exactly this reason. If you look at historical images of Persian, Turkish, and Mamluke warriors they're often wearing a surcoat or robe over their armor. Even more interestinglly if you look at the Bayeux tapestry, the Norman Knights are not wearing surcoats, but later depictions of English and French knights, from after the crusades, do show them wearing surcoats, suggesting it was a fashion the knights picked up in the middle east.","human_ref_B":"The thing that hurts in that area of the world is the sunlight at the time you\u2019re describing. The cultures of that part of the world often employed cloth and chainmail as much as they could, as it is light, climate resistant, and it\u2019s adequate protection against the weapons of the ancient era, where metal armor worn by soldiers was actually common. Now, it\u2019s a different story because full metal armor doesn\u2019t often see combat unless mounted to a vehicle, which means you might be cooked alive inside it, but you aren\u2019t carrying it yourself. But essentially, ancient middle eastern armor was only metal when it was necessary because of how much of a pain in the ass it was to use. So to answer your question, they *didn\u2019t* survive wearing full metal body armor, because it wasn\u2019t really what they wore.   Hell, even Persia, a country that could *afford* to outfit their troops in steel, never bothered with metal armor or shields and instead used cloth and leather armor, and they used wicker-woven shields, but used metal weaponry.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1119.0,"score_ratio":4.7439180538}
{"post_id":"hbywm5","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.96,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How did soldiers in hot countries in middle east and India survive the heat during wars wearing a metal body armor when temperatures in these regions touched 35 degree celcius (95f) in summer days?","c_root_id_A":"fvc33vf","c_root_id_B":"fvcnllg","created_at_utc_A":1592573159,"created_at_utc_B":1592584048,"score_A":51,"score_B":82,"human_ref_A":"Chainmail is surprisingly heat resistant. There would also be frequent changing of guards so they could remove armour and helmets on breaks and get water to drink. The guards were also acclimatised  and conditioned to work in these conditions.  Solid plate armour was a much more western design and occured later in the development of armour than most other types (though there are some very early examples of basic plate origin armour). This meant it was only for a relatively brief part of history that it was used. Further it was far more expensive than your average guard could afford, or that they're lord could afford to equip them all with. Therefore only the wealthy lords (read knights) would be equipped with full plate armour. Most western troops would wear chainmail (internecting rings to form sheets that can be connected into armour that is very effective against slashes but can be pierced with thrusts or pointed weapons, giving rise to the more pointed swords and polearms) or gambesons (surprisingly effective cloth armour known to stop arrows and sword strokes).   Obviously it varies massively from time period to time period even within the realm of \"medieval\" and the location in question, so please take everything said with a pinch of salt with whatever you have imagining in your mind and do some research to verify what you now believe. :)  TL;DR - They wore cooler armour, took breaks and got used to it. Plate armour wasn't common, long-winded explanation about western armour unrelated to the question.","human_ref_B":"It was a huge problem, the battle of Hattin was won by the Muslims in large part because they cut off the crusader's supply of water and didn't attack until the next day. The armor they were wearing was a huge problem and they were roundly slaughtered and lost the cool cross they were trundling along. It was after that battle that Rayanald de Chatillon was executed by Saladin for speaking out of place, and multiple massacres of Muslim civilians.  So the answer is muli-pronged. Arab armies eschewed the kind of heavy armor that was popular in Europe and earlier Grecian armies. Roman armies would wear modified armor in battle, this was true of the Eastern Roman army that was dominant long after Rome fell. Leaders needed to make sure their armies had easy access to water and to shade. If they didn't, armies failed.   This was true even in WWII where a bunch of logistical resources were spent trying to get water on these arid and hot Pacific Islands. Veterans talk about the experience of being truly *thirsty* for the only time in their lives.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":10889.0,"score_ratio":1.6078431373}
{"post_id":"96zlk8","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: People say that the housing market has collapsed. What does that mean and how did it happen?","c_root_id_A":"e44hb10","c_root_id_B":"e44dr69","created_at_utc_A":1534181608,"created_at_utc_B":1534178632,"score_A":20976,"score_B":2898,"human_ref_A":"Americans generally spend 30% of their total income on housing.  That's 30% of EVERYONE's paycheck going to a single industry. That's why the housing market is such a big deal.    So, you want to buy a house.  In the 70's\/80's, this was a big deal, because you had to have excellent credit to score a sweet 15% interest rate.  If you default, you lose your house, which means you generally become a social outcast so you lose your friends and family too.   That made the loans very stable.  Folks would default on everything else in life before missing a house payment.  Eventually, banks start lowering the interest rate because it's such a safe investment for them.   The only problem is that when a bank writes a mortgage, they don't have that money back to write more mortgages for another 15-30 years.  To fix that, they will sell your mortgage to bigger bank.    Say they loan you $100k today.  In 30 years they'll make $200k after interest and payments.  But they won't have their original $100k back for 15 years.  Same goes for the other 10 people that took out mortgages this week.  So, they bundle it all together, and sell that debt package (worth 10x $200k) to a bigger bank for $1.05m, netting them a quick $50k profit.    The big bank that bought it will eventually collect the $2m in debt they just bought over time.    Ooooor they could bundle it with a bunch of other packages and sell THAT package for cash today, netting themselves a quick profit, and transferring your debt to an even bigger bank.    Eventually the piles of loans get so big, it's tough to determine how credit worthy the debtors are still.  Every once in awhile, someone defaults, and that debt package becomes a little less valuable.  So, you buy insurance.  If a single loan defaults, the insurance company pays the difference in exchange for a flat rate.    Basically, the bank is gambling that more people will default this year, and the insurance company bets that their premiums will make more money than they pay out in defaulted mortgages.    And know what? The insurance company has insurance too.  Bets on bets on bets.    Honestly, this is all great.  Keeps the economy well funded, interest rates stay low, and everyone can have what they need to grow TODAY instead of having to wait and save.    Just one thing, it all depends on EVERYONE paying their mortgage on time.    Problem is that the low level bankers are conditioned to think in short term exclusively.  Their profit incentive is to write as many loans as possible, because whatever they write will be packaged up and sold within the week.   They'll make their quick $5k, and if you can't pay after that it's not their problem.    So now you see strippers qualifying for 3 $500k homes because their income looks fucking fantastic TODAY, and nobody's asking how they're going to make their payments in 30 years.  McDonalds workers are finally able to buy houses for their whole families because interest rates are so low.    When they default, the big banks that bought the loans don't care because they just kick the folks out and file the loan insurance claim.    But then 2008 happened.  The insurance companies ran out of cash to pay the claims and file for bankruptcy.  Suddenly the banks have to deal with the steaming pile of shit that are these loan packages.  They start to run out of cash, because folks aren't paying their mortgages.  The street level lenders can't write more loans because they're out of cash to give, and can't offload last week's take.    Now the banks own all these abandoned and foreclosed houses.  Normally they'd sell at half price, but since the entire neighborhood looks like foreclosed houses, they're lucky to get 20% of the purchase value.    Also, nobody's buying because they can't get loans, because street level lenders are tapped.    This means construction stops.  Those that sell parts of houses shut down, the entire lending industry has a lobotomy.  The whole economy just stops because nobody can spend money.    That's where Obama was forced to do bailouts.  A cash pump to stimulate the economy.  Anything to put some cash back into the economy to get the machine running again.    Did we learn anything? Fuck no.  Fun fact: They're still playing the same games with Mortgages.  Funner fact: They're doing it with Student Loans too.  Funnest fact: Total student loans now exceed total mortgage AND Credit card debt combined.  And there's not even a house you can sell for quick cash when the loan defaults.    I figure within 4 years we'll have another collapse, but worse.  Edit: For those of you asking if you should buy a house now or later, it depends. Houses are cheaper during a crash, but loans are more expensive and harder to qualify for. When things are good, loans are cheaper but houses are more expensive. My bet? If you're paying cash, buy later. If you're hoping for a good rate? Buy now, but responsibly. Like, 50% of what you qualify for.  Also, remember that YOUR debt situation doesn't matter. If the housing or student loan market crashes, that means the banks don't have cash. That means they don't have the cash to finance Amazon's new HQ, and all those construction workers are laid off. Those workers in turn don't make their loan payments, and the bank has less cash to lend, which means more layoffs to those depending on easy debt.  Even if you don't owe anyone anything, you are affected if your employer needs loans to cover large capital projects, which is pretty much everyone working somewhere with more than a dozen employees.","human_ref_B":"The previous answers were talking about the housing bubble collapse in 2008. If that's what your question was about, then \/u\/biggestofbears has a good synopsis.  Today, you're also seeing a slowdown of the housing market, primarily due to rising interest rates, rising prices, and somewhat flat incomes. In short, it costs more to buy a house right now than most people can afford. I suspect we're overdue for a market correction for housing prices.  EDIT: I'm getting a lot of questions about what a \"market correction\" means. If you're interested in the question, then Wikipedia has a good article on it. Everybody remembers the correction of 2008, but we've had many over the years. The one before that was from 1989-1998. Each correction is different: some are regional, some are national, some are even global. In the end, you buy a house to live in. It's not an investment, and it's not a savings account.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2976.0,"score_ratio":7.2380952381}
{"post_id":"96zlk8","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: People say that the housing market has collapsed. What does that mean and how did it happen?","c_root_id_A":"e44dnb6","c_root_id_B":"e44hb10","created_at_utc_A":1534178542,"created_at_utc_B":1534181608,"score_A":263,"score_B":20976,"human_ref_A":"If you are referring to the present, the main factors include a long, long period of stagnant wages combined with houses that are much bigger than 40 years ago creating a serious issue of affordability.  I'd add that a near non-existant level of job security and very high transaction costs makes it very difficult to feel secure enough to recoup your losses in the case of a job transition.  Most people need to be in a home for 7 years to make up those transaction costs.","human_ref_B":"Americans generally spend 30% of their total income on housing.  That's 30% of EVERYONE's paycheck going to a single industry. That's why the housing market is such a big deal.    So, you want to buy a house.  In the 70's\/80's, this was a big deal, because you had to have excellent credit to score a sweet 15% interest rate.  If you default, you lose your house, which means you generally become a social outcast so you lose your friends and family too.   That made the loans very stable.  Folks would default on everything else in life before missing a house payment.  Eventually, banks start lowering the interest rate because it's such a safe investment for them.   The only problem is that when a bank writes a mortgage, they don't have that money back to write more mortgages for another 15-30 years.  To fix that, they will sell your mortgage to bigger bank.    Say they loan you $100k today.  In 30 years they'll make $200k after interest and payments.  But they won't have their original $100k back for 15 years.  Same goes for the other 10 people that took out mortgages this week.  So, they bundle it all together, and sell that debt package (worth 10x $200k) to a bigger bank for $1.05m, netting them a quick $50k profit.    The big bank that bought it will eventually collect the $2m in debt they just bought over time.    Ooooor they could bundle it with a bunch of other packages and sell THAT package for cash today, netting themselves a quick profit, and transferring your debt to an even bigger bank.    Eventually the piles of loans get so big, it's tough to determine how credit worthy the debtors are still.  Every once in awhile, someone defaults, and that debt package becomes a little less valuable.  So, you buy insurance.  If a single loan defaults, the insurance company pays the difference in exchange for a flat rate.    Basically, the bank is gambling that more people will default this year, and the insurance company bets that their premiums will make more money than they pay out in defaulted mortgages.    And know what? The insurance company has insurance too.  Bets on bets on bets.    Honestly, this is all great.  Keeps the economy well funded, interest rates stay low, and everyone can have what they need to grow TODAY instead of having to wait and save.    Just one thing, it all depends on EVERYONE paying their mortgage on time.    Problem is that the low level bankers are conditioned to think in short term exclusively.  Their profit incentive is to write as many loans as possible, because whatever they write will be packaged up and sold within the week.   They'll make their quick $5k, and if you can't pay after that it's not their problem.    So now you see strippers qualifying for 3 $500k homes because their income looks fucking fantastic TODAY, and nobody's asking how they're going to make their payments in 30 years.  McDonalds workers are finally able to buy houses for their whole families because interest rates are so low.    When they default, the big banks that bought the loans don't care because they just kick the folks out and file the loan insurance claim.    But then 2008 happened.  The insurance companies ran out of cash to pay the claims and file for bankruptcy.  Suddenly the banks have to deal with the steaming pile of shit that are these loan packages.  They start to run out of cash, because folks aren't paying their mortgages.  The street level lenders can't write more loans because they're out of cash to give, and can't offload last week's take.    Now the banks own all these abandoned and foreclosed houses.  Normally they'd sell at half price, but since the entire neighborhood looks like foreclosed houses, they're lucky to get 20% of the purchase value.    Also, nobody's buying because they can't get loans, because street level lenders are tapped.    This means construction stops.  Those that sell parts of houses shut down, the entire lending industry has a lobotomy.  The whole economy just stops because nobody can spend money.    That's where Obama was forced to do bailouts.  A cash pump to stimulate the economy.  Anything to put some cash back into the economy to get the machine running again.    Did we learn anything? Fuck no.  Fun fact: They're still playing the same games with Mortgages.  Funner fact: They're doing it with Student Loans too.  Funnest fact: Total student loans now exceed total mortgage AND Credit card debt combined.  And there's not even a house you can sell for quick cash when the loan defaults.    I figure within 4 years we'll have another collapse, but worse.  Edit: For those of you asking if you should buy a house now or later, it depends. Houses are cheaper during a crash, but loans are more expensive and harder to qualify for. When things are good, loans are cheaper but houses are more expensive. My bet? If you're paying cash, buy later. If you're hoping for a good rate? Buy now, but responsibly. Like, 50% of what you qualify for.  Also, remember that YOUR debt situation doesn't matter. If the housing or student loan market crashes, that means the banks don't have cash. That means they don't have the cash to finance Amazon's new HQ, and all those construction workers are laid off. Those workers in turn don't make their loan payments, and the bank has less cash to lend, which means more layoffs to those depending on easy debt.  Even if you don't owe anyone anything, you are affected if your employer needs loans to cover large capital projects, which is pretty much everyone working somewhere with more than a dozen employees.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":3066.0,"score_ratio":79.7566539924}
{"post_id":"96zlk8","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: People say that the housing market has collapsed. What does that mean and how did it happen?","c_root_id_A":"e44hb10","c_root_id_B":"e44bwev","created_at_utc_A":1534181608,"created_at_utc_B":1534177064,"score_A":20976,"score_B":140,"human_ref_A":"Americans generally spend 30% of their total income on housing.  That's 30% of EVERYONE's paycheck going to a single industry. That's why the housing market is such a big deal.    So, you want to buy a house.  In the 70's\/80's, this was a big deal, because you had to have excellent credit to score a sweet 15% interest rate.  If you default, you lose your house, which means you generally become a social outcast so you lose your friends and family too.   That made the loans very stable.  Folks would default on everything else in life before missing a house payment.  Eventually, banks start lowering the interest rate because it's such a safe investment for them.   The only problem is that when a bank writes a mortgage, they don't have that money back to write more mortgages for another 15-30 years.  To fix that, they will sell your mortgage to bigger bank.    Say they loan you $100k today.  In 30 years they'll make $200k after interest and payments.  But they won't have their original $100k back for 15 years.  Same goes for the other 10 people that took out mortgages this week.  So, they bundle it all together, and sell that debt package (worth 10x $200k) to a bigger bank for $1.05m, netting them a quick $50k profit.    The big bank that bought it will eventually collect the $2m in debt they just bought over time.    Ooooor they could bundle it with a bunch of other packages and sell THAT package for cash today, netting themselves a quick profit, and transferring your debt to an even bigger bank.    Eventually the piles of loans get so big, it's tough to determine how credit worthy the debtors are still.  Every once in awhile, someone defaults, and that debt package becomes a little less valuable.  So, you buy insurance.  If a single loan defaults, the insurance company pays the difference in exchange for a flat rate.    Basically, the bank is gambling that more people will default this year, and the insurance company bets that their premiums will make more money than they pay out in defaulted mortgages.    And know what? The insurance company has insurance too.  Bets on bets on bets.    Honestly, this is all great.  Keeps the economy well funded, interest rates stay low, and everyone can have what they need to grow TODAY instead of having to wait and save.    Just one thing, it all depends on EVERYONE paying their mortgage on time.    Problem is that the low level bankers are conditioned to think in short term exclusively.  Their profit incentive is to write as many loans as possible, because whatever they write will be packaged up and sold within the week.   They'll make their quick $5k, and if you can't pay after that it's not their problem.    So now you see strippers qualifying for 3 $500k homes because their income looks fucking fantastic TODAY, and nobody's asking how they're going to make their payments in 30 years.  McDonalds workers are finally able to buy houses for their whole families because interest rates are so low.    When they default, the big banks that bought the loans don't care because they just kick the folks out and file the loan insurance claim.    But then 2008 happened.  The insurance companies ran out of cash to pay the claims and file for bankruptcy.  Suddenly the banks have to deal with the steaming pile of shit that are these loan packages.  They start to run out of cash, because folks aren't paying their mortgages.  The street level lenders can't write more loans because they're out of cash to give, and can't offload last week's take.    Now the banks own all these abandoned and foreclosed houses.  Normally they'd sell at half price, but since the entire neighborhood looks like foreclosed houses, they're lucky to get 20% of the purchase value.    Also, nobody's buying because they can't get loans, because street level lenders are tapped.    This means construction stops.  Those that sell parts of houses shut down, the entire lending industry has a lobotomy.  The whole economy just stops because nobody can spend money.    That's where Obama was forced to do bailouts.  A cash pump to stimulate the economy.  Anything to put some cash back into the economy to get the machine running again.    Did we learn anything? Fuck no.  Fun fact: They're still playing the same games with Mortgages.  Funner fact: They're doing it with Student Loans too.  Funnest fact: Total student loans now exceed total mortgage AND Credit card debt combined.  And there's not even a house you can sell for quick cash when the loan defaults.    I figure within 4 years we'll have another collapse, but worse.  Edit: For those of you asking if you should buy a house now or later, it depends. Houses are cheaper during a crash, but loans are more expensive and harder to qualify for. When things are good, loans are cheaper but houses are more expensive. My bet? If you're paying cash, buy later. If you're hoping for a good rate? Buy now, but responsibly. Like, 50% of what you qualify for.  Also, remember that YOUR debt situation doesn't matter. If the housing or student loan market crashes, that means the banks don't have cash. That means they don't have the cash to finance Amazon's new HQ, and all those construction workers are laid off. Those workers in turn don't make their loan payments, and the bank has less cash to lend, which means more layoffs to those depending on easy debt.  Even if you don't owe anyone anything, you are affected if your employer needs loans to cover large capital projects, which is pretty much everyone working somewhere with more than a dozen employees.","human_ref_B":"Basically big banks were selling mortgages to people that couldn't afford it by selling off that debt in large chunks for cheap. Eventually when enough people started defaulting on their loans the banks couldn't survive and needed bailouts to recover their losses.   Not sure if this is a good answer or not, but watch The Big Short when you have a chance. It covers the whole thing and is a really enjoyable movie.   Edit: apparently OP was talking about the current housing bubble, not the bubble that caused the collapse about a decade ago. I assumed incorrectly. Woops!","labels":1,"seconds_difference":4544.0,"score_ratio":149.8285714286}
{"post_id":"96zlk8","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: People say that the housing market has collapsed. What does that mean and how did it happen?","c_root_id_A":"e44dr69","c_root_id_B":"e44dnb6","created_at_utc_A":1534178632,"created_at_utc_B":1534178542,"score_A":2898,"score_B":263,"human_ref_A":"The previous answers were talking about the housing bubble collapse in 2008. If that's what your question was about, then \/u\/biggestofbears has a good synopsis.  Today, you're also seeing a slowdown of the housing market, primarily due to rising interest rates, rising prices, and somewhat flat incomes. In short, it costs more to buy a house right now than most people can afford. I suspect we're overdue for a market correction for housing prices.  EDIT: I'm getting a lot of questions about what a \"market correction\" means. If you're interested in the question, then Wikipedia has a good article on it. Everybody remembers the correction of 2008, but we've had many over the years. The one before that was from 1989-1998. Each correction is different: some are regional, some are national, some are even global. In the end, you buy a house to live in. It's not an investment, and it's not a savings account.","human_ref_B":"If you are referring to the present, the main factors include a long, long period of stagnant wages combined with houses that are much bigger than 40 years ago creating a serious issue of affordability.  I'd add that a near non-existant level of job security and very high transaction costs makes it very difficult to feel secure enough to recoup your losses in the case of a job transition.  Most people need to be in a home for 7 years to make up those transaction costs.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":90.0,"score_ratio":11.0190114068}
{"post_id":"96zlk8","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: People say that the housing market has collapsed. What does that mean and how did it happen?","c_root_id_A":"e44dr69","c_root_id_B":"e44bwev","created_at_utc_A":1534178632,"created_at_utc_B":1534177064,"score_A":2898,"score_B":140,"human_ref_A":"The previous answers were talking about the housing bubble collapse in 2008. If that's what your question was about, then \/u\/biggestofbears has a good synopsis.  Today, you're also seeing a slowdown of the housing market, primarily due to rising interest rates, rising prices, and somewhat flat incomes. In short, it costs more to buy a house right now than most people can afford. I suspect we're overdue for a market correction for housing prices.  EDIT: I'm getting a lot of questions about what a \"market correction\" means. If you're interested in the question, then Wikipedia has a good article on it. Everybody remembers the correction of 2008, but we've had many over the years. The one before that was from 1989-1998. Each correction is different: some are regional, some are national, some are even global. In the end, you buy a house to live in. It's not an investment, and it's not a savings account.","human_ref_B":"Basically big banks were selling mortgages to people that couldn't afford it by selling off that debt in large chunks for cheap. Eventually when enough people started defaulting on their loans the banks couldn't survive and needed bailouts to recover their losses.   Not sure if this is a good answer or not, but watch The Big Short when you have a chance. It covers the whole thing and is a really enjoyable movie.   Edit: apparently OP was talking about the current housing bubble, not the bubble that caused the collapse about a decade ago. I assumed incorrectly. Woops!","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1568.0,"score_ratio":20.7}
{"post_id":"96zlk8","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: People say that the housing market has collapsed. What does that mean and how did it happen?","c_root_id_A":"e44bwev","c_root_id_B":"e44dnb6","created_at_utc_A":1534177064,"created_at_utc_B":1534178542,"score_A":140,"score_B":263,"human_ref_A":"Basically big banks were selling mortgages to people that couldn't afford it by selling off that debt in large chunks for cheap. Eventually when enough people started defaulting on their loans the banks couldn't survive and needed bailouts to recover their losses.   Not sure if this is a good answer or not, but watch The Big Short when you have a chance. It covers the whole thing and is a really enjoyable movie.   Edit: apparently OP was talking about the current housing bubble, not the bubble that caused the collapse about a decade ago. I assumed incorrectly. Woops!","human_ref_B":"If you are referring to the present, the main factors include a long, long period of stagnant wages combined with houses that are much bigger than 40 years ago creating a serious issue of affordability.  I'd add that a near non-existant level of job security and very high transaction costs makes it very difficult to feel secure enough to recoup your losses in the case of a job transition.  Most people need to be in a home for 7 years to make up those transaction costs.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1478.0,"score_ratio":1.8785714286}
{"post_id":"96zlk8","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: People say that the housing market has collapsed. What does that mean and how did it happen?","c_root_id_A":"e44bwev","c_root_id_B":"e44hup8","created_at_utc_A":1534177064,"created_at_utc_B":1534182063,"score_A":140,"score_B":219,"human_ref_A":"Basically big banks were selling mortgages to people that couldn't afford it by selling off that debt in large chunks for cheap. Eventually when enough people started defaulting on their loans the banks couldn't survive and needed bailouts to recover their losses.   Not sure if this is a good answer or not, but watch The Big Short when you have a chance. It covers the whole thing and is a really enjoyable movie.   Edit: apparently OP was talking about the current housing bubble, not the bubble that caused the collapse about a decade ago. I assumed incorrectly. Woops!","human_ref_B":"You\u2019ve received a lot of good answers, but they all leave a few things out.    Historically when you took out a mortgage to buy a house, you paid off that entire loan over several decades to the original bank who made the loan.  So the bank was very careful to make loans to borrowers who could be relied on to pay the loan back.  As loan payments trickle in, the bank\u2019s pool of funds is slowly replenished and new loans can be made.   This was a very stable system.     Internationally, many formerly impoverished nations began to generate wealth and began looking for safe places to invest.   Eventually banks and mortgage companies figured out how to \u201csell\u201d their portfolio of loans.   This gave the bank a quick infusion of cash and the ability to make more loans.  The investors got a stable pool of loans that would pay a steady income over decades.     So now the banks look for new borrowers.  Over time, all of the borrowers with good credit have already borrowed money, so the lenders start to lower their standards.   This increases the pool of borrowers.  The banks are okay with making riskier loans because they are just going to sell those loans to investors.  When the defaults come, it will be the investors not the banks who get stung.    As this goes on housing prices rise to meet increasing demand from all of the new home buyers.   This meteoric rise cannot be sustained and prices eventually crash and the whole system collapses.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":4999.0,"score_ratio":1.5642857143}
{"post_id":"6cnlpb","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.82,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do we still need to bring our license and registration to drive? Considering it's 2017 and we have enough technology to have all this information in the cloud \/ in our phones and match with the cops information.","c_root_id_A":"dhwj1a3","c_root_id_B":"dhwd9p6","created_at_utc_A":1495488262,"created_at_utc_B":1495481524,"score_A":1233,"score_B":606,"human_ref_A":"Actual cop here when I ask for license and registration ti'm really asking for each for a different purpose. I ask for your license because a lot of times the driver isn't the registered owner of the car.  Sure I can look it up by name\/dob, but the card lets me compare faces right there. You can give me someone's name\/dob that looks super similar to you, and get away with it. Most fake IDs are easy as hell to spot. Once I get someone's license I don't even bother to look at the dates on it, I just run their license number through NCIC to make sure it is valid.  I ask for registration for the sole purpose of showing people their shit is actually expired. I know it is expired because I already ran it before I pulled you, but 99% of the time I'll get a \"it can't be expired\" or \"there is no way it has been expired that long\". If they've already dug out the registration is can literally point to it and end that line of argument.  Another good thing about asking for documents is that it is great for getting people who are drunk\/high. Most can get their IDs just fine, but I've yet to see a drunk get their registration right on the first try.","human_ref_B":"I never realised it was law to carry your license & registration in the U.S. Here in the UK if you get pulled over & asked for your licence, if you don't have it you get something like a week to drop by your local station to produce it. Also the records of registered keepers of all vehicles are stored on a database so you don't need to show that at all.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":6738.0,"score_ratio":2.0346534653}
{"post_id":"6cnlpb","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.82,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do we still need to bring our license and registration to drive? Considering it's 2017 and we have enough technology to have all this information in the cloud \/ in our phones and match with the cops information.","c_root_id_A":"dhw2dc6","c_root_id_B":"dhwj1a3","created_at_utc_A":1495469055,"created_at_utc_B":1495488262,"score_A":271,"score_B":1233,"human_ref_A":"1) Not everyone has a phone and they cannot legally require you to purchase one.   2) Even if you have a phone they cannot legally require you to have an app or connect your data to it.   3) There are large stretches of the country without cell service. This would render your system useless in those areas.   4) Many would not be willing to hand their phone over to a police officer. The potential for data being stolen is too high. You also have to hand it over when purchasing alcohol, going to bars, going to R rated movies, etc. There is just too much risk to have ID being digital.   5) Having it be digital means it is more vulnerable to attack, and corruption.","human_ref_B":"Actual cop here when I ask for license and registration ti'm really asking for each for a different purpose. I ask for your license because a lot of times the driver isn't the registered owner of the car.  Sure I can look it up by name\/dob, but the card lets me compare faces right there. You can give me someone's name\/dob that looks super similar to you, and get away with it. Most fake IDs are easy as hell to spot. Once I get someone's license I don't even bother to look at the dates on it, I just run their license number through NCIC to make sure it is valid.  I ask for registration for the sole purpose of showing people their shit is actually expired. I know it is expired because I already ran it before I pulled you, but 99% of the time I'll get a \"it can't be expired\" or \"there is no way it has been expired that long\". If they've already dug out the registration is can literally point to it and end that line of argument.  Another good thing about asking for documents is that it is great for getting people who are drunk\/high. Most can get their IDs just fine, but I've yet to see a drunk get their registration right on the first try.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":19207.0,"score_ratio":4.5498154982}
{"post_id":"6cnlpb","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.82,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do we still need to bring our license and registration to drive? Considering it's 2017 and we have enough technology to have all this information in the cloud \/ in our phones and match with the cops information.","c_root_id_A":"dhwj1a3","c_root_id_B":"dhwhprw","created_at_utc_A":1495488262,"created_at_utc_B":1495486655,"score_A":1233,"score_B":101,"human_ref_A":"Actual cop here when I ask for license and registration ti'm really asking for each for a different purpose. I ask for your license because a lot of times the driver isn't the registered owner of the car.  Sure I can look it up by name\/dob, but the card lets me compare faces right there. You can give me someone's name\/dob that looks super similar to you, and get away with it. Most fake IDs are easy as hell to spot. Once I get someone's license I don't even bother to look at the dates on it, I just run their license number through NCIC to make sure it is valid.  I ask for registration for the sole purpose of showing people their shit is actually expired. I know it is expired because I already ran it before I pulled you, but 99% of the time I'll get a \"it can't be expired\" or \"there is no way it has been expired that long\". If they've already dug out the registration is can literally point to it and end that line of argument.  Another good thing about asking for documents is that it is great for getting people who are drunk\/high. Most can get their IDs just fine, but I've yet to see a drunk get their registration right on the first try.","human_ref_B":"In the US if you don't have your drivers license on you, a police officer can indeed just run your name and birthday and find out if your valid. Although you will get a citation for not having it if you and\/or the officer are jerks at the encounter. It's just easier if you have it and they can just take it and scan it. Also, I'm not sure if their computers can pull your picture to verify you're not giving them someone else's name and DOB. Many rural areas probably still do radio dispatching.   Also, in the US there's no requirement to carry a passport or national ID card, so a driver's license is a de-facto ID card for drinking, cashing a check, renting a hotel room, whatever (If you don't drive you can get a non-drivers-license state ID card). Generally children don't have a need to carry an ID until they're old enough to drive.   And believe it or not, everyone does not have a smartphone. My mother and sister do not, just \"old fashioned\" flip phones.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1607.0,"score_ratio":12.2079207921}
{"post_id":"6cnlpb","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.82,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do we still need to bring our license and registration to drive? Considering it's 2017 and we have enough technology to have all this information in the cloud \/ in our phones and match with the cops information.","c_root_id_A":"dhwj1a3","c_root_id_B":"dhwb6hv","created_at_utc_A":1495488262,"created_at_utc_B":1495479127,"score_A":1233,"score_B":65,"human_ref_A":"Actual cop here when I ask for license and registration ti'm really asking for each for a different purpose. I ask for your license because a lot of times the driver isn't the registered owner of the car.  Sure I can look it up by name\/dob, but the card lets me compare faces right there. You can give me someone's name\/dob that looks super similar to you, and get away with it. Most fake IDs are easy as hell to spot. Once I get someone's license I don't even bother to look at the dates on it, I just run their license number through NCIC to make sure it is valid.  I ask for registration for the sole purpose of showing people their shit is actually expired. I know it is expired because I already ran it before I pulled you, but 99% of the time I'll get a \"it can't be expired\" or \"there is no way it has been expired that long\". If they've already dug out the registration is can literally point to it and end that line of argument.  Another good thing about asking for documents is that it is great for getting people who are drunk\/high. Most can get their IDs just fine, but I've yet to see a drunk get their registration right on the first try.","human_ref_B":"Love how everyone is downplaying the biggest reason - at this point phone app technology is still nowhere near as secure as piece of laminated plastic with a hologram watermark & magnetic strip on it.   Not to mention it would make it so very likely that someone would hack that data base to steal the personal information for one of the biggest credit fraud schemes in history...","labels":1,"seconds_difference":9135.0,"score_ratio":18.9692307692}
{"post_id":"6cnlpb","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.82,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do we still need to bring our license and registration to drive? Considering it's 2017 and we have enough technology to have all this information in the cloud \/ in our phones and match with the cops information.","c_root_id_A":"dhwh6es","c_root_id_B":"dhwj1a3","created_at_utc_A":1495486026,"created_at_utc_B":1495488262,"score_A":51,"score_B":1233,"human_ref_A":"As a prior cop really... Honestly if you didn't have your license but k ew your SSN that was okay. Or if the car was registered to you I could just run the plates and then get your drivers customer number off that.   Having a license makes it easier since all your info is right there on a little card.   Really as long as you were licensed I didn't give a shit if you had it or not. I can pull the DMV picture up to ensure its you regardless...unless it's down which it does go down from time to time.","human_ref_B":"Actual cop here when I ask for license and registration ti'm really asking for each for a different purpose. I ask for your license because a lot of times the driver isn't the registered owner of the car.  Sure I can look it up by name\/dob, but the card lets me compare faces right there. You can give me someone's name\/dob that looks super similar to you, and get away with it. Most fake IDs are easy as hell to spot. Once I get someone's license I don't even bother to look at the dates on it, I just run their license number through NCIC to make sure it is valid.  I ask for registration for the sole purpose of showing people their shit is actually expired. I know it is expired because I already ran it before I pulled you, but 99% of the time I'll get a \"it can't be expired\" or \"there is no way it has been expired that long\". If they've already dug out the registration is can literally point to it and end that line of argument.  Another good thing about asking for documents is that it is great for getting people who are drunk\/high. Most can get their IDs just fine, but I've yet to see a drunk get their registration right on the first try.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2236.0,"score_ratio":24.1764705882}
{"post_id":"6cnlpb","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.82,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do we still need to bring our license and registration to drive? Considering it's 2017 and we have enough technology to have all this information in the cloud \/ in our phones and match with the cops information.","c_root_id_A":"dhw2dc6","c_root_id_B":"dhwd9p6","created_at_utc_A":1495469055,"created_at_utc_B":1495481524,"score_A":271,"score_B":606,"human_ref_A":"1) Not everyone has a phone and they cannot legally require you to purchase one.   2) Even if you have a phone they cannot legally require you to have an app or connect your data to it.   3) There are large stretches of the country without cell service. This would render your system useless in those areas.   4) Many would not be willing to hand their phone over to a police officer. The potential for data being stolen is too high. You also have to hand it over when purchasing alcohol, going to bars, going to R rated movies, etc. There is just too much risk to have ID being digital.   5) Having it be digital means it is more vulnerable to attack, and corruption.","human_ref_B":"I never realised it was law to carry your license & registration in the U.S. Here in the UK if you get pulled over & asked for your licence, if you don't have it you get something like a week to drop by your local station to produce it. Also the records of registered keepers of all vehicles are stored on a database so you don't need to show that at all.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":12469.0,"score_ratio":2.2361623616}
{"post_id":"6cnlpb","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.82,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do we still need to bring our license and registration to drive? Considering it's 2017 and we have enough technology to have all this information in the cloud \/ in our phones and match with the cops information.","c_root_id_A":"dhwd9p6","c_root_id_B":"dhwb6hv","created_at_utc_A":1495481524,"created_at_utc_B":1495479127,"score_A":606,"score_B":65,"human_ref_A":"I never realised it was law to carry your license & registration in the U.S. Here in the UK if you get pulled over & asked for your licence, if you don't have it you get something like a week to drop by your local station to produce it. Also the records of registered keepers of all vehicles are stored on a database so you don't need to show that at all.","human_ref_B":"Love how everyone is downplaying the biggest reason - at this point phone app technology is still nowhere near as secure as piece of laminated plastic with a hologram watermark & magnetic strip on it.   Not to mention it would make it so very likely that someone would hack that data base to steal the personal information for one of the biggest credit fraud schemes in history...","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2397.0,"score_ratio":9.3230769231}
{"post_id":"6cnlpb","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.82,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do we still need to bring our license and registration to drive? Considering it's 2017 and we have enough technology to have all this information in the cloud \/ in our phones and match with the cops information.","c_root_id_A":"dhwhprw","c_root_id_B":"dhwb6hv","created_at_utc_A":1495486655,"created_at_utc_B":1495479127,"score_A":101,"score_B":65,"human_ref_A":"In the US if you don't have your drivers license on you, a police officer can indeed just run your name and birthday and find out if your valid. Although you will get a citation for not having it if you and\/or the officer are jerks at the encounter. It's just easier if you have it and they can just take it and scan it. Also, I'm not sure if their computers can pull your picture to verify you're not giving them someone else's name and DOB. Many rural areas probably still do radio dispatching.   Also, in the US there's no requirement to carry a passport or national ID card, so a driver's license is a de-facto ID card for drinking, cashing a check, renting a hotel room, whatever (If you don't drive you can get a non-drivers-license state ID card). Generally children don't have a need to carry an ID until they're old enough to drive.   And believe it or not, everyone does not have a smartphone. My mother and sister do not, just \"old fashioned\" flip phones.","human_ref_B":"Love how everyone is downplaying the biggest reason - at this point phone app technology is still nowhere near as secure as piece of laminated plastic with a hologram watermark & magnetic strip on it.   Not to mention it would make it so very likely that someone would hack that data base to steal the personal information for one of the biggest credit fraud schemes in history...","labels":1,"seconds_difference":7528.0,"score_ratio":1.5538461538}
{"post_id":"6cnlpb","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.82,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do we still need to bring our license and registration to drive? Considering it's 2017 and we have enough technology to have all this information in the cloud \/ in our phones and match with the cops information.","c_root_id_A":"dhwhprw","c_root_id_B":"dhwh6es","created_at_utc_A":1495486655,"created_at_utc_B":1495486026,"score_A":101,"score_B":51,"human_ref_A":"In the US if you don't have your drivers license on you, a police officer can indeed just run your name and birthday and find out if your valid. Although you will get a citation for not having it if you and\/or the officer are jerks at the encounter. It's just easier if you have it and they can just take it and scan it. Also, I'm not sure if their computers can pull your picture to verify you're not giving them someone else's name and DOB. Many rural areas probably still do radio dispatching.   Also, in the US there's no requirement to carry a passport or national ID card, so a driver's license is a de-facto ID card for drinking, cashing a check, renting a hotel room, whatever (If you don't drive you can get a non-drivers-license state ID card). Generally children don't have a need to carry an ID until they're old enough to drive.   And believe it or not, everyone does not have a smartphone. My mother and sister do not, just \"old fashioned\" flip phones.","human_ref_B":"As a prior cop really... Honestly if you didn't have your license but k ew your SSN that was okay. Or if the car was registered to you I could just run the plates and then get your drivers customer number off that.   Having a license makes it easier since all your info is right there on a little card.   Really as long as you were licensed I didn't give a shit if you had it or not. I can pull the DMV picture up to ensure its you regardless...unless it's down which it does go down from time to time.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":629.0,"score_ratio":1.9803921569}
{"post_id":"kajfvi","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do hands get an itchy\/tingly sensation when doing something with high vibrations like weed whacking?","c_root_id_A":"gfbrn8k","c_root_id_B":"gfbiw38","created_at_utc_A":1607638209,"created_at_utc_B":1607632401,"score_A":2675,"score_B":58,"human_ref_A":"ELI 5: Your nerves are cells that specialize in sending signals throughout your body allowing you to feel and move.  They can be very long and they have special layers that let them transmit signals.  The fact that they are long and layered means that they are more delicate than other cells.  The vibrations knock around and damage many of the cells in your hands. The damage is kind of like a bruise on the cell. Other cells can deal with this because they are small, simpler, or easily replaced.  But nerves aren't small, simple, or easily replaced.  When they are damaged they can send weird messages. Sometimes pain, temperature, itchiness, numbness, or other weird feeling things.  Non ELI 5: This paper has a great intro on the subject, but fair warning experiments on animals are also described:  https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4235911\/  ___________________________________  Edit: I'm very glad many of you found this explanation helpful.    I'm getting several replies asking about personal moments of potential exposure and lasting effects. So I'm going to try to start adding some links to the occupational resources I can find below. I'm not a medical doctor or treatment professional and so while I will try to reply with resources or advice, please see your real doctor about these issues for diagnosis and treatment.  Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS) is the umbrella term for the condition that can include neurological, vascular, or musculoskeletal effects. Every body will respond differently to potential exposure levels. So duration and long term outcomes can differ. It's therefore important to consult a doctor about treatment.  The best way to reduce risk is to limit exposure. Using PPE like vibration gloves can also help. And keeping good and warm circulation to the fingers.  https:\/\/www.ccohs.ca\/oshanswers\/phys_agents\/vibration\/vibration_effects.html  https:\/\/osha.europa.eu\/en\/legislation\/directives\/19  https:\/\/www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com\/articles\/18405-bad-vibrations-whole-body-hand-arm-risk https:\/\/www.healthyworkinglives.scot\/workplace-guidance\/health-risks\/vibration\/Pages\/common-hazards-and-controls.aspx  https:\/\/naspweb.com\/hand-arm-vibration-syndrome-causes-and-prevention\/  https:\/\/bcmj.org\/worksafebc\/hand-arm-vibration-syndrome-havs  From u\/VfV:  https:\/\/www.hse.gov.uk\/vibration\/hav\/index.htm  From u\/gwaydms:  https:\/\/www.haspod.com\/blog\/vibration\/understanding-havs-trigger-times  From u\/CherryFizzabelly:  https:\/\/www.hse.gov.uk\/vibration\/hav\/index.htm","human_ref_B":"Is someone able to explain how massage tools like Theragun is any different to this ? Will this cause the same issues in the long term & people don\u2019t recognize it yet ?","labels":1,"seconds_difference":5808.0,"score_ratio":46.1206896552}
{"post_id":"ag3m0j","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Bank\/money transfers taking \u201cbusiness days\u201d when everything is automatic and computerized? Explain like I'm five years old: Just curious as to why it takes \u201c2-3 business days\u201d for a money service (I.e. - PayPal or Venmo) to transfer funds to a bank account or some other account. Like what are these computers doing on the weekends that we don\u2019t know about?  ​","c_root_id_A":"ee3tjht","c_root_id_B":"ee3vo9l","created_at_utc_A":1547535801,"created_at_utc_B":1547538954,"score_A":1607,"score_B":5372,"human_ref_A":"Decade old systems that work by running nightly batches.  Banks also don't seem to have sufficient incentives to speed it up, especially as they can benefit from interest while the money is in transit.  Get your politicians to make a law limiting how long the transfer may take and you'll see that it *can* be done in minutes.","human_ref_B":"There's a lot of people trying to technically explain why instant back transfers can't happen. In the UK we have instant bank transfers including between different banks. So no matter what explanations people throw at you, yes it absolutely is possible. All it needs is the will to implement. In the UK it happened because there was a bit of a public\/newspaper\/consumer watchdog outcry over this when it used to take days. I didn't hear of any banks going through significant hardship making the switch and it all happen fairly rapidly.  https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Faster_Payments_Service  Edit: Having found the link above, the technical process to implement the system took about 2 years. The process from initial government proposal and consultation to awarding a contract took 9 years.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":3153.0,"score_ratio":3.3428749222}
{"post_id":"ag3m0j","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Bank\/money transfers taking \u201cbusiness days\u201d when everything is automatic and computerized? Explain like I'm five years old: Just curious as to why it takes \u201c2-3 business days\u201d for a money service (I.e. - PayPal or Venmo) to transfer funds to a bank account or some other account. Like what are these computers doing on the weekends that we don\u2019t know about?  ​","c_root_id_A":"ee3vo9l","c_root_id_B":"ee3pvlb","created_at_utc_A":1547538954,"created_at_utc_B":1547531262,"score_A":5372,"score_B":538,"human_ref_A":"There's a lot of people trying to technically explain why instant back transfers can't happen. In the UK we have instant bank transfers including between different banks. So no matter what explanations people throw at you, yes it absolutely is possible. All it needs is the will to implement. In the UK it happened because there was a bit of a public\/newspaper\/consumer watchdog outcry over this when it used to take days. I didn't hear of any banks going through significant hardship making the switch and it all happen fairly rapidly.  https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Faster_Payments_Service  Edit: Having found the link above, the technical process to implement the system took about 2 years. The process from initial government proposal and consultation to awarding a contract took 9 years.","human_ref_B":"Let\u2019s say you are transferring funds from Bank A to Bank B.  You tell Bank B you are transferring $100 from your account in Bank A. You provide a routing number (which is basically telling Bank B the ID of Bank A) and also your account number.    *There is no way for Bank B to know whether that $100 actually exists in your account in Bank A.* There are no API calls, central database, nada, that can clear this.   Instead, what happens is it goes through what is called an Account Clearing House process. This goal of this process \u201cclears\u201d the funds from Bank A to Bank B. Effectively, it is an almost-manual process which checks whether Bank A actually has the funds that you say it does, and then updates the ledgers on Bank A and Bank B to reflect accordingly. There is a record of this clearing house transaction. There are entire companies built out of this industry.   Whatever you see as \u201ccomputerized\u201d right now is effectively a front. The user interface may be computerized, but the backend is not. Some actions (and some transactions) may seem relatively instantaneous, but this is actually due to the bank deciding to take on that risk in favor of a better user experience.   This is exactly why cryptocurrency and blockchain exists and what it\u2019s trying to solve - there is no digital ledger right now that unifies the banking system.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":7692.0,"score_ratio":9.9851301115}
{"post_id":"ag3m0j","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Bank\/money transfers taking \u201cbusiness days\u201d when everything is automatic and computerized? Explain like I'm five years old: Just curious as to why it takes \u201c2-3 business days\u201d for a money service (I.e. - PayPal or Venmo) to transfer funds to a bank account or some other account. Like what are these computers doing on the weekends that we don\u2019t know about?  ​","c_root_id_A":"ee3vo9l","c_root_id_B":"ee3rh7v","created_at_utc_A":1547538954,"created_at_utc_B":1547533139,"score_A":5372,"score_B":247,"human_ref_A":"There's a lot of people trying to technically explain why instant back transfers can't happen. In the UK we have instant bank transfers including between different banks. So no matter what explanations people throw at you, yes it absolutely is possible. All it needs is the will to implement. In the UK it happened because there was a bit of a public\/newspaper\/consumer watchdog outcry over this when it used to take days. I didn't hear of any banks going through significant hardship making the switch and it all happen fairly rapidly.  https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Faster_Payments_Service  Edit: Having found the link above, the technical process to implement the system took about 2 years. The process from initial government proposal and consultation to awarding a contract took 9 years.","human_ref_B":"Australian bank transfers are now instant. It will be the same everywhere, soon enough.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":5815.0,"score_ratio":21.7489878543}
{"post_id":"ag3m0j","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Bank\/money transfers taking \u201cbusiness days\u201d when everything is automatic and computerized? Explain like I'm five years old: Just curious as to why it takes \u201c2-3 business days\u201d for a money service (I.e. - PayPal or Venmo) to transfer funds to a bank account or some other account. Like what are these computers doing on the weekends that we don\u2019t know about?  ​","c_root_id_A":"ee3lqcj","c_root_id_B":"ee3vo9l","created_at_utc_A":1547526960,"created_at_utc_B":1547538954,"score_A":148,"score_B":5372,"human_ref_A":"Some countries have government sponsored infrastructure which makes it fast now, such as UPI in India and Duitnow in Malaysia","human_ref_B":"There's a lot of people trying to technically explain why instant back transfers can't happen. In the UK we have instant bank transfers including between different banks. So no matter what explanations people throw at you, yes it absolutely is possible. All it needs is the will to implement. In the UK it happened because there was a bit of a public\/newspaper\/consumer watchdog outcry over this when it used to take days. I didn't hear of any banks going through significant hardship making the switch and it all happen fairly rapidly.  https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Faster_Payments_Service  Edit: Having found the link above, the technical process to implement the system took about 2 years. The process from initial government proposal and consultation to awarding a contract took 9 years.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":11994.0,"score_ratio":36.2972972973}
{"post_id":"ag3m0j","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Bank\/money transfers taking \u201cbusiness days\u201d when everything is automatic and computerized? Explain like I'm five years old: Just curious as to why it takes \u201c2-3 business days\u201d for a money service (I.e. - PayPal or Venmo) to transfer funds to a bank account or some other account. Like what are these computers doing on the weekends that we don\u2019t know about?  ​","c_root_id_A":"ee3d4hn","c_root_id_B":"ee3vo9l","created_at_utc_A":1547519711,"created_at_utc_B":1547538954,"score_A":60,"score_B":5372,"human_ref_A":"The bank you are sending money to doesn\u2019t know if there is actually money in that account you\u2019re pulling from. They don\u2019t want to assume you are telling the truth and give you the chance to take the banks money and run if the contra account is flat.","human_ref_B":"There's a lot of people trying to technically explain why instant back transfers can't happen. In the UK we have instant bank transfers including between different banks. So no matter what explanations people throw at you, yes it absolutely is possible. All it needs is the will to implement. In the UK it happened because there was a bit of a public\/newspaper\/consumer watchdog outcry over this when it used to take days. I didn't hear of any banks going through significant hardship making the switch and it all happen fairly rapidly.  https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Faster_Payments_Service  Edit: Having found the link above, the technical process to implement the system took about 2 years. The process from initial government proposal and consultation to awarding a contract took 9 years.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":19243.0,"score_ratio":89.5333333333}
{"post_id":"ag3m0j","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Bank\/money transfers taking \u201cbusiness days\u201d when everything is automatic and computerized? Explain like I'm five years old: Just curious as to why it takes \u201c2-3 business days\u201d for a money service (I.e. - PayPal or Venmo) to transfer funds to a bank account or some other account. Like what are these computers doing on the weekends that we don\u2019t know about?  ​","c_root_id_A":"ee3pvlb","c_root_id_B":"ee3tjht","created_at_utc_A":1547531262,"created_at_utc_B":1547535801,"score_A":538,"score_B":1607,"human_ref_A":"Let\u2019s say you are transferring funds from Bank A to Bank B.  You tell Bank B you are transferring $100 from your account in Bank A. You provide a routing number (which is basically telling Bank B the ID of Bank A) and also your account number.    *There is no way for Bank B to know whether that $100 actually exists in your account in Bank A.* There are no API calls, central database, nada, that can clear this.   Instead, what happens is it goes through what is called an Account Clearing House process. This goal of this process \u201cclears\u201d the funds from Bank A to Bank B. Effectively, it is an almost-manual process which checks whether Bank A actually has the funds that you say it does, and then updates the ledgers on Bank A and Bank B to reflect accordingly. There is a record of this clearing house transaction. There are entire companies built out of this industry.   Whatever you see as \u201ccomputerized\u201d right now is effectively a front. The user interface may be computerized, but the backend is not. Some actions (and some transactions) may seem relatively instantaneous, but this is actually due to the bank deciding to take on that risk in favor of a better user experience.   This is exactly why cryptocurrency and blockchain exists and what it\u2019s trying to solve - there is no digital ledger right now that unifies the banking system.","human_ref_B":"Decade old systems that work by running nightly batches.  Banks also don't seem to have sufficient incentives to speed it up, especially as they can benefit from interest while the money is in transit.  Get your politicians to make a law limiting how long the transfer may take and you'll see that it *can* be done in minutes.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":4539.0,"score_ratio":2.9869888476}
{"post_id":"ag3m0j","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Bank\/money transfers taking \u201cbusiness days\u201d when everything is automatic and computerized? Explain like I'm five years old: Just curious as to why it takes \u201c2-3 business days\u201d for a money service (I.e. - PayPal or Venmo) to transfer funds to a bank account or some other account. Like what are these computers doing on the weekends that we don\u2019t know about?  ​","c_root_id_A":"ee3rh7v","c_root_id_B":"ee3tjht","created_at_utc_A":1547533139,"created_at_utc_B":1547535801,"score_A":247,"score_B":1607,"human_ref_A":"Australian bank transfers are now instant. It will be the same everywhere, soon enough.","human_ref_B":"Decade old systems that work by running nightly batches.  Banks also don't seem to have sufficient incentives to speed it up, especially as they can benefit from interest while the money is in transit.  Get your politicians to make a law limiting how long the transfer may take and you'll see that it *can* be done in minutes.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2662.0,"score_ratio":6.5060728745}
{"post_id":"ag3m0j","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Bank\/money transfers taking \u201cbusiness days\u201d when everything is automatic and computerized? Explain like I'm five years old: Just curious as to why it takes \u201c2-3 business days\u201d for a money service (I.e. - PayPal or Venmo) to transfer funds to a bank account or some other account. Like what are these computers doing on the weekends that we don\u2019t know about?  ​","c_root_id_A":"ee3tjht","c_root_id_B":"ee3lqcj","created_at_utc_A":1547535801,"created_at_utc_B":1547526960,"score_A":1607,"score_B":148,"human_ref_A":"Decade old systems that work by running nightly batches.  Banks also don't seem to have sufficient incentives to speed it up, especially as they can benefit from interest while the money is in transit.  Get your politicians to make a law limiting how long the transfer may take and you'll see that it *can* be done in minutes.","human_ref_B":"Some countries have government sponsored infrastructure which makes it fast now, such as UPI in India and Duitnow in Malaysia","labels":1,"seconds_difference":8841.0,"score_ratio":10.8581081081}
{"post_id":"ag3m0j","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Bank\/money transfers taking \u201cbusiness days\u201d when everything is automatic and computerized? Explain like I'm five years old: Just curious as to why it takes \u201c2-3 business days\u201d for a money service (I.e. - PayPal or Venmo) to transfer funds to a bank account or some other account. Like what are these computers doing on the weekends that we don\u2019t know about?  ​","c_root_id_A":"ee3tjht","c_root_id_B":"ee3d4hn","created_at_utc_A":1547535801,"created_at_utc_B":1547519711,"score_A":1607,"score_B":60,"human_ref_A":"Decade old systems that work by running nightly batches.  Banks also don't seem to have sufficient incentives to speed it up, especially as they can benefit from interest while the money is in transit.  Get your politicians to make a law limiting how long the transfer may take and you'll see that it *can* be done in minutes.","human_ref_B":"The bank you are sending money to doesn\u2019t know if there is actually money in that account you\u2019re pulling from. They don\u2019t want to assume you are telling the truth and give you the chance to take the banks money and run if the contra account is flat.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":16090.0,"score_ratio":26.7833333333}
{"post_id":"ag3m0j","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Bank\/money transfers taking \u201cbusiness days\u201d when everything is automatic and computerized? Explain like I'm five years old: Just curious as to why it takes \u201c2-3 business days\u201d for a money service (I.e. - PayPal or Venmo) to transfer funds to a bank account or some other account. Like what are these computers doing on the weekends that we don\u2019t know about?  ​","c_root_id_A":"ee3wbnx","c_root_id_B":"ee3pvlb","created_at_utc_A":1547539999,"created_at_utc_B":1547531262,"score_A":734,"score_B":538,"human_ref_A":"Or if you live in a country with a functional consumer banking system it can have taken seconds since the mid 2000s for free. (https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Faster_Payments_Service)  Edit: misread the article and corrected 80s to 2000s","human_ref_B":"Let\u2019s say you are transferring funds from Bank A to Bank B.  You tell Bank B you are transferring $100 from your account in Bank A. You provide a routing number (which is basically telling Bank B the ID of Bank A) and also your account number.    *There is no way for Bank B to know whether that $100 actually exists in your account in Bank A.* There are no API calls, central database, nada, that can clear this.   Instead, what happens is it goes through what is called an Account Clearing House process. This goal of this process \u201cclears\u201d the funds from Bank A to Bank B. Effectively, it is an almost-manual process which checks whether Bank A actually has the funds that you say it does, and then updates the ledgers on Bank A and Bank B to reflect accordingly. There is a record of this clearing house transaction. There are entire companies built out of this industry.   Whatever you see as \u201ccomputerized\u201d right now is effectively a front. The user interface may be computerized, but the backend is not. Some actions (and some transactions) may seem relatively instantaneous, but this is actually due to the bank deciding to take on that risk in favor of a better user experience.   This is exactly why cryptocurrency and blockchain exists and what it\u2019s trying to solve - there is no digital ledger right now that unifies the banking system.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":8737.0,"score_ratio":1.3643122677}
{"post_id":"ag3m0j","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Bank\/money transfers taking \u201cbusiness days\u201d when everything is automatic and computerized? Explain like I'm five years old: Just curious as to why it takes \u201c2-3 business days\u201d for a money service (I.e. - PayPal or Venmo) to transfer funds to a bank account or some other account. Like what are these computers doing on the weekends that we don\u2019t know about?  ​","c_root_id_A":"ee3wbnx","c_root_id_B":"ee3rh7v","created_at_utc_A":1547539999,"created_at_utc_B":1547533139,"score_A":734,"score_B":247,"human_ref_A":"Or if you live in a country with a functional consumer banking system it can have taken seconds since the mid 2000s for free. (https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Faster_Payments_Service)  Edit: misread the article and corrected 80s to 2000s","human_ref_B":"Australian bank transfers are now instant. It will be the same everywhere, soon enough.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":6860.0,"score_ratio":2.971659919}
{"post_id":"ag3m0j","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Bank\/money transfers taking \u201cbusiness days\u201d when everything is automatic and computerized? Explain like I'm five years old: Just curious as to why it takes \u201c2-3 business days\u201d for a money service (I.e. - PayPal or Venmo) to transfer funds to a bank account or some other account. Like what are these computers doing on the weekends that we don\u2019t know about?  ​","c_root_id_A":"ee3lqcj","c_root_id_B":"ee3wbnx","created_at_utc_A":1547526960,"created_at_utc_B":1547539999,"score_A":148,"score_B":734,"human_ref_A":"Some countries have government sponsored infrastructure which makes it fast now, such as UPI in India and Duitnow in Malaysia","human_ref_B":"Or if you live in a country with a functional consumer banking system it can have taken seconds since the mid 2000s for free. (https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Faster_Payments_Service)  Edit: misread the article and corrected 80s to 2000s","labels":0,"seconds_difference":13039.0,"score_ratio":4.9594594595}
{"post_id":"ag3m0j","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Bank\/money transfers taking \u201cbusiness days\u201d when everything is automatic and computerized? Explain like I'm five years old: Just curious as to why it takes \u201c2-3 business days\u201d for a money service (I.e. - PayPal or Venmo) to transfer funds to a bank account or some other account. Like what are these computers doing on the weekends that we don\u2019t know about?  ​","c_root_id_A":"ee3wbnx","c_root_id_B":"ee3d4hn","created_at_utc_A":1547539999,"created_at_utc_B":1547519711,"score_A":734,"score_B":60,"human_ref_A":"Or if you live in a country with a functional consumer banking system it can have taken seconds since the mid 2000s for free. (https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Faster_Payments_Service)  Edit: misread the article and corrected 80s to 2000s","human_ref_B":"The bank you are sending money to doesn\u2019t know if there is actually money in that account you\u2019re pulling from. They don\u2019t want to assume you are telling the truth and give you the chance to take the banks money and run if the contra account is flat.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":20288.0,"score_ratio":12.2333333333}
{"post_id":"ag3m0j","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Bank\/money transfers taking \u201cbusiness days\u201d when everything is automatic and computerized? Explain like I'm five years old: Just curious as to why it takes \u201c2-3 business days\u201d for a money service (I.e. - PayPal or Venmo) to transfer funds to a bank account or some other account. Like what are these computers doing on the weekends that we don\u2019t know about?  ​","c_root_id_A":"ee3lqcj","c_root_id_B":"ee3pvlb","created_at_utc_A":1547526960,"created_at_utc_B":1547531262,"score_A":148,"score_B":538,"human_ref_A":"Some countries have government sponsored infrastructure which makes it fast now, such as UPI in India and Duitnow in Malaysia","human_ref_B":"Let\u2019s say you are transferring funds from Bank A to Bank B.  You tell Bank B you are transferring $100 from your account in Bank A. You provide a routing number (which is basically telling Bank B the ID of Bank A) and also your account number.    *There is no way for Bank B to know whether that $100 actually exists in your account in Bank A.* There are no API calls, central database, nada, that can clear this.   Instead, what happens is it goes through what is called an Account Clearing House process. This goal of this process \u201cclears\u201d the funds from Bank A to Bank B. Effectively, it is an almost-manual process which checks whether Bank A actually has the funds that you say it does, and then updates the ledgers on Bank A and Bank B to reflect accordingly. There is a record of this clearing house transaction. There are entire companies built out of this industry.   Whatever you see as \u201ccomputerized\u201d right now is effectively a front. The user interface may be computerized, but the backend is not. Some actions (and some transactions) may seem relatively instantaneous, but this is actually due to the bank deciding to take on that risk in favor of a better user experience.   This is exactly why cryptocurrency and blockchain exists and what it\u2019s trying to solve - there is no digital ledger right now that unifies the banking system.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":4302.0,"score_ratio":3.6351351351}
{"post_id":"ag3m0j","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Bank\/money transfers taking \u201cbusiness days\u201d when everything is automatic and computerized? Explain like I'm five years old: Just curious as to why it takes \u201c2-3 business days\u201d for a money service (I.e. - PayPal or Venmo) to transfer funds to a bank account or some other account. Like what are these computers doing on the weekends that we don\u2019t know about?  ​","c_root_id_A":"ee3pvlb","c_root_id_B":"ee3d4hn","created_at_utc_A":1547531262,"created_at_utc_B":1547519711,"score_A":538,"score_B":60,"human_ref_A":"Let\u2019s say you are transferring funds from Bank A to Bank B.  You tell Bank B you are transferring $100 from your account in Bank A. You provide a routing number (which is basically telling Bank B the ID of Bank A) and also your account number.    *There is no way for Bank B to know whether that $100 actually exists in your account in Bank A.* There are no API calls, central database, nada, that can clear this.   Instead, what happens is it goes through what is called an Account Clearing House process. This goal of this process \u201cclears\u201d the funds from Bank A to Bank B. Effectively, it is an almost-manual process which checks whether Bank A actually has the funds that you say it does, and then updates the ledgers on Bank A and Bank B to reflect accordingly. There is a record of this clearing house transaction. There are entire companies built out of this industry.   Whatever you see as \u201ccomputerized\u201d right now is effectively a front. The user interface may be computerized, but the backend is not. Some actions (and some transactions) may seem relatively instantaneous, but this is actually due to the bank deciding to take on that risk in favor of a better user experience.   This is exactly why cryptocurrency and blockchain exists and what it\u2019s trying to solve - there is no digital ledger right now that unifies the banking system.","human_ref_B":"The bank you are sending money to doesn\u2019t know if there is actually money in that account you\u2019re pulling from. They don\u2019t want to assume you are telling the truth and give you the chance to take the banks money and run if the contra account is flat.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":11551.0,"score_ratio":8.9666666667}
{"post_id":"ag3m0j","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Bank\/money transfers taking \u201cbusiness days\u201d when everything is automatic and computerized? Explain like I'm five years old: Just curious as to why it takes \u201c2-3 business days\u201d for a money service (I.e. - PayPal or Venmo) to transfer funds to a bank account or some other account. Like what are these computers doing on the weekends that we don\u2019t know about?  ​","c_root_id_A":"ee3rh7v","c_root_id_B":"ee3lqcj","created_at_utc_A":1547533139,"created_at_utc_B":1547526960,"score_A":247,"score_B":148,"human_ref_A":"Australian bank transfers are now instant. It will be the same everywhere, soon enough.","human_ref_B":"Some countries have government sponsored infrastructure which makes it fast now, such as UPI in India and Duitnow in Malaysia","labels":1,"seconds_difference":6179.0,"score_ratio":1.6689189189}
{"post_id":"ag3m0j","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Bank\/money transfers taking \u201cbusiness days\u201d when everything is automatic and computerized? Explain like I'm five years old: Just curious as to why it takes \u201c2-3 business days\u201d for a money service (I.e. - PayPal or Venmo) to transfer funds to a bank account or some other account. Like what are these computers doing on the weekends that we don\u2019t know about?  ​","c_root_id_A":"ee3d4hn","c_root_id_B":"ee3rh7v","created_at_utc_A":1547519711,"created_at_utc_B":1547533139,"score_A":60,"score_B":247,"human_ref_A":"The bank you are sending money to doesn\u2019t know if there is actually money in that account you\u2019re pulling from. They don\u2019t want to assume you are telling the truth and give you the chance to take the banks money and run if the contra account is flat.","human_ref_B":"Australian bank transfers are now instant. It will be the same everywhere, soon enough.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":13428.0,"score_ratio":4.1166666667}
{"post_id":"ag3m0j","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Bank\/money transfers taking \u201cbusiness days\u201d when everything is automatic and computerized? Explain like I'm five years old: Just curious as to why it takes \u201c2-3 business days\u201d for a money service (I.e. - PayPal or Venmo) to transfer funds to a bank account or some other account. Like what are these computers doing on the weekends that we don\u2019t know about?  ​","c_root_id_A":"ee3lqcj","c_root_id_B":"ee3d4hn","created_at_utc_A":1547526960,"created_at_utc_B":1547519711,"score_A":148,"score_B":60,"human_ref_A":"Some countries have government sponsored infrastructure which makes it fast now, such as UPI in India and Duitnow in Malaysia","human_ref_B":"The bank you are sending money to doesn\u2019t know if there is actually money in that account you\u2019re pulling from. They don\u2019t want to assume you are telling the truth and give you the chance to take the banks money and run if the contra account is flat.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":7249.0,"score_ratio":2.4666666667}
{"post_id":"7chi2a","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do Home dishwashers need to take 3 hours? I know it\u2019s for energy star requirements, but commercial machines get the job done in 90 seconds. Why the massive difference? Wouldn\u2019t even a more powerful motor take less electricity for such a big time difference?","c_root_id_A":"dpqlitl","c_root_id_B":"dpq4m0d","created_at_utc_A":1510544361,"created_at_utc_B":1510524364,"score_A":314,"score_B":303,"human_ref_A":"Oh, finally... My time to shine!  I didn't read through all the comments so others may have mentioned all of this already.  I work for a major appliance manufacturer and this comes up quite often.  One main reason is the fact that they are using so much less water - we're talking just a few gallons.  That water is run through the wash arms at different times, so not all of the dishes are being sprayed and cleaned at once.  Another reason is due to the sensors inside that tell the dishwasher how dirty the water is.  So many people think they are supposed to essentially wash the dishes before putting them in the dishwasher - STOP THIS!  It needs to sense the food\/drink particles in order to clean properly.  And as mentioned in other comments, heated dry.  While it adds to the time, heated dry, along with rinse aid, is essential to getting your dishes (and the inside tub) dry.  If you don't do these things and your dishes aren't dry, don't call the manufacturer.  Read the manual that gives with it.  Any other fancy options you may add on, say sanitize, are going to add to the time as well.  Mind you all of this applies to the brands I work with, but I'm sure there is some crossover to others as well.  Edit: my first ever gold!  Thanks, my fellow Redditor!  I'm so glad this random knowledge has finally paid off.","human_ref_B":"Commercial dishwashers take 45 mins to heat up when you turn them on, then keep the water hot all day, which saves a massive amount of time in the wash cycle but uses a lot of power. domestic dishwashers heat the water every time.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":19997.0,"score_ratio":1.0363036304}
{"post_id":"7chi2a","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do Home dishwashers need to take 3 hours? I know it\u2019s for energy star requirements, but commercial machines get the job done in 90 seconds. Why the massive difference? Wouldn\u2019t even a more powerful motor take less electricity for such a big time difference?","c_root_id_A":"dpqlitl","c_root_id_B":"dpq1ot0","created_at_utc_A":1510544361,"created_at_utc_B":1510521171,"score_A":314,"score_B":172,"human_ref_A":"Oh, finally... My time to shine!  I didn't read through all the comments so others may have mentioned all of this already.  I work for a major appliance manufacturer and this comes up quite often.  One main reason is the fact that they are using so much less water - we're talking just a few gallons.  That water is run through the wash arms at different times, so not all of the dishes are being sprayed and cleaned at once.  Another reason is due to the sensors inside that tell the dishwasher how dirty the water is.  So many people think they are supposed to essentially wash the dishes before putting them in the dishwasher - STOP THIS!  It needs to sense the food\/drink particles in order to clean properly.  And as mentioned in other comments, heated dry.  While it adds to the time, heated dry, along with rinse aid, is essential to getting your dishes (and the inside tub) dry.  If you don't do these things and your dishes aren't dry, don't call the manufacturer.  Read the manual that gives with it.  Any other fancy options you may add on, say sanitize, are going to add to the time as well.  Mind you all of this applies to the brands I work with, but I'm sure there is some crossover to others as well.  Edit: my first ever gold!  Thanks, my fellow Redditor!  I'm so glad this random knowledge has finally paid off.","human_ref_B":"More complex chemicals, which are surprisingly expensive. Significantly higher temperatures and pressures. Higher voltage.  They basically turn your dishtank into a loud sauna too, you probably wouldn't want your kitchen like that.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":23190.0,"score_ratio":1.8255813953}
{"post_id":"7chi2a","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do Home dishwashers need to take 3 hours? I know it\u2019s for energy star requirements, but commercial machines get the job done in 90 seconds. Why the massive difference? Wouldn\u2019t even a more powerful motor take less electricity for such a big time difference?","c_root_id_A":"dpq2fc4","c_root_id_B":"dpqlitl","created_at_utc_A":1510521949,"created_at_utc_B":1510544361,"score_A":50,"score_B":314,"human_ref_A":"They run on very hot water, use dangerous chemicals, and are far too forceful for normal dishes. That's part of why restaurant dishes and mugs are so thick.","human_ref_B":"Oh, finally... My time to shine!  I didn't read through all the comments so others may have mentioned all of this already.  I work for a major appliance manufacturer and this comes up quite often.  One main reason is the fact that they are using so much less water - we're talking just a few gallons.  That water is run through the wash arms at different times, so not all of the dishes are being sprayed and cleaned at once.  Another reason is due to the sensors inside that tell the dishwasher how dirty the water is.  So many people think they are supposed to essentially wash the dishes before putting them in the dishwasher - STOP THIS!  It needs to sense the food\/drink particles in order to clean properly.  And as mentioned in other comments, heated dry.  While it adds to the time, heated dry, along with rinse aid, is essential to getting your dishes (and the inside tub) dry.  If you don't do these things and your dishes aren't dry, don't call the manufacturer.  Read the manual that gives with it.  Any other fancy options you may add on, say sanitize, are going to add to the time as well.  Mind you all of this applies to the brands I work with, but I'm sure there is some crossover to others as well.  Edit: my first ever gold!  Thanks, my fellow Redditor!  I'm so glad this random knowledge has finally paid off.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":22412.0,"score_ratio":6.28}
{"post_id":"7chi2a","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do Home dishwashers need to take 3 hours? I know it\u2019s for energy star requirements, but commercial machines get the job done in 90 seconds. Why the massive difference? Wouldn\u2019t even a more powerful motor take less electricity for such a big time difference?","c_root_id_A":"dpqlitl","c_root_id_B":"dpq7o0m","created_at_utc_A":1510544361,"created_at_utc_B":1510527699,"score_A":314,"score_B":51,"human_ref_A":"Oh, finally... My time to shine!  I didn't read through all the comments so others may have mentioned all of this already.  I work for a major appliance manufacturer and this comes up quite often.  One main reason is the fact that they are using so much less water - we're talking just a few gallons.  That water is run through the wash arms at different times, so not all of the dishes are being sprayed and cleaned at once.  Another reason is due to the sensors inside that tell the dishwasher how dirty the water is.  So many people think they are supposed to essentially wash the dishes before putting them in the dishwasher - STOP THIS!  It needs to sense the food\/drink particles in order to clean properly.  And as mentioned in other comments, heated dry.  While it adds to the time, heated dry, along with rinse aid, is essential to getting your dishes (and the inside tub) dry.  If you don't do these things and your dishes aren't dry, don't call the manufacturer.  Read the manual that gives with it.  Any other fancy options you may add on, say sanitize, are going to add to the time as well.  Mind you all of this applies to the brands I work with, but I'm sure there is some crossover to others as well.  Edit: my first ever gold!  Thanks, my fellow Redditor!  I'm so glad this random knowledge has finally paid off.","human_ref_B":"The commercial dishwasher has a tank with pre-heated water, i.e. in the very moment you close the cover, a wet hot hell with chemicals goes down on the dishes, and everything is done when your dishwasher at home is still thinking how much water to take in and heat.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":16662.0,"score_ratio":6.1568627451}
{"post_id":"7chi2a","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do Home dishwashers need to take 3 hours? I know it\u2019s for energy star requirements, but commercial machines get the job done in 90 seconds. Why the massive difference? Wouldn\u2019t even a more powerful motor take less electricity for such a big time difference?","c_root_id_A":"dpqlitl","c_root_id_B":"dpqkc7v","created_at_utc_A":1510544361,"created_at_utc_B":1510542833,"score_A":314,"score_B":42,"human_ref_A":"Oh, finally... My time to shine!  I didn't read through all the comments so others may have mentioned all of this already.  I work for a major appliance manufacturer and this comes up quite often.  One main reason is the fact that they are using so much less water - we're talking just a few gallons.  That water is run through the wash arms at different times, so not all of the dishes are being sprayed and cleaned at once.  Another reason is due to the sensors inside that tell the dishwasher how dirty the water is.  So many people think they are supposed to essentially wash the dishes before putting them in the dishwasher - STOP THIS!  It needs to sense the food\/drink particles in order to clean properly.  And as mentioned in other comments, heated dry.  While it adds to the time, heated dry, along with rinse aid, is essential to getting your dishes (and the inside tub) dry.  If you don't do these things and your dishes aren't dry, don't call the manufacturer.  Read the manual that gives with it.  Any other fancy options you may add on, say sanitize, are going to add to the time as well.  Mind you all of this applies to the brands I work with, but I'm sure there is some crossover to others as well.  Edit: my first ever gold!  Thanks, my fellow Redditor!  I'm so glad this random knowledge has finally paid off.","human_ref_B":"Additional Eli5: why does my household dishwasher from '05 take 88 minutes per load and my girlfriend's 2017 washer take 180 minutes?","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1528.0,"score_ratio":7.4761904762}
{"post_id":"7chi2a","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do Home dishwashers need to take 3 hours? I know it\u2019s for energy star requirements, but commercial machines get the job done in 90 seconds. Why the massive difference? Wouldn\u2019t even a more powerful motor take less electricity for such a big time difference?","c_root_id_A":"dpq4m0d","c_root_id_B":"dpq1ot0","created_at_utc_A":1510524364,"created_at_utc_B":1510521171,"score_A":303,"score_B":172,"human_ref_A":"Commercial dishwashers take 45 mins to heat up when you turn them on, then keep the water hot all day, which saves a massive amount of time in the wash cycle but uses a lot of power. domestic dishwashers heat the water every time.","human_ref_B":"More complex chemicals, which are surprisingly expensive. Significantly higher temperatures and pressures. Higher voltage.  They basically turn your dishtank into a loud sauna too, you probably wouldn't want your kitchen like that.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3193.0,"score_ratio":1.761627907}
{"post_id":"7chi2a","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do Home dishwashers need to take 3 hours? I know it\u2019s for energy star requirements, but commercial machines get the job done in 90 seconds. Why the massive difference? Wouldn\u2019t even a more powerful motor take less electricity for such a big time difference?","c_root_id_A":"dpq2fc4","c_root_id_B":"dpq4m0d","created_at_utc_A":1510521949,"created_at_utc_B":1510524364,"score_A":50,"score_B":303,"human_ref_A":"They run on very hot water, use dangerous chemicals, and are far too forceful for normal dishes. That's part of why restaurant dishes and mugs are so thick.","human_ref_B":"Commercial dishwashers take 45 mins to heat up when you turn them on, then keep the water hot all day, which saves a massive amount of time in the wash cycle but uses a lot of power. domestic dishwashers heat the water every time.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2415.0,"score_ratio":6.06}
{"post_id":"7chi2a","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do Home dishwashers need to take 3 hours? I know it\u2019s for energy star requirements, but commercial machines get the job done in 90 seconds. Why the massive difference? Wouldn\u2019t even a more powerful motor take less electricity for such a big time difference?","c_root_id_A":"dpq2fc4","c_root_id_B":"dpq7o0m","created_at_utc_A":1510521949,"created_at_utc_B":1510527699,"score_A":50,"score_B":51,"human_ref_A":"They run on very hot water, use dangerous chemicals, and are far too forceful for normal dishes. That's part of why restaurant dishes and mugs are so thick.","human_ref_B":"The commercial dishwasher has a tank with pre-heated water, i.e. in the very moment you close the cover, a wet hot hell with chemicals goes down on the dishes, and everything is done when your dishwasher at home is still thinking how much water to take in and heat.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":5750.0,"score_ratio":1.02}
{"post_id":"o8cpvt","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old Why, when making a caffeinated drink, we use leaves from some plants (with tea or mat\u00e9) but for coffee we take the berry? Why not coffee leaves or tea berries? Is it the respectively best way to get the most caffeine\/flavor or is it just historical?","c_root_id_A":"h34euet","c_root_id_B":"h34fsi1","created_at_utc_A":1624726446,"created_at_utc_B":1624726925,"score_A":1348,"score_B":12263,"human_ref_A":"you CAN drink the tea made by extracting the dried cherry flesh.   it's called Cascara.   it's ..   erm.   it is.    it's like drinking the most tannic tea you've ever tried, tastes somewhat like cherry, and has a mild caffeine buzz to it.   the Seed however is what was initially drunk, because if you leave coffee cherries out in the sun for a few days, you'll end up with a pile of dried coffee beans (or, more correctly, a pile of green coffee beans.).   the thing is though, they dont really keep all that well, unless you wash the cherry flesh off first.    it's not too difficult to see that someone, in an attempt to speed up the drying process accidentally dry roasted a pile of beans..","human_ref_B":"Same reason we eat the potato and the apple. Even though one is a root and one is a fruit. It is the 'good' part of the plant.  Edit: thanks for all the up votes and awards. Also, many people saying a potato is not a root. In reply I would say that to a 5 year old they are.  Edit 2: Maybe people missed the 'GOOD PART OF THE PLANT' part? Plants have many parts, some are good for humans, some are not. Some cactus is amazing, but don't eat the spines.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":479.0,"score_ratio":9.0971810089}
{"post_id":"o8cpvt","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old Why, when making a caffeinated drink, we use leaves from some plants (with tea or mat\u00e9) but for coffee we take the berry? Why not coffee leaves or tea berries? Is it the respectively best way to get the most caffeine\/flavor or is it just historical?","c_root_id_A":"h34fsi1","c_root_id_B":"h344cks","created_at_utc_A":1624726925,"created_at_utc_B":1624721132,"score_A":12263,"score_B":257,"human_ref_A":"Same reason we eat the potato and the apple. Even though one is a root and one is a fruit. It is the 'good' part of the plant.  Edit: thanks for all the up votes and awards. Also, many people saying a potato is not a root. In reply I would say that to a 5 year old they are.  Edit 2: Maybe people missed the 'GOOD PART OF THE PLANT' part? Plants have many parts, some are good for humans, some are not. Some cactus is amazing, but don't eat the spines.","human_ref_B":"Well, it's part the best, part the only way. It's the characteristic of the plant. Coffee beans simply contain the highest amount of ccaffeine, but also burning the beans give them specific aromas.  The same with tea. Yu could potentially put roots in hot water, but it would not have the same taste...","labels":1,"seconds_difference":5793.0,"score_ratio":47.7159533074}
{"post_id":"o8cpvt","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old Why, when making a caffeinated drink, we use leaves from some plants (with tea or mat\u00e9) but for coffee we take the berry? Why not coffee leaves or tea berries? Is it the respectively best way to get the most caffeine\/flavor or is it just historical?","c_root_id_A":"h34fsi1","c_root_id_B":"h348rwy","created_at_utc_A":1624726925,"created_at_utc_B":1624723395,"score_A":12263,"score_B":205,"human_ref_A":"Same reason we eat the potato and the apple. Even though one is a root and one is a fruit. It is the 'good' part of the plant.  Edit: thanks for all the up votes and awards. Also, many people saying a potato is not a root. In reply I would say that to a 5 year old they are.  Edit 2: Maybe people missed the 'GOOD PART OF THE PLANT' part? Plants have many parts, some are good for humans, some are not. Some cactus is amazing, but don't eat the spines.","human_ref_B":"Tea camellias don't have berries to speak of. Their seeds are in a husk with no real flesh or body. I don't think there's any caffeine in the seeds themselves either, but I'm not sure about that.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3530.0,"score_ratio":59.8195121951}
{"post_id":"o8cpvt","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old Why, when making a caffeinated drink, we use leaves from some plants (with tea or mat\u00e9) but for coffee we take the berry? Why not coffee leaves or tea berries? Is it the respectively best way to get the most caffeine\/flavor or is it just historical?","c_root_id_A":"h34etfr","c_root_id_B":"h34fsi1","created_at_utc_A":1624726433,"created_at_utc_B":1624726925,"score_A":122,"score_B":12263,"human_ref_A":"\"Tea\" is technically leaves from the tea plant infused into hot water.  \"Herbal tea\" is basically the same thing made from any plant other than tea plants.    You *can* indeed prepare leaves from coffee plants in the exact same way and steep them, which gives you \"coffee tea\".  It tastes much more like tea than anything like coffee.  The oils and flavorful compounds that make coffee taste like coffee just aren't in the leaves.","human_ref_B":"Same reason we eat the potato and the apple. Even though one is a root and one is a fruit. It is the 'good' part of the plant.  Edit: thanks for all the up votes and awards. Also, many people saying a potato is not a root. In reply I would say that to a 5 year old they are.  Edit 2: Maybe people missed the 'GOOD PART OF THE PLANT' part? Plants have many parts, some are good for humans, some are not. Some cactus is amazing, but don't eat the spines.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":492.0,"score_ratio":100.5163934426}
{"post_id":"o8cpvt","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old Why, when making a caffeinated drink, we use leaves from some plants (with tea or mat\u00e9) but for coffee we take the berry? Why not coffee leaves or tea berries? Is it the respectively best way to get the most caffeine\/flavor or is it just historical?","c_root_id_A":"h347vjg","c_root_id_B":"h34fsi1","created_at_utc_A":1624722938,"created_at_utc_B":1624726925,"score_A":50,"score_B":12263,"human_ref_A":"I need a biologist! Other plants, like hot peppers, have gotten hot to dissuade some animals from ingesting them and to encourage others. The \"heat\" is packed into the fruit as it's the most appealing part.   Is caffeine along the same lines? It either protects the leaves or fruit from getting ingested or to encourage it?  My reasoning is that this is why it is \"located\" heavily in some parts of the plant.","human_ref_B":"Same reason we eat the potato and the apple. Even though one is a root and one is a fruit. It is the 'good' part of the plant.  Edit: thanks for all the up votes and awards. Also, many people saying a potato is not a root. In reply I would say that to a 5 year old they are.  Edit 2: Maybe people missed the 'GOOD PART OF THE PLANT' part? Plants have many parts, some are good for humans, some are not. Some cactus is amazing, but don't eat the spines.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":3987.0,"score_ratio":245.26}
{"post_id":"o8cpvt","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old Why, when making a caffeinated drink, we use leaves from some plants (with tea or mat\u00e9) but for coffee we take the berry? Why not coffee leaves or tea berries? Is it the respectively best way to get the most caffeine\/flavor or is it just historical?","c_root_id_A":"h344cks","c_root_id_B":"h34euet","created_at_utc_A":1624721132,"created_at_utc_B":1624726446,"score_A":257,"score_B":1348,"human_ref_A":"Well, it's part the best, part the only way. It's the characteristic of the plant. Coffee beans simply contain the highest amount of ccaffeine, but also burning the beans give them specific aromas.  The same with tea. Yu could potentially put roots in hot water, but it would not have the same taste...","human_ref_B":"you CAN drink the tea made by extracting the dried cherry flesh.   it's called Cascara.   it's ..   erm.   it is.    it's like drinking the most tannic tea you've ever tried, tastes somewhat like cherry, and has a mild caffeine buzz to it.   the Seed however is what was initially drunk, because if you leave coffee cherries out in the sun for a few days, you'll end up with a pile of dried coffee beans (or, more correctly, a pile of green coffee beans.).   the thing is though, they dont really keep all that well, unless you wash the cherry flesh off first.    it's not too difficult to see that someone, in an attempt to speed up the drying process accidentally dry roasted a pile of beans..","labels":0,"seconds_difference":5314.0,"score_ratio":5.2451361868}
{"post_id":"o8cpvt","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old Why, when making a caffeinated drink, we use leaves from some plants (with tea or mat\u00e9) but for coffee we take the berry? Why not coffee leaves or tea berries? Is it the respectively best way to get the most caffeine\/flavor or is it just historical?","c_root_id_A":"h34euet","c_root_id_B":"h348rwy","created_at_utc_A":1624726446,"created_at_utc_B":1624723395,"score_A":1348,"score_B":205,"human_ref_A":"you CAN drink the tea made by extracting the dried cherry flesh.   it's called Cascara.   it's ..   erm.   it is.    it's like drinking the most tannic tea you've ever tried, tastes somewhat like cherry, and has a mild caffeine buzz to it.   the Seed however is what was initially drunk, because if you leave coffee cherries out in the sun for a few days, you'll end up with a pile of dried coffee beans (or, more correctly, a pile of green coffee beans.).   the thing is though, they dont really keep all that well, unless you wash the cherry flesh off first.    it's not too difficult to see that someone, in an attempt to speed up the drying process accidentally dry roasted a pile of beans..","human_ref_B":"Tea camellias don't have berries to speak of. Their seeds are in a husk with no real flesh or body. I don't think there's any caffeine in the seeds themselves either, but I'm not sure about that.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3051.0,"score_ratio":6.5756097561}
{"post_id":"o8cpvt","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old Why, when making a caffeinated drink, we use leaves from some plants (with tea or mat\u00e9) but for coffee we take the berry? Why not coffee leaves or tea berries? Is it the respectively best way to get the most caffeine\/flavor or is it just historical?","c_root_id_A":"h34etfr","c_root_id_B":"h34euet","created_at_utc_A":1624726433,"created_at_utc_B":1624726446,"score_A":122,"score_B":1348,"human_ref_A":"\"Tea\" is technically leaves from the tea plant infused into hot water.  \"Herbal tea\" is basically the same thing made from any plant other than tea plants.    You *can* indeed prepare leaves from coffee plants in the exact same way and steep them, which gives you \"coffee tea\".  It tastes much more like tea than anything like coffee.  The oils and flavorful compounds that make coffee taste like coffee just aren't in the leaves.","human_ref_B":"you CAN drink the tea made by extracting the dried cherry flesh.   it's called Cascara.   it's ..   erm.   it is.    it's like drinking the most tannic tea you've ever tried, tastes somewhat like cherry, and has a mild caffeine buzz to it.   the Seed however is what was initially drunk, because if you leave coffee cherries out in the sun for a few days, you'll end up with a pile of dried coffee beans (or, more correctly, a pile of green coffee beans.).   the thing is though, they dont really keep all that well, unless you wash the cherry flesh off first.    it's not too difficult to see that someone, in an attempt to speed up the drying process accidentally dry roasted a pile of beans..","labels":0,"seconds_difference":13.0,"score_ratio":11.0491803279}
{"post_id":"o8cpvt","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old Why, when making a caffeinated drink, we use leaves from some plants (with tea or mat\u00e9) but for coffee we take the berry? Why not coffee leaves or tea berries? Is it the respectively best way to get the most caffeine\/flavor or is it just historical?","c_root_id_A":"h34euet","c_root_id_B":"h347vjg","created_at_utc_A":1624726446,"created_at_utc_B":1624722938,"score_A":1348,"score_B":50,"human_ref_A":"you CAN drink the tea made by extracting the dried cherry flesh.   it's called Cascara.   it's ..   erm.   it is.    it's like drinking the most tannic tea you've ever tried, tastes somewhat like cherry, and has a mild caffeine buzz to it.   the Seed however is what was initially drunk, because if you leave coffee cherries out in the sun for a few days, you'll end up with a pile of dried coffee beans (or, more correctly, a pile of green coffee beans.).   the thing is though, they dont really keep all that well, unless you wash the cherry flesh off first.    it's not too difficult to see that someone, in an attempt to speed up the drying process accidentally dry roasted a pile of beans..","human_ref_B":"I need a biologist! Other plants, like hot peppers, have gotten hot to dissuade some animals from ingesting them and to encourage others. The \"heat\" is packed into the fruit as it's the most appealing part.   Is caffeine along the same lines? It either protects the leaves or fruit from getting ingested or to encourage it?  My reasoning is that this is why it is \"located\" heavily in some parts of the plant.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3508.0,"score_ratio":26.96}
{"post_id":"o8cpvt","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old Why, when making a caffeinated drink, we use leaves from some plants (with tea or mat\u00e9) but for coffee we take the berry? Why not coffee leaves or tea berries? Is it the respectively best way to get the most caffeine\/flavor or is it just historical?","c_root_id_A":"h347vjg","c_root_id_B":"h348rwy","created_at_utc_A":1624722938,"created_at_utc_B":1624723395,"score_A":50,"score_B":205,"human_ref_A":"I need a biologist! Other plants, like hot peppers, have gotten hot to dissuade some animals from ingesting them and to encourage others. The \"heat\" is packed into the fruit as it's the most appealing part.   Is caffeine along the same lines? It either protects the leaves or fruit from getting ingested or to encourage it?  My reasoning is that this is why it is \"located\" heavily in some parts of the plant.","human_ref_B":"Tea camellias don't have berries to speak of. Their seeds are in a husk with no real flesh or body. I don't think there's any caffeine in the seeds themselves either, but I'm not sure about that.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":457.0,"score_ratio":4.1}
{"post_id":"o8cpvt","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old Why, when making a caffeinated drink, we use leaves from some plants (with tea or mat\u00e9) but for coffee we take the berry? Why not coffee leaves or tea berries? Is it the respectively best way to get the most caffeine\/flavor or is it just historical?","c_root_id_A":"h34etfr","c_root_id_B":"h347vjg","created_at_utc_A":1624726433,"created_at_utc_B":1624722938,"score_A":122,"score_B":50,"human_ref_A":"\"Tea\" is technically leaves from the tea plant infused into hot water.  \"Herbal tea\" is basically the same thing made from any plant other than tea plants.    You *can* indeed prepare leaves from coffee plants in the exact same way and steep them, which gives you \"coffee tea\".  It tastes much more like tea than anything like coffee.  The oils and flavorful compounds that make coffee taste like coffee just aren't in the leaves.","human_ref_B":"I need a biologist! Other plants, like hot peppers, have gotten hot to dissuade some animals from ingesting them and to encourage others. The \"heat\" is packed into the fruit as it's the most appealing part.   Is caffeine along the same lines? It either protects the leaves or fruit from getting ingested or to encourage it?  My reasoning is that this is why it is \"located\" heavily in some parts of the plant.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3495.0,"score_ratio":2.44}
{"post_id":"zvnivl","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"eli5, why do deer run at the slightest sound or movement, but just stand there and stare when a car is coming towards them at full speed?","c_root_id_A":"j1q8972","c_root_id_B":"j1q05gm","created_at_utc_A":1672067266,"created_at_utc_B":1672062896,"score_A":7884,"score_B":1984,"human_ref_A":"One thing that others haven't mentioned: prey animals like deer and squirrels and zebras escape predators by being nimble, not fast.  They can't outrun hawks and wolves and lions in the wild, so their defense mechanism is to stand still as the predator comes towards them, and then to abruptly change direction at the last second and run off.  With any luck, the predator's momentum will cause them to overshoot the deer, forcing the predator to stop, turn around, and restart the pursuit, giving the deer time to escape.  That works great when you have a predator who is tracking you and trying to intercept where you are.  It works poorly when your \"predator\" is a huge car headed in a straight line roughly towards where you are.  The car isn't adjusting its course to hit you, so it's not going to be fooled if you change direction at the last second.","human_ref_B":"I would disagree that they run at the slightest cause. Their primary defense is stealth, not being seen. Movement defeats that. For the most part they freeze for that purpose. Most of the deer I've seen killed ran in front of, or into the car when they panicked at the last moment.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":4370.0,"score_ratio":3.9737903226}
{"post_id":"zvnivl","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"eli5, why do deer run at the slightest sound or movement, but just stand there and stare when a car is coming towards them at full speed?","c_root_id_A":"j1q8972","c_root_id_B":"j1q3x38","created_at_utc_A":1672067266,"created_at_utc_B":1672065012,"score_A":7884,"score_B":1728,"human_ref_A":"One thing that others haven't mentioned: prey animals like deer and squirrels and zebras escape predators by being nimble, not fast.  They can't outrun hawks and wolves and lions in the wild, so their defense mechanism is to stand still as the predator comes towards them, and then to abruptly change direction at the last second and run off.  With any luck, the predator's momentum will cause them to overshoot the deer, forcing the predator to stop, turn around, and restart the pursuit, giving the deer time to escape.  That works great when you have a predator who is tracking you and trying to intercept where you are.  It works poorly when your \"predator\" is a huge car headed in a straight line roughly towards where you are.  The car isn't adjusting its course to hit you, so it's not going to be fooled if you change direction at the last second.","human_ref_B":"Source: I hunt deer   Deer either freeze completely or immediately bolt when they detect something, they are super sensitive to movement and sound. They also have a reflective layer on their retina that bounces light back through their photoreceptors so they can see better at night (this is why lots of animals eyes are shiny).   Car headlights completely blind them and they aren\u2019t able to see that it\u2019s a giant thing moving at quick speeds directly towards them, so their instinct is to freeze until they see movement \/ figure out what it is.   You\u2019ll notice that they\u2019re more likely to not freeze in front of a car during the day because they can see it moving closer.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2254.0,"score_ratio":4.5625}
{"post_id":"zvnivl","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"eli5, why do deer run at the slightest sound or movement, but just stand there and stare when a car is coming towards them at full speed?","c_root_id_A":"j1q8972","c_root_id_B":"j1q3gfx","created_at_utc_A":1672067266,"created_at_utc_B":1672064761,"score_A":7884,"score_B":169,"human_ref_A":"One thing that others haven't mentioned: prey animals like deer and squirrels and zebras escape predators by being nimble, not fast.  They can't outrun hawks and wolves and lions in the wild, so their defense mechanism is to stand still as the predator comes towards them, and then to abruptly change direction at the last second and run off.  With any luck, the predator's momentum will cause them to overshoot the deer, forcing the predator to stop, turn around, and restart the pursuit, giving the deer time to escape.  That works great when you have a predator who is tracking you and trying to intercept where you are.  It works poorly when your \"predator\" is a huge car headed in a straight line roughly towards where you are.  The car isn't adjusting its course to hit you, so it's not going to be fooled if you change direction at the last second.","human_ref_B":"Bright lights at night don't occur naturally and deer have not evolved seeing that stimuli as a threat. That said, I suspect if loud noises occurred simultaneously from multiple directions deer would react similarly since they don't know which direction to run away from.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2505.0,"score_ratio":46.650887574}
{"post_id":"zvnivl","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"eli5, why do deer run at the slightest sound or movement, but just stand there and stare when a car is coming towards them at full speed?","c_root_id_A":"j1q8972","c_root_id_B":"j1q004f","created_at_utc_A":1672067266,"created_at_utc_B":1672062808,"score_A":7884,"score_B":70,"human_ref_A":"One thing that others haven't mentioned: prey animals like deer and squirrels and zebras escape predators by being nimble, not fast.  They can't outrun hawks and wolves and lions in the wild, so their defense mechanism is to stand still as the predator comes towards them, and then to abruptly change direction at the last second and run off.  With any luck, the predator's momentum will cause them to overshoot the deer, forcing the predator to stop, turn around, and restart the pursuit, giving the deer time to escape.  That works great when you have a predator who is tracking you and trying to intercept where you are.  It works poorly when your \"predator\" is a huge car headed in a straight line roughly towards where you are.  The car isn't adjusting its course to hit you, so it's not going to be fooled if you change direction at the last second.","human_ref_B":"When they feel they are being seen they freeze to become invisible to predators. Their instinct isn't prepared for cars sadly.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":4458.0,"score_ratio":112.6285714286}
{"post_id":"zvnivl","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"eli5, why do deer run at the slightest sound or movement, but just stand there and stare when a car is coming towards them at full speed?","c_root_id_A":"j1q05gm","c_root_id_B":"j1q004f","created_at_utc_A":1672062896,"created_at_utc_B":1672062808,"score_A":1984,"score_B":70,"human_ref_A":"I would disagree that they run at the slightest cause. Their primary defense is stealth, not being seen. Movement defeats that. For the most part they freeze for that purpose. Most of the deer I've seen killed ran in front of, or into the car when they panicked at the last moment.","human_ref_B":"When they feel they are being seen they freeze to become invisible to predators. Their instinct isn't prepared for cars sadly.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":88.0,"score_ratio":28.3428571429}
{"post_id":"zvnivl","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"eli5, why do deer run at the slightest sound or movement, but just stand there and stare when a car is coming towards them at full speed?","c_root_id_A":"j1q3gfx","c_root_id_B":"j1q3x38","created_at_utc_A":1672064761,"created_at_utc_B":1672065012,"score_A":169,"score_B":1728,"human_ref_A":"Bright lights at night don't occur naturally and deer have not evolved seeing that stimuli as a threat. That said, I suspect if loud noises occurred simultaneously from multiple directions deer would react similarly since they don't know which direction to run away from.","human_ref_B":"Source: I hunt deer   Deer either freeze completely or immediately bolt when they detect something, they are super sensitive to movement and sound. They also have a reflective layer on their retina that bounces light back through their photoreceptors so they can see better at night (this is why lots of animals eyes are shiny).   Car headlights completely blind them and they aren\u2019t able to see that it\u2019s a giant thing moving at quick speeds directly towards them, so their instinct is to freeze until they see movement \/ figure out what it is.   You\u2019ll notice that they\u2019re more likely to not freeze in front of a car during the day because they can see it moving closer.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":251.0,"score_ratio":10.224852071}
{"post_id":"zvnivl","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"eli5, why do deer run at the slightest sound or movement, but just stand there and stare when a car is coming towards them at full speed?","c_root_id_A":"j1q3x38","c_root_id_B":"j1q004f","created_at_utc_A":1672065012,"created_at_utc_B":1672062808,"score_A":1728,"score_B":70,"human_ref_A":"Source: I hunt deer   Deer either freeze completely or immediately bolt when they detect something, they are super sensitive to movement and sound. They also have a reflective layer on their retina that bounces light back through their photoreceptors so they can see better at night (this is why lots of animals eyes are shiny).   Car headlights completely blind them and they aren\u2019t able to see that it\u2019s a giant thing moving at quick speeds directly towards them, so their instinct is to freeze until they see movement \/ figure out what it is.   You\u2019ll notice that they\u2019re more likely to not freeze in front of a car during the day because they can see it moving closer.","human_ref_B":"When they feel they are being seen they freeze to become invisible to predators. Their instinct isn't prepared for cars sadly.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2204.0,"score_ratio":24.6857142857}
{"post_id":"zvnivl","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"eli5, why do deer run at the slightest sound or movement, but just stand there and stare when a car is coming towards them at full speed?","c_root_id_A":"j1ql5kj","c_root_id_B":"j1q3gfx","created_at_utc_A":1672073276,"created_at_utc_B":1672064761,"score_A":422,"score_B":169,"human_ref_A":"Experiment: Wait until midnight. Let your eyes get well adjusted to the dark. Then, run through a forest of trees.  Shine a bright light into your face and stare at it for a few seconds. Run through the forest of trees again.  You will soon  discover why deer stop running and stand in the middle of the road after shining bright lights into their eyes.","human_ref_B":"Bright lights at night don't occur naturally and deer have not evolved seeing that stimuli as a threat. That said, I suspect if loud noises occurred simultaneously from multiple directions deer would react similarly since they don't know which direction to run away from.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":8515.0,"score_ratio":2.4970414201}
{"post_id":"zvnivl","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"eli5, why do deer run at the slightest sound or movement, but just stand there and stare when a car is coming towards them at full speed?","c_root_id_A":"j1ql5kj","c_root_id_B":"j1qamno","created_at_utc_A":1672073276,"created_at_utc_B":1672068430,"score_A":422,"score_B":112,"human_ref_A":"Experiment: Wait until midnight. Let your eyes get well adjusted to the dark. Then, run through a forest of trees.  Shine a bright light into your face and stare at it for a few seconds. Run through the forest of trees again.  You will soon  discover why deer stop running and stand in the middle of the road after shining bright lights into their eyes.","human_ref_B":"Grad student here!  Deer protect themselves from predators by waiting until they're a certain distance away, then bolting. This makes them very difficult to catch and lets them avoid exhausting themselves every time a potential predator is in the area.  This flight distance is not significantly affected by the speed of approach. In other words: the deer *absolutely* see that car approaching, but it's often traveling faster than any natural threat. When that car is three seconds from impact, it may still be too far away to be inside that flight distance. Therefore, they wait another second or two before bolting--and get run over instead.  Also, deer have an unfortunate tendency to keep moving in whatever direction they were facing to begin with. If a deer is on the roadside and you cross into its flight distance, it might bolt straight forward--in other words, right in front of you.  Edit: Since there seems to be some confusion, I've given multiple presentations on whitetail deer behavior and how environmental factors affect risk. I also worked with a deer ranch prior to grad school, which is how I got interested in the first place.  This paper and this one both have some good background info.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":4846.0,"score_ratio":3.7678571429}
{"post_id":"zvnivl","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"eli5, why do deer run at the slightest sound or movement, but just stand there and stare when a car is coming towards them at full speed?","c_root_id_A":"j1ql5kj","c_root_id_B":"j1q004f","created_at_utc_A":1672073276,"created_at_utc_B":1672062808,"score_A":422,"score_B":70,"human_ref_A":"Experiment: Wait until midnight. Let your eyes get well adjusted to the dark. Then, run through a forest of trees.  Shine a bright light into your face and stare at it for a few seconds. Run through the forest of trees again.  You will soon  discover why deer stop running and stand in the middle of the road after shining bright lights into their eyes.","human_ref_B":"When they feel they are being seen they freeze to become invisible to predators. Their instinct isn't prepared for cars sadly.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":10468.0,"score_ratio":6.0285714286}
{"post_id":"zvnivl","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"eli5, why do deer run at the slightest sound or movement, but just stand there and stare when a car is coming towards them at full speed?","c_root_id_A":"j1q004f","c_root_id_B":"j1q3gfx","created_at_utc_A":1672062808,"created_at_utc_B":1672064761,"score_A":70,"score_B":169,"human_ref_A":"When they feel they are being seen they freeze to become invisible to predators. Their instinct isn't prepared for cars sadly.","human_ref_B":"Bright lights at night don't occur naturally and deer have not evolved seeing that stimuli as a threat. That said, I suspect if loud noises occurred simultaneously from multiple directions deer would react similarly since they don't know which direction to run away from.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1953.0,"score_ratio":2.4142857143}
{"post_id":"zvnivl","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"eli5, why do deer run at the slightest sound or movement, but just stand there and stare when a car is coming towards them at full speed?","c_root_id_A":"j1q004f","c_root_id_B":"j1qamno","created_at_utc_A":1672062808,"created_at_utc_B":1672068430,"score_A":70,"score_B":112,"human_ref_A":"When they feel they are being seen they freeze to become invisible to predators. Their instinct isn't prepared for cars sadly.","human_ref_B":"Grad student here!  Deer protect themselves from predators by waiting until they're a certain distance away, then bolting. This makes them very difficult to catch and lets them avoid exhausting themselves every time a potential predator is in the area.  This flight distance is not significantly affected by the speed of approach. In other words: the deer *absolutely* see that car approaching, but it's often traveling faster than any natural threat. When that car is three seconds from impact, it may still be too far away to be inside that flight distance. Therefore, they wait another second or two before bolting--and get run over instead.  Also, deer have an unfortunate tendency to keep moving in whatever direction they were facing to begin with. If a deer is on the roadside and you cross into its flight distance, it might bolt straight forward--in other words, right in front of you.  Edit: Since there seems to be some confusion, I've given multiple presentations on whitetail deer behavior and how environmental factors affect risk. I also worked with a deer ranch prior to grad school, which is how I got interested in the first place.  This paper and this one both have some good background info.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":5622.0,"score_ratio":1.6}
{"post_id":"n0xt4q","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do conferencing programs like Zoom handle so many different screens so quickly, when sometimes single videos in other apps lag?","c_root_id_A":"gwapqhi","c_root_id_B":"gwa9bb3","created_at_utc_A":1619705126,"created_at_utc_B":1619696194,"score_A":2472,"score_B":206,"human_ref_A":"The top posts are all incomplete or wrong, so let me try.\u00a0 This is probably more like an ELI10 than an Explain like I'm five years old, but it's the best I can do.  First, let's talk about what we want from a good video conferencing system:  1. High resolution (sharp images) 2. Low compression artefacts (clear, undistorted images) 3. Low latency (no lag between you and other participants) 4. Low enough bandwidth (don't use more bandwidth than your internet can support) 5. Low enough CPU cost (don't use more CPU power than your computer has)  These parameters are in contention with each other.\u00a0 More resolution takes more bandwidth and CPU.\u00a0 Compression lowers bandwidth, but increases CPU cost and latency. A big part of a good video system is selecting and adjusting these parameters.\u00a0 It's hard because the computer usually doesn't know how fast your CPU is or how much bandwidth you have, so it has to guess and adjust.  The main part of your question is about how Zoom can work so well for large group video chats.\u00a0 There are two extra tricks applied here:  1. The video is all sent to a central server 2. The central server can transcode the video (adjust the parameters mentioned above)  The reason for the first trick is simple; it's easier for your computer to send the video one place instead of to every participant.  The second one is related to setting the appropriate parameters.\u00a0 If someone is looking at 16 participants in a grid view, they likely don't need every video at full resolution since they are so small on screen.\u00a0 The client can ask for a lower resolution video, and save CPU and bandwidth.\u00a0 Similarly the compression can be tailored for each participant.  Slower devices and connections can get scaled down video\u00a0 The server has a lot of CPU power and can change the video formats easier than your personal computer could generate all the options.  Addressing some mis-information elsewhere:  1. Typically, you won't see all videos encoded into one stream.\u00a0 You can see this easily with Google Meets, where you can use javascript to reposition the videos wherever you like.\u00a0 It's not flexible and the hard boundaries between participants compress poorly. 2. The central server doesn't remove the ability to have end-to-end encryption, but the need to transcode the video does.\u00a0 That's the biggest gain of this strategy, so an end-to-end encrypted video conference would require more resources or have less consistent quality than what zoom can provide.","human_ref_B":"When you have a bad connection or something is going wrong, YouTube (streaming) and Zoom (live streaming) handle it differently:  YouTube slows down by buffering, because who cares  Zoom slows down by dropping frames and quality randomly degrading so that you can keep up with the stream, because it's \"live\" and generally you don't want to miss what the other person is talking about, or be behind on the stream  Not sure I understand your question, but maybe you just don't notice the quality drops in Zoom because they don't *feel* as disruptive as buffering?  FWIW even non-live streaming has started to do this. If you watch something with a bad connection on prime, or set a youtube video to \"auto\" quality, it will adjust on the fly to reduce buffering.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":8932.0,"score_ratio":12.0}
{"post_id":"n0xt4q","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do conferencing programs like Zoom handle so many different screens so quickly, when sometimes single videos in other apps lag?","c_root_id_A":"gwapqhi","c_root_id_B":"gw9srns","created_at_utc_A":1619705126,"created_at_utc_B":1619681744,"score_A":2472,"score_B":170,"human_ref_A":"The top posts are all incomplete or wrong, so let me try.\u00a0 This is probably more like an ELI10 than an Explain like I'm five years old, but it's the best I can do.  First, let's talk about what we want from a good video conferencing system:  1. High resolution (sharp images) 2. Low compression artefacts (clear, undistorted images) 3. Low latency (no lag between you and other participants) 4. Low enough bandwidth (don't use more bandwidth than your internet can support) 5. Low enough CPU cost (don't use more CPU power than your computer has)  These parameters are in contention with each other.\u00a0 More resolution takes more bandwidth and CPU.\u00a0 Compression lowers bandwidth, but increases CPU cost and latency. A big part of a good video system is selecting and adjusting these parameters.\u00a0 It's hard because the computer usually doesn't know how fast your CPU is or how much bandwidth you have, so it has to guess and adjust.  The main part of your question is about how Zoom can work so well for large group video chats.\u00a0 There are two extra tricks applied here:  1. The video is all sent to a central server 2. The central server can transcode the video (adjust the parameters mentioned above)  The reason for the first trick is simple; it's easier for your computer to send the video one place instead of to every participant.  The second one is related to setting the appropriate parameters.\u00a0 If someone is looking at 16 participants in a grid view, they likely don't need every video at full resolution since they are so small on screen.\u00a0 The client can ask for a lower resolution video, and save CPU and bandwidth.\u00a0 Similarly the compression can be tailored for each participant.  Slower devices and connections can get scaled down video\u00a0 The server has a lot of CPU power and can change the video formats easier than your personal computer could generate all the options.  Addressing some mis-information elsewhere:  1. Typically, you won't see all videos encoded into one stream.\u00a0 You can see this easily with Google Meets, where you can use javascript to reposition the videos wherever you like.\u00a0 It's not flexible and the hard boundaries between participants compress poorly. 2. The central server doesn't remove the ability to have end-to-end encryption, but the need to transcode the video does.\u00a0 That's the biggest gain of this strategy, so an end-to-end encrypted video conference would require more resources or have less consistent quality than what zoom can provide.","human_ref_B":"While not the most technical explanation, it's also worth considering that software's performance is in *a lot* of real-life cases limited by how much optimization goes into making it fast, not actual hardware limitations. So there's a bias which makes all applications just fast enough so they work \"okay\".  MS Teams takes over one second to switch from one chat tab, containing twenty lines of static text, to another, also containing twenty lines of static text. Meanwhile, modern computer games draw millions and millions of 3d triangles on the screen in less than 0.02 seconds. There is no technical explanation for this. It's just laziness on the developer side.  Computers are insanely fast these days. I think most end-users dont't realize just how fast they actually are, since many applications like to keep a lot of that to themselves, for ease of development.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":23382.0,"score_ratio":14.5411764706}
{"post_id":"n0xt4q","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do conferencing programs like Zoom handle so many different screens so quickly, when sometimes single videos in other apps lag?","c_root_id_A":"gwapqhi","c_root_id_B":"gwa4mto","created_at_utc_A":1619705126,"created_at_utc_B":1619692689,"score_A":2472,"score_B":53,"human_ref_A":"The top posts are all incomplete or wrong, so let me try.\u00a0 This is probably more like an ELI10 than an Explain like I'm five years old, but it's the best I can do.  First, let's talk about what we want from a good video conferencing system:  1. High resolution (sharp images) 2. Low compression artefacts (clear, undistorted images) 3. Low latency (no lag between you and other participants) 4. Low enough bandwidth (don't use more bandwidth than your internet can support) 5. Low enough CPU cost (don't use more CPU power than your computer has)  These parameters are in contention with each other.\u00a0 More resolution takes more bandwidth and CPU.\u00a0 Compression lowers bandwidth, but increases CPU cost and latency. A big part of a good video system is selecting and adjusting these parameters.\u00a0 It's hard because the computer usually doesn't know how fast your CPU is or how much bandwidth you have, so it has to guess and adjust.  The main part of your question is about how Zoom can work so well for large group video chats.\u00a0 There are two extra tricks applied here:  1. The video is all sent to a central server 2. The central server can transcode the video (adjust the parameters mentioned above)  The reason for the first trick is simple; it's easier for your computer to send the video one place instead of to every participant.  The second one is related to setting the appropriate parameters.\u00a0 If someone is looking at 16 participants in a grid view, they likely don't need every video at full resolution since they are so small on screen.\u00a0 The client can ask for a lower resolution video, and save CPU and bandwidth.\u00a0 Similarly the compression can be tailored for each participant.  Slower devices and connections can get scaled down video\u00a0 The server has a lot of CPU power and can change the video formats easier than your personal computer could generate all the options.  Addressing some mis-information elsewhere:  1. Typically, you won't see all videos encoded into one stream.\u00a0 You can see this easily with Google Meets, where you can use javascript to reposition the videos wherever you like.\u00a0 It's not flexible and the hard boundaries between participants compress poorly. 2. The central server doesn't remove the ability to have end-to-end encryption, but the need to transcode the video does.\u00a0 That's the biggest gain of this strategy, so an end-to-end encrypted video conference would require more resources or have less consistent quality than what zoom can provide.","human_ref_B":"It is much closer to a single video than 100 videos for 100 zoom conference participants.  Think of it as a multi-player online video game.  All players are connected to one server \"live game\"; and each player is seeing the game and the other players from his\/her own point of view as a single video stream.  so you are not streaming a video for each conf participant, you are streaming 1 video on what the server has prepared as your point of view of the conference.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":12437.0,"score_ratio":46.641509434}
{"post_id":"n0xt4q","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do conferencing programs like Zoom handle so many different screens so quickly, when sometimes single videos in other apps lag?","c_root_id_A":"gw9srns","c_root_id_B":"gwa9bb3","created_at_utc_A":1619681744,"created_at_utc_B":1619696194,"score_A":170,"score_B":206,"human_ref_A":"While not the most technical explanation, it's also worth considering that software's performance is in *a lot* of real-life cases limited by how much optimization goes into making it fast, not actual hardware limitations. So there's a bias which makes all applications just fast enough so they work \"okay\".  MS Teams takes over one second to switch from one chat tab, containing twenty lines of static text, to another, also containing twenty lines of static text. Meanwhile, modern computer games draw millions and millions of 3d triangles on the screen in less than 0.02 seconds. There is no technical explanation for this. It's just laziness on the developer side.  Computers are insanely fast these days. I think most end-users dont't realize just how fast they actually are, since many applications like to keep a lot of that to themselves, for ease of development.","human_ref_B":"When you have a bad connection or something is going wrong, YouTube (streaming) and Zoom (live streaming) handle it differently:  YouTube slows down by buffering, because who cares  Zoom slows down by dropping frames and quality randomly degrading so that you can keep up with the stream, because it's \"live\" and generally you don't want to miss what the other person is talking about, or be behind on the stream  Not sure I understand your question, but maybe you just don't notice the quality drops in Zoom because they don't *feel* as disruptive as buffering?  FWIW even non-live streaming has started to do this. If you watch something with a bad connection on prime, or set a youtube video to \"auto\" quality, it will adjust on the fly to reduce buffering.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":14450.0,"score_ratio":1.2117647059}
{"post_id":"n0xt4q","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do conferencing programs like Zoom handle so many different screens so quickly, when sometimes single videos in other apps lag?","c_root_id_A":"gwa4mto","c_root_id_B":"gwa9bb3","created_at_utc_A":1619692689,"created_at_utc_B":1619696194,"score_A":53,"score_B":206,"human_ref_A":"It is much closer to a single video than 100 videos for 100 zoom conference participants.  Think of it as a multi-player online video game.  All players are connected to one server \"live game\"; and each player is seeing the game and the other players from his\/her own point of view as a single video stream.  so you are not streaming a video for each conf participant, you are streaming 1 video on what the server has prepared as your point of view of the conference.","human_ref_B":"When you have a bad connection or something is going wrong, YouTube (streaming) and Zoom (live streaming) handle it differently:  YouTube slows down by buffering, because who cares  Zoom slows down by dropping frames and quality randomly degrading so that you can keep up with the stream, because it's \"live\" and generally you don't want to miss what the other person is talking about, or be behind on the stream  Not sure I understand your question, but maybe you just don't notice the quality drops in Zoom because they don't *feel* as disruptive as buffering?  FWIW even non-live streaming has started to do this. If you watch something with a bad connection on prime, or set a youtube video to \"auto\" quality, it will adjust on the fly to reduce buffering.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":3505.0,"score_ratio":3.8867924528}
{"post_id":"yfdn5v","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Given that eating is one of the primary needs for survival, why are human babies so reluctant about eating? They will put all kinds of things in their mouths except for the food the parent is trying to feed them.","c_root_id_A":"iu48nau","c_root_id_B":"iu4h7rl","created_at_utc_A":1666962568,"created_at_utc_B":1666966424,"score_A":34,"score_B":39,"human_ref_A":"Not an explanation, but perhaps a fact many dont know. When people get older and dementia starts to kick in, one of the final progressions of dementia is that the person often doesnt eat. Sometimes its that they cant safely eat. But many times it progresses to the point where a person literally doesnt have the drive to eat and will just starve to death.  At this point, there are also no \"solutions\". We can get tubes in to feed, but at this point, there is always a risk the person will back up food, have zero awareness and just breath it in, causing all kind of problems.  This is a very hard concept for families to understand -- that even though they think they are helping their loved ones not starve, they are not actually doing anything except prolonging a fight that was lost a while ago.","human_ref_B":"This is one of the reasons that its so important to allow babies to touch, smell and play with their food. Let them get messy and experience what they are eating. It's so important to their development.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":3856.0,"score_ratio":1.1470588235}
{"post_id":"u6xqx9","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: in the military, what are NCO's, how do they differ from normal officers, and why do some countries not have many of them? What does non-commissioned mean? Do these officers go through officer academy like ordinary officers? And why do some analysts say that having a strong NCO class is essential to a well-functioning army (i.e. what can they do that a normal officer can't?)  Thanks in advance!","c_root_id_A":"i5ba39q","c_root_id_B":"i5b5uh5","created_at_utc_A":1650351136,"created_at_utc_B":1650347957,"score_A":84,"score_B":29,"human_ref_A":"Officers handle the big-picture red-tape stuff and issue orders, while NCOs relay the orders to the troops, supervise, adapt, and accomplish the task in accordance with the commander's intent.  NCOs are generally much more experienced than officers at ground-level, and are familiar with possible undesirable outcomes for a given plan.  At a company level, it is the unwritten job of the senior NCOs to tell the much more junior officers why their plan is stupid (behind closed doors), and help them amend it in a way that still achieves the intent of the order. The junior NCOs take the finalized plan and direct their men to execute it.","human_ref_B":"The US bases everything off small unit leadership. We get a task from officers and we carry out those task in the way we see fit.  Many nations don't utilize an NCO corps Because their training is more abput listening to direct order vs figure it out as you go. Every NCO in the US is essentially a Cpt. Jack Sparrow.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3179.0,"score_ratio":2.8965517241}
{"post_id":"u6xqx9","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: in the military, what are NCO's, how do they differ from normal officers, and why do some countries not have many of them? What does non-commissioned mean? Do these officers go through officer academy like ordinary officers? And why do some analysts say that having a strong NCO class is essential to a well-functioning army (i.e. what can they do that a normal officer can't?)  Thanks in advance!","c_root_id_A":"i5b5uh5","c_root_id_B":"i5bcp4o","created_at_utc_A":1650347957,"created_at_utc_B":1650353239,"score_A":29,"score_B":53,"human_ref_A":"The US bases everything off small unit leadership. We get a task from officers and we carry out those task in the way we see fit.  Many nations don't utilize an NCO corps Because their training is more abput listening to direct order vs figure it out as you go. Every NCO in the US is essentially a Cpt. Jack Sparrow.","human_ref_B":"From an episode of *Hornblower:*  \"The Petty Officer's job is not to do the task -- it's to see the task is done.\"  Watch *Band of Brothers* to see how WWII Army responsibilities and authority developed and were assigned.  Speaking very generally, the Officers are assigned a mission and various resources (people, equipment) to perform that mission.  The mission may be to operate a supply depot involving hundreds of people and thousands of tons of stuff.   The mission may be to occupy a hill top and hold it against enemy action.   Obviously, one Officer cannot do this alone, and has subordinates to complete the many tasks involved.  Here's where the division occurs -- the Officers are concerned with the Goal, the NCOs are concerned with the Method of achieving that goal.  A good Officer will give clear goals to the NCOs.  The NCOs will train the unit personnel on how to reach that goal -- weapons training, medical, cammo, transportation, and more.  In turn, the NCO tasks the officer to get the material needed for the training.  Once ready and in the field, now the Officer directs the general situation (take that hill) and specifies methods (tactics) to be used (flanking, mortar fire, coordination with other units).   The NCOs then act with their teams to carry out the overall plan.   The NCOs are on the front line and can react to local situations.  The Officers are a bit further back, seeing a wider view (enemy approaching our left flank!) and give orders accordingly.  You trust your NCOs to lead you through situations you can handle (training, resources).  You trust your Officers to put you in situations that are worthwhile to risk your life (tactics serving a strategy).","labels":0,"seconds_difference":5282.0,"score_ratio":1.8275862069}
{"post_id":"u6xqx9","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: in the military, what are NCO's, how do they differ from normal officers, and why do some countries not have many of them? What does non-commissioned mean? Do these officers go through officer academy like ordinary officers? And why do some analysts say that having a strong NCO class is essential to a well-functioning army (i.e. what can they do that a normal officer can't?)  Thanks in advance!","c_root_id_A":"i5bcp4o","c_root_id_B":"i5bac17","created_at_utc_A":1650353239,"created_at_utc_B":1650351331,"score_A":53,"score_B":9,"human_ref_A":"From an episode of *Hornblower:*  \"The Petty Officer's job is not to do the task -- it's to see the task is done.\"  Watch *Band of Brothers* to see how WWII Army responsibilities and authority developed and were assigned.  Speaking very generally, the Officers are assigned a mission and various resources (people, equipment) to perform that mission.  The mission may be to operate a supply depot involving hundreds of people and thousands of tons of stuff.   The mission may be to occupy a hill top and hold it against enemy action.   Obviously, one Officer cannot do this alone, and has subordinates to complete the many tasks involved.  Here's where the division occurs -- the Officers are concerned with the Goal, the NCOs are concerned with the Method of achieving that goal.  A good Officer will give clear goals to the NCOs.  The NCOs will train the unit personnel on how to reach that goal -- weapons training, medical, cammo, transportation, and more.  In turn, the NCO tasks the officer to get the material needed for the training.  Once ready and in the field, now the Officer directs the general situation (take that hill) and specifies methods (tactics) to be used (flanking, mortar fire, coordination with other units).   The NCOs then act with their teams to carry out the overall plan.   The NCOs are on the front line and can react to local situations.  The Officers are a bit further back, seeing a wider view (enemy approaching our left flank!) and give orders accordingly.  You trust your NCOs to lead you through situations you can handle (training, resources).  You trust your Officers to put you in situations that are worthwhile to risk your life (tactics serving a strategy).","human_ref_B":"NCOs command more respect and morale from other enlisted personnel because they are just senior members of the same cohort.  Brothers.  Normal officers are like a manager at work.  You don\u2019t grab drinks with your boss after hours.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1908.0,"score_ratio":5.8888888889}
{"post_id":"u6xqx9","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: in the military, what are NCO's, how do they differ from normal officers, and why do some countries not have many of them? What does non-commissioned mean? Do these officers go through officer academy like ordinary officers? And why do some analysts say that having a strong NCO class is essential to a well-functioning army (i.e. what can they do that a normal officer can't?)  Thanks in advance!","c_root_id_A":"i5bxi1w","c_root_id_B":"i5bac17","created_at_utc_A":1650369120,"created_at_utc_B":1650351331,"score_A":14,"score_B":9,"human_ref_A":">And why do some analysts say that having a strong NCO class is essential to a well-functioning army  NCOs tend to have the most experience and competence. NCOs joins the military at low rank and move up in rank by being promoted for doing well. This usually requires time and experience, requires competence, and usually requires desire.  On the other hand, you can have a corrupt military full of conscripts who only serve the military for a short forced period of time and officers who are politically appointed by leadership because of connections or some dictator who doesn't want a coup. Compared to NCOs, conscripts and politically appointed generals tend to lack desire, experience, or competence.   And even if some of the generals have those skills, there are only so many of them, compared to NCOs which can be much more numerous in a professional military. NCOs also tend to be closer to the fighting and can lead troops directly.   For example, in Ukraine many Russian generals have been killed because they had to go to the front lines to lead troops because there were too few other officers and NCOs. (And because they didnt encrypt their communications, so Ukrainians knew they were there and attacked them directly.) This would be unheard-of in say, the American military, because their generals now tend to stay in safe places and let other competent officers and NCOs take the lead on the ground.","human_ref_B":"NCOs command more respect and morale from other enlisted personnel because they are just senior members of the same cohort.  Brothers.  Normal officers are like a manager at work.  You don\u2019t grab drinks with your boss after hours.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":17789.0,"score_ratio":1.5555555556}
{"post_id":"u6xqx9","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: in the military, what are NCO's, how do they differ from normal officers, and why do some countries not have many of them? What does non-commissioned mean? Do these officers go through officer academy like ordinary officers? And why do some analysts say that having a strong NCO class is essential to a well-functioning army (i.e. what can they do that a normal officer can't?)  Thanks in advance!","c_root_id_A":"i5c6aq3","c_root_id_B":"i5bac17","created_at_utc_A":1650373627,"created_at_utc_B":1650351331,"score_A":12,"score_B":9,"human_ref_A":"In simple terms, officers are upper management, NCOs are foremen and front line supervisors   Officers give the orders, NCOs make sure they are carried out.","human_ref_B":"NCOs command more respect and morale from other enlisted personnel because they are just senior members of the same cohort.  Brothers.  Normal officers are like a manager at work.  You don\u2019t grab drinks with your boss after hours.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":22296.0,"score_ratio":1.3333333333}
{"post_id":"tukxl7","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: A piece of toilet paper that has been used for blowing a nose could be put into a toilet or into a trash can (which is often right next to a toilet). This choice sends the toilet paper into two completely different waste streams. Which is the more environmentally friendly choice and why?","c_root_id_A":"i34n8ou","c_root_id_B":"i34s44s","created_at_utc_A":1648919892,"created_at_utc_B":1648921985,"score_A":82,"score_B":336,"human_ref_A":"All the stuff that isn\u2019t \u201cdigested\u201d at the water treatment plant is gonna be trash. And all the runoff from the landfill goes to the water treatment plant. It never ends.  Also, a \u201csimple\u201d kitchen remodel or something generates WAY more trash than about a year worth of normal household trash. Resi trash ain\u2019t shit, people are throwing entire houses away. Don\u2019t worry about the tissue.","human_ref_B":"Depends. u\/nim_poet is correct in USA or UK. However in many developing countries such as LatAm countries, plumbing cannot handle toilet paper so you need to use the wastebasket. In many LatAm countries they keep a wastebasket next to the toilet for your toilet paper and sometimes you\u2019ll see shitty pieces of toilet paper in trash can here in USA in an immigrant\u2019s home because they\u2019re not aware or just out of habit.   I know that is gross to a lot of Westerners but for  people that don\u2019t know any other way it\u2019s completely natural.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2093.0,"score_ratio":4.0975609756}
{"post_id":"tukxl7","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: A piece of toilet paper that has been used for blowing a nose could be put into a toilet or into a trash can (which is often right next to a toilet). This choice sends the toilet paper into two completely different waste streams. Which is the more environmentally friendly choice and why?","c_root_id_A":"i34s44s","c_root_id_B":"i34p8l1","created_at_utc_A":1648921985,"created_at_utc_B":1648920739,"score_A":336,"score_B":74,"human_ref_A":"Depends. u\/nim_poet is correct in USA or UK. However in many developing countries such as LatAm countries, plumbing cannot handle toilet paper so you need to use the wastebasket. In many LatAm countries they keep a wastebasket next to the toilet for your toilet paper and sometimes you\u2019ll see shitty pieces of toilet paper in trash can here in USA in an immigrant\u2019s home because they\u2019re not aware or just out of habit.   I know that is gross to a lot of Westerners but for  people that don\u2019t know any other way it\u2019s completely natural.","human_ref_B":"Energy saving in Iceland, includes water pipes and supply lines constructed so there is minimal cost of sending the water through the pipes, by being efficient: slightly bigger pipes, no \"90 degree right angle corners\" smooth round corners are used, they have achieved about 60% cost savings of piping water into homes, by making the actual pipes more \"user friendly.\"","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1246.0,"score_ratio":4.5405405405}
{"post_id":"tukxl7","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: A piece of toilet paper that has been used for blowing a nose could be put into a toilet or into a trash can (which is often right next to a toilet). This choice sends the toilet paper into two completely different waste streams. Which is the more environmentally friendly choice and why?","c_root_id_A":"i34e96s","c_root_id_B":"i34s44s","created_at_utc_A":1648916009,"created_at_utc_B":1648921985,"score_A":40,"score_B":336,"human_ref_A":"Trashing adds volume and weight to the garbage truck, which will require a bit more fuel to take to the dump.  The toilet should be more efficient, assuming you leave tissues unflushed until you take a dump.","human_ref_B":"Depends. u\/nim_poet is correct in USA or UK. However in many developing countries such as LatAm countries, plumbing cannot handle toilet paper so you need to use the wastebasket. In many LatAm countries they keep a wastebasket next to the toilet for your toilet paper and sometimes you\u2019ll see shitty pieces of toilet paper in trash can here in USA in an immigrant\u2019s home because they\u2019re not aware or just out of habit.   I know that is gross to a lot of Westerners but for  people that don\u2019t know any other way it\u2019s completely natural.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":5976.0,"score_ratio":8.4}
{"post_id":"tukxl7","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: A piece of toilet paper that has been used for blowing a nose could be put into a toilet or into a trash can (which is often right next to a toilet). This choice sends the toilet paper into two completely different waste streams. Which is the more environmentally friendly choice and why?","c_root_id_A":"i34e96s","c_root_id_B":"i34n8ou","created_at_utc_A":1648916009,"created_at_utc_B":1648919892,"score_A":40,"score_B":82,"human_ref_A":"Trashing adds volume and weight to the garbage truck, which will require a bit more fuel to take to the dump.  The toilet should be more efficient, assuming you leave tissues unflushed until you take a dump.","human_ref_B":"All the stuff that isn\u2019t \u201cdigested\u201d at the water treatment plant is gonna be trash. And all the runoff from the landfill goes to the water treatment plant. It never ends.  Also, a \u201csimple\u201d kitchen remodel or something generates WAY more trash than about a year worth of normal household trash. Resi trash ain\u2019t shit, people are throwing entire houses away. Don\u2019t worry about the tissue.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":3883.0,"score_ratio":2.05}
{"post_id":"tukxl7","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: A piece of toilet paper that has been used for blowing a nose could be put into a toilet or into a trash can (which is often right next to a toilet). This choice sends the toilet paper into two completely different waste streams. Which is the more environmentally friendly choice and why?","c_root_id_A":"i34p8l1","c_root_id_B":"i34e96s","created_at_utc_A":1648920739,"created_at_utc_B":1648916009,"score_A":74,"score_B":40,"human_ref_A":"Energy saving in Iceland, includes water pipes and supply lines constructed so there is minimal cost of sending the water through the pipes, by being efficient: slightly bigger pipes, no \"90 degree right angle corners\" smooth round corners are used, they have achieved about 60% cost savings of piping water into homes, by making the actual pipes more \"user friendly.\"","human_ref_B":"Trashing adds volume and weight to the garbage truck, which will require a bit more fuel to take to the dump.  The toilet should be more efficient, assuming you leave tissues unflushed until you take a dump.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":4730.0,"score_ratio":1.85}
{"post_id":"r5cr8s","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.96,"history":"eli5 : where do bees go in the winter time ? i was always told they died out but surely they can\u2019t all die cause then how would there be more bees next time ? do they hibernate?","c_root_id_A":"hmm67cw","c_root_id_B":"hmmfic4","created_at_utc_A":1638241038,"created_at_utc_B":1638245330,"score_A":181,"score_B":1784,"human_ref_A":"A lot of insects survive winter by laying eggs, and it's the eggs that survive and hatch in spring.  But bees typically survive by making enough honey to have food over winter, and by making well-insulated nests.  Bee-keepers will always leave enough honey in the bee nest to let them survive over winter; they never take ALL the honey just the excess.  Bees can warm up through muscle activity just like we can.   In fact, one way they kill intruders such as wasps is by swarming and forming a ball around the wasp, then quivering their muscles to heat up to a temperature that's lethal to the wasp.","human_ref_B":"In the case of honey bees, they do not hibernate. The colony begins to kick out most of the male drones. They are not needed since the colony will not be producing queens in winter, and they eat too much to keep around. The workers do retain a few drones in the colony. They condense themselves into a tight cluster, and sort of shiver together to generate warmth for the cluster. They move through the frames of stored honey, and when temperatures permit they race outside to eliminate and to gather water. Nectar is gathered in the warmer months and the bees fan it to evaporate the water in it. This becomes honey, and is a carbohydrate source. Pollen is also gathered and mixed with nectar, and packed into cells. It forms a yeasty-smelling, sweet \u201cpaste\u201d called bee bread. This is a protein source, predominately used for raising brood. Workers also produce another type of food, royal jelly, from a gland in their heads. It\u2019s a substance fed to all larvae for the first 3 days of their lives, and to queen bees until their cell is capped.   The workers, mated queen, and a handful of drones winter together with very little brood-rearing going on until spring, when the brood rearing begins again and the colony grows. Beekeepers sometimes stimulate early brood by providing artificial or natural pollen and sugar mixed equal pets by weight with water. This can be risky, because a sudden cold snap can make it difficult for the bees to warm all the brood. When the colony becomes large enough, it will then split in a swarm. This is when the old queen leaves with about half of the workers, and a new queen takes over the colony. This can happen more than once in a season, and generally ensures the colony has a young queen as winter approaches.  In the case of other quasi-social insects like wasps, bumbles, mason bees, etc, they don\u2019t winter over together as a colony like true social insects (bees and ants). Instead, in the fall the bumbles begin to raise many queens. Those queens become mated, and each seeks out a secluded, safe space to spend the winter alone. The colony of workers dies at the first heavy frost, but the queens are safely hibernating. In spring, a mated queen will emerge and begin to build a nest. She will lay as many eggs as she can manage while building the nest out further and further. As her brood hatches, they begin to take over tasks like foraging, brood care, and nest building, until eventually the queen becomes an egg-laying machine. The workers build, forage, raise brood, and the queen\u2019s sole purpose for the rest of her life is to lay eggs.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":4292.0,"score_ratio":9.8563535912}
{"post_id":"r5cr8s","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.96,"history":"eli5 : where do bees go in the winter time ? i was always told they died out but surely they can\u2019t all die cause then how would there be more bees next time ? do they hibernate?","c_root_id_A":"hmmfic4","c_root_id_B":"hmm5op5","created_at_utc_A":1638245330,"created_at_utc_B":1638240802,"score_A":1784,"score_B":10,"human_ref_A":"In the case of honey bees, they do not hibernate. The colony begins to kick out most of the male drones. They are not needed since the colony will not be producing queens in winter, and they eat too much to keep around. The workers do retain a few drones in the colony. They condense themselves into a tight cluster, and sort of shiver together to generate warmth for the cluster. They move through the frames of stored honey, and when temperatures permit they race outside to eliminate and to gather water. Nectar is gathered in the warmer months and the bees fan it to evaporate the water in it. This becomes honey, and is a carbohydrate source. Pollen is also gathered and mixed with nectar, and packed into cells. It forms a yeasty-smelling, sweet \u201cpaste\u201d called bee bread. This is a protein source, predominately used for raising brood. Workers also produce another type of food, royal jelly, from a gland in their heads. It\u2019s a substance fed to all larvae for the first 3 days of their lives, and to queen bees until their cell is capped.   The workers, mated queen, and a handful of drones winter together with very little brood-rearing going on until spring, when the brood rearing begins again and the colony grows. Beekeepers sometimes stimulate early brood by providing artificial or natural pollen and sugar mixed equal pets by weight with water. This can be risky, because a sudden cold snap can make it difficult for the bees to warm all the brood. When the colony becomes large enough, it will then split in a swarm. This is when the old queen leaves with about half of the workers, and a new queen takes over the colony. This can happen more than once in a season, and generally ensures the colony has a young queen as winter approaches.  In the case of other quasi-social insects like wasps, bumbles, mason bees, etc, they don\u2019t winter over together as a colony like true social insects (bees and ants). Instead, in the fall the bumbles begin to raise many queens. Those queens become mated, and each seeks out a secluded, safe space to spend the winter alone. The colony of workers dies at the first heavy frost, but the queens are safely hibernating. In spring, a mated queen will emerge and begin to build a nest. She will lay as many eggs as she can manage while building the nest out further and further. As her brood hatches, they begin to take over tasks like foraging, brood care, and nest building, until eventually the queen becomes an egg-laying machine. The workers build, forage, raise brood, and the queen\u2019s sole purpose for the rest of her life is to lay eggs.","human_ref_B":"Bees hibernate in their hives\/colonies over the winter. The honey they make from flower nectar during the warmer seasons serves as stored food for the bees, along with some pollen that they collect and store.  When we eat honey, we're eating the bee's food reserves.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":4528.0,"score_ratio":178.4}
{"post_id":"r5cr8s","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.96,"history":"eli5 : where do bees go in the winter time ? i was always told they died out but surely they can\u2019t all die cause then how would there be more bees next time ? do they hibernate?","c_root_id_A":"hmm9fue","c_root_id_B":"hmmfic4","created_at_utc_A":1638242499,"created_at_utc_B":1638245330,"score_A":7,"score_B":1784,"human_ref_A":"All drones die. Many worker bees die off (average lifespan in the summer is 15-40 days); the ones born late usually overwinter on the honey reserves. Obviously the Queen survives and there\u2019s always new eggs.","human_ref_B":"In the case of honey bees, they do not hibernate. The colony begins to kick out most of the male drones. They are not needed since the colony will not be producing queens in winter, and they eat too much to keep around. The workers do retain a few drones in the colony. They condense themselves into a tight cluster, and sort of shiver together to generate warmth for the cluster. They move through the frames of stored honey, and when temperatures permit they race outside to eliminate and to gather water. Nectar is gathered in the warmer months and the bees fan it to evaporate the water in it. This becomes honey, and is a carbohydrate source. Pollen is also gathered and mixed with nectar, and packed into cells. It forms a yeasty-smelling, sweet \u201cpaste\u201d called bee bread. This is a protein source, predominately used for raising brood. Workers also produce another type of food, royal jelly, from a gland in their heads. It\u2019s a substance fed to all larvae for the first 3 days of their lives, and to queen bees until their cell is capped.   The workers, mated queen, and a handful of drones winter together with very little brood-rearing going on until spring, when the brood rearing begins again and the colony grows. Beekeepers sometimes stimulate early brood by providing artificial or natural pollen and sugar mixed equal pets by weight with water. This can be risky, because a sudden cold snap can make it difficult for the bees to warm all the brood. When the colony becomes large enough, it will then split in a swarm. This is when the old queen leaves with about half of the workers, and a new queen takes over the colony. This can happen more than once in a season, and generally ensures the colony has a young queen as winter approaches.  In the case of other quasi-social insects like wasps, bumbles, mason bees, etc, they don\u2019t winter over together as a colony like true social insects (bees and ants). Instead, in the fall the bumbles begin to raise many queens. Those queens become mated, and each seeks out a secluded, safe space to spend the winter alone. The colony of workers dies at the first heavy frost, but the queens are safely hibernating. In spring, a mated queen will emerge and begin to build a nest. She will lay as many eggs as she can manage while building the nest out further and further. As her brood hatches, they begin to take over tasks like foraging, brood care, and nest building, until eventually the queen becomes an egg-laying machine. The workers build, forage, raise brood, and the queen\u2019s sole purpose for the rest of her life is to lay eggs.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2831.0,"score_ratio":254.8571428571}
{"post_id":"r5cr8s","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.96,"history":"eli5 : where do bees go in the winter time ? i was always told they died out but surely they can\u2019t all die cause then how would there be more bees next time ? do they hibernate?","c_root_id_A":"hmm6umv","c_root_id_B":"hmmfic4","created_at_utc_A":1638241329,"created_at_utc_B":1638245330,"score_A":8,"score_B":1784,"human_ref_A":"In addition to these other posts, bees do drop their population. They buzz around to keep the hive and the queen warm. Some die, but the hive survives and the population grows again in spring when the nectar and pollen starts up again.","human_ref_B":"In the case of honey bees, they do not hibernate. The colony begins to kick out most of the male drones. They are not needed since the colony will not be producing queens in winter, and they eat too much to keep around. The workers do retain a few drones in the colony. They condense themselves into a tight cluster, and sort of shiver together to generate warmth for the cluster. They move through the frames of stored honey, and when temperatures permit they race outside to eliminate and to gather water. Nectar is gathered in the warmer months and the bees fan it to evaporate the water in it. This becomes honey, and is a carbohydrate source. Pollen is also gathered and mixed with nectar, and packed into cells. It forms a yeasty-smelling, sweet \u201cpaste\u201d called bee bread. This is a protein source, predominately used for raising brood. Workers also produce another type of food, royal jelly, from a gland in their heads. It\u2019s a substance fed to all larvae for the first 3 days of their lives, and to queen bees until their cell is capped.   The workers, mated queen, and a handful of drones winter together with very little brood-rearing going on until spring, when the brood rearing begins again and the colony grows. Beekeepers sometimes stimulate early brood by providing artificial or natural pollen and sugar mixed equal pets by weight with water. This can be risky, because a sudden cold snap can make it difficult for the bees to warm all the brood. When the colony becomes large enough, it will then split in a swarm. This is when the old queen leaves with about half of the workers, and a new queen takes over the colony. This can happen more than once in a season, and generally ensures the colony has a young queen as winter approaches.  In the case of other quasi-social insects like wasps, bumbles, mason bees, etc, they don\u2019t winter over together as a colony like true social insects (bees and ants). Instead, in the fall the bumbles begin to raise many queens. Those queens become mated, and each seeks out a secluded, safe space to spend the winter alone. The colony of workers dies at the first heavy frost, but the queens are safely hibernating. In spring, a mated queen will emerge and begin to build a nest. She will lay as many eggs as she can manage while building the nest out further and further. As her brood hatches, they begin to take over tasks like foraging, brood care, and nest building, until eventually the queen becomes an egg-laying machine. The workers build, forage, raise brood, and the queen\u2019s sole purpose for the rest of her life is to lay eggs.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":4001.0,"score_ratio":223.0}
{"post_id":"r5cr8s","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.96,"history":"eli5 : where do bees go in the winter time ? i was always told they died out but surely they can\u2019t all die cause then how would there be more bees next time ? do they hibernate?","c_root_id_A":"hmm67cw","c_root_id_B":"hmm5op5","created_at_utc_A":1638241038,"created_at_utc_B":1638240802,"score_A":181,"score_B":10,"human_ref_A":"A lot of insects survive winter by laying eggs, and it's the eggs that survive and hatch in spring.  But bees typically survive by making enough honey to have food over winter, and by making well-insulated nests.  Bee-keepers will always leave enough honey in the bee nest to let them survive over winter; they never take ALL the honey just the excess.  Bees can warm up through muscle activity just like we can.   In fact, one way they kill intruders such as wasps is by swarming and forming a ball around the wasp, then quivering their muscles to heat up to a temperature that's lethal to the wasp.","human_ref_B":"Bees hibernate in their hives\/colonies over the winter. The honey they make from flower nectar during the warmer seasons serves as stored food for the bees, along with some pollen that they collect and store.  When we eat honey, we're eating the bee's food reserves.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":236.0,"score_ratio":18.1}
{"post_id":"r5cr8s","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.96,"history":"eli5 : where do bees go in the winter time ? i was always told they died out but surely they can\u2019t all die cause then how would there be more bees next time ? do they hibernate?","c_root_id_A":"hmm9fue","c_root_id_B":"hmn5hrb","created_at_utc_A":1638242499,"created_at_utc_B":1638262449,"score_A":7,"score_B":10,"human_ref_A":"All drones die. Many worker bees die off (average lifespan in the summer is 15-40 days); the ones born late usually overwinter on the honey reserves. Obviously the Queen survives and there\u2019s always new eggs.","human_ref_B":"I read \"where do bee gees go in the winter time?\". I didn't find the answer and now I want to know.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":19950.0,"score_ratio":1.4285714286}
{"post_id":"r5cr8s","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.96,"history":"eli5 : where do bees go in the winter time ? i was always told they died out but surely they can\u2019t all die cause then how would there be more bees next time ? do they hibernate?","c_root_id_A":"hmn5hrb","c_root_id_B":"hmm6umv","created_at_utc_A":1638262449,"created_at_utc_B":1638241329,"score_A":10,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"I read \"where do bee gees go in the winter time?\". I didn't find the answer and now I want to know.","human_ref_B":"In addition to these other posts, bees do drop their population. They buzz around to keep the hive and the queen warm. Some die, but the hive survives and the population grows again in spring when the nectar and pollen starts up again.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":21120.0,"score_ratio":1.25}
{"post_id":"r5cr8s","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.96,"history":"eli5 : where do bees go in the winter time ? i was always told they died out but surely they can\u2019t all die cause then how would there be more bees next time ? do they hibernate?","c_root_id_A":"hmn3w7u","c_root_id_B":"hmn5hrb","created_at_utc_A":1638261070,"created_at_utc_B":1638262449,"score_A":5,"score_B":10,"human_ref_A":"Several species of bees live underground. It's important to keep your fall leaves on the ground to provide an insulating layer for them.","human_ref_B":"I read \"where do bee gees go in the winter time?\". I didn't find the answer and now I want to know.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1379.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"ut8onb","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.72,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old Why are ants so hard to control if bait is so easy to spread and supposed to kill the entire nest?","c_root_id_A":"i98bvhx","c_root_id_B":"i988t6t","created_at_utc_A":1652983791,"created_at_utc_B":1652982544,"score_A":18,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"A few reasons:  1. Ant baits aren't as effective as they claim. Yes, ants will carry the toxic bait back to the nest and, yes, it'll do a number on the colony. But a mature ant colony is upwards of 100,000 ants - even up to half a million - and one ant bait station simply can't do enough damage against those numbers. The only way a bait station is going to wipe out a colony is if the colony is very young (thus with far fewer ants in it) and the bait station is their sole or main source of food. Early in the season when ants emerge is the only time a bait station can realistically be expected to kill an entire colony. 2. Ants breed quickly, and even faster when it's warm. A queen ant can lay 500-800 eggs *per day*, and while it takes a month or so (about 35-50 days depending on the species and temperature) for ants to go from egg to mature worker, they're still adding hundreds every day. Unless you're damaging the colony at a rate faster than that, at most you're just holding their numbers steady. 3. There are other colonies. Even if you do wipe one out, more ants will move in, be they new queens flying in and finding a good site or an existing colony spreading out.   Marketing claims aside, while ants will \"carry the bait back to the whole colony,\" you're basically trying to put out a bonfire by spitting at it.","human_ref_B":"Ain't ants half of land biomass?","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1247.0,"score_ratio":3.6}
{"post_id":"ut8onb","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.72,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old Why are ants so hard to control if bait is so easy to spread and supposed to kill the entire nest?","c_root_id_A":"i98zprg","c_root_id_B":"i988t6t","created_at_utc_A":1652994323,"created_at_utc_B":1652982544,"score_A":6,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"Most bad ant problem are with multi queen species so you end up with multiple colonies in various locations around the home.  Bait works but works very slowly and most people just completely use it wrong or put it in the wrong areas. A bad problem will usually take a few trips even for a seasoned professional unless you happen to get very lucky and find the entire nest behind some insulation or in a door frame.  Ants might not be the smartest creatures but they have been around for a long time and simply know how to survive pretty well it seems.","human_ref_B":"Ain't ants half of land biomass?","labels":1,"seconds_difference":11779.0,"score_ratio":1.2}
{"post_id":"u92bro","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are buildings that are big stores like Meijer, Walmart, Sam's Club, etc., are all such tall buildings if they're only operating on the ground floor?","c_root_id_A":"i5p7grh","c_root_id_B":"i5p2tyg","created_at_utc_A":1650594485,"created_at_utc_B":1650592354,"score_A":162,"score_B":121,"human_ref_A":"If you\u2019ve ever been in a Costco or bjs, you\u2019ll notice the shelving units are 10+ ft tall. The tall ceilings allow to lots of storage, ventilation, light, and there are small sections that DO have a second floor, you probably just haven\u2019t noticed it yet.","human_ref_B":"Also storage, working at Staples earlier in my life there was a store in a more major city that was two stories which i was confused about, but when i worked in the back i noticed a large lift (or elevator) to the second level and that's where they kept all the boxes of chairs, tables, computers etc.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2131.0,"score_ratio":1.3388429752}
{"post_id":"u92bro","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are buildings that are big stores like Meijer, Walmart, Sam's Club, etc., are all such tall buildings if they're only operating on the ground floor?","c_root_id_A":"i5ownoi","c_root_id_B":"i5p7grh","created_at_utc_A":1650589482,"created_at_utc_B":1650594485,"score_A":28,"score_B":162,"human_ref_A":"They sometimes have offices upstairs. The heating\/cooling and ventilation systems are also quite robust.","human_ref_B":"If you\u2019ve ever been in a Costco or bjs, you\u2019ll notice the shelving units are 10+ ft tall. The tall ceilings allow to lots of storage, ventilation, light, and there are small sections that DO have a second floor, you probably just haven\u2019t noticed it yet.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":5003.0,"score_ratio":5.7857142857}
{"post_id":"u92bro","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are buildings that are big stores like Meijer, Walmart, Sam's Club, etc., are all such tall buildings if they're only operating on the ground floor?","c_root_id_A":"i5p7grh","c_root_id_B":"i5p1tfh","created_at_utc_A":1650594485,"created_at_utc_B":1650591879,"score_A":162,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"If you\u2019ve ever been in a Costco or bjs, you\u2019ll notice the shelving units are 10+ ft tall. The tall ceilings allow to lots of storage, ventilation, light, and there are small sections that DO have a second floor, you probably just haven\u2019t noticed it yet.","human_ref_B":"Better air circulation, temperature control.  Small stores that see few customers at a time don't need to worry as much about those things, but big stores that see hundreds of people at a time do.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2606.0,"score_ratio":20.25}
{"post_id":"u92bro","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are buildings that are big stores like Meijer, Walmart, Sam's Club, etc., are all such tall buildings if they're only operating on the ground floor?","c_root_id_A":"i5p2tyg","c_root_id_B":"i5ownoi","created_at_utc_A":1650592354,"created_at_utc_B":1650589482,"score_A":121,"score_B":28,"human_ref_A":"Also storage, working at Staples earlier in my life there was a store in a more major city that was two stories which i was confused about, but when i worked in the back i noticed a large lift (or elevator) to the second level and that's where they kept all the boxes of chairs, tables, computers etc.","human_ref_B":"They sometimes have offices upstairs. The heating\/cooling and ventilation systems are also quite robust.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2872.0,"score_ratio":4.3214285714}
{"post_id":"u92bro","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are buildings that are big stores like Meijer, Walmart, Sam's Club, etc., are all such tall buildings if they're only operating on the ground floor?","c_root_id_A":"i5p1tfh","c_root_id_B":"i5p2tyg","created_at_utc_A":1650591879,"created_at_utc_B":1650592354,"score_A":8,"score_B":121,"human_ref_A":"Better air circulation, temperature control.  Small stores that see few customers at a time don't need to worry as much about those things, but big stores that see hundreds of people at a time do.","human_ref_B":"Also storage, working at Staples earlier in my life there was a store in a more major city that was two stories which i was confused about, but when i worked in the back i noticed a large lift (or elevator) to the second level and that's where they kept all the boxes of chairs, tables, computers etc.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":475.0,"score_ratio":15.125}
{"post_id":"u92bro","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are buildings that are big stores like Meijer, Walmart, Sam's Club, etc., are all such tall buildings if they're only operating on the ground floor?","c_root_id_A":"i5pkfp3","c_root_id_B":"i5ownoi","created_at_utc_A":1650601204,"created_at_utc_B":1650589482,"score_A":86,"score_B":28,"human_ref_A":"Heat management. They are large enough that they have enough customers and workers in them that were to have single story ceiling heights they would be unbearably hot and very hard to regulate temperature wise. With the 2-3 story equivalent roofing system they have more space for the hot air to rise and they have the hot air intake vents high up. So even though air volume is greater it is actually easier and cheaper for them to cool the buildings with the greater height.   Many have two story areas at the front and the back for offices and storage.   Shoppers are more relaxed with the higher ceilings, and thus shop longer spending more money. Low ceilings in buildings that wide tend to trigger claustrophobia.   And finally the higher ceilings let them use taller shelves and thus have more product. If they had ceilings at standard single story height their top shelves would be touching the ceiling (or even be taller than it in some stores) making it hard for them to be restocked and making air circulation nearly impossible. So they would be forced to use the shorter shelving systems you tend to see in gas stations.","human_ref_B":"They sometimes have offices upstairs. The heating\/cooling and ventilation systems are also quite robust.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":11722.0,"score_ratio":3.0714285714}
{"post_id":"u92bro","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are buildings that are big stores like Meijer, Walmart, Sam's Club, etc., are all such tall buildings if they're only operating on the ground floor?","c_root_id_A":"i5pkfp3","c_root_id_B":"i5p1tfh","created_at_utc_A":1650601204,"created_at_utc_B":1650591879,"score_A":86,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"Heat management. They are large enough that they have enough customers and workers in them that were to have single story ceiling heights they would be unbearably hot and very hard to regulate temperature wise. With the 2-3 story equivalent roofing system they have more space for the hot air to rise and they have the hot air intake vents high up. So even though air volume is greater it is actually easier and cheaper for them to cool the buildings with the greater height.   Many have two story areas at the front and the back for offices and storage.   Shoppers are more relaxed with the higher ceilings, and thus shop longer spending more money. Low ceilings in buildings that wide tend to trigger claustrophobia.   And finally the higher ceilings let them use taller shelves and thus have more product. If they had ceilings at standard single story height their top shelves would be touching the ceiling (or even be taller than it in some stores) making it hard for them to be restocked and making air circulation nearly impossible. So they would be forced to use the shorter shelving systems you tend to see in gas stations.","human_ref_B":"Better air circulation, temperature control.  Small stores that see few customers at a time don't need to worry as much about those things, but big stores that see hundreds of people at a time do.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":9325.0,"score_ratio":10.75}
{"post_id":"u92bro","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are buildings that are big stores like Meijer, Walmart, Sam's Club, etc., are all such tall buildings if they're only operating on the ground floor?","c_root_id_A":"i5pkfp3","c_root_id_B":"i5pgb32","created_at_utc_A":1650601204,"created_at_utc_B":1650598898,"score_A":86,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"Heat management. They are large enough that they have enough customers and workers in them that were to have single story ceiling heights they would be unbearably hot and very hard to regulate temperature wise. With the 2-3 story equivalent roofing system they have more space for the hot air to rise and they have the hot air intake vents high up. So even though air volume is greater it is actually easier and cheaper for them to cool the buildings with the greater height.   Many have two story areas at the front and the back for offices and storage.   Shoppers are more relaxed with the higher ceilings, and thus shop longer spending more money. Low ceilings in buildings that wide tend to trigger claustrophobia.   And finally the higher ceilings let them use taller shelves and thus have more product. If they had ceilings at standard single story height their top shelves would be touching the ceiling (or even be taller than it in some stores) making it hard for them to be restocked and making air circulation nearly impossible. So they would be forced to use the shorter shelving systems you tend to see in gas stations.","human_ref_B":"Think of it like your house when you buy stuff from three stores. Usually, they sell large packs for example if you buy cereal you'll get 2 extra large boxes. I keep one where I can easily get to it every day, and the other is up in storage above the fridge.  The store buys a full tractor trailer of each cereal they carry. They keep some on the floor or the shelves where shoppers can buy it. The rest is up in storage racks either throughout the warehouse store or in the back. They are using a lot of that vertical space.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2306.0,"score_ratio":43.0}
{"post_id":"u92bro","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are buildings that are big stores like Meijer, Walmart, Sam's Club, etc., are all such tall buildings if they're only operating on the ground floor?","c_root_id_A":"i5pzaex","c_root_id_B":"i5prlff","created_at_utc_A":1650611540,"created_at_utc_B":1650605641,"score_A":28,"score_B":18,"human_ref_A":"And futureproof. People has increased average height with about 10 cm during the last 100 years so we might be 1 m longer on average in a 1000 years.  Edit: ... kids love dad jokes so I hope this was fine.","human_ref_B":"Great answers in here, I\u2019ll just add that these buildings are always super WIDE, as in they keep going seemingly forever no matter which way you walk. As a result most of the building skin (structure, insulation, waterproofing) on a wide building is the roof. There\u2019s a lot less wall per square foot than there is roof. So it\u2019s actually pretty cheap to add height (same square footage of roof, with a bit more vertical wall).   Within reason it\u2019s smart to build in some extra vertical clear height for fork lifts, tall shelves, and building services (lights, sprinklers, etc) to all coexist efficiently.  Also if the building ever did become something else (not Walmart) it would be more desirable as real estate to have the vertical height required to serve any number of uses, not just people buying stuff at Walmart.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":5899.0,"score_ratio":1.5555555556}
{"post_id":"u92bro","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are buildings that are big stores like Meijer, Walmart, Sam's Club, etc., are all such tall buildings if they're only operating on the ground floor?","c_root_id_A":"i5prs3g","c_root_id_B":"i5pzaex","created_at_utc_A":1650605767,"created_at_utc_B":1650611540,"score_A":11,"score_B":28,"human_ref_A":"I'll give it as bulletpoints:  * With only one floor, the only extra building cost is making the walls a few metres taller (the roof and floor area is the same no matter the height) * A tall shop feels less cramped, and lets customers see signs from further away. * It lets the shelves go higher in the loading bay, which lets the loading bay be smaller. Less storage area = more shop area. Forklift doesn't care if it's one shelf or five shelves. * Better circulation. The aircon puts out cold air, it sinks to the shop floor, pushing up the hot air where it can be vented outside. In a short building, cold and hot air mix just together instead of spreading. * In hot areas, you can feel the heat of the metal roof. Distance from the floor helps prevent that. * The shop is more impressive from the outside. A tall building is easy to notice for customers on the freeway. * Better protection against shoplifting. Higher cameras can see further, and shoplifters can see more cameras.","human_ref_B":"And futureproof. People has increased average height with about 10 cm during the last 100 years so we might be 1 m longer on average in a 1000 years.  Edit: ... kids love dad jokes so I hope this was fine.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":5773.0,"score_ratio":2.5454545455}
{"post_id":"u92bro","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are buildings that are big stores like Meijer, Walmart, Sam's Club, etc., are all such tall buildings if they're only operating on the ground floor?","c_root_id_A":"i5pzaex","c_root_id_B":"i5p1tfh","created_at_utc_A":1650611540,"created_at_utc_B":1650591879,"score_A":28,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"And futureproof. People has increased average height with about 10 cm during the last 100 years so we might be 1 m longer on average in a 1000 years.  Edit: ... kids love dad jokes so I hope this was fine.","human_ref_B":"Better air circulation, temperature control.  Small stores that see few customers at a time don't need to worry as much about those things, but big stores that see hundreds of people at a time do.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":19661.0,"score_ratio":3.5}
{"post_id":"u92bro","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are buildings that are big stores like Meijer, Walmart, Sam's Club, etc., are all such tall buildings if they're only operating on the ground floor?","c_root_id_A":"i5pgb32","c_root_id_B":"i5pzaex","created_at_utc_A":1650598898,"created_at_utc_B":1650611540,"score_A":2,"score_B":28,"human_ref_A":"Think of it like your house when you buy stuff from three stores. Usually, they sell large packs for example if you buy cereal you'll get 2 extra large boxes. I keep one where I can easily get to it every day, and the other is up in storage above the fridge.  The store buys a full tractor trailer of each cereal they carry. They keep some on the floor or the shelves where shoppers can buy it. The rest is up in storage racks either throughout the warehouse store or in the back. They are using a lot of that vertical space.","human_ref_B":"And futureproof. People has increased average height with about 10 cm during the last 100 years so we might be 1 m longer on average in a 1000 years.  Edit: ... kids love dad jokes so I hope this was fine.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":12642.0,"score_ratio":14.0}
{"post_id":"u92bro","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are buildings that are big stores like Meijer, Walmart, Sam's Club, etc., are all such tall buildings if they're only operating on the ground floor?","c_root_id_A":"i5p1tfh","c_root_id_B":"i5prlff","created_at_utc_A":1650591879,"created_at_utc_B":1650605641,"score_A":8,"score_B":18,"human_ref_A":"Better air circulation, temperature control.  Small stores that see few customers at a time don't need to worry as much about those things, but big stores that see hundreds of people at a time do.","human_ref_B":"Great answers in here, I\u2019ll just add that these buildings are always super WIDE, as in they keep going seemingly forever no matter which way you walk. As a result most of the building skin (structure, insulation, waterproofing) on a wide building is the roof. There\u2019s a lot less wall per square foot than there is roof. So it\u2019s actually pretty cheap to add height (same square footage of roof, with a bit more vertical wall).   Within reason it\u2019s smart to build in some extra vertical clear height for fork lifts, tall shelves, and building services (lights, sprinklers, etc) to all coexist efficiently.  Also if the building ever did become something else (not Walmart) it would be more desirable as real estate to have the vertical height required to serve any number of uses, not just people buying stuff at Walmart.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":13762.0,"score_ratio":2.25}
{"post_id":"u92bro","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are buildings that are big stores like Meijer, Walmart, Sam's Club, etc., are all such tall buildings if they're only operating on the ground floor?","c_root_id_A":"i5prlff","c_root_id_B":"i5pgb32","created_at_utc_A":1650605641,"created_at_utc_B":1650598898,"score_A":18,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"Great answers in here, I\u2019ll just add that these buildings are always super WIDE, as in they keep going seemingly forever no matter which way you walk. As a result most of the building skin (structure, insulation, waterproofing) on a wide building is the roof. There\u2019s a lot less wall per square foot than there is roof. So it\u2019s actually pretty cheap to add height (same square footage of roof, with a bit more vertical wall).   Within reason it\u2019s smart to build in some extra vertical clear height for fork lifts, tall shelves, and building services (lights, sprinklers, etc) to all coexist efficiently.  Also if the building ever did become something else (not Walmart) it would be more desirable as real estate to have the vertical height required to serve any number of uses, not just people buying stuff at Walmart.","human_ref_B":"Think of it like your house when you buy stuff from three stores. Usually, they sell large packs for example if you buy cereal you'll get 2 extra large boxes. I keep one where I can easily get to it every day, and the other is up in storage above the fridge.  The store buys a full tractor trailer of each cereal they carry. They keep some on the floor or the shelves where shoppers can buy it. The rest is up in storage racks either throughout the warehouse store or in the back. They are using a lot of that vertical space.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":6743.0,"score_ratio":9.0}
{"post_id":"u92bro","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are buildings that are big stores like Meijer, Walmart, Sam's Club, etc., are all such tall buildings if they're only operating on the ground floor?","c_root_id_A":"i5prs3g","c_root_id_B":"i5p1tfh","created_at_utc_A":1650605767,"created_at_utc_B":1650591879,"score_A":11,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"I'll give it as bulletpoints:  * With only one floor, the only extra building cost is making the walls a few metres taller (the roof and floor area is the same no matter the height) * A tall shop feels less cramped, and lets customers see signs from further away. * It lets the shelves go higher in the loading bay, which lets the loading bay be smaller. Less storage area = more shop area. Forklift doesn't care if it's one shelf or five shelves. * Better circulation. The aircon puts out cold air, it sinks to the shop floor, pushing up the hot air where it can be vented outside. In a short building, cold and hot air mix just together instead of spreading. * In hot areas, you can feel the heat of the metal roof. Distance from the floor helps prevent that. * The shop is more impressive from the outside. A tall building is easy to notice for customers on the freeway. * Better protection against shoplifting. Higher cameras can see further, and shoplifters can see more cameras.","human_ref_B":"Better air circulation, temperature control.  Small stores that see few customers at a time don't need to worry as much about those things, but big stores that see hundreds of people at a time do.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":13888.0,"score_ratio":1.375}
{"post_id":"u92bro","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are buildings that are big stores like Meijer, Walmart, Sam's Club, etc., are all such tall buildings if they're only operating on the ground floor?","c_root_id_A":"i5pgb32","c_root_id_B":"i5prs3g","created_at_utc_A":1650598898,"created_at_utc_B":1650605767,"score_A":2,"score_B":11,"human_ref_A":"Think of it like your house when you buy stuff from three stores. Usually, they sell large packs for example if you buy cereal you'll get 2 extra large boxes. I keep one where I can easily get to it every day, and the other is up in storage above the fridge.  The store buys a full tractor trailer of each cereal they carry. They keep some on the floor or the shelves where shoppers can buy it. The rest is up in storage racks either throughout the warehouse store or in the back. They are using a lot of that vertical space.","human_ref_B":"I'll give it as bulletpoints:  * With only one floor, the only extra building cost is making the walls a few metres taller (the roof and floor area is the same no matter the height) * A tall shop feels less cramped, and lets customers see signs from further away. * It lets the shelves go higher in the loading bay, which lets the loading bay be smaller. Less storage area = more shop area. Forklift doesn't care if it's one shelf or five shelves. * Better circulation. The aircon puts out cold air, it sinks to the shop floor, pushing up the hot air where it can be vented outside. In a short building, cold and hot air mix just together instead of spreading. * In hot areas, you can feel the heat of the metal roof. Distance from the floor helps prevent that. * The shop is more impressive from the outside. A tall building is easy to notice for customers on the freeway. * Better protection against shoplifting. Higher cameras can see further, and shoplifters can see more cameras.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":6869.0,"score_ratio":5.5}
{"post_id":"u92bro","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are buildings that are big stores like Meijer, Walmart, Sam's Club, etc., are all such tall buildings if they're only operating on the ground floor?","c_root_id_A":"i5pgb32","c_root_id_B":"i5q1jg5","created_at_utc_A":1650598898,"created_at_utc_B":1650613425,"score_A":2,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"Think of it like your house when you buy stuff from three stores. Usually, they sell large packs for example if you buy cereal you'll get 2 extra large boxes. I keep one where I can easily get to it every day, and the other is up in storage above the fridge.  The store buys a full tractor trailer of each cereal they carry. They keep some on the floor or the shelves where shoppers can buy it. The rest is up in storage racks either throughout the warehouse store or in the back. They are using a lot of that vertical space.","human_ref_B":"If you have building that a lot of people will be close together, you need to make sure that everyone will have enough air. (Not that anyone will die, but it will be unpleasantly stuffy)  Building codes require a certain number of cubic feet of air per person expected to be in the building. So, if the people will be close together, you need to move the ceiling up to get the number of cubic feer.  This is why classrooms have high ceilings, as well.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":14527.0,"score_ratio":3.0}
{"post_id":"u92bro","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are buildings that are big stores like Meijer, Walmart, Sam's Club, etc., are all such tall buildings if they're only operating on the ground floor?","c_root_id_A":"i5pgb32","c_root_id_B":"i5q2hpc","created_at_utc_A":1650598898,"created_at_utc_B":1650614238,"score_A":2,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"Think of it like your house when you buy stuff from three stores. Usually, they sell large packs for example if you buy cereal you'll get 2 extra large boxes. I keep one where I can easily get to it every day, and the other is up in storage above the fridge.  The store buys a full tractor trailer of each cereal they carry. They keep some on the floor or the shelves where shoppers can buy it. The rest is up in storage racks either throughout the warehouse store or in the back. They are using a lot of that vertical space.","human_ref_B":"I work at Walmart. There's actually a reason for the height it's mostly for safety . All stockers are trained to not put anything on the top shelves reaching 8 feet so the sprinkler system in case of a fire needs to spray water to reach the widest spray band possible. If there's higher inventory then the items will block the water from reaching the area.  At least that's one of the reasons. The rest is so it feels big and customers feel more relaxed. Plus temperature control.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":15340.0,"score_ratio":2.5}
{"post_id":"u92bro","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are buildings that are big stores like Meijer, Walmart, Sam's Club, etc., are all such tall buildings if they're only operating on the ground floor?","c_root_id_A":"i5pgb32","c_root_id_B":"i5r8x8n","created_at_utc_A":1650598898,"created_at_utc_B":1650639643,"score_A":2,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"Think of it like your house when you buy stuff from three stores. Usually, they sell large packs for example if you buy cereal you'll get 2 extra large boxes. I keep one where I can easily get to it every day, and the other is up in storage above the fridge.  The store buys a full tractor trailer of each cereal they carry. They keep some on the floor or the shelves where shoppers can buy it. The rest is up in storage racks either throughout the warehouse store or in the back. They are using a lot of that vertical space.","human_ref_B":"Many good reasons for this. I'll point out a one that hasn't been mentioned yet in this thread:  Most jurisdictions follow some version of the International Building Code.  In the largest of buildings, it can become difficult to follow the codes requirements for emergency egress, particularly the Total Exit Width and Exit Access Travel Distance.  If the plan reviewer (for issuing building permit) gets picky, you have the option to instead do what's called \"smoke modeling\".    Basically, code says if you can't follow these _prescriptive_ requirements, you may ignore them as long as you have _performance_ data showing the building meets safety requirements.  So the owner hires a consultant to 3D model the building and run a simulation which shows that at maximum occupancy, everyone has plenty of time to exit the building during a fire event.     What contributes most to this egress time (Required Safe Egress Time) is the height of the ceiling and the fuel load in the space.  Can't do much about the fuel load in most cases (imagine 150 bags of Flaming Hot Cheetos on fire in aisle 24), but you can raise the ceiling.  The reason this helps is because smoke rises, collects at the ceiling, and then expands downwards as the fire progresses.  The higher the ceiling and larger the space, the more time there is before the smoke gets down to face-level, where it starts to cause problems.  Remember, smoke is the biggest killer in fires.   This is definitely a secondary or tertiary reason to have high ceilings in these big-box retail spaces, but nonetheless its plays a part in the equation.  Source: architect who works on tilt-up buildings at the moment.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":40745.0,"score_ratio":2.5}
{"post_id":"u92bro","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are buildings that are big stores like Meijer, Walmart, Sam's Club, etc., are all such tall buildings if they're only operating on the ground floor?","c_root_id_A":"i5q97qg","c_root_id_B":"i5r8x8n","created_at_utc_A":1650620121,"created_at_utc_B":1650639643,"score_A":2,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"Next time any of you are at a Costco, check out the incredible number of cameras in that place. I once stood near the service desk and just by looking up, I counted 34 cameras just from where I was standing.","human_ref_B":"Many good reasons for this. I'll point out a one that hasn't been mentioned yet in this thread:  Most jurisdictions follow some version of the International Building Code.  In the largest of buildings, it can become difficult to follow the codes requirements for emergency egress, particularly the Total Exit Width and Exit Access Travel Distance.  If the plan reviewer (for issuing building permit) gets picky, you have the option to instead do what's called \"smoke modeling\".    Basically, code says if you can't follow these _prescriptive_ requirements, you may ignore them as long as you have _performance_ data showing the building meets safety requirements.  So the owner hires a consultant to 3D model the building and run a simulation which shows that at maximum occupancy, everyone has plenty of time to exit the building during a fire event.     What contributes most to this egress time (Required Safe Egress Time) is the height of the ceiling and the fuel load in the space.  Can't do much about the fuel load in most cases (imagine 150 bags of Flaming Hot Cheetos on fire in aisle 24), but you can raise the ceiling.  The reason this helps is because smoke rises, collects at the ceiling, and then expands downwards as the fire progresses.  The higher the ceiling and larger the space, the more time there is before the smoke gets down to face-level, where it starts to cause problems.  Remember, smoke is the biggest killer in fires.   This is definitely a secondary or tertiary reason to have high ceilings in these big-box retail spaces, but nonetheless its plays a part in the equation.  Source: architect who works on tilt-up buildings at the moment.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":19522.0,"score_ratio":2.5}
{"post_id":"vttvwo","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.72,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: why does the cold compress helps with inflamed muscles, but sleeping under cold AC air can cause muscle strain, inflammation or pain?","c_root_id_A":"if9ofs2","c_root_id_B":"ifb90e9","created_at_utc_A":1657233542,"created_at_utc_B":1657261079,"score_A":4,"score_B":9,"human_ref_A":"Using ice packs or as you said cold compress on aching muscles helps relieving the pain by slowing down \/ stopping the \"pain message\" that the muscle cells are sending to your brain thru neurons by decreasing their \"alertness\" to the pain (try this yourself , try pinching an area in your body with your finger with a force , then apply an ice pack to the same area for a bit and try pinching the same area with the same force , then try again with a greater force)","human_ref_B":"Explain like I'm five years old: if something has already strained, your brain is sending messages to it to inflame and swell up. The ice will slow that down.   If you're sleeping in cold, as you sleep, your muscles will get colder. So when you use them, they are 'colder' and more likely to strain. Like working out without warming up. If you imagine the muscles as rubber bands, if you cool the rubber bands it doesn't take as much for them to snap (of 'strain') than if you stretch them a few times and 'warm them up'.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":27537.0,"score_ratio":2.25}
{"post_id":"uhs7ot","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does the thunder from close lightning produce a BOOM and then a slow fade off? Why does it fade off instead of just stop? Conversely, why is thunder from far away a slow fade-on instead of an instant but quieter boom?","c_root_id_A":"i77yrz0","c_root_id_B":"i7821wd","created_at_utc_A":1651618483,"created_at_utc_B":1651619955,"score_A":4,"score_B":60,"human_ref_A":"Sound travels like a wave. Think ripple in water. The further the wave moves away from the source, quieter it gets.","human_ref_B":"The loudness of something is the pressure difference in compression\/ratification of molecules in air, and as that pressure moves out from the source, its energy spreads out. The sound right next to a lighting strike is very high because most of the energy is not all that spread out yet, but at a great distance, a small fraction of the energy reaches your ears.  The \"fade\" is *reflection,* or reverberation, off of surfaces. Sound waves that moving away from you relative to the lighting strike take time to hit something hard, bounce, and come back toward you, so they come later, and the spreading out of the energy makes them quieter.  If it was just one thing it bounced off of, it would sound like a repeat, or echo, but because the sound is bouncing off of *everything,* it is more of a \"smeared\" sound, a rumble rather than a crack. Think of it as thousands of small, quiet echos at random and mixing with each other.  That's also why far-off-thunder is less distinct, because lots of different echos mess with each other by the time any of the sound reaches you. Technically, if there's a direct line from you and the lighting with nothing in between, it won't \"fade in\" and still start with a boom, but most far-off lighting strikes have so many things in the way you actually only hear different echoes that are so mashed together it seems like it's fading in first.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1472.0,"score_ratio":15.0}
{"post_id":"uhs7ot","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does the thunder from close lightning produce a BOOM and then a slow fade off? Why does it fade off instead of just stop? Conversely, why is thunder from far away a slow fade-on instead of an instant but quieter boom?","c_root_id_A":"i7821wd","c_root_id_B":"i780ltt","created_at_utc_A":1651619955,"created_at_utc_B":1651619307,"score_A":60,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"The loudness of something is the pressure difference in compression\/ratification of molecules in air, and as that pressure moves out from the source, its energy spreads out. The sound right next to a lighting strike is very high because most of the energy is not all that spread out yet, but at a great distance, a small fraction of the energy reaches your ears.  The \"fade\" is *reflection,* or reverberation, off of surfaces. Sound waves that moving away from you relative to the lighting strike take time to hit something hard, bounce, and come back toward you, so they come later, and the spreading out of the energy makes them quieter.  If it was just one thing it bounced off of, it would sound like a repeat, or echo, but because the sound is bouncing off of *everything,* it is more of a \"smeared\" sound, a rumble rather than a crack. Think of it as thousands of small, quiet echos at random and mixing with each other.  That's also why far-off-thunder is less distinct, because lots of different echos mess with each other by the time any of the sound reaches you. Technically, if there's a direct line from you and the lighting with nothing in between, it won't \"fade in\" and still start with a boom, but most far-off lighting strikes have so many things in the way you actually only hear different echoes that are so mashed together it seems like it's fading in first.","human_ref_B":"The Boom is what you are hearing. The slow fade off, is the echo of the boom off of everything around you. The sound you hear immediately after the boom, is the sound bouncing off houses around you, then after that it is the sound from buildings down the street, and it keeps going further until the distance gets too far to hear.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":648.0,"score_ratio":15.0}
{"post_id":"uhs7ot","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does the thunder from close lightning produce a BOOM and then a slow fade off? Why does it fade off instead of just stop? Conversely, why is thunder from far away a slow fade-on instead of an instant but quieter boom?","c_root_id_A":"i77yrz0","c_root_id_B":"i787hjl","created_at_utc_A":1651618483,"created_at_utc_B":1651622535,"score_A":4,"score_B":14,"human_ref_A":"Sound travels like a wave. Think ripple in water. The further the wave moves away from the source, quieter it gets.","human_ref_B":"The sound you hear is a combination of the sound following different paths to your ears.  Imagine if the entire world was made of mirror. You'd see thousands of reflections of the same object, coming from all directions and distances. Every blade of grass, another tiny reflection of the world.  That's the world for sound. Every blade of grass, leaf, tree, building, and rock reflects a bit of sound. Normally you can't hear that reflection, but with a loud BANG you hear all of those little reflections adding together. The more distant reflections are weaker and reach you later, so you hear the initial noise and then a fading stretched-out echo of it.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":4052.0,"score_ratio":3.5}
{"post_id":"uhs7ot","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does the thunder from close lightning produce a BOOM and then a slow fade off? Why does it fade off instead of just stop? Conversely, why is thunder from far away a slow fade-on instead of an instant but quieter boom?","c_root_id_A":"i787hjl","c_root_id_B":"i780ltt","created_at_utc_A":1651622535,"created_at_utc_B":1651619307,"score_A":14,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"The sound you hear is a combination of the sound following different paths to your ears.  Imagine if the entire world was made of mirror. You'd see thousands of reflections of the same object, coming from all directions and distances. Every blade of grass, another tiny reflection of the world.  That's the world for sound. Every blade of grass, leaf, tree, building, and rock reflects a bit of sound. Normally you can't hear that reflection, but with a loud BANG you hear all of those little reflections adding together. The more distant reflections are weaker and reach you later, so you hear the initial noise and then a fading stretched-out echo of it.","human_ref_B":"The Boom is what you are hearing. The slow fade off, is the echo of the boom off of everything around you. The sound you hear immediately after the boom, is the sound bouncing off houses around you, then after that it is the sound from buildings down the street, and it keeps going further until the distance gets too far to hear.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3228.0,"score_ratio":3.5}
{"post_id":"uhs7ot","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does the thunder from close lightning produce a BOOM and then a slow fade off? Why does it fade off instead of just stop? Conversely, why is thunder from far away a slow fade-on instead of an instant but quieter boom?","c_root_id_A":"i78v8i4","c_root_id_B":"i77yrz0","created_at_utc_A":1651633283,"created_at_utc_B":1651618483,"score_A":9,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"Because it's a wave of energy moving past you. A close wave has no ability to roll on; you're too close to it's propagation.  Edit: National Weather Service has the best answer. It's from the heat of the lightning causing rapid expansion of molecules at each little point of the lightning as it shoots to the ground and branches off from the main 'trunk' of lightning -   >Regardless of whether lightning is positive or negative, thunder is produced the same way. Thunder is the acoustic shock wave resulting from the extreme heat generated by a lightning flash.  >Lightning can be as hot as 54,000\u00b0F (30,000\u00b0C), a temperature that is five times hotter than the surface of the sun! When lightning occurs, it heats the air surrounding its channel to that same incredible temperature in a fraction of a second.  >Like all gases, when air molecules are heated, they expand. The faster they are heated, the faster their rate of expansion. But when air is heated to 54,000\u00b0F (30,000\u00b0C) in a fraction of a second, a phenomenon known as \"explosive expansion\" occurs. This is where air expands so rapidly that it compresses the air in front of it, forming a shock wave similar to a sonic boom. Exploding fireworks produce a similar result.  So a firework, as they describe, only has one point of propagation of the sound wave. Lightning, however, propagates sonic booms \/ shock waves over and over and over as it races to the ground and branches off.  They also added -   >In addition, the temperature of the atmosphere affects the thunder sound you hear as well as how far away you can hear it.  >Sound waves move faster in warm air than they do in cool air. Typically, the air temperature decreases with height. When this occurs, thunder will normally have an audible range up to 10 miles (16 km).  >However, when the air temperature increases with height, called an inversion, sound waves are refracted (bent back toward the earth) as they move due to their faster motion in the warmer air. Normally, only the direct sound of thunder is heard. But refraction can add some additional sound, effectively amplifying the thunder and making it sound louder.  >**How warm and cool air affect the sound of thunder**   >This is more common in the winter as thunderstorms develop in the warm air above a cooler surface air mass.  >If the lightning in these \"elevated thunderstorms\" remains above the inversion, then most of the thunder sound also remains above the inversion. However, many of the sound waves from cloud-to-ground strikes remain below the inversion giving thunder a much louder impact.","human_ref_B":"Sound travels like a wave. Think ripple in water. The further the wave moves away from the source, quieter it gets.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":14800.0,"score_ratio":2.25}
{"post_id":"uhs7ot","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does the thunder from close lightning produce a BOOM and then a slow fade off? Why does it fade off instead of just stop? Conversely, why is thunder from far away a slow fade-on instead of an instant but quieter boom?","c_root_id_A":"i78v8i4","c_root_id_B":"i780ltt","created_at_utc_A":1651633283,"created_at_utc_B":1651619307,"score_A":9,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"Because it's a wave of energy moving past you. A close wave has no ability to roll on; you're too close to it's propagation.  Edit: National Weather Service has the best answer. It's from the heat of the lightning causing rapid expansion of molecules at each little point of the lightning as it shoots to the ground and branches off from the main 'trunk' of lightning -   >Regardless of whether lightning is positive or negative, thunder is produced the same way. Thunder is the acoustic shock wave resulting from the extreme heat generated by a lightning flash.  >Lightning can be as hot as 54,000\u00b0F (30,000\u00b0C), a temperature that is five times hotter than the surface of the sun! When lightning occurs, it heats the air surrounding its channel to that same incredible temperature in a fraction of a second.  >Like all gases, when air molecules are heated, they expand. The faster they are heated, the faster their rate of expansion. But when air is heated to 54,000\u00b0F (30,000\u00b0C) in a fraction of a second, a phenomenon known as \"explosive expansion\" occurs. This is where air expands so rapidly that it compresses the air in front of it, forming a shock wave similar to a sonic boom. Exploding fireworks produce a similar result.  So a firework, as they describe, only has one point of propagation of the sound wave. Lightning, however, propagates sonic booms \/ shock waves over and over and over as it races to the ground and branches off.  They also added -   >In addition, the temperature of the atmosphere affects the thunder sound you hear as well as how far away you can hear it.  >Sound waves move faster in warm air than they do in cool air. Typically, the air temperature decreases with height. When this occurs, thunder will normally have an audible range up to 10 miles (16 km).  >However, when the air temperature increases with height, called an inversion, sound waves are refracted (bent back toward the earth) as they move due to their faster motion in the warmer air. Normally, only the direct sound of thunder is heard. But refraction can add some additional sound, effectively amplifying the thunder and making it sound louder.  >**How warm and cool air affect the sound of thunder**   >This is more common in the winter as thunderstorms develop in the warm air above a cooler surface air mass.  >If the lightning in these \"elevated thunderstorms\" remains above the inversion, then most of the thunder sound also remains above the inversion. However, many of the sound waves from cloud-to-ground strikes remain below the inversion giving thunder a much louder impact.","human_ref_B":"The Boom is what you are hearing. The slow fade off, is the echo of the boom off of everything around you. The sound you hear immediately after the boom, is the sound bouncing off houses around you, then after that it is the sound from buildings down the street, and it keeps going further until the distance gets too far to hear.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":13976.0,"score_ratio":2.25}
{"post_id":"uhs7ot","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does the thunder from close lightning produce a BOOM and then a slow fade off? Why does it fade off instead of just stop? Conversely, why is thunder from far away a slow fade-on instead of an instant but quieter boom?","c_root_id_A":"i78h8r6","c_root_id_B":"i78v8i4","created_at_utc_A":1651627003,"created_at_utc_B":1651633283,"score_A":2,"score_B":9,"human_ref_A":"High frequency sound (the crack) is filtered more by the atmosphere across distance than the lower frequency (rumble).  See Zahorik, Brungart, & Bronkhorst, 2005 for an in-depth review of Auditory Distance Perception research","human_ref_B":"Because it's a wave of energy moving past you. A close wave has no ability to roll on; you're too close to it's propagation.  Edit: National Weather Service has the best answer. It's from the heat of the lightning causing rapid expansion of molecules at each little point of the lightning as it shoots to the ground and branches off from the main 'trunk' of lightning -   >Regardless of whether lightning is positive or negative, thunder is produced the same way. Thunder is the acoustic shock wave resulting from the extreme heat generated by a lightning flash.  >Lightning can be as hot as 54,000\u00b0F (30,000\u00b0C), a temperature that is five times hotter than the surface of the sun! When lightning occurs, it heats the air surrounding its channel to that same incredible temperature in a fraction of a second.  >Like all gases, when air molecules are heated, they expand. The faster they are heated, the faster their rate of expansion. But when air is heated to 54,000\u00b0F (30,000\u00b0C) in a fraction of a second, a phenomenon known as \"explosive expansion\" occurs. This is where air expands so rapidly that it compresses the air in front of it, forming a shock wave similar to a sonic boom. Exploding fireworks produce a similar result.  So a firework, as they describe, only has one point of propagation of the sound wave. Lightning, however, propagates sonic booms \/ shock waves over and over and over as it races to the ground and branches off.  They also added -   >In addition, the temperature of the atmosphere affects the thunder sound you hear as well as how far away you can hear it.  >Sound waves move faster in warm air than they do in cool air. Typically, the air temperature decreases with height. When this occurs, thunder will normally have an audible range up to 10 miles (16 km).  >However, when the air temperature increases with height, called an inversion, sound waves are refracted (bent back toward the earth) as they move due to their faster motion in the warmer air. Normally, only the direct sound of thunder is heard. But refraction can add some additional sound, effectively amplifying the thunder and making it sound louder.  >**How warm and cool air affect the sound of thunder**   >This is more common in the winter as thunderstorms develop in the warm air above a cooler surface air mass.  >If the lightning in these \"elevated thunderstorms\" remains above the inversion, then most of the thunder sound also remains above the inversion. However, many of the sound waves from cloud-to-ground strikes remain below the inversion giving thunder a much louder impact.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":6280.0,"score_ratio":4.5}
{"post_id":"yrpq5w","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.9,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Mass explanation: I\u2019ve always been told that mass was not the same as weight, and that grams are the metric unit of mass. But grams are a measurement of weight, so am I stupid, was it was explained to me wrong, or is science just not make sense?","c_root_id_A":"ivuvd2x","c_root_id_B":"ivv6ynu","created_at_utc_A":1668110053,"created_at_utc_B":1668114648,"score_A":9,"score_B":20,"human_ref_A":"Mass is measured in grams, and for everyday things so is weight, but wieght's official unit is actually newtons (N). We use grams instead of newtons because before Newton the difference between weight and mass didn't really \"exist\" as the *concept* of inertia didn't exist, and we have just kinda stuck with it.","human_ref_B":"There are two distinct notions of mass.  \"Inertial mass\" is a measure of how hard it is to change the current speed of the object. (A lorry has more inertial mass than a car; it's harder to slow it down when it's moving).  The other notion is \"gravitational mass\" - how hard it is to move an object against gravity. (A lorry has more gravitational mass than a car - it's harder to lift it up).  The actual effort required to \"lift\" an object with gravitational mass through a particular gravitational field is called \"weight\". (A lorry has more weight on earth than on the moon. It has the same gravitational mass, but the gravity is weaker on the moon so it's easier to lift).  Essentially, gravitational mass is an *intrinsic property of just the object*. Weight is this intrinsic property of the object *combined with the strength of the gravity it's sitting in*.  Interestingly, the numerical value of the inertial and gravitational masses is exactly the same, and we don't really know why. In Einstein's general relativity, their equivalence is taken as a postulate called \"the principle of equivalence\". People have proposed some theories (e.g. string theory) that allow you to derive the equivalence from more fundamental axioms, but we don't know the real answer for sure yet.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":4595.0,"score_ratio":2.2222222222}
{"post_id":"yrpq5w","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.9,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Mass explanation: I\u2019ve always been told that mass was not the same as weight, and that grams are the metric unit of mass. But grams are a measurement of weight, so am I stupid, was it was explained to me wrong, or is science just not make sense?","c_root_id_A":"ivv6ynu","c_root_id_B":"ivuzn85","created_at_utc_A":1668114648,"created_at_utc_B":1668111763,"score_A":20,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"There are two distinct notions of mass.  \"Inertial mass\" is a measure of how hard it is to change the current speed of the object. (A lorry has more inertial mass than a car; it's harder to slow it down when it's moving).  The other notion is \"gravitational mass\" - how hard it is to move an object against gravity. (A lorry has more gravitational mass than a car - it's harder to lift it up).  The actual effort required to \"lift\" an object with gravitational mass through a particular gravitational field is called \"weight\". (A lorry has more weight on earth than on the moon. It has the same gravitational mass, but the gravity is weaker on the moon so it's easier to lift).  Essentially, gravitational mass is an *intrinsic property of just the object*. Weight is this intrinsic property of the object *combined with the strength of the gravity it's sitting in*.  Interestingly, the numerical value of the inertial and gravitational masses is exactly the same, and we don't really know why. In Einstein's general relativity, their equivalence is taken as a postulate called \"the principle of equivalence\". People have proposed some theories (e.g. string theory) that allow you to derive the equivalence from more fundamental axioms, but we don't know the real answer for sure yet.","human_ref_B":"Mass is a fundamental proprety of matter.  Weight is a measure of the gravitational pull, which is directly proportional to mass.  Weight is a **force**. It's the pull of gravity. Like all forces, they're expressed in Newtons (N). Mass is measured in grams if you're using the international system of units, or any other unit (pounds, stone, etc.)  Mass is the same everywhere. It's a property of matter itself. Weight depends on the gravitational field in which you're weighing the object.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2885.0,"score_ratio":2.5}
{"post_id":"vdyg9k","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If YETI can make a cup that keeps water cold or hot for hours and a cooler that holds ice for hours, then why aren\u2019t we building houses with that same material?","c_root_id_A":"icn5iz0","c_root_id_B":"icn3n3a","created_at_utc_A":1655421526,"created_at_utc_B":1655420629,"score_A":1033,"score_B":87,"human_ref_A":"Yeti cups and other thermoses use a vacuum as insulation. Heat can transfer in three ways: radiation, convection, and conduction. You can't *really* stop radiation, although you can slow it down. You also can't really stop convection, but that isn't relevant to keeping heat inside a thermos.  Conduction is the big one. Hot liquid touches the cup and makes it hot. The hot cup touches the air and makes *it* hot. Most insulation works by keeping the hot stuff from touching anything else. The insulation in your house does that: the fiberglass is full of pockets of air. Because air is less dense, it doesn't transfer heat as well through conduction. So all the air trapped in the fiberglass slows down how fast heat transfers between the walls on either side.  Many thermoses work by using the best thermal insulation of all - *nothing*. The cup is made from two pieces. A vacuum pulls out most of the air between them. That means there's nothing in there to conduct heat away. Some still does move through the walls of the cup itself, but it's slower that way.  You can't make buildings that way because it's a lot harder to perfectly seal *all* of a building like that. Even if you did, a vacuum puts a lot of stress on the walls, trying to pull them in. You would have to reinforce the walls - again, not really a problem with a small cup made out of relatively thin metal that doesn't have to hold anything up.  Various insulation solutions are a much better idea, especially because things like fiberglass help stop fires from spreading.  EDIT: I have been informed that vacuum panels for building insulation are a thing. Neat! I can imagine some of the limitations, like making it harder to change features on those walls, like adding power sockets and whatnot. Also, yes, double-pane windows are vacuum sealed, which is great for insulation but only a small part of the overall surface area of the wall (unless you're talking commercial building that's like 90% window).","human_ref_B":"YETI cups are made out of metal. You could certainly build houses out of metal, it would be vastly more expensive than making them out of wood.   Construction costs are quite high as it is...","labels":1,"seconds_difference":897.0,"score_ratio":11.8735632184}
{"post_id":"vdyg9k","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If YETI can make a cup that keeps water cold or hot for hours and a cooler that holds ice for hours, then why aren\u2019t we building houses with that same material?","c_root_id_A":"icn5iz0","c_root_id_B":"icn44pc","created_at_utc_A":1655421526,"created_at_utc_B":1655420859,"score_A":1033,"score_B":31,"human_ref_A":"Yeti cups and other thermoses use a vacuum as insulation. Heat can transfer in three ways: radiation, convection, and conduction. You can't *really* stop radiation, although you can slow it down. You also can't really stop convection, but that isn't relevant to keeping heat inside a thermos.  Conduction is the big one. Hot liquid touches the cup and makes it hot. The hot cup touches the air and makes *it* hot. Most insulation works by keeping the hot stuff from touching anything else. The insulation in your house does that: the fiberglass is full of pockets of air. Because air is less dense, it doesn't transfer heat as well through conduction. So all the air trapped in the fiberglass slows down how fast heat transfers between the walls on either side.  Many thermoses work by using the best thermal insulation of all - *nothing*. The cup is made from two pieces. A vacuum pulls out most of the air between them. That means there's nothing in there to conduct heat away. Some still does move through the walls of the cup itself, but it's slower that way.  You can't make buildings that way because it's a lot harder to perfectly seal *all* of a building like that. Even if you did, a vacuum puts a lot of stress on the walls, trying to pull them in. You would have to reinforce the walls - again, not really a problem with a small cup made out of relatively thin metal that doesn't have to hold anything up.  Various insulation solutions are a much better idea, especially because things like fiberglass help stop fires from spreading.  EDIT: I have been informed that vacuum panels for building insulation are a thing. Neat! I can imagine some of the limitations, like making it harder to change features on those walls, like adding power sockets and whatnot. Also, yes, double-pane windows are vacuum sealed, which is great for insulation but only a small part of the overall surface area of the wall (unless you're talking commercial building that's like 90% window).","human_ref_B":"First of all a metal house especially one design with the material you use for Yeti would be very expensive.   Second of all it's not practical because air and water have different properties when it comes to cooling or retaining temperature.   Third of all you do want some sort of temperature transfusion, sometimes you want sunlight to warm your home for example. Not to mention you definitely want and need air ventilation.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":667.0,"score_ratio":33.3225806452}
{"post_id":"vdyg9k","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If YETI can make a cup that keeps water cold or hot for hours and a cooler that holds ice for hours, then why aren\u2019t we building houses with that same material?","c_root_id_A":"icn4o2j","c_root_id_B":"icn5iz0","created_at_utc_A":1655421114,"created_at_utc_B":1655421526,"score_A":16,"score_B":1033,"human_ref_A":"You want to make a double walled vacuum sealed house out of steel?","human_ref_B":"Yeti cups and other thermoses use a vacuum as insulation. Heat can transfer in three ways: radiation, convection, and conduction. You can't *really* stop radiation, although you can slow it down. You also can't really stop convection, but that isn't relevant to keeping heat inside a thermos.  Conduction is the big one. Hot liquid touches the cup and makes it hot. The hot cup touches the air and makes *it* hot. Most insulation works by keeping the hot stuff from touching anything else. The insulation in your house does that: the fiberglass is full of pockets of air. Because air is less dense, it doesn't transfer heat as well through conduction. So all the air trapped in the fiberglass slows down how fast heat transfers between the walls on either side.  Many thermoses work by using the best thermal insulation of all - *nothing*. The cup is made from two pieces. A vacuum pulls out most of the air between them. That means there's nothing in there to conduct heat away. Some still does move through the walls of the cup itself, but it's slower that way.  You can't make buildings that way because it's a lot harder to perfectly seal *all* of a building like that. Even if you did, a vacuum puts a lot of stress on the walls, trying to pull them in. You would have to reinforce the walls - again, not really a problem with a small cup made out of relatively thin metal that doesn't have to hold anything up.  Various insulation solutions are a much better idea, especially because things like fiberglass help stop fires from spreading.  EDIT: I have been informed that vacuum panels for building insulation are a thing. Neat! I can imagine some of the limitations, like making it harder to change features on those walls, like adding power sockets and whatnot. Also, yes, double-pane windows are vacuum sealed, which is great for insulation but only a small part of the overall surface area of the wall (unless you're talking commercial building that's like 90% window).","labels":0,"seconds_difference":412.0,"score_ratio":64.5625}
{"post_id":"vdyg9k","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If YETI can make a cup that keeps water cold or hot for hours and a cooler that holds ice for hours, then why aren\u2019t we building houses with that same material?","c_root_id_A":"icn5iz0","c_root_id_B":"icn42zp","created_at_utc_A":1655421526,"created_at_utc_B":1655420837,"score_A":1033,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"Yeti cups and other thermoses use a vacuum as insulation. Heat can transfer in three ways: radiation, convection, and conduction. You can't *really* stop radiation, although you can slow it down. You also can't really stop convection, but that isn't relevant to keeping heat inside a thermos.  Conduction is the big one. Hot liquid touches the cup and makes it hot. The hot cup touches the air and makes *it* hot. Most insulation works by keeping the hot stuff from touching anything else. The insulation in your house does that: the fiberglass is full of pockets of air. Because air is less dense, it doesn't transfer heat as well through conduction. So all the air trapped in the fiberglass slows down how fast heat transfers between the walls on either side.  Many thermoses work by using the best thermal insulation of all - *nothing*. The cup is made from two pieces. A vacuum pulls out most of the air between them. That means there's nothing in there to conduct heat away. Some still does move through the walls of the cup itself, but it's slower that way.  You can't make buildings that way because it's a lot harder to perfectly seal *all* of a building like that. Even if you did, a vacuum puts a lot of stress on the walls, trying to pull them in. You would have to reinforce the walls - again, not really a problem with a small cup made out of relatively thin metal that doesn't have to hold anything up.  Various insulation solutions are a much better idea, especially because things like fiberglass help stop fires from spreading.  EDIT: I have been informed that vacuum panels for building insulation are a thing. Neat! I can imagine some of the limitations, like making it harder to change features on those walls, like adding power sockets and whatnot. Also, yes, double-pane windows are vacuum sealed, which is great for insulation but only a small part of the overall surface area of the wall (unless you're talking commercial building that's like 90% window).","human_ref_B":"Lots of houses have insulation, but it's not as simple as a thermos. With a thermos there's one opening with an airtight cap and the bottle itself is fully opaque. Its goal is simply to prevent as much heat transfer between inside and outside as possible. Houses have multiple doors, windows, none of which seal perfectly. They have windows through which to radiate\/absorb heat, and their occupants produce heat themselves.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":689.0,"score_ratio":129.125}
{"post_id":"vdyg9k","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If YETI can make a cup that keeps water cold or hot for hours and a cooler that holds ice for hours, then why aren\u2019t we building houses with that same material?","c_root_id_A":"icn3n3a","c_root_id_B":"icnv54o","created_at_utc_A":1655420629,"created_at_utc_B":1655434001,"score_A":87,"score_B":185,"human_ref_A":"YETI cups are made out of metal. You could certainly build houses out of metal, it would be vastly more expensive than making them out of wood.   Construction costs are quite high as it is...","human_ref_B":"First, you have to understand that yeti coolers and yeti cups are totally different. Coolers are just really thick thick foam, whereas the cups are vacuum flasks basically. The magic of a yeti ISNT the materials they\u2019re made of, it\u2019s the way those materials are arranged. Mostly it\u2019s just that the walls are SUPER THICK. Thicker than other coolers.  You can\u2019t really build a house like a vacuum flask, but you absolutely can build one with super thick walls. Google Passive House.  But this is rare for the same reason why most people don\u2019t own a Yeti cooler: it costs more. Look up Passive House, it\u2019s relatively simple to build a super insulated house that requires basically no heating or cooling. However the up-front cost is like 30% more. And homes are built by developers who sell the home not live in it. Buyers are more sensitive to up front cost, rather than ongoing expenses, so that\u2019s what builders build.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":13372.0,"score_ratio":2.1264367816}
{"post_id":"vdyg9k","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If YETI can make a cup that keeps water cold or hot for hours and a cooler that holds ice for hours, then why aren\u2019t we building houses with that same material?","c_root_id_A":"icnv54o","c_root_id_B":"icn44pc","created_at_utc_A":1655434001,"created_at_utc_B":1655420859,"score_A":185,"score_B":31,"human_ref_A":"First, you have to understand that yeti coolers and yeti cups are totally different. Coolers are just really thick thick foam, whereas the cups are vacuum flasks basically. The magic of a yeti ISNT the materials they\u2019re made of, it\u2019s the way those materials are arranged. Mostly it\u2019s just that the walls are SUPER THICK. Thicker than other coolers.  You can\u2019t really build a house like a vacuum flask, but you absolutely can build one with super thick walls. Google Passive House.  But this is rare for the same reason why most people don\u2019t own a Yeti cooler: it costs more. Look up Passive House, it\u2019s relatively simple to build a super insulated house that requires basically no heating or cooling. However the up-front cost is like 30% more. And homes are built by developers who sell the home not live in it. Buyers are more sensitive to up front cost, rather than ongoing expenses, so that\u2019s what builders build.","human_ref_B":"First of all a metal house especially one design with the material you use for Yeti would be very expensive.   Second of all it's not practical because air and water have different properties when it comes to cooling or retaining temperature.   Third of all you do want some sort of temperature transfusion, sometimes you want sunlight to warm your home for example. Not to mention you definitely want and need air ventilation.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":13142.0,"score_ratio":5.9677419355}
{"post_id":"vdyg9k","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If YETI can make a cup that keeps water cold or hot for hours and a cooler that holds ice for hours, then why aren\u2019t we building houses with that same material?","c_root_id_A":"icnv54o","c_root_id_B":"icn4o2j","created_at_utc_A":1655434001,"created_at_utc_B":1655421114,"score_A":185,"score_B":16,"human_ref_A":"First, you have to understand that yeti coolers and yeti cups are totally different. Coolers are just really thick thick foam, whereas the cups are vacuum flasks basically. The magic of a yeti ISNT the materials they\u2019re made of, it\u2019s the way those materials are arranged. Mostly it\u2019s just that the walls are SUPER THICK. Thicker than other coolers.  You can\u2019t really build a house like a vacuum flask, but you absolutely can build one with super thick walls. Google Passive House.  But this is rare for the same reason why most people don\u2019t own a Yeti cooler: it costs more. Look up Passive House, it\u2019s relatively simple to build a super insulated house that requires basically no heating or cooling. However the up-front cost is like 30% more. And homes are built by developers who sell the home not live in it. Buyers are more sensitive to up front cost, rather than ongoing expenses, so that\u2019s what builders build.","human_ref_B":"You want to make a double walled vacuum sealed house out of steel?","labels":1,"seconds_difference":12887.0,"score_ratio":11.5625}
{"post_id":"vdyg9k","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If YETI can make a cup that keeps water cold or hot for hours and a cooler that holds ice for hours, then why aren\u2019t we building houses with that same material?","c_root_id_A":"icnv54o","c_root_id_B":"icn42zp","created_at_utc_A":1655434001,"created_at_utc_B":1655420837,"score_A":185,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"First, you have to understand that yeti coolers and yeti cups are totally different. Coolers are just really thick thick foam, whereas the cups are vacuum flasks basically. The magic of a yeti ISNT the materials they\u2019re made of, it\u2019s the way those materials are arranged. Mostly it\u2019s just that the walls are SUPER THICK. Thicker than other coolers.  You can\u2019t really build a house like a vacuum flask, but you absolutely can build one with super thick walls. Google Passive House.  But this is rare for the same reason why most people don\u2019t own a Yeti cooler: it costs more. Look up Passive House, it\u2019s relatively simple to build a super insulated house that requires basically no heating or cooling. However the up-front cost is like 30% more. And homes are built by developers who sell the home not live in it. Buyers are more sensitive to up front cost, rather than ongoing expenses, so that\u2019s what builders build.","human_ref_B":"Lots of houses have insulation, but it's not as simple as a thermos. With a thermos there's one opening with an airtight cap and the bottle itself is fully opaque. Its goal is simply to prevent as much heat transfer between inside and outside as possible. Houses have multiple doors, windows, none of which seal perfectly. They have windows through which to radiate\/absorb heat, and their occupants produce heat themselves.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":13164.0,"score_ratio":23.125}
{"post_id":"vdyg9k","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If YETI can make a cup that keeps water cold or hot for hours and a cooler that holds ice for hours, then why aren\u2019t we building houses with that same material?","c_root_id_A":"icn44pc","c_root_id_B":"icn42zp","created_at_utc_A":1655420859,"created_at_utc_B":1655420837,"score_A":31,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"First of all a metal house especially one design with the material you use for Yeti would be very expensive.   Second of all it's not practical because air and water have different properties when it comes to cooling or retaining temperature.   Third of all you do want some sort of temperature transfusion, sometimes you want sunlight to warm your home for example. Not to mention you definitely want and need air ventilation.","human_ref_B":"Lots of houses have insulation, but it's not as simple as a thermos. With a thermos there's one opening with an airtight cap and the bottle itself is fully opaque. Its goal is simply to prevent as much heat transfer between inside and outside as possible. Houses have multiple doors, windows, none of which seal perfectly. They have windows through which to radiate\/absorb heat, and their occupants produce heat themselves.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":22.0,"score_ratio":3.875}
{"post_id":"vdyg9k","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If YETI can make a cup that keeps water cold or hot for hours and a cooler that holds ice for hours, then why aren\u2019t we building houses with that same material?","c_root_id_A":"icn4o2j","c_root_id_B":"icn42zp","created_at_utc_A":1655421114,"created_at_utc_B":1655420837,"score_A":16,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"You want to make a double walled vacuum sealed house out of steel?","human_ref_B":"Lots of houses have insulation, but it's not as simple as a thermos. With a thermos there's one opening with an airtight cap and the bottle itself is fully opaque. Its goal is simply to prevent as much heat transfer between inside and outside as possible. Houses have multiple doors, windows, none of which seal perfectly. They have windows through which to radiate\/absorb heat, and their occupants produce heat themselves.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":277.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"vdyg9k","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If YETI can make a cup that keeps water cold or hot for hours and a cooler that holds ice for hours, then why aren\u2019t we building houses with that same material?","c_root_id_A":"ico4uxu","c_root_id_B":"icn42zp","created_at_utc_A":1655438841,"created_at_utc_B":1655420837,"score_A":13,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"People are talking about the metal and blah blah blah.... what you're actually talking about is whether you could create a vacuum barrier around the outside of your house to nullify heat transfer. And the answer is, sort of. There are already vacuum sealed insulated panels but obviously there's space in between, and they don't really do much more than regular insulation. If you could create entire walls with perfect vacuum seal, you'd still need to have door and windows, and this is where most of your climate control is lost anyway.  If you could create a perfect vacuum enclosed room, you'd nullify heat transfer, but also air transfer and moisture. So you'd have a new set of problems.","human_ref_B":"Lots of houses have insulation, but it's not as simple as a thermos. With a thermos there's one opening with an airtight cap and the bottle itself is fully opaque. Its goal is simply to prevent as much heat transfer between inside and outside as possible. Houses have multiple doors, windows, none of which seal perfectly. They have windows through which to radiate\/absorb heat, and their occupants produce heat themselves.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":18004.0,"score_ratio":1.625}
{"post_id":"z4xi3p","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: In recent years, new formats like webp and jfif have started popping up. However, if I rename them to gif or jpeg, they still work. How can it be that renaming the extension doesn't ruin the image format? Why do they even exist then? Obviously I'm just tired of constantly renaming downloaded files because I can't open them in discord or photoshop. It seems entirely unnecessary.","c_root_id_A":"ixtiuzl","c_root_id_B":"ixtxjci","created_at_utc_A":1669441567,"created_at_utc_B":1669453414,"score_A":37,"score_B":45,"human_ref_A":"The file name doesn\u2019t have anything to do with the format inside. File extensions serve two purposes: mostly, they are there to help people remember the type of data in the file, and sometimes they are used by the desktop environment to sort files and decide which programs open them.  In fact, the program itself opens the file and checks the data inside the file to figure out what  to do with it.  JPEG, GIF, WebP, are all very different. You can name the files whatever you want, but if you look at the first few bytes of data in the file, you can tell right away if you are looking at a JPEG file that\u2019s name ends in .GIF","human_ref_B":"Many file formats have what is literally called a \"Magic Number\" at the very beginning of the file.  If the program sees that magic number, they know it is that file format.  https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List\\_of\\_file\\_signatures","labels":0,"seconds_difference":11847.0,"score_ratio":1.2162162162}
{"post_id":"z4xi3p","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: In recent years, new formats like webp and jfif have started popping up. However, if I rename them to gif or jpeg, they still work. How can it be that renaming the extension doesn't ruin the image format? Why do they even exist then? Obviously I'm just tired of constantly renaming downloaded files because I can't open them in discord or photoshop. It seems entirely unnecessary.","c_root_id_A":"ixtxjci","c_root_id_B":"ixtw30m","created_at_utc_A":1669453414,"created_at_utc_B":1669452120,"score_A":45,"score_B":18,"human_ref_A":"Many file formats have what is literally called a \"Magic Number\" at the very beginning of the file.  If the program sees that magic number, they know it is that file format.  https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List\\_of\\_file\\_signatures","human_ref_B":"First of all, JFIF is another name for JPEG, so they are the same.  Second, most image file formats have a way to identify the file format by looking at the first bit of the file.  All PNGs start with the same 8 bytes.  All JPEGs start with the same 3 bytes.  It is quite common for image loading code to automatically detect the type of image file and load it appropriately.  However, you should not assume this applies to other types of file - it usually doesn't.  You should not even assume that all image programs will do it (though most will).","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1294.0,"score_ratio":2.5}
{"post_id":"z4xi3p","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: In recent years, new formats like webp and jfif have started popping up. However, if I rename them to gif or jpeg, they still work. How can it be that renaming the extension doesn't ruin the image format? Why do they even exist then? Obviously I'm just tired of constantly renaming downloaded files because I can't open them in discord or photoshop. It seems entirely unnecessary.","c_root_id_A":"ixtxjci","c_root_id_B":"ixts9e2","created_at_utc_A":1669453414,"created_at_utc_B":1669448903,"score_A":45,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"Many file formats have what is literally called a \"Magic Number\" at the very beginning of the file.  If the program sees that magic number, they know it is that file format.  https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List\\_of\\_file\\_signatures","human_ref_B":"Whatever application you're using to open the file in question knows how to display the file in question.    File extensions don't actually matter, they're for humans, not computers. More or less.   Most every file of any type has a piece of info at the beginning that tells your computer how it would like be opened and what type of file it is. Basically a hidden 'real' file extension. But you can open a .jpg in a text editor any time you want. Your computer assumes that's not what you really want to do, so it generally doesn't give you that option without you forcing it to.  If you wanna go deeper, it's all numbers and letters and the extension does not matter at all. Like almost every computer game you play, the file that saves your progress is very often just a .zip file renamed.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":4511.0,"score_ratio":22.5}
{"post_id":"z4xi3p","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: In recent years, new formats like webp and jfif have started popping up. However, if I rename them to gif or jpeg, they still work. How can it be that renaming the extension doesn't ruin the image format? Why do they even exist then? Obviously I'm just tired of constantly renaming downloaded files because I can't open them in discord or photoshop. It seems entirely unnecessary.","c_root_id_A":"ixtw30m","c_root_id_B":"ixts9e2","created_at_utc_A":1669452120,"created_at_utc_B":1669448903,"score_A":18,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"First of all, JFIF is another name for JPEG, so they are the same.  Second, most image file formats have a way to identify the file format by looking at the first bit of the file.  All PNGs start with the same 8 bytes.  All JPEGs start with the same 3 bytes.  It is quite common for image loading code to automatically detect the type of image file and load it appropriately.  However, you should not assume this applies to other types of file - it usually doesn't.  You should not even assume that all image programs will do it (though most will).","human_ref_B":"Whatever application you're using to open the file in question knows how to display the file in question.    File extensions don't actually matter, they're for humans, not computers. More or less.   Most every file of any type has a piece of info at the beginning that tells your computer how it would like be opened and what type of file it is. Basically a hidden 'real' file extension. But you can open a .jpg in a text editor any time you want. Your computer assumes that's not what you really want to do, so it generally doesn't give you that option without you forcing it to.  If you wanna go deeper, it's all numbers and letters and the extension does not matter at all. Like almost every computer game you play, the file that saves your progress is very often just a .zip file renamed.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3217.0,"score_ratio":9.0}
{"post_id":"avkttx","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: when people describe babies as \u201caddicted to ___ at birth\u201d, how do they know that? What does it mean for an infant to be born addicted to a substance?","c_root_id_A":"ehfvd1w","c_root_id_B":"ehg8o1o","created_at_utc_A":1551315173,"created_at_utc_B":1551325753,"score_A":3438,"score_B":4773,"human_ref_A":"Some drugs are able to cross the placenta and enter the fetus.   Exposure to a drug over time, followed by an abrupt cessation of the drug intake (as would happen when the umbilical cord is no longer functioning) can induce symptoms of withdrawal in humans including newborn infants.    Now infants can't tell you exactly what they are feeling, but blood toxicology screening of the parent (or just the parent admitting) and a few physical symptoms can usually tell a lot.","human_ref_B":"Me and all 7 of my siblings come from a heroin\/crack\/ meth user.  We all had the shakes and seizures when we were born.  A multitude of other withdrawl symptoms correlating to drug use. 7 different siblings, 7 different fathers. Crazy life. She is at Chino Womens Prison for the next 20 years as of last year. Crazy life.  Edit just to say that social workers are over worked, underpaid and emotionally destroyed within a few years.  Edit 2. There is a lady in this world who has taken in hundreds of kids. And im not exaggerating. Last time i went to go speak with her she estimated that she had taken in and nurtured about 300 kids in her stint as a short term and long term foster mother. Her husband deserves as much credit as well. They are in their 90s now but they have never received any recognition and they have never asked for it. But if there are such things as angels, that is what they are. I will upload a happy picture of me and 11 of my foster brothers and sisters all sitting in high chairs while they cooked in the background. It will make you guys smile.  Edit: Dam, you guys are really serious about this AMA...","labels":0,"seconds_difference":10580.0,"score_ratio":1.3883071553}
{"post_id":"avkttx","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: when people describe babies as \u201caddicted to ___ at birth\u201d, how do they know that? What does it mean for an infant to be born addicted to a substance?","c_root_id_A":"ehg80na","c_root_id_B":"ehg8o1o","created_at_utc_A":1551325229,"created_at_utc_B":1551325753,"score_A":208,"score_B":4773,"human_ref_A":"Addiction to certain chemicals, contrary to what some might suggest, is a physiological phenomena. Sudden cessation of benzodiazepines or alcohol can cause seizure and death for instance. These drugs and other chemicals pass the BBB and thus the placenta, so they enter the bloodstream of your fetus.   Your infant is subsequently physiologically addicted to these chemicals. In the case of alcohol that likely caused some degree of brain damage. Opioid addiction likely wouldn\u2019t but withdrawal upon birth would likely cause severe discomfort and trauma. These chemicals (including caffeine) pass through breast milk as well. There are many cases of infants overdosing via breastmilk as a result of the drugs their mother took.","human_ref_B":"Me and all 7 of my siblings come from a heroin\/crack\/ meth user.  We all had the shakes and seizures when we were born.  A multitude of other withdrawl symptoms correlating to drug use. 7 different siblings, 7 different fathers. Crazy life. She is at Chino Womens Prison for the next 20 years as of last year. Crazy life.  Edit just to say that social workers are over worked, underpaid and emotionally destroyed within a few years.  Edit 2. There is a lady in this world who has taken in hundreds of kids. And im not exaggerating. Last time i went to go speak with her she estimated that she had taken in and nurtured about 300 kids in her stint as a short term and long term foster mother. Her husband deserves as much credit as well. They are in their 90s now but they have never received any recognition and they have never asked for it. But if there are such things as angels, that is what they are. I will upload a happy picture of me and 11 of my foster brothers and sisters all sitting in high chairs while they cooked in the background. It will make you guys smile.  Edit: Dam, you guys are really serious about this AMA...","labels":0,"seconds_difference":524.0,"score_ratio":22.9471153846}
{"post_id":"avkttx","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: when people describe babies as \u201caddicted to ___ at birth\u201d, how do they know that? What does it mean for an infant to be born addicted to a substance?","c_root_id_A":"ehfvd1w","c_root_id_B":"ehggofb","created_at_utc_A":1551315173,"created_at_utc_B":1551333301,"score_A":3438,"score_B":4613,"human_ref_A":"Some drugs are able to cross the placenta and enter the fetus.   Exposure to a drug over time, followed by an abrupt cessation of the drug intake (as would happen when the umbilical cord is no longer functioning) can induce symptoms of withdrawal in humans including newborn infants.    Now infants can't tell you exactly what they are feeling, but blood toxicology screening of the parent (or just the parent admitting) and a few physical symptoms can usually tell a lot.","human_ref_B":"I work in Neonatal ICU and we have had a fair share of addicted infants. A couple of signs are an inconsolable cry and poor eating. If the mom admits she used we may be able to get a poop and urine sample. Since the baby\u2019s 1st poop (meconium) has been collecting for months we can tell if mom used earlier in pregnancy. If mom doesn\u2019t fess up there are some telltale symptoms. They can be either frantic when eating or uninterested. Some of them arch their backs so hard they can\u2019t even be swaddled. Some will shake, tremor, have stomach pains, liquid poops that give them a horrible butt rash, some run fevers, move around so much they excoriate their skin. Usually it is a mix of several of the symptoms. They can\u2019t sleep. They are truly suffering and have no filter. We carry and hold them a lot. Sometimes they need a feeding tube. To help with their symptoms they may get morphine or methadone.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":18128.0,"score_ratio":1.34176847}
{"post_id":"avkttx","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: when people describe babies as \u201caddicted to ___ at birth\u201d, how do they know that? What does it mean for an infant to be born addicted to a substance?","c_root_id_A":"ehggofb","c_root_id_B":"ehg80na","created_at_utc_A":1551333301,"created_at_utc_B":1551325229,"score_A":4613,"score_B":208,"human_ref_A":"I work in Neonatal ICU and we have had a fair share of addicted infants. A couple of signs are an inconsolable cry and poor eating. If the mom admits she used we may be able to get a poop and urine sample. Since the baby\u2019s 1st poop (meconium) has been collecting for months we can tell if mom used earlier in pregnancy. If mom doesn\u2019t fess up there are some telltale symptoms. They can be either frantic when eating or uninterested. Some of them arch their backs so hard they can\u2019t even be swaddled. Some will shake, tremor, have stomach pains, liquid poops that give them a horrible butt rash, some run fevers, move around so much they excoriate their skin. Usually it is a mix of several of the symptoms. They can\u2019t sleep. They are truly suffering and have no filter. We carry and hold them a lot. Sometimes they need a feeding tube. To help with their symptoms they may get morphine or methadone.","human_ref_B":"Addiction to certain chemicals, contrary to what some might suggest, is a physiological phenomena. Sudden cessation of benzodiazepines or alcohol can cause seizure and death for instance. These drugs and other chemicals pass the BBB and thus the placenta, so they enter the bloodstream of your fetus.   Your infant is subsequently physiologically addicted to these chemicals. In the case of alcohol that likely caused some degree of brain damage. Opioid addiction likely wouldn\u2019t but withdrawal upon birth would likely cause severe discomfort and trauma. These chemicals (including caffeine) pass through breast milk as well. There are many cases of infants overdosing via breastmilk as a result of the drugs their mother took.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":8072.0,"score_ratio":22.1778846154}
{"post_id":"avkttx","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: when people describe babies as \u201caddicted to ___ at birth\u201d, how do they know that? What does it mean for an infant to be born addicted to a substance?","c_root_id_A":"ehg80na","c_root_id_B":"ehggx9u","created_at_utc_A":1551325229,"created_at_utc_B":1551333583,"score_A":208,"score_B":1100,"human_ref_A":"Addiction to certain chemicals, contrary to what some might suggest, is a physiological phenomena. Sudden cessation of benzodiazepines or alcohol can cause seizure and death for instance. These drugs and other chemicals pass the BBB and thus the placenta, so they enter the bloodstream of your fetus.   Your infant is subsequently physiologically addicted to these chemicals. In the case of alcohol that likely caused some degree of brain damage. Opioid addiction likely wouldn\u2019t but withdrawal upon birth would likely cause severe discomfort and trauma. These chemicals (including caffeine) pass through breast milk as well. There are many cases of infants overdosing via breastmilk as a result of the drugs their mother took.","human_ref_B":"Crack baby here. My adoptive mom told me that I never stopped crying for the first 3 months. I also had tremors where I'd shake uncontrollably randomly. Doctor's told my mom I'd never be able to go to a normal school because of it. Lots of stigmas back then. I'm a perfectly normal 24 year old with a bachelor's degree.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":8354.0,"score_ratio":5.2884615385}
{"post_id":"qoono6","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.96,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old Why isn\u2019t hand washing with soap and water creating an epidemic of soap-resistant bacteria? By washing our hands with soap and water so frequently,  why aren\u2019t we selecting for bacteria that adheres more and more strongly to our hands to avoid getting washed off?","c_root_id_A":"hjokfc9","c_root_id_B":"hjple4x","created_at_utc_A":1636298462,"created_at_utc_B":1636313042,"score_A":372,"score_B":10056,"human_ref_A":"Let's say you run a parking garage, and there are rats nesting in one corner.   You can get rid of the rats with poison, but it's not a guarantee that the poison will kill all of them... one rat may have a genetic mutation that makes them resistant to the poison. If that rat survives, it may pass its genetic mutation to its kids, who will also have kids, etc...  thus starting a hoard of a poison-resistant rats.  The other option: flush out the nest with a firehose. Push them all towards a big drain. The rats that survive the impact still get washed down the drainpipe (sorry, rats)  Ain't no way the rats can ever become firehose-resistant.","human_ref_B":"I'm a farmer, and one of the sayings passed around farmers is no weed will ever become resistant to metal. When you plow a field, you slice up the weeds, and there's no way for a plant to protect itself from that. Soap is similar, it just shreds things apart. One side of it clings to water and the other side clings to oils and filth. Washing it away starts tearing at the oils, ripping apart whatever it's clinging to","labels":0,"seconds_difference":14580.0,"score_ratio":27.0322580645}
{"post_id":"qoono6","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.96,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old Why isn\u2019t hand washing with soap and water creating an epidemic of soap-resistant bacteria? By washing our hands with soap and water so frequently,  why aren\u2019t we selecting for bacteria that adheres more and more strongly to our hands to avoid getting washed off?","c_root_id_A":"hjosl7i","c_root_id_B":"hjple4x","created_at_utc_A":1636301728,"created_at_utc_B":1636313042,"score_A":133,"score_B":10056,"human_ref_A":"The same reason that human beings haven't evolved to withstand being shot in the head, in spite of humans being shot in the head for centuries.  The mutations that would enable one to be able to survive being shot in the head are just too much of a leap, biologically.","human_ref_B":"I'm a farmer, and one of the sayings passed around farmers is no weed will ever become resistant to metal. When you plow a field, you slice up the weeds, and there's no way for a plant to protect itself from that. Soap is similar, it just shreds things apart. One side of it clings to water and the other side clings to oils and filth. Washing it away starts tearing at the oils, ripping apart whatever it's clinging to","labels":0,"seconds_difference":11314.0,"score_ratio":75.6090225564}
{"post_id":"qoono6","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.96,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old Why isn\u2019t hand washing with soap and water creating an epidemic of soap-resistant bacteria? By washing our hands with soap and water so frequently,  why aren\u2019t we selecting for bacteria that adheres more and more strongly to our hands to avoid getting washed off?","c_root_id_A":"hjple4x","c_root_id_B":"hjohdo9","created_at_utc_A":1636313042,"created_at_utc_B":1636297163,"score_A":10056,"score_B":42,"human_ref_A":"I'm a farmer, and one of the sayings passed around farmers is no weed will ever become resistant to metal. When you plow a field, you slice up the weeds, and there's no way for a plant to protect itself from that. Soap is similar, it just shreds things apart. One side of it clings to water and the other side clings to oils and filth. Washing it away starts tearing at the oils, ripping apart whatever it's clinging to","human_ref_B":"It's kind of like humans evolving resistance to being swept away by floods. It's not technically impossible, but it takes some niche evolution and would never be extremely effective. The most likely evolution paths of resisting handwashing could also well make the bacteria worse at infecting humans.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":15879.0,"score_ratio":239.4285714286}
{"post_id":"qoono6","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.96,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old Why isn\u2019t hand washing with soap and water creating an epidemic of soap-resistant bacteria? By washing our hands with soap and water so frequently,  why aren\u2019t we selecting for bacteria that adheres more and more strongly to our hands to avoid getting washed off?","c_root_id_A":"hjosc5o","c_root_id_B":"hjple4x","created_at_utc_A":1636301629,"created_at_utc_B":1636313042,"score_A":35,"score_B":10056,"human_ref_A":"Imagine you have a bunch of cars and someone keeps trying to disable them.  They went through and added something to the fuel that seized the engines.  A bunch of cars are dead but luckily several of the cars had a valve that prevented additives.  You restock your cars, making sure that all of them have this valve.  Then they went through and broke all the axels they could.  Only the model of cars with heavy duty axels weren't disabled.  You restock your cars, making sure that all of them have the heavy duty axels, and also the valve from before.  Now imagine they send a hurricane through.  Even if a few cars survive, there isn't something about those cars that made them hurricane proof.  It was just luck.  There isn't anything a car can do about a hurricane.    The cars are bacteria, the things trying to disable specific targets are antibiotics and the hurricane is soap and water.","human_ref_B":"I'm a farmer, and one of the sayings passed around farmers is no weed will ever become resistant to metal. When you plow a field, you slice up the weeds, and there's no way for a plant to protect itself from that. Soap is similar, it just shreds things apart. One side of it clings to water and the other side clings to oils and filth. Washing it away starts tearing at the oils, ripping apart whatever it's clinging to","labels":0,"seconds_difference":11413.0,"score_ratio":287.3142857143}
{"post_id":"qoono6","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.96,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old Why isn\u2019t hand washing with soap and water creating an epidemic of soap-resistant bacteria? By washing our hands with soap and water so frequently,  why aren\u2019t we selecting for bacteria that adheres more and more strongly to our hands to avoid getting washed off?","c_root_id_A":"hjohdo9","c_root_id_B":"hjokfc9","created_at_utc_A":1636297163,"created_at_utc_B":1636298462,"score_A":42,"score_B":372,"human_ref_A":"It's kind of like humans evolving resistance to being swept away by floods. It's not technically impossible, but it takes some niche evolution and would never be extremely effective. The most likely evolution paths of resisting handwashing could also well make the bacteria worse at infecting humans.","human_ref_B":"Let's say you run a parking garage, and there are rats nesting in one corner.   You can get rid of the rats with poison, but it's not a guarantee that the poison will kill all of them... one rat may have a genetic mutation that makes them resistant to the poison. If that rat survives, it may pass its genetic mutation to its kids, who will also have kids, etc...  thus starting a hoard of a poison-resistant rats.  The other option: flush out the nest with a firehose. Push them all towards a big drain. The rats that survive the impact still get washed down the drainpipe (sorry, rats)  Ain't no way the rats can ever become firehose-resistant.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1299.0,"score_ratio":8.8571428571}
{"post_id":"qoono6","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.96,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old Why isn\u2019t hand washing with soap and water creating an epidemic of soap-resistant bacteria? By washing our hands with soap and water so frequently,  why aren\u2019t we selecting for bacteria that adheres more and more strongly to our hands to avoid getting washed off?","c_root_id_A":"hjohdo9","c_root_id_B":"hjosl7i","created_at_utc_A":1636297163,"created_at_utc_B":1636301728,"score_A":42,"score_B":133,"human_ref_A":"It's kind of like humans evolving resistance to being swept away by floods. It's not technically impossible, but it takes some niche evolution and would never be extremely effective. The most likely evolution paths of resisting handwashing could also well make the bacteria worse at infecting humans.","human_ref_B":"The same reason that human beings haven't evolved to withstand being shot in the head, in spite of humans being shot in the head for centuries.  The mutations that would enable one to be able to survive being shot in the head are just too much of a leap, biologically.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":4565.0,"score_ratio":3.1666666667}
{"post_id":"qoono6","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.96,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old Why isn\u2019t hand washing with soap and water creating an epidemic of soap-resistant bacteria? By washing our hands with soap and water so frequently,  why aren\u2019t we selecting for bacteria that adheres more and more strongly to our hands to avoid getting washed off?","c_root_id_A":"hjosc5o","c_root_id_B":"hjosl7i","created_at_utc_A":1636301629,"created_at_utc_B":1636301728,"score_A":35,"score_B":133,"human_ref_A":"Imagine you have a bunch of cars and someone keeps trying to disable them.  They went through and added something to the fuel that seized the engines.  A bunch of cars are dead but luckily several of the cars had a valve that prevented additives.  You restock your cars, making sure that all of them have this valve.  Then they went through and broke all the axels they could.  Only the model of cars with heavy duty axels weren't disabled.  You restock your cars, making sure that all of them have the heavy duty axels, and also the valve from before.  Now imagine they send a hurricane through.  Even if a few cars survive, there isn't something about those cars that made them hurricane proof.  It was just luck.  There isn't anything a car can do about a hurricane.    The cars are bacteria, the things trying to disable specific targets are antibiotics and the hurricane is soap and water.","human_ref_B":"The same reason that human beings haven't evolved to withstand being shot in the head, in spite of humans being shot in the head for centuries.  The mutations that would enable one to be able to survive being shot in the head are just too much of a leap, biologically.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":99.0,"score_ratio":3.8}
{"post_id":"qoono6","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.96,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old Why isn\u2019t hand washing with soap and water creating an epidemic of soap-resistant bacteria? By washing our hands with soap and water so frequently,  why aren\u2019t we selecting for bacteria that adheres more and more strongly to our hands to avoid getting washed off?","c_root_id_A":"hjohdo9","c_root_id_B":"hjqzmsj","created_at_utc_A":1636297163,"created_at_utc_B":1636334196,"score_A":42,"score_B":61,"human_ref_A":"It's kind of like humans evolving resistance to being swept away by floods. It's not technically impossible, but it takes some niche evolution and would never be extremely effective. The most likely evolution paths of resisting handwashing could also well make the bacteria worse at infecting humans.","human_ref_B":"Just to add, as I don't think it's been mentioned yet, is the reason bacteria can build immunity to things like antibiotics and not soap\/bleach is antibiotics are used *inside* your body so they have to be weak enough not to kill you too.  Soap and bleach is so effective at killing all cells that if you put them inside your body they would kill you very quickly.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":37033.0,"score_ratio":1.4523809524}
{"post_id":"qoono6","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.96,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old Why isn\u2019t hand washing with soap and water creating an epidemic of soap-resistant bacteria? By washing our hands with soap and water so frequently,  why aren\u2019t we selecting for bacteria that adheres more and more strongly to our hands to avoid getting washed off?","c_root_id_A":"hjosc5o","c_root_id_B":"hjqzmsj","created_at_utc_A":1636301629,"created_at_utc_B":1636334196,"score_A":35,"score_B":61,"human_ref_A":"Imagine you have a bunch of cars and someone keeps trying to disable them.  They went through and added something to the fuel that seized the engines.  A bunch of cars are dead but luckily several of the cars had a valve that prevented additives.  You restock your cars, making sure that all of them have this valve.  Then they went through and broke all the axels they could.  Only the model of cars with heavy duty axels weren't disabled.  You restock your cars, making sure that all of them have the heavy duty axels, and also the valve from before.  Now imagine they send a hurricane through.  Even if a few cars survive, there isn't something about those cars that made them hurricane proof.  It was just luck.  There isn't anything a car can do about a hurricane.    The cars are bacteria, the things trying to disable specific targets are antibiotics and the hurricane is soap and water.","human_ref_B":"Just to add, as I don't think it's been mentioned yet, is the reason bacteria can build immunity to things like antibiotics and not soap\/bleach is antibiotics are used *inside* your body so they have to be weak enough not to kill you too.  Soap and bleach is so effective at killing all cells that if you put them inside your body they would kill you very quickly.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":32567.0,"score_ratio":1.7428571429}
{"post_id":"qoono6","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.96,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old Why isn\u2019t hand washing with soap and water creating an epidemic of soap-resistant bacteria? By washing our hands with soap and water so frequently,  why aren\u2019t we selecting for bacteria that adheres more and more strongly to our hands to avoid getting washed off?","c_root_id_A":"hjqzmsj","c_root_id_B":"hjqqx9t","created_at_utc_A":1636334196,"created_at_utc_B":1636330143,"score_A":61,"score_B":25,"human_ref_A":"Just to add, as I don't think it's been mentioned yet, is the reason bacteria can build immunity to things like antibiotics and not soap\/bleach is antibiotics are used *inside* your body so they have to be weak enough not to kill you too.  Soap and bleach is so effective at killing all cells that if you put them inside your body they would kill you very quickly.","human_ref_B":"There are plenty of good explanations here, so I'll just add this:  Evolution isn't a guarantee that life will overcome all obstacles. Death and extinction are both examples that sometimes the game of \"evolution\" doesn't work out.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":4053.0,"score_ratio":2.44}
{"post_id":"zlrib3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"eli5 what is disassociating? Tried looking online but I don\u2019t understand.","c_root_id_A":"j06t3bj","c_root_id_B":"j06v21l","created_at_utc_A":1671027437,"created_at_utc_B":1671028314,"score_A":377,"score_B":3076,"human_ref_A":"It kind of feels like you are looking through your eyes as someone else.  You feel like you are inside your body instead of being your body.    The movie being john Malkovich (thank you orange fudge for the correct spelling) is a good artistic analogy.","human_ref_B":"If you are talking about psychology, it is a state where \"you\" are not experiencing reality as it is normally, functionally experienced.  Typically \"you\" are experiencing the world around you through your own senses and making decisions based on your interactions with that world. Subject to limitations of perspective, the reality that you describe will be consistent with what others around you also describe.  Somebody dissociating may no longer feel like they are inhabiting their own body. There's somebody over there who you know is \"you\" but you are not controlling that person directly, or experiencing what they are experiencing, or feeling what they are feeling.  Another example is if you have created a false reality that \"you\" are sure is correct. You distinctly remember having a conversation with a friend about a certain topic, but that friend claims it never happened, and others support their claim.  In both cases, you are not experiencing reality in a functional way.  Why can this happen? Personally, I have narcolepsy, and like most people with the condition, my dreams are cinematic. It's like they are really happening. False memories are easy to generate if you dwell on those dreams. Combine that situation with the \"brain fog\" that comes from a lack of proper sleep that is also part of narcolepsy, and both forms of dissociation described above can occur all too easily. I constantly fight to stay centered in reality, refusing to dwell on my dreams, and continually reminding myself to stay in the moment during my waking hours.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":877.0,"score_ratio":8.1591511936}
{"post_id":"zlrib3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"eli5 what is disassociating? Tried looking online but I don\u2019t understand.","c_root_id_A":"j06t3bj","c_root_id_B":"j072miq","created_at_utc_A":1671027437,"created_at_utc_B":1671031503,"score_A":377,"score_B":803,"human_ref_A":"It kind of feels like you are looking through your eyes as someone else.  You feel like you are inside your body instead of being your body.    The movie being john Malkovich (thank you orange fudge for the correct spelling) is a good artistic analogy.","human_ref_B":"There is also, 'Blackout Dissociation', were you \"wake up\" in a place in a place and have no idea how you got there or what happened.  About 15 years ago, I was under a ton of stress, both at work and at home, and this would happen to me, I would \"black out\" anywhere from 20 minutes to 2 hours.  For example, I was at work in a very stressful meeting, I \"woke up\" about 5kms away, just walking down the street, I looked at my watch, 2 hours had passed since I was in the meeting. When I got back to work, everyone was worried, I asked what happened, they said I just got up from my chair, walked out without saying a word, and left.  Very scary feeling.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":4066.0,"score_ratio":2.1299734748}
{"post_id":"zlrib3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"eli5 what is disassociating? Tried looking online but I don\u2019t understand.","c_root_id_A":"j072miq","c_root_id_B":"j06w1dk","created_at_utc_A":1671031503,"created_at_utc_B":1671028747,"score_A":803,"score_B":314,"human_ref_A":"There is also, 'Blackout Dissociation', were you \"wake up\" in a place in a place and have no idea how you got there or what happened.  About 15 years ago, I was under a ton of stress, both at work and at home, and this would happen to me, I would \"black out\" anywhere from 20 minutes to 2 hours.  For example, I was at work in a very stressful meeting, I \"woke up\" about 5kms away, just walking down the street, I looked at my watch, 2 hours had passed since I was in the meeting. When I got back to work, everyone was worried, I asked what happened, they said I just got up from my chair, walked out without saying a word, and left.  Very scary feeling.","human_ref_B":"https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/r\/NoStupidQuestions\/comments\/zlr8f9\/how_does_disassociation_work\/j06tmyx\/?context=3  I suffer from mental illness (PTSD) and I have a history of disassociation. I'll try my best.  First, it's helpful to understand why disassociation happens and I think it is best from an evolutionary perspective.  Suppose you're in nature and a Jaguar attacks you. It starts dragging you back to its tree to eat you. In those moments, you could feel the pain of the initial attack, the blood, the fear, your impending death. You could feel every sensation and pain. It would be excruciating.  Or you can disassociate from the pain. Your brain shuts off various processing. Just like shutting down or pausing a computer program. Your know what's happening. You're not spaced out and unaware of your surroundings. You know you're being prepared for a Jaguar's meal. Yet, you don't feel anything and you don't really act as one might expect given the danger. You're not thrashing your arms about trying to escape or yelling and screaming. Those are to a large extent unproductive and might even agitate the Jaguar to hurt you more. You'll often see this on nature shows where a gazelle goes kinda limp after being attacked. It's still very much alive. It's just not doing anything as it knows it is gone. Believe it or not, if the Jaguar lets it go to fend off some hyenas, it's possible the gazelle snaps out of it and runs away to safety.  That's basically what happens to me when I face terribly painful events. I just accept it's happening to me and go through the motions. Eventually I hope I snap out of it and then I can take action or something. It's extremely frustrating because once you snap out of it, you obviously think... why didn't I do this or that to get me out of the situation. You get a lot of regret.  It's why even as a guy when a woman says she was raped and froze, I have a lot of empathy there. I know what that's like. You very well might just disassociate and feel you have no choice in what is happening and just let the rapist go through the motions until it's done.  Or a child who has abusive parents who beat them daily for the sake of it. That child might not leave or take 'rational' action. They might just disassociate from the daily beating and just take it and go through the motions. They don't really process what is happening or decide to take action.  As a guy, I stayed in terrible situations, even abusive situations for way longer than I should have. I just disassociate from the pain. That's what it is. It's a coping mechanism I developed in childhood from abuse and violence.  I don't think you'd want to do it. Your body can do it. You probably have the genetics to do it. If you're ever in a truly horrific painful experience, your body will probably do it automatically. I guess you could try and put yourself in such a situation, but I wouldn't recommend it.  Maybe there are drugs or methods to simulate disassociation, but it's something I try to avoid, not do :)  On the other hand, people have said I'm oddly calm in emergencies. The one time I got caught in public disassociating was in a car accident where I got hit by a truck. I could have died I suppose. I just disassociated and went through the motions not processing the danger I went through. Everyone was panicking around me, I was just numb. Okay, lets get insurance... I texted my wife 'Going to be late. Got in accident' She got pretty upset I didn't call or anything. But again, I'm in a dissociative state, just taking care of what is needed. My brain was just thinking. Report back to wife. Let her know reason. Very primitive thinking","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2756.0,"score_ratio":2.5573248408}
{"post_id":"zlrib3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"eli5 what is disassociating? Tried looking online but I don\u2019t understand.","c_root_id_A":"j06t3bj","c_root_id_B":"j08lfb6","created_at_utc_A":1671027437,"created_at_utc_B":1671052394,"score_A":377,"score_B":399,"human_ref_A":"It kind of feels like you are looking through your eyes as someone else.  You feel like you are inside your body instead of being your body.    The movie being john Malkovich (thank you orange fudge for the correct spelling) is a good artistic analogy.","human_ref_B":"A lot of responses here are going by the clinical definition. Dissociation is a spectrum. Majority of people perceive it to be the intense personality shift of D.I.D, the feeling like you're in a dream\/living third person, or like you're juuuust out of phase with yourself, so you're on extreme autopilot.     I won't get into how the DSM-V is under-serving us here since it doesn't talk about complex\/early childhood PTSD or the emotional dysregulation that comes with ADHD.      Dissociation can be as simple as doom scrolling, time blindness due to intense focus on a game or hobby, the \"blah\", numb feeling at the end of the day where you're not really present or paying attention to what's going on around you. Intellectualizing, compartmentalizing, etc.     It's a response to stress, which is often due to external stimulation and not knowing how to and\/or feel safe to identify and feel your emotions. We go through the day dismissing and minimizing are emotions and that feedback goes somewhere, which is back into our central nervous system.     Nearly all of us don't know how to exist in emotions we don't want to feel (\"negative\" emotions\") safely, and we feel those daily. We've often had to adapt to not having the space, modeling, or language to express our emotions because our family of origin and cultures shame us for having them. So our mind finds ways to protect us from the stress and constant feedback loop without direct release because we learned that we are bad if we express emotions that aren't socially acceptable to express.     A real Explain like I'm five years old: Your brain and central nervous system learned years ago that it's not safe to feel distressing emotions due to fear of rejection, disconnection, and loneliness. Now all stress and trauma follow the same path to varying intensities. From avoiding existing in your body quietly without distraction to full on creating an altered state of consciousness.     A really real Explain like I'm five years old: Your brain learned first person view is too intense, so it tries to make you play in third person to reduce feeling overwhelmed.     ...true Explain like I'm five years old: Your brain would rather exist outside of you than in if you make it feel like a it's in a bear hug by the human torch.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":24957.0,"score_ratio":1.0583554377}
{"post_id":"zlrib3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"eli5 what is disassociating? Tried looking online but I don\u2019t understand.","c_root_id_A":"j08lfb6","c_root_id_B":"j06w1dk","created_at_utc_A":1671052394,"created_at_utc_B":1671028747,"score_A":399,"score_B":314,"human_ref_A":"A lot of responses here are going by the clinical definition. Dissociation is a spectrum. Majority of people perceive it to be the intense personality shift of D.I.D, the feeling like you're in a dream\/living third person, or like you're juuuust out of phase with yourself, so you're on extreme autopilot.     I won't get into how the DSM-V is under-serving us here since it doesn't talk about complex\/early childhood PTSD or the emotional dysregulation that comes with ADHD.      Dissociation can be as simple as doom scrolling, time blindness due to intense focus on a game or hobby, the \"blah\", numb feeling at the end of the day where you're not really present or paying attention to what's going on around you. Intellectualizing, compartmentalizing, etc.     It's a response to stress, which is often due to external stimulation and not knowing how to and\/or feel safe to identify and feel your emotions. We go through the day dismissing and minimizing are emotions and that feedback goes somewhere, which is back into our central nervous system.     Nearly all of us don't know how to exist in emotions we don't want to feel (\"negative\" emotions\") safely, and we feel those daily. We've often had to adapt to not having the space, modeling, or language to express our emotions because our family of origin and cultures shame us for having them. So our mind finds ways to protect us from the stress and constant feedback loop without direct release because we learned that we are bad if we express emotions that aren't socially acceptable to express.     A real Explain like I'm five years old: Your brain and central nervous system learned years ago that it's not safe to feel distressing emotions due to fear of rejection, disconnection, and loneliness. Now all stress and trauma follow the same path to varying intensities. From avoiding existing in your body quietly without distraction to full on creating an altered state of consciousness.     A really real Explain like I'm five years old: Your brain learned first person view is too intense, so it tries to make you play in third person to reduce feeling overwhelmed.     ...true Explain like I'm five years old: Your brain would rather exist outside of you than in if you make it feel like a it's in a bear hug by the human torch.","human_ref_B":"https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/r\/NoStupidQuestions\/comments\/zlr8f9\/how_does_disassociation_work\/j06tmyx\/?context=3  I suffer from mental illness (PTSD) and I have a history of disassociation. I'll try my best.  First, it's helpful to understand why disassociation happens and I think it is best from an evolutionary perspective.  Suppose you're in nature and a Jaguar attacks you. It starts dragging you back to its tree to eat you. In those moments, you could feel the pain of the initial attack, the blood, the fear, your impending death. You could feel every sensation and pain. It would be excruciating.  Or you can disassociate from the pain. Your brain shuts off various processing. Just like shutting down or pausing a computer program. Your know what's happening. You're not spaced out and unaware of your surroundings. You know you're being prepared for a Jaguar's meal. Yet, you don't feel anything and you don't really act as one might expect given the danger. You're not thrashing your arms about trying to escape or yelling and screaming. Those are to a large extent unproductive and might even agitate the Jaguar to hurt you more. You'll often see this on nature shows where a gazelle goes kinda limp after being attacked. It's still very much alive. It's just not doing anything as it knows it is gone. Believe it or not, if the Jaguar lets it go to fend off some hyenas, it's possible the gazelle snaps out of it and runs away to safety.  That's basically what happens to me when I face terribly painful events. I just accept it's happening to me and go through the motions. Eventually I hope I snap out of it and then I can take action or something. It's extremely frustrating because once you snap out of it, you obviously think... why didn't I do this or that to get me out of the situation. You get a lot of regret.  It's why even as a guy when a woman says she was raped and froze, I have a lot of empathy there. I know what that's like. You very well might just disassociate and feel you have no choice in what is happening and just let the rapist go through the motions until it's done.  Or a child who has abusive parents who beat them daily for the sake of it. That child might not leave or take 'rational' action. They might just disassociate from the daily beating and just take it and go through the motions. They don't really process what is happening or decide to take action.  As a guy, I stayed in terrible situations, even abusive situations for way longer than I should have. I just disassociate from the pain. That's what it is. It's a coping mechanism I developed in childhood from abuse and violence.  I don't think you'd want to do it. Your body can do it. You probably have the genetics to do it. If you're ever in a truly horrific painful experience, your body will probably do it automatically. I guess you could try and put yourself in such a situation, but I wouldn't recommend it.  Maybe there are drugs or methods to simulate disassociation, but it's something I try to avoid, not do :)  On the other hand, people have said I'm oddly calm in emergencies. The one time I got caught in public disassociating was in a car accident where I got hit by a truck. I could have died I suppose. I just disassociated and went through the motions not processing the danger I went through. Everyone was panicking around me, I was just numb. Okay, lets get insurance... I texted my wife 'Going to be late. Got in accident' She got pretty upset I didn't call or anything. But again, I'm in a dissociative state, just taking care of what is needed. My brain was just thinking. Report back to wife. Let her know reason. Very primitive thinking","labels":1,"seconds_difference":23647.0,"score_ratio":1.2707006369}
{"post_id":"zlrib3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"eli5 what is disassociating? Tried looking online but I don\u2019t understand.","c_root_id_A":"j07modp","c_root_id_B":"j08lfb6","created_at_utc_A":1671039307,"created_at_utc_B":1671052394,"score_A":131,"score_B":399,"human_ref_A":"its essentially a coping mechanism your brain\/body does when it feels overloaded with stress, it shuts down and stops taking so much information in from the world around it. It feels like zoning out, lucid dreaming, being in a trance, or being high. Usually described as feeling unreal, not fully present in your own body, or feeling disconnected from the world around them","human_ref_B":"A lot of responses here are going by the clinical definition. Dissociation is a spectrum. Majority of people perceive it to be the intense personality shift of D.I.D, the feeling like you're in a dream\/living third person, or like you're juuuust out of phase with yourself, so you're on extreme autopilot.     I won't get into how the DSM-V is under-serving us here since it doesn't talk about complex\/early childhood PTSD or the emotional dysregulation that comes with ADHD.      Dissociation can be as simple as doom scrolling, time blindness due to intense focus on a game or hobby, the \"blah\", numb feeling at the end of the day where you're not really present or paying attention to what's going on around you. Intellectualizing, compartmentalizing, etc.     It's a response to stress, which is often due to external stimulation and not knowing how to and\/or feel safe to identify and feel your emotions. We go through the day dismissing and minimizing are emotions and that feedback goes somewhere, which is back into our central nervous system.     Nearly all of us don't know how to exist in emotions we don't want to feel (\"negative\" emotions\") safely, and we feel those daily. We've often had to adapt to not having the space, modeling, or language to express our emotions because our family of origin and cultures shame us for having them. So our mind finds ways to protect us from the stress and constant feedback loop without direct release because we learned that we are bad if we express emotions that aren't socially acceptable to express.     A real Explain like I'm five years old: Your brain and central nervous system learned years ago that it's not safe to feel distressing emotions due to fear of rejection, disconnection, and loneliness. Now all stress and trauma follow the same path to varying intensities. From avoiding existing in your body quietly without distraction to full on creating an altered state of consciousness.     A really real Explain like I'm five years old: Your brain learned first person view is too intense, so it tries to make you play in third person to reduce feeling overwhelmed.     ...true Explain like I'm five years old: Your brain would rather exist outside of you than in if you make it feel like a it's in a bear hug by the human torch.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":13087.0,"score_ratio":3.0458015267}
{"post_id":"zlrib3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"eli5 what is disassociating? Tried looking online but I don\u2019t understand.","c_root_id_A":"j08491h","c_root_id_B":"j08lfb6","created_at_utc_A":1671046020,"created_at_utc_B":1671052394,"score_A":73,"score_B":399,"human_ref_A":"Dissociation (in psychology) can be defined by one word: detachment.  There are two \"kinds\" of dissociation, but they are essentially the same--there is some detachment from reality (that is, what is happening around them) that leads to an unclear sense of self.  A very common kind of dissociation is daydreaming. I am sure most people can recall a time they've experienced this.  A very severe kind of dissociation is dissociative identity disorder, where a person exhibits two or more distinct personalities. These I would call the first \"kind\" of dissociation, where there are no memories (or repressed memories) of what has happened around them.  The other \"kind\" is more like a fog, and some other comments have detailed this feeling. It's described as a sort of detachment from one's own thoughts and feelings, as if they aren't really there or as if everything feels further away than it is, perhaps not unlike standing in the middle of a crowd but feeling very alone and isolated.  Ultimately, dissociation refers to a detachment from what we would call \"the self.\"","human_ref_B":"A lot of responses here are going by the clinical definition. Dissociation is a spectrum. Majority of people perceive it to be the intense personality shift of D.I.D, the feeling like you're in a dream\/living third person, or like you're juuuust out of phase with yourself, so you're on extreme autopilot.     I won't get into how the DSM-V is under-serving us here since it doesn't talk about complex\/early childhood PTSD or the emotional dysregulation that comes with ADHD.      Dissociation can be as simple as doom scrolling, time blindness due to intense focus on a game or hobby, the \"blah\", numb feeling at the end of the day where you're not really present or paying attention to what's going on around you. Intellectualizing, compartmentalizing, etc.     It's a response to stress, which is often due to external stimulation and not knowing how to and\/or feel safe to identify and feel your emotions. We go through the day dismissing and minimizing are emotions and that feedback goes somewhere, which is back into our central nervous system.     Nearly all of us don't know how to exist in emotions we don't want to feel (\"negative\" emotions\") safely, and we feel those daily. We've often had to adapt to not having the space, modeling, or language to express our emotions because our family of origin and cultures shame us for having them. So our mind finds ways to protect us from the stress and constant feedback loop without direct release because we learned that we are bad if we express emotions that aren't socially acceptable to express.     A real Explain like I'm five years old: Your brain and central nervous system learned years ago that it's not safe to feel distressing emotions due to fear of rejection, disconnection, and loneliness. Now all stress and trauma follow the same path to varying intensities. From avoiding existing in your body quietly without distraction to full on creating an altered state of consciousness.     A really real Explain like I'm five years old: Your brain learned first person view is too intense, so it tries to make you play in third person to reduce feeling overwhelmed.     ...true Explain like I'm five years old: Your brain would rather exist outside of you than in if you make it feel like a it's in a bear hug by the human torch.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":6374.0,"score_ratio":5.4657534247}
{"post_id":"zlrib3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"eli5 what is disassociating? Tried looking online but I don\u2019t understand.","c_root_id_A":"j08lfb6","c_root_id_B":"j07g5fl","created_at_utc_A":1671052394,"created_at_utc_B":1671036819,"score_A":399,"score_B":39,"human_ref_A":"A lot of responses here are going by the clinical definition. Dissociation is a spectrum. Majority of people perceive it to be the intense personality shift of D.I.D, the feeling like you're in a dream\/living third person, or like you're juuuust out of phase with yourself, so you're on extreme autopilot.     I won't get into how the DSM-V is under-serving us here since it doesn't talk about complex\/early childhood PTSD or the emotional dysregulation that comes with ADHD.      Dissociation can be as simple as doom scrolling, time blindness due to intense focus on a game or hobby, the \"blah\", numb feeling at the end of the day where you're not really present or paying attention to what's going on around you. Intellectualizing, compartmentalizing, etc.     It's a response to stress, which is often due to external stimulation and not knowing how to and\/or feel safe to identify and feel your emotions. We go through the day dismissing and minimizing are emotions and that feedback goes somewhere, which is back into our central nervous system.     Nearly all of us don't know how to exist in emotions we don't want to feel (\"negative\" emotions\") safely, and we feel those daily. We've often had to adapt to not having the space, modeling, or language to express our emotions because our family of origin and cultures shame us for having them. So our mind finds ways to protect us from the stress and constant feedback loop without direct release because we learned that we are bad if we express emotions that aren't socially acceptable to express.     A real Explain like I'm five years old: Your brain and central nervous system learned years ago that it's not safe to feel distressing emotions due to fear of rejection, disconnection, and loneliness. Now all stress and trauma follow the same path to varying intensities. From avoiding existing in your body quietly without distraction to full on creating an altered state of consciousness.     A really real Explain like I'm five years old: Your brain learned first person view is too intense, so it tries to make you play in third person to reduce feeling overwhelmed.     ...true Explain like I'm five years old: Your brain would rather exist outside of you than in if you make it feel like a it's in a bear hug by the human torch.","human_ref_B":"The correct term is dissociating, not disassociating.  Its like looking through your eyes as someone else. Sometimes your hearing may be muffled, vision blurry and a tingly feeling in your hands\/arms and feet\/legs.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":15575.0,"score_ratio":10.2307692308}
{"post_id":"zlrib3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"eli5 what is disassociating? Tried looking online but I don\u2019t understand.","c_root_id_A":"j073ar4","c_root_id_B":"j08lfb6","created_at_utc_A":1671031775,"created_at_utc_B":1671052394,"score_A":31,"score_B":399,"human_ref_A":"I\u2019ve dissociated from PTSD only once in my life, but it was scary. My hearing was muffled, I couldn\u2019t speak or make eye contact, I felt that there was an invisible barrier between me and my surroundings keeping me from interacting with anything. It lasted 20 minutes or so.","human_ref_B":"A lot of responses here are going by the clinical definition. Dissociation is a spectrum. Majority of people perceive it to be the intense personality shift of D.I.D, the feeling like you're in a dream\/living third person, or like you're juuuust out of phase with yourself, so you're on extreme autopilot.     I won't get into how the DSM-V is under-serving us here since it doesn't talk about complex\/early childhood PTSD or the emotional dysregulation that comes with ADHD.      Dissociation can be as simple as doom scrolling, time blindness due to intense focus on a game or hobby, the \"blah\", numb feeling at the end of the day where you're not really present or paying attention to what's going on around you. Intellectualizing, compartmentalizing, etc.     It's a response to stress, which is often due to external stimulation and not knowing how to and\/or feel safe to identify and feel your emotions. We go through the day dismissing and minimizing are emotions and that feedback goes somewhere, which is back into our central nervous system.     Nearly all of us don't know how to exist in emotions we don't want to feel (\"negative\" emotions\") safely, and we feel those daily. We've often had to adapt to not having the space, modeling, or language to express our emotions because our family of origin and cultures shame us for having them. So our mind finds ways to protect us from the stress and constant feedback loop without direct release because we learned that we are bad if we express emotions that aren't socially acceptable to express.     A real Explain like I'm five years old: Your brain and central nervous system learned years ago that it's not safe to feel distressing emotions due to fear of rejection, disconnection, and loneliness. Now all stress and trauma follow the same path to varying intensities. From avoiding existing in your body quietly without distraction to full on creating an altered state of consciousness.     A really real Explain like I'm five years old: Your brain learned first person view is too intense, so it tries to make you play in third person to reduce feeling overwhelmed.     ...true Explain like I'm five years old: Your brain would rather exist outside of you than in if you make it feel like a it's in a bear hug by the human torch.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":20619.0,"score_ratio":12.8709677419}
{"post_id":"zlrib3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"eli5 what is disassociating? Tried looking online but I don\u2019t understand.","c_root_id_A":"j07g5fl","c_root_id_B":"j07modp","created_at_utc_A":1671036819,"created_at_utc_B":1671039307,"score_A":39,"score_B":131,"human_ref_A":"The correct term is dissociating, not disassociating.  Its like looking through your eyes as someone else. Sometimes your hearing may be muffled, vision blurry and a tingly feeling in your hands\/arms and feet\/legs.","human_ref_B":"its essentially a coping mechanism your brain\/body does when it feels overloaded with stress, it shuts down and stops taking so much information in from the world around it. It feels like zoning out, lucid dreaming, being in a trance, or being high. Usually described as feeling unreal, not fully present in your own body, or feeling disconnected from the world around them","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2488.0,"score_ratio":3.358974359}
{"post_id":"zlrib3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"eli5 what is disassociating? Tried looking online but I don\u2019t understand.","c_root_id_A":"j073ar4","c_root_id_B":"j07modp","created_at_utc_A":1671031775,"created_at_utc_B":1671039307,"score_A":31,"score_B":131,"human_ref_A":"I\u2019ve dissociated from PTSD only once in my life, but it was scary. My hearing was muffled, I couldn\u2019t speak or make eye contact, I felt that there was an invisible barrier between me and my surroundings keeping me from interacting with anything. It lasted 20 minutes or so.","human_ref_B":"its essentially a coping mechanism your brain\/body does when it feels overloaded with stress, it shuts down and stops taking so much information in from the world around it. It feels like zoning out, lucid dreaming, being in a trance, or being high. Usually described as feeling unreal, not fully present in your own body, or feeling disconnected from the world around them","labels":0,"seconds_difference":7532.0,"score_ratio":4.2258064516}
{"post_id":"zlrib3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"eli5 what is disassociating? Tried looking online but I don\u2019t understand.","c_root_id_A":"j08491h","c_root_id_B":"j07g5fl","created_at_utc_A":1671046020,"created_at_utc_B":1671036819,"score_A":73,"score_B":39,"human_ref_A":"Dissociation (in psychology) can be defined by one word: detachment.  There are two \"kinds\" of dissociation, but they are essentially the same--there is some detachment from reality (that is, what is happening around them) that leads to an unclear sense of self.  A very common kind of dissociation is daydreaming. I am sure most people can recall a time they've experienced this.  A very severe kind of dissociation is dissociative identity disorder, where a person exhibits two or more distinct personalities. These I would call the first \"kind\" of dissociation, where there are no memories (or repressed memories) of what has happened around them.  The other \"kind\" is more like a fog, and some other comments have detailed this feeling. It's described as a sort of detachment from one's own thoughts and feelings, as if they aren't really there or as if everything feels further away than it is, perhaps not unlike standing in the middle of a crowd but feeling very alone and isolated.  Ultimately, dissociation refers to a detachment from what we would call \"the self.\"","human_ref_B":"The correct term is dissociating, not disassociating.  Its like looking through your eyes as someone else. Sometimes your hearing may be muffled, vision blurry and a tingly feeling in your hands\/arms and feet\/legs.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":9201.0,"score_ratio":1.8717948718}
{"post_id":"zlrib3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"eli5 what is disassociating? Tried looking online but I don\u2019t understand.","c_root_id_A":"j073ar4","c_root_id_B":"j08491h","created_at_utc_A":1671031775,"created_at_utc_B":1671046020,"score_A":31,"score_B":73,"human_ref_A":"I\u2019ve dissociated from PTSD only once in my life, but it was scary. My hearing was muffled, I couldn\u2019t speak or make eye contact, I felt that there was an invisible barrier between me and my surroundings keeping me from interacting with anything. It lasted 20 minutes or so.","human_ref_B":"Dissociation (in psychology) can be defined by one word: detachment.  There are two \"kinds\" of dissociation, but they are essentially the same--there is some detachment from reality (that is, what is happening around them) that leads to an unclear sense of self.  A very common kind of dissociation is daydreaming. I am sure most people can recall a time they've experienced this.  A very severe kind of dissociation is dissociative identity disorder, where a person exhibits two or more distinct personalities. These I would call the first \"kind\" of dissociation, where there are no memories (or repressed memories) of what has happened around them.  The other \"kind\" is more like a fog, and some other comments have detailed this feeling. It's described as a sort of detachment from one's own thoughts and feelings, as if they aren't really there or as if everything feels further away than it is, perhaps not unlike standing in the middle of a crowd but feeling very alone and isolated.  Ultimately, dissociation refers to a detachment from what we would call \"the self.\"","labels":0,"seconds_difference":14245.0,"score_ratio":2.3548387097}
{"post_id":"zlrib3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"eli5 what is disassociating? Tried looking online but I don\u2019t understand.","c_root_id_A":"j07g5fl","c_root_id_B":"j073ar4","created_at_utc_A":1671036819,"created_at_utc_B":1671031775,"score_A":39,"score_B":31,"human_ref_A":"The correct term is dissociating, not disassociating.  Its like looking through your eyes as someone else. Sometimes your hearing may be muffled, vision blurry and a tingly feeling in your hands\/arms and feet\/legs.","human_ref_B":"I\u2019ve dissociated from PTSD only once in my life, but it was scary. My hearing was muffled, I couldn\u2019t speak or make eye contact, I felt that there was an invisible barrier between me and my surroundings keeping me from interacting with anything. It lasted 20 minutes or so.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":5044.0,"score_ratio":1.2580645161}
{"post_id":"5hqn2f","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does a candle produces so much more smoke after it is blown out? Seems like they are not producing any smoke while burning. (At least not noticeable)","c_root_id_A":"db2ek95","c_root_id_B":"db26kld","created_at_utc_A":1481483814,"created_at_utc_B":1481473480,"score_A":203,"score_B":89,"human_ref_A":"Ask yourself: what happens when a candle burns?  A burning candle is hot at the top with the melted wax. At the wick, the wax is \"boiled\". This releases flammable gas.  The flame of the candle is even hotter. Here the temperature is high enough to burn the gas. When the gas burns, it releases heat. This heat keeps the candle going.  - It heats the top of the candle, melting the wax and boiling it at the wick. - It keeps the flame hot enough to burn the gases. - It keeps the air flowing. Hot air rises. The heat in the burned gas rises upwards, and draws fresh air in. The fresh air contains oxygen and is used in the burning of the gas.   The flame is supporting itself, drawing in fuel, expelling used fuel and air and drawing in new air. Without any movable parts. Neat.  Now you blow it out. The flame is not hot enough to burn the gas. The flame is gone, but the air is still rising above the candle, drawing new air in. And the wick is still hot enough to boil new gas.  The unburned gas that is boiled from the wick does not meet a hot flame, it meets cool air. It is not hot enough to stay a gas, and rains out as small drops. These drops look white to us.","human_ref_B":"The fire is out but the wick is still hot. The \"smoke\" is the vaporized wax that is no longer being burned.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":10334.0,"score_ratio":2.2808988764}
{"post_id":"tem0n0","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how are we sure that every arrangement of number appears somewhere in pi? How do we know that a string of a million 1s appears somewhere in pi?","c_root_id_A":"i0r3e5p","c_root_id_B":"i0r3ytz","created_at_utc_A":1647354209,"created_at_utc_B":1647354452,"score_A":14,"score_B":274,"human_ref_A":"We don't know. However, if it is proved to be a normal number, then yes that is exactly correct.","human_ref_B":"From an empirical stance, there is the famous Six nines in pi. There have been longer strings of a repeated single digit that have been discovered since then. You can look at the various sequences of a single digit being repeated here:  * 1 https:\/\/oeis.org\/A035117 * 2 https:\/\/oeis.org\/A050281 * 3 https:\/\/oeis.org\/A050282 * 4 https:\/\/oeis.org\/A050283 * 5 https:\/\/oeis.org\/A050284 * 6 https:\/\/oeis.org\/A050285 * 7 https:\/\/oeis.org\/A050286 * 8 https:\/\/oeis.org\/A050287 * 9 https:\/\/oeis.org\/A048940 * 0 https:\/\/oeis.org\/A050279  For example, in the sequence for nines, it goes up to 14, meaning that a string of 14 nines in a row is the longest known. For the digit one, it goes up to 13, which begins at position 3,907,688,331,257. Of these, the longest string is of 15 sevens at position 46,970,519,777,308.    Although theoretically, we should be able to check for longer and longer strings as computational power increases, this has an upper bound of our entire physical universe being used as a computer. I don't know if that's enough to search for a one million digit string. Already at 15 digits long, you have to search trillions, and so I would imagine that to find a string of a million digits long, it would be necessary to search up to at least the sextillionth digit of pi.  edit: https:\/\/newatlas.com\/science\/pi-world-record-62-8-trillion-digits\/  The world record is 62.8 trillion digits of Pi. It took a supercomputer 108 days to calculate it. So a computer **a million times faster** would be able to compute 62.8 quintillion digits in the same amount of time, which is around 6% of the digits needed to calculate my lower bound estimate of 1 sextillion. So a supercomputer **a million times faster** would take several years to calculate 1 sextillion digits, assuming the program used is O(n).","labels":0,"seconds_difference":243.0,"score_ratio":19.5714285714}
{"post_id":"tem0n0","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how are we sure that every arrangement of number appears somewhere in pi? How do we know that a string of a million 1s appears somewhere in pi?","c_root_id_A":"i0rsw6q","c_root_id_B":"i0r6t01","created_at_utc_A":1647364316,"created_at_utc_B":1647355637,"score_A":151,"score_B":46,"human_ref_A":"Just because something is infinite still doesn\u2019t mean that everything that is possible will occur. Odd numbers go on infinitely, yet this will still exclude all even numbers.","human_ref_B":"Why do you think we know that?","labels":1,"seconds_difference":8679.0,"score_ratio":3.2826086957}
{"post_id":"tem0n0","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how are we sure that every arrangement of number appears somewhere in pi? How do we know that a string of a million 1s appears somewhere in pi?","c_root_id_A":"i0rsw6q","c_root_id_B":"i0r3e5p","created_at_utc_A":1647364316,"created_at_utc_B":1647354209,"score_A":151,"score_B":14,"human_ref_A":"Just because something is infinite still doesn\u2019t mean that everything that is possible will occur. Odd numbers go on infinitely, yet this will still exclude all even numbers.","human_ref_B":"We don't know. However, if it is proved to be a normal number, then yes that is exactly correct.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":10107.0,"score_ratio":10.7857142857}
{"post_id":"tem0n0","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how are we sure that every arrangement of number appears somewhere in pi? How do we know that a string of a million 1s appears somewhere in pi?","c_root_id_A":"i0rsw6q","c_root_id_B":"i0rk6oz","created_at_utc_A":1647364316,"created_at_utc_B":1647360964,"score_A":151,"score_B":10,"human_ref_A":"Just because something is infinite still doesn\u2019t mean that everything that is possible will occur. Odd numbers go on infinitely, yet this will still exclude all even numbers.","human_ref_B":"We absolutely aren't, it's just something people believe.  Many assume that pi is a normal number, in which case every sequence would appear. But there is absolutely no guarantee at all that pi is a normal number, and people should stop claiming it is until we have an actual proof.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3352.0,"score_ratio":15.1}
{"post_id":"tem0n0","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how are we sure that every arrangement of number appears somewhere in pi? How do we know that a string of a million 1s appears somewhere in pi?","c_root_id_A":"i0r3e5p","c_root_id_B":"i0r6t01","created_at_utc_A":1647354209,"created_at_utc_B":1647355637,"score_A":14,"score_B":46,"human_ref_A":"We don't know. However, if it is proved to be a normal number, then yes that is exactly correct.","human_ref_B":"Why do you think we know that?","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1428.0,"score_ratio":3.2857142857}
{"post_id":"vtmua9","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How is flavoring dust made for chips and other snacks? I'm currently eating some Spicy Dill Pickle flavored Almonds and I've always wondered how they can make a dust that is so accurate to whatever the flavor is supposed to be","c_root_id_A":"if86myi","c_root_id_B":"if86au3","created_at_utc_A":1657212426,"created_at_utc_B":1657212297,"score_A":10,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"It depends on the spice flavor, but the modern method is generally to make a flavored oil of some sort and mix it with maltodextrin, which turns it into a powder. That powder is then mixed with other dried spices and flavoring agents, and the nuts, chips, or whatever are coated with the seasoning mix. So for something like the almonds you mentioned they probably use extracts of dill, chili, some sort of flavor enhancer like MSG or naturally derived MSG (yeast extract, autolyzed proteins, etc) along with sugar and salt and all of that.","human_ref_B":"Well for spicy dill pickle, it's probably just the same spices that's in pickle brine. Dill, garlic, pickle spices, hot pepper, and vinager. All those are dehydrated and ground to a powder and tossed with the almonds","labels":1,"seconds_difference":129.0,"score_ratio":5.0}
{"post_id":"vtmua9","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How is flavoring dust made for chips and other snacks? I'm currently eating some Spicy Dill Pickle flavored Almonds and I've always wondered how they can make a dust that is so accurate to whatever the flavor is supposed to be","c_root_id_A":"if8bdkg","c_root_id_B":"if86au3","created_at_utc_A":1657214252,"created_at_utc_B":1657212297,"score_A":3,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"Dill pickle spices are pretty standardized. No big deal to toss them on some chips instead of into a vat of brine.","human_ref_B":"Well for spicy dill pickle, it's probably just the same spices that's in pickle brine. Dill, garlic, pickle spices, hot pepper, and vinager. All those are dehydrated and ground to a powder and tossed with the almonds","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1955.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"wbex22","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: According to Statista, the District of Columbia has a per capita GDP of $178,442. Second place is Massachusetts at $75,258. How does DC generate such a massive GDP per capita when it is primarily the seat of government? How does government generate GDP? Link to Statista page.  Link to page with breakdown of GDP","c_root_id_A":"ii77gc2","c_root_id_B":"ii75ggz","created_at_utc_A":1659141375,"created_at_utc_B":1659140428,"score_A":148,"score_B":64,"human_ref_A":"DC is always a big outlier when compared to the 50 states because it isn't a state, but a densely populated city. It's very expensive, so living there largely requires a decent income. There's plenty of private business and jobs that aren't federal. While states have large borders that include cities, suburbs, and rural land, DC is a few dozen square miles, all expensive city. Everyone in the suburbs counts towards data for Virginia or Maryland. DC does have a lot of economic activity, though.  The real comparison would be between the DC metro area and other US metro areas (cities vary a lot in whether they have wide or narrow city limits, while metro areas consistently include suburbs in a standardized way.) That data is here:  https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_by_GDP_per_capita?wprov=sfla1  The surprise leader is Midland, TX (a small and oil-rich city) followed by both halves of the Bay Area (Big Tech money.) Boston, Seattle, plus New York and its rich Connecticut satellites make the top 10. DC is a respectable 9th, but overall similar to other wealthy US metro areas.","human_ref_B":"DC is basically a statistical aberration because it's all a city and full of high salary lawyers and lobbyists. It has no rural area whatsoever which tends to drag gdp per capita down. It really should be compared to other cities like NYC as opposed to states, and even then it's a unique city because of how many politically powerful people are there to be catered to.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":947.0,"score_ratio":2.3125}
{"post_id":"wbex22","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: According to Statista, the District of Columbia has a per capita GDP of $178,442. Second place is Massachusetts at $75,258. How does DC generate such a massive GDP per capita when it is primarily the seat of government? How does government generate GDP? Link to Statista page.  Link to page with breakdown of GDP","c_root_id_A":"ii6zkok","c_root_id_B":"ii77gc2","created_at_utc_A":1659137637,"created_at_utc_B":1659141375,"score_A":4,"score_B":148,"human_ref_A":"The GDP has more to do with the value of goods produced, being the seat of government the value of government facing services is definitely included.  The maintenance on all government and non-government properties is definitely going to be higher than norm considering heritage and security concerns. Plus all the hotels for visitors and related restaurants and bars.   It would be interesting to see a comparison of GDP with land use considered, institutional services of say the Federal reserve and supreme Court definitely skew the scales","human_ref_B":"DC is always a big outlier when compared to the 50 states because it isn't a state, but a densely populated city. It's very expensive, so living there largely requires a decent income. There's plenty of private business and jobs that aren't federal. While states have large borders that include cities, suburbs, and rural land, DC is a few dozen square miles, all expensive city. Everyone in the suburbs counts towards data for Virginia or Maryland. DC does have a lot of economic activity, though.  The real comparison would be between the DC metro area and other US metro areas (cities vary a lot in whether they have wide or narrow city limits, while metro areas consistently include suburbs in a standardized way.) That data is here:  https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_by_GDP_per_capita?wprov=sfla1  The surprise leader is Midland, TX (a small and oil-rich city) followed by both halves of the Bay Area (Big Tech money.) Boston, Seattle, plus New York and its rich Connecticut satellites make the top 10. DC is a respectable 9th, but overall similar to other wealthy US metro areas.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":3738.0,"score_ratio":37.0}
{"post_id":"wbex22","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: According to Statista, the District of Columbia has a per capita GDP of $178,442. Second place is Massachusetts at $75,258. How does DC generate such a massive GDP per capita when it is primarily the seat of government? How does government generate GDP? Link to Statista page.  Link to page with breakdown of GDP","c_root_id_A":"ii77gc2","c_root_id_B":"ii73o8n","created_at_utc_A":1659141375,"created_at_utc_B":1659139571,"score_A":148,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"DC is always a big outlier when compared to the 50 states because it isn't a state, but a densely populated city. It's very expensive, so living there largely requires a decent income. There's plenty of private business and jobs that aren't federal. While states have large borders that include cities, suburbs, and rural land, DC is a few dozen square miles, all expensive city. Everyone in the suburbs counts towards data for Virginia or Maryland. DC does have a lot of economic activity, though.  The real comparison would be between the DC metro area and other US metro areas (cities vary a lot in whether they have wide or narrow city limits, while metro areas consistently include suburbs in a standardized way.) That data is here:  https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_by_GDP_per_capita?wprov=sfla1  The surprise leader is Midland, TX (a small and oil-rich city) followed by both halves of the Bay Area (Big Tech money.) Boston, Seattle, plus New York and its rich Connecticut satellites make the top 10. DC is a respectable 9th, but overall similar to other wealthy US metro areas.","human_ref_B":"I've read all of the comments and I'm still confused, and nobody has yet mentioned one explanation that I thought was the actual reason, so I'm gonna share it. Please, I have next to zero qualification for this, it's just an assumption I took over from someone else, so if someone can prove this wrong I'd be happy to learn why. Basicall, I thought all of the big\/central cities' GDP is always inflated, because of how the GDP is calculated. Say you have a city that has 100.000 residents, out of which 70.000 are in the workforce. This city's administrative borders are small, and it is surrounded by other urban areas that are, on paper, different cities, but 50.000 of their residents commute to work in the central city. Then the central city, which officially has only 100.000 residents, produces the value of 120.000-strong workforce, thus making the per capita GDP huge. Is this assumption wrong? Btw sorry, English is my second language.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1804.0,"score_ratio":49.3333333333}
{"post_id":"wbex22","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: According to Statista, the District of Columbia has a per capita GDP of $178,442. Second place is Massachusetts at $75,258. How does DC generate such a massive GDP per capita when it is primarily the seat of government? How does government generate GDP? Link to Statista page.  Link to page with breakdown of GDP","c_root_id_A":"ii77gc2","c_root_id_B":"ii6ioz7","created_at_utc_A":1659141375,"created_at_utc_B":1659130200,"score_A":148,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"DC is always a big outlier when compared to the 50 states because it isn't a state, but a densely populated city. It's very expensive, so living there largely requires a decent income. There's plenty of private business and jobs that aren't federal. While states have large borders that include cities, suburbs, and rural land, DC is a few dozen square miles, all expensive city. Everyone in the suburbs counts towards data for Virginia or Maryland. DC does have a lot of economic activity, though.  The real comparison would be between the DC metro area and other US metro areas (cities vary a lot in whether they have wide or narrow city limits, while metro areas consistently include suburbs in a standardized way.) That data is here:  https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_by_GDP_per_capita?wprov=sfla1  The surprise leader is Midland, TX (a small and oil-rich city) followed by both halves of the Bay Area (Big Tech money.) Boston, Seattle, plus New York and its rich Connecticut satellites make the top 10. DC is a respectable 9th, but overall similar to other wealthy US metro areas.","human_ref_B":"How does your source handle people who commute to DC?   > About 30 percent of the District\u2019s workforce of around 800,000 actually lives in D.C., according to D.C.\u2019s Office of Revenue Analysis Link  If your GDP per capita by 30% it would be $53,533 which is close to $58,107 for the US overall.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":11175.0,"score_ratio":74.0}
{"post_id":"wbex22","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: According to Statista, the District of Columbia has a per capita GDP of $178,442. Second place is Massachusetts at $75,258. How does DC generate such a massive GDP per capita when it is primarily the seat of government? How does government generate GDP? Link to Statista page.  Link to page with breakdown of GDP","c_root_id_A":"ii6nxfm","c_root_id_B":"ii77gc2","created_at_utc_A":1659132416,"created_at_utc_B":1659141375,"score_A":2,"score_B":148,"human_ref_A":"Never mind DC. Look at the wealth stats for the counties surrounding DC.  Richest in the country. Selling and buying government favor is great business.","human_ref_B":"DC is always a big outlier when compared to the 50 states because it isn't a state, but a densely populated city. It's very expensive, so living there largely requires a decent income. There's plenty of private business and jobs that aren't federal. While states have large borders that include cities, suburbs, and rural land, DC is a few dozen square miles, all expensive city. Everyone in the suburbs counts towards data for Virginia or Maryland. DC does have a lot of economic activity, though.  The real comparison would be between the DC metro area and other US metro areas (cities vary a lot in whether they have wide or narrow city limits, while metro areas consistently include suburbs in a standardized way.) That data is here:  https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_by_GDP_per_capita?wprov=sfla1  The surprise leader is Midland, TX (a small and oil-rich city) followed by both halves of the Bay Area (Big Tech money.) Boston, Seattle, plus New York and its rich Connecticut satellites make the top 10. DC is a respectable 9th, but overall similar to other wealthy US metro areas.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":8959.0,"score_ratio":74.0}
{"post_id":"wbex22","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: According to Statista, the District of Columbia has a per capita GDP of $178,442. Second place is Massachusetts at $75,258. How does DC generate such a massive GDP per capita when it is primarily the seat of government? How does government generate GDP? Link to Statista page.  Link to page with breakdown of GDP","c_root_id_A":"ii75ggz","c_root_id_B":"ii6zkok","created_at_utc_A":1659140428,"created_at_utc_B":1659137637,"score_A":64,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"DC is basically a statistical aberration because it's all a city and full of high salary lawyers and lobbyists. It has no rural area whatsoever which tends to drag gdp per capita down. It really should be compared to other cities like NYC as opposed to states, and even then it's a unique city because of how many politically powerful people are there to be catered to.","human_ref_B":"The GDP has more to do with the value of goods produced, being the seat of government the value of government facing services is definitely included.  The maintenance on all government and non-government properties is definitely going to be higher than norm considering heritage and security concerns. Plus all the hotels for visitors and related restaurants and bars.   It would be interesting to see a comparison of GDP with land use considered, institutional services of say the Federal reserve and supreme Court definitely skew the scales","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2791.0,"score_ratio":16.0}
{"post_id":"wbex22","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: According to Statista, the District of Columbia has a per capita GDP of $178,442. Second place is Massachusetts at $75,258. How does DC generate such a massive GDP per capita when it is primarily the seat of government? How does government generate GDP? Link to Statista page.  Link to page with breakdown of GDP","c_root_id_A":"ii75ggz","c_root_id_B":"ii73o8n","created_at_utc_A":1659140428,"created_at_utc_B":1659139571,"score_A":64,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"DC is basically a statistical aberration because it's all a city and full of high salary lawyers and lobbyists. It has no rural area whatsoever which tends to drag gdp per capita down. It really should be compared to other cities like NYC as opposed to states, and even then it's a unique city because of how many politically powerful people are there to be catered to.","human_ref_B":"I've read all of the comments and I'm still confused, and nobody has yet mentioned one explanation that I thought was the actual reason, so I'm gonna share it. Please, I have next to zero qualification for this, it's just an assumption I took over from someone else, so if someone can prove this wrong I'd be happy to learn why. Basicall, I thought all of the big\/central cities' GDP is always inflated, because of how the GDP is calculated. Say you have a city that has 100.000 residents, out of which 70.000 are in the workforce. This city's administrative borders are small, and it is surrounded by other urban areas that are, on paper, different cities, but 50.000 of their residents commute to work in the central city. Then the central city, which officially has only 100.000 residents, produces the value of 120.000-strong workforce, thus making the per capita GDP huge. Is this assumption wrong? Btw sorry, English is my second language.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":857.0,"score_ratio":21.3333333333}
{"post_id":"wbex22","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: According to Statista, the District of Columbia has a per capita GDP of $178,442. Second place is Massachusetts at $75,258. How does DC generate such a massive GDP per capita when it is primarily the seat of government? How does government generate GDP? Link to Statista page.  Link to page with breakdown of GDP","c_root_id_A":"ii6ioz7","c_root_id_B":"ii75ggz","created_at_utc_A":1659130200,"created_at_utc_B":1659140428,"score_A":2,"score_B":64,"human_ref_A":"How does your source handle people who commute to DC?   > About 30 percent of the District\u2019s workforce of around 800,000 actually lives in D.C., according to D.C.\u2019s Office of Revenue Analysis Link  If your GDP per capita by 30% it would be $53,533 which is close to $58,107 for the US overall.","human_ref_B":"DC is basically a statistical aberration because it's all a city and full of high salary lawyers and lobbyists. It has no rural area whatsoever which tends to drag gdp per capita down. It really should be compared to other cities like NYC as opposed to states, and even then it's a unique city because of how many politically powerful people are there to be catered to.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":10228.0,"score_ratio":32.0}
{"post_id":"wbex22","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: According to Statista, the District of Columbia has a per capita GDP of $178,442. Second place is Massachusetts at $75,258. How does DC generate such a massive GDP per capita when it is primarily the seat of government? How does government generate GDP? Link to Statista page.  Link to page with breakdown of GDP","c_root_id_A":"ii6nxfm","c_root_id_B":"ii75ggz","created_at_utc_A":1659132416,"created_at_utc_B":1659140428,"score_A":2,"score_B":64,"human_ref_A":"Never mind DC. Look at the wealth stats for the counties surrounding DC.  Richest in the country. Selling and buying government favor is great business.","human_ref_B":"DC is basically a statistical aberration because it's all a city and full of high salary lawyers and lobbyists. It has no rural area whatsoever which tends to drag gdp per capita down. It really should be compared to other cities like NYC as opposed to states, and even then it's a unique city because of how many politically powerful people are there to be catered to.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":8012.0,"score_ratio":32.0}
{"post_id":"wbex22","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: According to Statista, the District of Columbia has a per capita GDP of $178,442. Second place is Massachusetts at $75,258. How does DC generate such a massive GDP per capita when it is primarily the seat of government? How does government generate GDP? Link to Statista page.  Link to page with breakdown of GDP","c_root_id_A":"ii7s36a","c_root_id_B":"ii6zkok","created_at_utc_A":1659151505,"created_at_utc_B":1659137637,"score_A":22,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"So many answers assuming everything in DC is lobbying\u2026 If you live here, you almost never meet lobbyists. DC is one of the most educated areas in the country and most people here are feds or contractors doing everything from data entry, defense stuff, gov hiring. Usually make around 80-120k, with feds topping at 150k for GS-15 and contractor execs making 200-400k.","human_ref_B":"The GDP has more to do with the value of goods produced, being the seat of government the value of government facing services is definitely included.  The maintenance on all government and non-government properties is definitely going to be higher than norm considering heritage and security concerns. Plus all the hotels for visitors and related restaurants and bars.   It would be interesting to see a comparison of GDP with land use considered, institutional services of say the Federal reserve and supreme Court definitely skew the scales","labels":1,"seconds_difference":13868.0,"score_ratio":5.5}
{"post_id":"wbex22","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: According to Statista, the District of Columbia has a per capita GDP of $178,442. Second place is Massachusetts at $75,258. How does DC generate such a massive GDP per capita when it is primarily the seat of government? How does government generate GDP? Link to Statista page.  Link to page with breakdown of GDP","c_root_id_A":"ii7s36a","c_root_id_B":"ii73o8n","created_at_utc_A":1659151505,"created_at_utc_B":1659139571,"score_A":22,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"So many answers assuming everything in DC is lobbying\u2026 If you live here, you almost never meet lobbyists. DC is one of the most educated areas in the country and most people here are feds or contractors doing everything from data entry, defense stuff, gov hiring. Usually make around 80-120k, with feds topping at 150k for GS-15 and contractor execs making 200-400k.","human_ref_B":"I've read all of the comments and I'm still confused, and nobody has yet mentioned one explanation that I thought was the actual reason, so I'm gonna share it. Please, I have next to zero qualification for this, it's just an assumption I took over from someone else, so if someone can prove this wrong I'd be happy to learn why. Basicall, I thought all of the big\/central cities' GDP is always inflated, because of how the GDP is calculated. Say you have a city that has 100.000 residents, out of which 70.000 are in the workforce. This city's administrative borders are small, and it is surrounded by other urban areas that are, on paper, different cities, but 50.000 of their residents commute to work in the central city. Then the central city, which officially has only 100.000 residents, produces the value of 120.000-strong workforce, thus making the per capita GDP huge. Is this assumption wrong? Btw sorry, English is my second language.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":11934.0,"score_ratio":7.3333333333}
{"post_id":"wbex22","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: According to Statista, the District of Columbia has a per capita GDP of $178,442. Second place is Massachusetts at $75,258. How does DC generate such a massive GDP per capita when it is primarily the seat of government? How does government generate GDP? Link to Statista page.  Link to page with breakdown of GDP","c_root_id_A":"ii6ioz7","c_root_id_B":"ii7s36a","created_at_utc_A":1659130200,"created_at_utc_B":1659151505,"score_A":2,"score_B":22,"human_ref_A":"How does your source handle people who commute to DC?   > About 30 percent of the District\u2019s workforce of around 800,000 actually lives in D.C., according to D.C.\u2019s Office of Revenue Analysis Link  If your GDP per capita by 30% it would be $53,533 which is close to $58,107 for the US overall.","human_ref_B":"So many answers assuming everything in DC is lobbying\u2026 If you live here, you almost never meet lobbyists. DC is one of the most educated areas in the country and most people here are feds or contractors doing everything from data entry, defense stuff, gov hiring. Usually make around 80-120k, with feds topping at 150k for GS-15 and contractor execs making 200-400k.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":21305.0,"score_ratio":11.0}
{"post_id":"wbex22","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: According to Statista, the District of Columbia has a per capita GDP of $178,442. Second place is Massachusetts at $75,258. How does DC generate such a massive GDP per capita when it is primarily the seat of government? How does government generate GDP? Link to Statista page.  Link to page with breakdown of GDP","c_root_id_A":"ii6nxfm","c_root_id_B":"ii7s36a","created_at_utc_A":1659132416,"created_at_utc_B":1659151505,"score_A":2,"score_B":22,"human_ref_A":"Never mind DC. Look at the wealth stats for the counties surrounding DC.  Richest in the country. Selling and buying government favor is great business.","human_ref_B":"So many answers assuming everything in DC is lobbying\u2026 If you live here, you almost never meet lobbyists. DC is one of the most educated areas in the country and most people here are feds or contractors doing everything from data entry, defense stuff, gov hiring. Usually make around 80-120k, with feds topping at 150k for GS-15 and contractor execs making 200-400k.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":19089.0,"score_ratio":11.0}
{"post_id":"wbex22","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: According to Statista, the District of Columbia has a per capita GDP of $178,442. Second place is Massachusetts at $75,258. How does DC generate such a massive GDP per capita when it is primarily the seat of government? How does government generate GDP? Link to Statista page.  Link to page with breakdown of GDP","c_root_id_A":"ii6ioz7","c_root_id_B":"ii6zkok","created_at_utc_A":1659130200,"created_at_utc_B":1659137637,"score_A":2,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"How does your source handle people who commute to DC?   > About 30 percent of the District\u2019s workforce of around 800,000 actually lives in D.C., according to D.C.\u2019s Office of Revenue Analysis Link  If your GDP per capita by 30% it would be $53,533 which is close to $58,107 for the US overall.","human_ref_B":"The GDP has more to do with the value of goods produced, being the seat of government the value of government facing services is definitely included.  The maintenance on all government and non-government properties is definitely going to be higher than norm considering heritage and security concerns. Plus all the hotels for visitors and related restaurants and bars.   It would be interesting to see a comparison of GDP with land use considered, institutional services of say the Federal reserve and supreme Court definitely skew the scales","labels":0,"seconds_difference":7437.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"wbex22","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: According to Statista, the District of Columbia has a per capita GDP of $178,442. Second place is Massachusetts at $75,258. How does DC generate such a massive GDP per capita when it is primarily the seat of government? How does government generate GDP? Link to Statista page.  Link to page with breakdown of GDP","c_root_id_A":"ii6zkok","c_root_id_B":"ii6nxfm","created_at_utc_A":1659137637,"created_at_utc_B":1659132416,"score_A":4,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"The GDP has more to do with the value of goods produced, being the seat of government the value of government facing services is definitely included.  The maintenance on all government and non-government properties is definitely going to be higher than norm considering heritage and security concerns. Plus all the hotels for visitors and related restaurants and bars.   It would be interesting to see a comparison of GDP with land use considered, institutional services of say the Federal reserve and supreme Court definitely skew the scales","human_ref_B":"Never mind DC. Look at the wealth stats for the counties surrounding DC.  Richest in the country. Selling and buying government favor is great business.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":5221.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"wbex22","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: According to Statista, the District of Columbia has a per capita GDP of $178,442. Second place is Massachusetts at $75,258. How does DC generate such a massive GDP per capita when it is primarily the seat of government? How does government generate GDP? Link to Statista page.  Link to page with breakdown of GDP","c_root_id_A":"ii6ioz7","c_root_id_B":"ii73o8n","created_at_utc_A":1659130200,"created_at_utc_B":1659139571,"score_A":2,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"How does your source handle people who commute to DC?   > About 30 percent of the District\u2019s workforce of around 800,000 actually lives in D.C., according to D.C.\u2019s Office of Revenue Analysis Link  If your GDP per capita by 30% it would be $53,533 which is close to $58,107 for the US overall.","human_ref_B":"I've read all of the comments and I'm still confused, and nobody has yet mentioned one explanation that I thought was the actual reason, so I'm gonna share it. Please, I have next to zero qualification for this, it's just an assumption I took over from someone else, so if someone can prove this wrong I'd be happy to learn why. Basicall, I thought all of the big\/central cities' GDP is always inflated, because of how the GDP is calculated. Say you have a city that has 100.000 residents, out of which 70.000 are in the workforce. This city's administrative borders are small, and it is surrounded by other urban areas that are, on paper, different cities, but 50.000 of their residents commute to work in the central city. Then the central city, which officially has only 100.000 residents, produces the value of 120.000-strong workforce, thus making the per capita GDP huge. Is this assumption wrong? Btw sorry, English is my second language.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":9371.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"wbex22","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: According to Statista, the District of Columbia has a per capita GDP of $178,442. Second place is Massachusetts at $75,258. How does DC generate such a massive GDP per capita when it is primarily the seat of government? How does government generate GDP? Link to Statista page.  Link to page with breakdown of GDP","c_root_id_A":"ii6nxfm","c_root_id_B":"ii73o8n","created_at_utc_A":1659132416,"created_at_utc_B":1659139571,"score_A":2,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"Never mind DC. Look at the wealth stats for the counties surrounding DC.  Richest in the country. Selling and buying government favor is great business.","human_ref_B":"I've read all of the comments and I'm still confused, and nobody has yet mentioned one explanation that I thought was the actual reason, so I'm gonna share it. Please, I have next to zero qualification for this, it's just an assumption I took over from someone else, so if someone can prove this wrong I'd be happy to learn why. Basicall, I thought all of the big\/central cities' GDP is always inflated, because of how the GDP is calculated. Say you have a city that has 100.000 residents, out of which 70.000 are in the workforce. This city's administrative borders are small, and it is surrounded by other urban areas that are, on paper, different cities, but 50.000 of their residents commute to work in the central city. Then the central city, which officially has only 100.000 residents, produces the value of 120.000-strong workforce, thus making the per capita GDP huge. Is this assumption wrong? Btw sorry, English is my second language.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":7155.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"wbex22","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: According to Statista, the District of Columbia has a per capita GDP of $178,442. Second place is Massachusetts at $75,258. How does DC generate such a massive GDP per capita when it is primarily the seat of government? How does government generate GDP? Link to Statista page.  Link to page with breakdown of GDP","c_root_id_A":"ii88qq4","c_root_id_B":"ii6ioz7","created_at_utc_A":1659161986,"created_at_utc_B":1659130200,"score_A":3,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"If you took the per Capita GDP of any major city it will be huge compared to the state. Compar Boston itself against DC.  What you see in DC is that there are little low income\/rural people living there. It's mostly professionals.","human_ref_B":"How does your source handle people who commute to DC?   > About 30 percent of the District\u2019s workforce of around 800,000 actually lives in D.C., according to D.C.\u2019s Office of Revenue Analysis Link  If your GDP per capita by 30% it would be $53,533 which is close to $58,107 for the US overall.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":31786.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"wbex22","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: According to Statista, the District of Columbia has a per capita GDP of $178,442. Second place is Massachusetts at $75,258. How does DC generate such a massive GDP per capita when it is primarily the seat of government? How does government generate GDP? Link to Statista page.  Link to page with breakdown of GDP","c_root_id_A":"ii88qq4","c_root_id_B":"ii6nxfm","created_at_utc_A":1659161986,"created_at_utc_B":1659132416,"score_A":3,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"If you took the per Capita GDP of any major city it will be huge compared to the state. Compar Boston itself against DC.  What you see in DC is that there are little low income\/rural people living there. It's mostly professionals.","human_ref_B":"Never mind DC. Look at the wealth stats for the counties surrounding DC.  Richest in the country. Selling and buying government favor is great business.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":29570.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"wbex22","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: According to Statista, the District of Columbia has a per capita GDP of $178,442. Second place is Massachusetts at $75,258. How does DC generate such a massive GDP per capita when it is primarily the seat of government? How does government generate GDP? Link to Statista page.  Link to page with breakdown of GDP","c_root_id_A":"ii6ioz7","c_root_id_B":"ii903l9","created_at_utc_A":1659130200,"created_at_utc_B":1659183324,"score_A":2,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"How does your source handle people who commute to DC?   > About 30 percent of the District\u2019s workforce of around 800,000 actually lives in D.C., according to D.C.\u2019s Office of Revenue Analysis Link  If your GDP per capita by 30% it would be $53,533 which is close to $58,107 for the US overall.","human_ref_B":"It\u2019s simple. DC is a city, not a state. States have cities with high GDPs, surrounded by rural areas with low GDPs, and they average out. DC only has the higher end of the average.   For an apples-to-apples comparison, you should be putting it up against other large cities, not states.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":53124.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"wbex22","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: According to Statista, the District of Columbia has a per capita GDP of $178,442. Second place is Massachusetts at $75,258. How does DC generate such a massive GDP per capita when it is primarily the seat of government? How does government generate GDP? Link to Statista page.  Link to page with breakdown of GDP","c_root_id_A":"ii8bkgd","c_root_id_B":"ii903l9","created_at_utc_A":1659164102,"created_at_utc_B":1659183324,"score_A":2,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"One of the biggest tricks is that DC has a huge commuting public, the population nearly doubles on work days.  So as a starting point you basically need to cut that number in half.  Which actually makes DC pretty middling since you're now comparing a dense urban center to an entire state. The real economy of DC is terrible and is actually a very poor place in average.","human_ref_B":"It\u2019s simple. DC is a city, not a state. States have cities with high GDPs, surrounded by rural areas with low GDPs, and they average out. DC only has the higher end of the average.   For an apples-to-apples comparison, you should be putting it up against other large cities, not states.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":19222.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"wbex22","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: According to Statista, the District of Columbia has a per capita GDP of $178,442. Second place is Massachusetts at $75,258. How does DC generate such a massive GDP per capita when it is primarily the seat of government? How does government generate GDP? Link to Statista page.  Link to page with breakdown of GDP","c_root_id_A":"ii903l9","c_root_id_B":"ii6nxfm","created_at_utc_A":1659183324,"created_at_utc_B":1659132416,"score_A":3,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"It\u2019s simple. DC is a city, not a state. States have cities with high GDPs, surrounded by rural areas with low GDPs, and they average out. DC only has the higher end of the average.   For an apples-to-apples comparison, you should be putting it up against other large cities, not states.","human_ref_B":"Never mind DC. Look at the wealth stats for the counties surrounding DC.  Richest in the country. Selling and buying government favor is great business.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":50908.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"yccq1q","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"eli5 How did the US service industry become so reliant on consumer tips to function?","c_root_id_A":"itlj8jd","c_root_id_B":"itmorrs","created_at_utc_A":1666624567,"created_at_utc_B":1666640749,"score_A":1480,"score_B":2237,"human_ref_A":"There's a combination of two things.  One is: capitalism taken to an extreme. Tip wages embody the idea of \"working for your money\". The restaurant owner only has to pay a small pittance for the employee, and customers are expected to fill in the rest IF the employee works hard enough.   This doesn't really work well because tips are *customary* and not *mandatory*. Some people don't tip no matter what service they get. So it's not really a carrot on a stick, and the staff often have no incentive to offer good or even passable service to some people. It also creates a weird scenario where I could potentially tip my waiter *in advance* to make them stop paying attention to other tables. Fair's fair, right?   But it's also based on the racism angle brought up in another post. The custom itself started becoming popular in Europe in the 1800s. Some Americans adopted the practice because they wanted to seem like aristocrats. Most Americans didn't like it because it made everything more expensive. After a bit, Europeans thought about the problems above and decided to stop using tip wages as part of some larger-scale labor reforms.  What else happened in the 1800s that was a big deal? The American Civil War. In the aftermath, lots of slaves were freed. That didn't mean people wanted to employ or pay them. It was illegal to make a person work without paying them. However, many government officials were sympathetic to people who still wanted slaves. So they worked out a deal: if it was agreed \"employees are paid by tips\", then TECHNICALLY they were paid and the business owner could be justified offering no wages. Over time we figured out people of ALL skin colors make good slaves. The only progress that's been made is you can't pay an employee *nothing*, but the minimum for an employee who gets tips is very low.  It sticks around because there's a kind of standoff situation. It's true that for business owners to switch to normal wages, their costs of employment would go up. In theory it should only go up by as much as they think customers were tipping. So business owners use that as a hammer on their customers, suggesting that \"if you want a $10 big mac then do away with tip wages, not my fault\".   That's dumb for a lot of reasons. One: McDonald's employees don't typically get tips and aren't paid tip wages. Two: if I'm already paying cost + 10-20% with tip wages it doesn't change anything when that becomes actually part of the price. Three: it's not the employee's fault for wanting to be paid enough to survive in return for labor.   But not a lot of people think that much, and just hear \"higher prices BAD\". It doesn't help that some service workers are lucky enough to have clientele that consistently tips them well, so they see losing tip wages as a bad thing and fight against it. This is just another form of \"got mine, screw you\" and there are examples of it in every labor dispute in the US.  (**late edit** Also you can see in my replies something I'm surprised I didn't put in this post. A lot of people who are servers make good money off tips. They tend to work in decent places that don't abuse workers, which tends to lead to better service and attracts better clientele. They don't want tip wages to change because they make more with tips than it is likely any restaurant would ever pay for a server. But this ignores a lot of people who don't work in decent places that don't abuse workers, or that simply don't attract good clientele. In big cities employees can learn to steer clear of these places, but in smaller towns a person can hit a triple whammy of bad bosses, bad customers, and having nowhere better to go. We can still say, \"They should find a better job then!\" but in small towns there's often not a better job to go to, or the places that don't mistreat workers are already staffed and not looking for more workers. There's not a job fairy that rewards hard workers with a magic train ride to a better employer. The right thing to do is a decision we have to make that ties into my next paragraph, which was also the original last paragraph of this post:)  TL;DR: It's an adult problem. Adult problems are hard to solve because every solution (including \"do nothing\") hurts somebody. Adults have to make decisions about who it is \"right\" to hurt, and that never makes the people who get hurt happy. Sometimes to make things \"fair\" we try to flatten a hierarchy so instead of having big winners and big losers, we make a system where there are only \"small winners\" and \"small losers\". That makes the big losers happier, but it upsets the big winners.","human_ref_B":"So, I\u2019ve seen a lot of profoundly incorrect answers here derived from commonly repeated myths on Reddit. As someone who has worked in public history, I\u2019m not surprised but I hope I can help shine some light on this interesting feature of American life.  The actual explanation can be found quite easily on the Wikipedia page concerning the history of gratuity. In summation, gratuity was often frowned upon in the US because it was perceived as a way of \u2018bribing\u2019 the wait staff. In fact, tipping was outlawed in a number of US states (eg: Washington and Mississippi). The perception being that the staff would over serve a patron if they knew that they were being tipped. In a sense it was seen as a form of corruption. This norm changed following prohibition because the restaurant industry was losing huge revenue due to the lack of alcohol sales. So as a way of keeping wait staff employed restaurants began allowing servers to be paid a gratuity by customers. The practice became the norm even after prohibition ended and became the largest portion of a servers income.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":16182.0,"score_ratio":1.5114864865}
{"post_id":"yccq1q","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"eli5 How did the US service industry become so reliant on consumer tips to function?","c_root_id_A":"itma5tk","c_root_id_B":"itmorrs","created_at_utc_A":1666635115,"created_at_utc_B":1666640749,"score_A":100,"score_B":2237,"human_ref_A":"I think part of the reason why it has accelerated so rapidly lately is because of merchants using new software like Square. I don\u2019t know much about Square, but it seems like it is just set up for almost any generic business, so what you see with it when you\u2019re making a purchase, is that regardless of whatever kind of transaction it is, you have the option (as the merchant) to have it ask the customer if they want to include a tip. You could be buying meats at a deli and the software will still ask this.   As a result, consumers start asking themselves \u201c*well, I\u2019ve never tipped for this before\u2026 should I tip? Is this the sort of transaction other people normally tip for?*\u201d and so lately we\u2019ve been seeing people tip for all sorts of things that we don\u2019t normally and shouldn\u2019t normally tip for. On top of that, some merchants\/software provide the math for the consumer to take the guesswork out \u201c*Tip? 10% would be X$, 15% would be Y$, 20% would be Z$*\u201d except lately we\u2019re seeing a lot more of those texts starting at 20% and going upwards instead of 10% or 15%.  Bottom line: have a standard metric for yourself about what kind of transaction you think are tippable, and how you determine how you tip. Standard has always been 15% for standard service. Don\u2019t let merchants sway the culture towards higher tipping amounts, as this will continue to mask the bigger issue of poor wages for working people.  **Edit because of some of the comments**: Anyone tipping 25% for substandard service, ask yourself this: *is the service so good that I\u2019d be willing to pay 5 meals\u2019 worth to give one back?* Because that\u2019s essentially what you\u2019re doing. If you buy the same Starbucks drink everyday, then when you\u2019ve bought your 4th drink, you\u2019ve actually paid for 5. Is the act of making your coffee and then putting it on the counter worth that much?  If you find people giving you shit for not tipping 20% for standard or even substandard service (not good service), then you need to turn the tables on them; give them shit. Ask them if they support people who work in services that traditionally have been tipped. They will certainly respond \u201c*yes I do, that\u2019s why I tip 20-25%!*\u201d at which point you can point out to them that by tipping so much, they perpetuate the culture of paying those employees substandard wages, so that the consumer has to subsidize the employers wages so that they can get away with not paying those employees livable wages. Sure, the short fix for underpaid employees is for us to tip more, but you\u2019re just going to make it worse for the next generation of tipped workers, as well as the consumers. Both will become ever more reliant on each other, while companies get to walk away with the profits saved by grossly underpaying their employees.","human_ref_B":"So, I\u2019ve seen a lot of profoundly incorrect answers here derived from commonly repeated myths on Reddit. As someone who has worked in public history, I\u2019m not surprised but I hope I can help shine some light on this interesting feature of American life.  The actual explanation can be found quite easily on the Wikipedia page concerning the history of gratuity. In summation, gratuity was often frowned upon in the US because it was perceived as a way of \u2018bribing\u2019 the wait staff. In fact, tipping was outlawed in a number of US states (eg: Washington and Mississippi). The perception being that the staff would over serve a patron if they knew that they were being tipped. In a sense it was seen as a form of corruption. This norm changed following prohibition because the restaurant industry was losing huge revenue due to the lack of alcohol sales. So as a way of keeping wait staff employed restaurants began allowing servers to be paid a gratuity by customers. The practice became the norm even after prohibition ended and became the largest portion of a servers income.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":5634.0,"score_ratio":22.37}
{"post_id":"yccq1q","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"eli5 How did the US service industry become so reliant on consumer tips to function?","c_root_id_A":"itlr7f4","c_root_id_B":"itmorrs","created_at_utc_A":1666627764,"created_at_utc_B":1666640749,"score_A":58,"score_B":2237,"human_ref_A":"Is it the entire service industry though?  I sure as hell am not tipping my plumber or electrician that makes over $100\/hr.  The **only** people that get tips from me, is people who are legally forced to work for less than minimum wage.  Which rules out everyone but food service.","human_ref_B":"So, I\u2019ve seen a lot of profoundly incorrect answers here derived from commonly repeated myths on Reddit. As someone who has worked in public history, I\u2019m not surprised but I hope I can help shine some light on this interesting feature of American life.  The actual explanation can be found quite easily on the Wikipedia page concerning the history of gratuity. In summation, gratuity was often frowned upon in the US because it was perceived as a way of \u2018bribing\u2019 the wait staff. In fact, tipping was outlawed in a number of US states (eg: Washington and Mississippi). The perception being that the staff would over serve a patron if they knew that they were being tipped. In a sense it was seen as a form of corruption. This norm changed following prohibition because the restaurant industry was losing huge revenue due to the lack of alcohol sales. So as a way of keeping wait staff employed restaurants began allowing servers to be paid a gratuity by customers. The practice became the norm even after prohibition ended and became the largest portion of a servers income.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":12985.0,"score_ratio":38.5689655172}
{"post_id":"yccq1q","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"eli5 How did the US service industry become so reliant on consumer tips to function?","c_root_id_A":"itm76f0","c_root_id_B":"itmorrs","created_at_utc_A":1666633967,"created_at_utc_B":1666640749,"score_A":41,"score_B":2237,"human_ref_A":"While I am sympathetic to the needs of workers, there is an insidious side to tipping that explains perfectly why the US in particular is so reliant about it and why it seems that the standard tip increases at regular intervals (10% when I was a kid, 12%, then 15%, then 18% and now 20%).  When you tip, you are covering that worker's wages.  A tip is a direct subsidy from the consumer to the business.  You pay more with each passing cycle because the wages the restaurants pay hasn't increased since 2009.  Now even places like subway and Chipotle have tip jars.  They didn't ask for tips years ago.  By capitulating, the tipper ensures that there will always be more workers willing to take such a shit deal and nothing will ever change, because tipping enables the entire thing.  I'm not advocating that nobody tips, but if everyone stopped tipping, these workers would demand higher wages and leave if they didn't get them.  Then the restaurants would have to raise wages or go out of business.  Now if the price of the food increased as a result, then the price is clearly stated and, in the end, you pay the same amount.  The difference is the pay is more steady and it puts an end to the entire practice.","human_ref_B":"So, I\u2019ve seen a lot of profoundly incorrect answers here derived from commonly repeated myths on Reddit. As someone who has worked in public history, I\u2019m not surprised but I hope I can help shine some light on this interesting feature of American life.  The actual explanation can be found quite easily on the Wikipedia page concerning the history of gratuity. In summation, gratuity was often frowned upon in the US because it was perceived as a way of \u2018bribing\u2019 the wait staff. In fact, tipping was outlawed in a number of US states (eg: Washington and Mississippi). The perception being that the staff would over serve a patron if they knew that they were being tipped. In a sense it was seen as a form of corruption. This norm changed following prohibition because the restaurant industry was losing huge revenue due to the lack of alcohol sales. So as a way of keeping wait staff employed restaurants began allowing servers to be paid a gratuity by customers. The practice became the norm even after prohibition ended and became the largest portion of a servers income.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":6782.0,"score_ratio":54.5609756098}
{"post_id":"yccq1q","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"eli5 How did the US service industry become so reliant on consumer tips to function?","c_root_id_A":"itlr7f4","c_root_id_B":"itma5tk","created_at_utc_A":1666627764,"created_at_utc_B":1666635115,"score_A":58,"score_B":100,"human_ref_A":"Is it the entire service industry though?  I sure as hell am not tipping my plumber or electrician that makes over $100\/hr.  The **only** people that get tips from me, is people who are legally forced to work for less than minimum wage.  Which rules out everyone but food service.","human_ref_B":"I think part of the reason why it has accelerated so rapidly lately is because of merchants using new software like Square. I don\u2019t know much about Square, but it seems like it is just set up for almost any generic business, so what you see with it when you\u2019re making a purchase, is that regardless of whatever kind of transaction it is, you have the option (as the merchant) to have it ask the customer if they want to include a tip. You could be buying meats at a deli and the software will still ask this.   As a result, consumers start asking themselves \u201c*well, I\u2019ve never tipped for this before\u2026 should I tip? Is this the sort of transaction other people normally tip for?*\u201d and so lately we\u2019ve been seeing people tip for all sorts of things that we don\u2019t normally and shouldn\u2019t normally tip for. On top of that, some merchants\/software provide the math for the consumer to take the guesswork out \u201c*Tip? 10% would be X$, 15% would be Y$, 20% would be Z$*\u201d except lately we\u2019re seeing a lot more of those texts starting at 20% and going upwards instead of 10% or 15%.  Bottom line: have a standard metric for yourself about what kind of transaction you think are tippable, and how you determine how you tip. Standard has always been 15% for standard service. Don\u2019t let merchants sway the culture towards higher tipping amounts, as this will continue to mask the bigger issue of poor wages for working people.  **Edit because of some of the comments**: Anyone tipping 25% for substandard service, ask yourself this: *is the service so good that I\u2019d be willing to pay 5 meals\u2019 worth to give one back?* Because that\u2019s essentially what you\u2019re doing. If you buy the same Starbucks drink everyday, then when you\u2019ve bought your 4th drink, you\u2019ve actually paid for 5. Is the act of making your coffee and then putting it on the counter worth that much?  If you find people giving you shit for not tipping 20% for standard or even substandard service (not good service), then you need to turn the tables on them; give them shit. Ask them if they support people who work in services that traditionally have been tipped. They will certainly respond \u201c*yes I do, that\u2019s why I tip 20-25%!*\u201d at which point you can point out to them that by tipping so much, they perpetuate the culture of paying those employees substandard wages, so that the consumer has to subsidize the employers wages so that they can get away with not paying those employees livable wages. Sure, the short fix for underpaid employees is for us to tip more, but you\u2019re just going to make it worse for the next generation of tipped workers, as well as the consumers. Both will become ever more reliant on each other, while companies get to walk away with the profits saved by grossly underpaying their employees.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":7351.0,"score_ratio":1.724137931}
{"post_id":"yccq1q","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"eli5 How did the US service industry become so reliant on consumer tips to function?","c_root_id_A":"itma5tk","c_root_id_B":"itm76f0","created_at_utc_A":1666635115,"created_at_utc_B":1666633967,"score_A":100,"score_B":41,"human_ref_A":"I think part of the reason why it has accelerated so rapidly lately is because of merchants using new software like Square. I don\u2019t know much about Square, but it seems like it is just set up for almost any generic business, so what you see with it when you\u2019re making a purchase, is that regardless of whatever kind of transaction it is, you have the option (as the merchant) to have it ask the customer if they want to include a tip. You could be buying meats at a deli and the software will still ask this.   As a result, consumers start asking themselves \u201c*well, I\u2019ve never tipped for this before\u2026 should I tip? Is this the sort of transaction other people normally tip for?*\u201d and so lately we\u2019ve been seeing people tip for all sorts of things that we don\u2019t normally and shouldn\u2019t normally tip for. On top of that, some merchants\/software provide the math for the consumer to take the guesswork out \u201c*Tip? 10% would be X$, 15% would be Y$, 20% would be Z$*\u201d except lately we\u2019re seeing a lot more of those texts starting at 20% and going upwards instead of 10% or 15%.  Bottom line: have a standard metric for yourself about what kind of transaction you think are tippable, and how you determine how you tip. Standard has always been 15% for standard service. Don\u2019t let merchants sway the culture towards higher tipping amounts, as this will continue to mask the bigger issue of poor wages for working people.  **Edit because of some of the comments**: Anyone tipping 25% for substandard service, ask yourself this: *is the service so good that I\u2019d be willing to pay 5 meals\u2019 worth to give one back?* Because that\u2019s essentially what you\u2019re doing. If you buy the same Starbucks drink everyday, then when you\u2019ve bought your 4th drink, you\u2019ve actually paid for 5. Is the act of making your coffee and then putting it on the counter worth that much?  If you find people giving you shit for not tipping 20% for standard or even substandard service (not good service), then you need to turn the tables on them; give them shit. Ask them if they support people who work in services that traditionally have been tipped. They will certainly respond \u201c*yes I do, that\u2019s why I tip 20-25%!*\u201d at which point you can point out to them that by tipping so much, they perpetuate the culture of paying those employees substandard wages, so that the consumer has to subsidize the employers wages so that they can get away with not paying those employees livable wages. Sure, the short fix for underpaid employees is for us to tip more, but you\u2019re just going to make it worse for the next generation of tipped workers, as well as the consumers. Both will become ever more reliant on each other, while companies get to walk away with the profits saved by grossly underpaying their employees.","human_ref_B":"While I am sympathetic to the needs of workers, there is an insidious side to tipping that explains perfectly why the US in particular is so reliant about it and why it seems that the standard tip increases at regular intervals (10% when I was a kid, 12%, then 15%, then 18% and now 20%).  When you tip, you are covering that worker's wages.  A tip is a direct subsidy from the consumer to the business.  You pay more with each passing cycle because the wages the restaurants pay hasn't increased since 2009.  Now even places like subway and Chipotle have tip jars.  They didn't ask for tips years ago.  By capitulating, the tipper ensures that there will always be more workers willing to take such a shit deal and nothing will ever change, because tipping enables the entire thing.  I'm not advocating that nobody tips, but if everyone stopped tipping, these workers would demand higher wages and leave if they didn't get them.  Then the restaurants would have to raise wages or go out of business.  Now if the price of the food increased as a result, then the price is clearly stated and, in the end, you pay the same amount.  The difference is the pay is more steady and it puts an end to the entire practice.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1148.0,"score_ratio":2.4390243902}
{"post_id":"yccq1q","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"eli5 How did the US service industry become so reliant on consumer tips to function?","c_root_id_A":"itn0a5g","c_root_id_B":"itm76f0","created_at_utc_A":1666645155,"created_at_utc_B":1666633967,"score_A":46,"score_B":41,"human_ref_A":"I have no idea where some of these other explanations are coming from but the truth is that during the Great Depression, Congress carved out certain service industries, like the restaurant industry, from minimum wage laws in order to mitigate massive unemployment. Restaurants didn\u2019t have to pay wait staff as much and customers were encouraged to tip for good service, essentially morphing the wage  structure from fixed to variable (if restaurant gets more customers, employees do better. Not ideal but better than the alternative of the restaurant shutting down or laying off half its staff.   From there, it mutated into a life of its own, but that\u2019s where it permanently became the norm in the service industry.","human_ref_B":"While I am sympathetic to the needs of workers, there is an insidious side to tipping that explains perfectly why the US in particular is so reliant about it and why it seems that the standard tip increases at regular intervals (10% when I was a kid, 12%, then 15%, then 18% and now 20%).  When you tip, you are covering that worker's wages.  A tip is a direct subsidy from the consumer to the business.  You pay more with each passing cycle because the wages the restaurants pay hasn't increased since 2009.  Now even places like subway and Chipotle have tip jars.  They didn't ask for tips years ago.  By capitulating, the tipper ensures that there will always be more workers willing to take such a shit deal and nothing will ever change, because tipping enables the entire thing.  I'm not advocating that nobody tips, but if everyone stopped tipping, these workers would demand higher wages and leave if they didn't get them.  Then the restaurants would have to raise wages or go out of business.  Now if the price of the food increased as a result, then the price is clearly stated and, in the end, you pay the same amount.  The difference is the pay is more steady and it puts an end to the entire practice.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":11188.0,"score_ratio":1.1219512195}
{"post_id":"f73lln","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"[Explain like I'm five years old] Why are online \"password lockers\" considered secure? It seems to me (hence this question), that storing all your passwords online and accessing them with a single \"unlock\" password would be extremely dangerous. If the locker service is itself hacked, then the hackers will have ALL your passwords for the price of getting one password.","c_root_id_A":"fi8x47x","c_root_id_B":"fi8vs1p","created_at_utc_A":1582250379,"created_at_utc_B":1582249490,"score_A":176,"score_B":10,"human_ref_A":"Your \"single password\" isn't just proof of identity the way it is on reddit. Your password collection is encrypted with your \"single password\" before being uploaded to the locker. It is mathematically impossible (unless some kind of breakthrough happens) to break it without knowing that master password. Even the password locker service doesn't know the master password and are just holding onto this blob of encrypted data for you.  If the hacker breaks into the locker and gets all your encrypted passwords (and everyone else's for that matter) they still need to break through the master password in order to get the real data. That's why it's so important to select a good password. And in the grand scheme of a big leak, each user's master password must be attacked independently so a good master password means that you're probably safe unless you're being specifically targeted and get most of the hacker's password cracking resource as a breach of millions will spread their efforts too thin.  If you use the method where you have a file saved to disk that is half your password, then even guessing passwords isn't enough for the bad guy because that's only half of it.  ... But all this means that if you forget your master password, you're out of luck unless you took precautions beforehand. There is no recovery.","human_ref_B":"A year or two ago lastpass got hacked so it has happened and everyone on the service had to go change their master password. Luckily they caught it fast.  Ultimately people have a lot of credentials, which leave a few options. You can use the same password everywhere, but if one account gets hacked they have the password to all your accounts. If you don't do this they you are going to have a list of passwords. Online vaults are simply more secure then putting the password on a list on your computer, even if you encrypt your list, if the computer crashes you lose all your passwords.  To simplify, there is no zero risk when it comes to credentials but the online secure vault is the least risk for disaster recovery and being compromised.  Secure only means more secure than other options.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":889.0,"score_ratio":17.6}
{"post_id":"f73lln","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"[Explain like I'm five years old] Why are online \"password lockers\" considered secure? It seems to me (hence this question), that storing all your passwords online and accessing them with a single \"unlock\" password would be extremely dangerous. If the locker service is itself hacked, then the hackers will have ALL your passwords for the price of getting one password.","c_root_id_A":"fi9c06v","c_root_id_B":"fi8xeph","created_at_utc_A":1582261023,"created_at_utc_B":1582250577,"score_A":23,"score_B":17,"human_ref_A":"To put it in Explain like I'm five years old terms: Imagine I tell you to think of a number but not tell me. Let\u2019s say you pick 25. That is now your key (master password) and only you know it. When you need to give me a password to store, you first multiply the password by your master key and give me the end result.   Let\u2019s say you want to store the password \u201c1234\u201d. You would take 1234 and multiply it by the master key you chose (25) and get the result: 30,850. I will now store \u201c30,850\u201d on my server as the password. Any time you need to access that password, I will send you 30,850. Since you know your master key is 25, you do 30,850 \u00f7 25 and presto: you now see the password is 1234.  If a hacker were to break into my system and read your password, they would see the encrypted password 30,850. The only way for them to figure out the real password would be to know what your master key is.  Of course real encryption uses infinitely more math and added complications like hashing and salting, but that\u2019s the incredibly dumbed down version of the system, enough that a kid could get it.","human_ref_B":"Ideally, everyone has a high strength password for every account.   But the thing is, everybody has tons and tons of accounts everywhere.     There are just too many passwords for a human being to remember.       This results in people using the same password in many places, or using easy to guess passwords, just so their ape brains can remember.      And not all websites are good with their security. Some no name forum with a security scheme that hasn't been updated since 2008 might hold a password in plain text. This password being reused in a high security account. Stealing that password is easy and can be used to break into a stronger security account.       The password locker prevents this kind of attack, by doing the remembering for you.       They also presumably keep their security policies better than average.   A hacker would find a much much harder target, though the rewards would be much higher.    A human can also remember one password that is much stronger than you would normally put in a website.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":10446.0,"score_ratio":1.3529411765}
{"post_id":"f73lln","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"[Explain like I'm five years old] Why are online \"password lockers\" considered secure? It seems to me (hence this question), that storing all your passwords online and accessing them with a single \"unlock\" password would be extremely dangerous. If the locker service is itself hacked, then the hackers will have ALL your passwords for the price of getting one password.","c_root_id_A":"fi8ygwy","c_root_id_B":"fi9c06v","created_at_utc_A":1582251297,"created_at_utc_B":1582261023,"score_A":18,"score_B":23,"human_ref_A":"What's the alternative?  If you use the same password across multiple websites, then if *any* of those websites are hacked then your password could be compromised. Your password is only as strong as the weakest security amongst all the websites you use it on.  So you need to make sure you use a unique password for every site, how do you keep track of that?  Of course, keeping your password list entirely offline would be the most secure thing you can do, but at a certain point most people are willing to sacrifice some security for convenience.  Good password storage services try to mitigate the risk as much as possible.      - They should encrypt your password list with a master password that only you know    - They should let you use 2 factor auth to mitigate someone stealing your master password    - They should notify their customers immediately if there are any security breaches  Ultimately it comes down to who you can trust more: the password storage service or the weakest of all the sites that you use to store your single common password.","human_ref_B":"To put it in Explain like I'm five years old terms: Imagine I tell you to think of a number but not tell me. Let\u2019s say you pick 25. That is now your key (master password) and only you know it. When you need to give me a password to store, you first multiply the password by your master key and give me the end result.   Let\u2019s say you want to store the password \u201c1234\u201d. You would take 1234 and multiply it by the master key you chose (25) and get the result: 30,850. I will now store \u201c30,850\u201d on my server as the password. Any time you need to access that password, I will send you 30,850. Since you know your master key is 25, you do 30,850 \u00f7 25 and presto: you now see the password is 1234.  If a hacker were to break into my system and read your password, they would see the encrypted password 30,850. The only way for them to figure out the real password would be to know what your master key is.  Of course real encryption uses infinitely more math and added complications like hashing and salting, but that\u2019s the incredibly dumbed down version of the system, enough that a kid could get it.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":9726.0,"score_ratio":1.2777777778}
{"post_id":"f73lln","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"[Explain like I'm five years old] Why are online \"password lockers\" considered secure? It seems to me (hence this question), that storing all your passwords online and accessing them with a single \"unlock\" password would be extremely dangerous. If the locker service is itself hacked, then the hackers will have ALL your passwords for the price of getting one password.","c_root_id_A":"fi8vs1p","c_root_id_B":"fi9c06v","created_at_utc_A":1582249490,"created_at_utc_B":1582261023,"score_A":10,"score_B":23,"human_ref_A":"A year or two ago lastpass got hacked so it has happened and everyone on the service had to go change their master password. Luckily they caught it fast.  Ultimately people have a lot of credentials, which leave a few options. You can use the same password everywhere, but if one account gets hacked they have the password to all your accounts. If you don't do this they you are going to have a list of passwords. Online vaults are simply more secure then putting the password on a list on your computer, even if you encrypt your list, if the computer crashes you lose all your passwords.  To simplify, there is no zero risk when it comes to credentials but the online secure vault is the least risk for disaster recovery and being compromised.  Secure only means more secure than other options.","human_ref_B":"To put it in Explain like I'm five years old terms: Imagine I tell you to think of a number but not tell me. Let\u2019s say you pick 25. That is now your key (master password) and only you know it. When you need to give me a password to store, you first multiply the password by your master key and give me the end result.   Let\u2019s say you want to store the password \u201c1234\u201d. You would take 1234 and multiply it by the master key you chose (25) and get the result: 30,850. I will now store \u201c30,850\u201d on my server as the password. Any time you need to access that password, I will send you 30,850. Since you know your master key is 25, you do 30,850 \u00f7 25 and presto: you now see the password is 1234.  If a hacker were to break into my system and read your password, they would see the encrypted password 30,850. The only way for them to figure out the real password would be to know what your master key is.  Of course real encryption uses infinitely more math and added complications like hashing and salting, but that\u2019s the incredibly dumbed down version of the system, enough that a kid could get it.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":11533.0,"score_ratio":2.3}
{"post_id":"f73lln","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"[Explain like I'm five years old] Why are online \"password lockers\" considered secure? It seems to me (hence this question), that storing all your passwords online and accessing them with a single \"unlock\" password would be extremely dangerous. If the locker service is itself hacked, then the hackers will have ALL your passwords for the price of getting one password.","c_root_id_A":"fi8ygwy","c_root_id_B":"fi8xeph","created_at_utc_A":1582251297,"created_at_utc_B":1582250577,"score_A":18,"score_B":17,"human_ref_A":"What's the alternative?  If you use the same password across multiple websites, then if *any* of those websites are hacked then your password could be compromised. Your password is only as strong as the weakest security amongst all the websites you use it on.  So you need to make sure you use a unique password for every site, how do you keep track of that?  Of course, keeping your password list entirely offline would be the most secure thing you can do, but at a certain point most people are willing to sacrifice some security for convenience.  Good password storage services try to mitigate the risk as much as possible.      - They should encrypt your password list with a master password that only you know    - They should let you use 2 factor auth to mitigate someone stealing your master password    - They should notify their customers immediately if there are any security breaches  Ultimately it comes down to who you can trust more: the password storage service or the weakest of all the sites that you use to store your single common password.","human_ref_B":"Ideally, everyone has a high strength password for every account.   But the thing is, everybody has tons and tons of accounts everywhere.     There are just too many passwords for a human being to remember.       This results in people using the same password in many places, or using easy to guess passwords, just so their ape brains can remember.      And not all websites are good with their security. Some no name forum with a security scheme that hasn't been updated since 2008 might hold a password in plain text. This password being reused in a high security account. Stealing that password is easy and can be used to break into a stronger security account.       The password locker prevents this kind of attack, by doing the remembering for you.       They also presumably keep their security policies better than average.   A hacker would find a much much harder target, though the rewards would be much higher.    A human can also remember one password that is much stronger than you would normally put in a website.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":720.0,"score_ratio":1.0588235294}
{"post_id":"f73lln","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"[Explain like I'm five years old] Why are online \"password lockers\" considered secure? It seems to me (hence this question), that storing all your passwords online and accessing them with a single \"unlock\" password would be extremely dangerous. If the locker service is itself hacked, then the hackers will have ALL your passwords for the price of getting one password.","c_root_id_A":"fi8vs1p","c_root_id_B":"fi8xeph","created_at_utc_A":1582249490,"created_at_utc_B":1582250577,"score_A":10,"score_B":17,"human_ref_A":"A year or two ago lastpass got hacked so it has happened and everyone on the service had to go change their master password. Luckily they caught it fast.  Ultimately people have a lot of credentials, which leave a few options. You can use the same password everywhere, but if one account gets hacked they have the password to all your accounts. If you don't do this they you are going to have a list of passwords. Online vaults are simply more secure then putting the password on a list on your computer, even if you encrypt your list, if the computer crashes you lose all your passwords.  To simplify, there is no zero risk when it comes to credentials but the online secure vault is the least risk for disaster recovery and being compromised.  Secure only means more secure than other options.","human_ref_B":"Ideally, everyone has a high strength password for every account.   But the thing is, everybody has tons and tons of accounts everywhere.     There are just too many passwords for a human being to remember.       This results in people using the same password in many places, or using easy to guess passwords, just so their ape brains can remember.      And not all websites are good with their security. Some no name forum with a security scheme that hasn't been updated since 2008 might hold a password in plain text. This password being reused in a high security account. Stealing that password is easy and can be used to break into a stronger security account.       The password locker prevents this kind of attack, by doing the remembering for you.       They also presumably keep their security policies better than average.   A hacker would find a much much harder target, though the rewards would be much higher.    A human can also remember one password that is much stronger than you would normally put in a website.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1087.0,"score_ratio":1.7}
{"post_id":"f73lln","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"[Explain like I'm five years old] Why are online \"password lockers\" considered secure? It seems to me (hence this question), that storing all your passwords online and accessing them with a single \"unlock\" password would be extremely dangerous. If the locker service is itself hacked, then the hackers will have ALL your passwords for the price of getting one password.","c_root_id_A":"fi8vs1p","c_root_id_B":"fi8ygwy","created_at_utc_A":1582249490,"created_at_utc_B":1582251297,"score_A":10,"score_B":18,"human_ref_A":"A year or two ago lastpass got hacked so it has happened and everyone on the service had to go change their master password. Luckily they caught it fast.  Ultimately people have a lot of credentials, which leave a few options. You can use the same password everywhere, but if one account gets hacked they have the password to all your accounts. If you don't do this they you are going to have a list of passwords. Online vaults are simply more secure then putting the password on a list on your computer, even if you encrypt your list, if the computer crashes you lose all your passwords.  To simplify, there is no zero risk when it comes to credentials but the online secure vault is the least risk for disaster recovery and being compromised.  Secure only means more secure than other options.","human_ref_B":"What's the alternative?  If you use the same password across multiple websites, then if *any* of those websites are hacked then your password could be compromised. Your password is only as strong as the weakest security amongst all the websites you use it on.  So you need to make sure you use a unique password for every site, how do you keep track of that?  Of course, keeping your password list entirely offline would be the most secure thing you can do, but at a certain point most people are willing to sacrifice some security for convenience.  Good password storage services try to mitigate the risk as much as possible.      - They should encrypt your password list with a master password that only you know    - They should let you use 2 factor auth to mitigate someone stealing your master password    - They should notify their customers immediately if there are any security breaches  Ultimately it comes down to who you can trust more: the password storage service or the weakest of all the sites that you use to store your single common password.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1807.0,"score_ratio":1.8}
{"post_id":"os4fke","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If caffeine works by blocking the receptors that make you feel tired, why does too much caffeine cause you to feel \"wired\"? Shouldn't you just max out at feeling perfectly alert\/rested?","c_root_id_A":"h6n6qr8","c_root_id_B":"h6medr4","created_at_utc_A":1627340969,"created_at_utc_B":1627327974,"score_A":127,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"Because caffeine has multiple effects on multiple systems. Blocking tiredness is just one of them. It is also a central nervous system stimulant that raises heart rate etc. It's this effect that can take you to being \"wired\" above your baseline alertness level.","human_ref_B":"what does \u201cwired\u201d mean?","labels":1,"seconds_difference":12995.0,"score_ratio":21.1666666667}
{"post_id":"os4fke","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If caffeine works by blocking the receptors that make you feel tired, why does too much caffeine cause you to feel \"wired\"? Shouldn't you just max out at feeling perfectly alert\/rested?","c_root_id_A":"h6n6qr8","c_root_id_B":"h6m4sz4","created_at_utc_A":1627340969,"created_at_utc_B":1627323763,"score_A":127,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"Because caffeine has multiple effects on multiple systems. Blocking tiredness is just one of them. It is also a central nervous system stimulant that raises heart rate etc. It's this effect that can take you to being \"wired\" above your baseline alertness level.","human_ref_B":"Your body normally has some of the adenosine receptors activated by adenosine, even if you are fully rested. They are a natural part of the body's self-regulatory system. If you flood your system with caffeine and remove what little adenosine is on the receptors, then it dials the body state further than \"well rested.\"","labels":1,"seconds_difference":17206.0,"score_ratio":42.3333333333}
{"post_id":"os4fke","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If caffeine works by blocking the receptors that make you feel tired, why does too much caffeine cause you to feel \"wired\"? Shouldn't you just max out at feeling perfectly alert\/rested?","c_root_id_A":"h6nnw5y","c_root_id_B":"h6o1f20","created_at_utc_A":1627349656,"created_at_utc_B":1627356834,"score_A":9,"score_B":59,"human_ref_A":"Curious, what is consider a high daily dose of caffeine?","human_ref_B":"Explain like I'm five years old why I get tired *after* drinking too much coffee?! Not because it's worn off, but because I've drank it.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":7178.0,"score_ratio":6.5555555556}
{"post_id":"os4fke","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If caffeine works by blocking the receptors that make you feel tired, why does too much caffeine cause you to feel \"wired\"? Shouldn't you just max out at feeling perfectly alert\/rested?","c_root_id_A":"h6medr4","c_root_id_B":"h6o1f20","created_at_utc_A":1627327974,"created_at_utc_B":1627356834,"score_A":6,"score_B":59,"human_ref_A":"what does \u201cwired\u201d mean?","human_ref_B":"Explain like I'm five years old why I get tired *after* drinking too much coffee?! Not because it's worn off, but because I've drank it.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":28860.0,"score_ratio":9.8333333333}
{"post_id":"os4fke","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If caffeine works by blocking the receptors that make you feel tired, why does too much caffeine cause you to feel \"wired\"? Shouldn't you just max out at feeling perfectly alert\/rested?","c_root_id_A":"h6o1f20","c_root_id_B":"h6m4sz4","created_at_utc_A":1627356834,"created_at_utc_B":1627323763,"score_A":59,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"Explain like I'm five years old why I get tired *after* drinking too much coffee?! Not because it's worn off, but because I've drank it.","human_ref_B":"Your body normally has some of the adenosine receptors activated by adenosine, even if you are fully rested. They are a natural part of the body's self-regulatory system. If you flood your system with caffeine and remove what little adenosine is on the receptors, then it dials the body state further than \"well rested.\"","labels":1,"seconds_difference":33071.0,"score_ratio":19.6666666667}
{"post_id":"os4fke","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If caffeine works by blocking the receptors that make you feel tired, why does too much caffeine cause you to feel \"wired\"? Shouldn't you just max out at feeling perfectly alert\/rested?","c_root_id_A":"h6o1f20","c_root_id_B":"h6nmhu7","created_at_utc_A":1627356834,"created_at_utc_B":1627348941,"score_A":59,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"Explain like I'm five years old why I get tired *after* drinking too much coffee?! Not because it's worn off, but because I've drank it.","human_ref_B":"Have you ever been physically tired but not mentally.   This is the opposite. It helps by telling your body it isnt time to sleep yet because the coffee made your body clock move back even though it isnt actually recovered.   Coffee is tricking your body into thinking its rested when its not, while it may actually still need a lot of sleep.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":7893.0,"score_ratio":19.6666666667}
{"post_id":"os4fke","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If caffeine works by blocking the receptors that make you feel tired, why does too much caffeine cause you to feel \"wired\"? Shouldn't you just max out at feeling perfectly alert\/rested?","c_root_id_A":"h6nnw5y","c_root_id_B":"h6medr4","created_at_utc_A":1627349656,"created_at_utc_B":1627327974,"score_A":9,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"Curious, what is consider a high daily dose of caffeine?","human_ref_B":"what does \u201cwired\u201d mean?","labels":1,"seconds_difference":21682.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"os4fke","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If caffeine works by blocking the receptors that make you feel tired, why does too much caffeine cause you to feel \"wired\"? Shouldn't you just max out at feeling perfectly alert\/rested?","c_root_id_A":"h6m4sz4","c_root_id_B":"h6nnw5y","created_at_utc_A":1627323763,"created_at_utc_B":1627349656,"score_A":3,"score_B":9,"human_ref_A":"Your body normally has some of the adenosine receptors activated by adenosine, even if you are fully rested. They are a natural part of the body's self-regulatory system. If you flood your system with caffeine and remove what little adenosine is on the receptors, then it dials the body state further than \"well rested.\"","human_ref_B":"Curious, what is consider a high daily dose of caffeine?","labels":0,"seconds_difference":25893.0,"score_ratio":3.0}
{"post_id":"os4fke","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If caffeine works by blocking the receptors that make you feel tired, why does too much caffeine cause you to feel \"wired\"? Shouldn't you just max out at feeling perfectly alert\/rested?","c_root_id_A":"h6nmhu7","c_root_id_B":"h6nnw5y","created_at_utc_A":1627348941,"created_at_utc_B":1627349656,"score_A":3,"score_B":9,"human_ref_A":"Have you ever been physically tired but not mentally.   This is the opposite. It helps by telling your body it isnt time to sleep yet because the coffee made your body clock move back even though it isnt actually recovered.   Coffee is tricking your body into thinking its rested when its not, while it may actually still need a lot of sleep.","human_ref_B":"Curious, what is consider a high daily dose of caffeine?","labels":0,"seconds_difference":715.0,"score_ratio":3.0}
{"post_id":"os4fke","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If caffeine works by blocking the receptors that make you feel tired, why does too much caffeine cause you to feel \"wired\"? Shouldn't you just max out at feeling perfectly alert\/rested?","c_root_id_A":"h6m4sz4","c_root_id_B":"h6medr4","created_at_utc_A":1627323763,"created_at_utc_B":1627327974,"score_A":3,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"Your body normally has some of the adenosine receptors activated by adenosine, even if you are fully rested. They are a natural part of the body's self-regulatory system. If you flood your system with caffeine and remove what little adenosine is on the receptors, then it dials the body state further than \"well rested.\"","human_ref_B":"what does \u201cwired\u201d mean?","labels":0,"seconds_difference":4211.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"clf75p","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does sleeping for a long time make you feel tired and groggy?","c_root_id_A":"evv5fmm","c_root_id_B":"evvcvo5","created_at_utc_A":1564820374,"created_at_utc_B":1564831677,"score_A":2,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"I dont feel tired after sleeping for a long time, I generally feel very well rested. However, I get back to sleepiness around the same time as if I had never slept as long, essentially cutting my day down shorter","human_ref_B":"Why do i feel tired and groggy all the time? No matter the amount of rest..","labels":0,"seconds_difference":11303.0,"score_ratio":2.5}
{"post_id":"wggcrp","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.84,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: how does a drag wire instantly stop an aircraft on a carrier? why can't we apply this to regular aircraft?","c_root_id_A":"iizmfm8","c_root_id_B":"iizlnuz","created_at_utc_A":1659658563,"created_at_utc_B":1659658220,"score_A":40,"score_B":11,"human_ref_A":"The plane hooks the cable and takes up the slack, then a very complex and expensive mechanism under the deck slows it down fast than it can slow itself down.  It can\u2019t just stop the plane when the cable tightens, that would destroy stuff. It has to dampen the shock of the deceleration a suitable amount so that nothing breaks and everyone is safe.  Why not use it for other planes? Because there is absolutely no reason to. Buying more land and paving a longer runway is cheaper and safer.   Carrier-based planes are typically fairly small and light, because they\u2019re designed with the carrier in mind. If you tried an arrested landing with a passenger jet it would be a disaster. On top of the expense of engineering a mechanism capable of slowing down that much mass, and then installing it under the runway, it just wouldn\u2019t be safe or comfortable. All the passengers on the plane would smack their faces into the TV\u2019s on the seats in front of them because of the sudden violent stop.","human_ref_B":"You know how it's already tough to get everyone in a commercial plane to put their phone on airplane mode, stow their tablet and headphones and open the blinds for landing?  Now imagine getting everyone to brace and get several gs of backward acceleration without having people's bodies fly around and basically get the most expensive gaspacho in the world.  There are plenty of people on commercial airplanes who would be seriously harmed or even killed by this kind of acceleration, even following proper procedures.  Jet pilots go through years of training to be able to fly and land on air aircraft carriers.  It's just not viable for a commercial enterprise with the general public.  As to how it works in the first place: extremely resistant cable catches hook on fast going plane. Plane isn't going fast anymore. DO NOT go looking out for videos of these bad boys snapping. It's the stuff of nightmares.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":343.0,"score_ratio":3.6363636364}
{"post_id":"zpa7ai","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Do (how?) facial creams like anti wrinkle or collagen actually work? I have read about face creams etc but it's very difficult to identify the truth from the marketing. From what I can tell, the whole industry is nonsense and preys mostly on insecure women. It seems like there is no way to prove it since if the results are less than expected, the reply would be \"imagine how much worse it could have been.\" Maybe too many questions but is there any correlation between cost and effectiveness?","c_root_id_A":"j0sfjsj","c_root_id_B":"j0rvseu","created_at_utc_A":1671414154,"created_at_utc_B":1671405225,"score_A":27,"score_B":12,"human_ref_A":"Some of it definitely works (sunscreen, retinols, generic moisturisers), much of it *probably* works (AHAs, Vit C), and then you descend into the murky waters of *maybe*?  Keeping your skin in good condition consists of preventing UV damage (sunscreen), and keeping your skin clean and moisturised. You can supplement this with retinols - a form of Vit A that forces your skin to turnover new cells faster. This can be a bit of a devils bargain, as it can cause problems in other areas, but it definitely does what it purports to do - it will cause your skin to refresh itself faster, which clears blemishes and marks away faster.  Everything else is either a) assisting in keeping your skin either cleaned or moisturised in various ways, b) some sort of minor supplement, or c) probably snake oil.","human_ref_B":"There are definitely some products that are proven to have benefits. Take retinol for example. It is proven to increase skin cell production and to produce collagen, which will make your skin \u201cplumper\u201d and reduce fine lines and wrinkles. However it\u2019s not a miracle cure and requires repeated use to generate noticeable results.   In general, it\u2019s worth looking at the active ingredients and then googling if those ingredients do anything, and look only at answers from reliable sources.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":8929.0,"score_ratio":2.25}
{"post_id":"zpa7ai","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Do (how?) facial creams like anti wrinkle or collagen actually work? I have read about face creams etc but it's very difficult to identify the truth from the marketing. From what I can tell, the whole industry is nonsense and preys mostly on insecure women. It seems like there is no way to prove it since if the results are less than expected, the reply would be \"imagine how much worse it could have been.\" Maybe too many questions but is there any correlation between cost and effectiveness?","c_root_id_A":"j0rvseu","c_root_id_B":"j0si9cf","created_at_utc_A":1671405225,"created_at_utc_B":1671415442,"score_A":12,"score_B":23,"human_ref_A":"There are definitely some products that are proven to have benefits. Take retinol for example. It is proven to increase skin cell production and to produce collagen, which will make your skin \u201cplumper\u201d and reduce fine lines and wrinkles. However it\u2019s not a miracle cure and requires repeated use to generate noticeable results.   In general, it\u2019s worth looking at the active ingredients and then googling if those ingredients do anything, and look only at answers from reliable sources.","human_ref_B":"Hydrolyzed collagen is used to blur small lines and wrinkles.  It's too big to sink into the skin, but it can act as a texturizer on top of the skin.  Some powerful humectants like hyaluronic acid and snow mushroom can cause the skin cells to plump up with water temporarily.  Sometimes this can help with the appearance of wrinkles.  Somethings like AHAs \/ niacinamide \/ allantoin can increase exfoliation of dull outer skin, revealing the fresher, younger looking skin underneath.  There are also some peptides which can act as signaling agents to boost production of collagen and elastin, although I've always been a little skeptical of these","labels":0,"seconds_difference":10217.0,"score_ratio":1.9166666667}
{"post_id":"zpa7ai","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Do (how?) facial creams like anti wrinkle or collagen actually work? I have read about face creams etc but it's very difficult to identify the truth from the marketing. From what I can tell, the whole industry is nonsense and preys mostly on insecure women. It seems like there is no way to prove it since if the results are less than expected, the reply would be \"imagine how much worse it could have been.\" Maybe too many questions but is there any correlation between cost and effectiveness?","c_root_id_A":"j0tg2tu","c_root_id_B":"j0u84ac","created_at_utc_A":1671435268,"created_at_utc_B":1671456925,"score_A":2,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"From what I recall most face creams for anti ageing contain proteins. They are in a semi liquid state when you put them onto the skin and then dry. When they dry, they contract slightly removing the traits of wrinkles and smoothing out the skin. However, overtime, your body\u2019s  heat and oils, make the proteins more elastic and then the effects were off again. Which is why they are only temporary.","human_ref_B":"Inci decoder is great for identifying ingredients in a product that actually work if you know what you\u2019re looking for.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":21657.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"zpa7ai","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Do (how?) facial creams like anti wrinkle or collagen actually work? I have read about face creams etc but it's very difficult to identify the truth from the marketing. From what I can tell, the whole industry is nonsense and preys mostly on insecure women. It seems like there is no way to prove it since if the results are less than expected, the reply would be \"imagine how much worse it could have been.\" Maybe too many questions but is there any correlation between cost and effectiveness?","c_root_id_A":"j0tluuc","c_root_id_B":"j0u84ac","created_at_utc_A":1671440160,"created_at_utc_B":1671456925,"score_A":2,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"Not a scientist or anything, but from my own research etc collagen generally seems to be a scam. Collagen indeed is the \u201cnetting\u201d of our skin to make it tight, when it\u2019s loose we get wrinkles, so they\u2019re not lying.   However collagen are long protein chains that cannot penetrate our skin in the first place, so applying it topically wouldn\u2019t do anything. Collagen foods go to our stomach, and are broken down into, well not collagen, so it doesn\u2019t help if if we ate it anyway.  The no1 method to prevent wrinkles is sunscreen, like many will say, apply it everyday. Why? Cause the thing that breaks down collagen is UV light, and there\u2019s tons from the sun. The reason why the advice is to apply it even when it\u2019s cloudy, is cause there\u2019s always UV rays regardless if it\u2019s that hot or not.","human_ref_B":"Inci decoder is great for identifying ingredients in a product that actually work if you know what you\u2019re looking for.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":16765.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"zpa7ai","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Do (how?) facial creams like anti wrinkle or collagen actually work? I have read about face creams etc but it's very difficult to identify the truth from the marketing. From what I can tell, the whole industry is nonsense and preys mostly on insecure women. It seems like there is no way to prove it since if the results are less than expected, the reply would be \"imagine how much worse it could have been.\" Maybe too many questions but is there any correlation between cost and effectiveness?","c_root_id_A":"j0ui132","c_root_id_B":"j0tg2tu","created_at_utc_A":1671461741,"created_at_utc_B":1671435268,"score_A":3,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"If anti wrinkle creams really worked.... how come people using them for a prolonged period of time still have fingerprints?","human_ref_B":"From what I recall most face creams for anti ageing contain proteins. They are in a semi liquid state when you put them onto the skin and then dry. When they dry, they contract slightly removing the traits of wrinkles and smoothing out the skin. However, overtime, your body\u2019s  heat and oils, make the proteins more elastic and then the effects were off again. Which is why they are only temporary.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":26473.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"zpa7ai","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Do (how?) facial creams like anti wrinkle or collagen actually work? I have read about face creams etc but it's very difficult to identify the truth from the marketing. From what I can tell, the whole industry is nonsense and preys mostly on insecure women. It seems like there is no way to prove it since if the results are less than expected, the reply would be \"imagine how much worse it could have been.\" Maybe too many questions but is there any correlation between cost and effectiveness?","c_root_id_A":"j0tluuc","c_root_id_B":"j0ui132","created_at_utc_A":1671440160,"created_at_utc_B":1671461741,"score_A":2,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"Not a scientist or anything, but from my own research etc collagen generally seems to be a scam. Collagen indeed is the \u201cnetting\u201d of our skin to make it tight, when it\u2019s loose we get wrinkles, so they\u2019re not lying.   However collagen are long protein chains that cannot penetrate our skin in the first place, so applying it topically wouldn\u2019t do anything. Collagen foods go to our stomach, and are broken down into, well not collagen, so it doesn\u2019t help if if we ate it anyway.  The no1 method to prevent wrinkles is sunscreen, like many will say, apply it everyday. Why? Cause the thing that breaks down collagen is UV light, and there\u2019s tons from the sun. The reason why the advice is to apply it even when it\u2019s cloudy, is cause there\u2019s always UV rays regardless if it\u2019s that hot or not.","human_ref_B":"If anti wrinkle creams really worked.... how come people using them for a prolonged period of time still have fingerprints?","labels":0,"seconds_difference":21581.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"wyomv8","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: People always say mattress stores are shady and used for money laundering. Not totally sure I understand exactly what money laundering is. How would this occur at a mattress store?","c_root_id_A":"ilxzpqj","c_root_id_B":"ilxx8qq","created_at_utc_A":1661561406,"created_at_utc_B":1661560239,"score_A":1156,"score_B":238,"human_ref_A":"Lots of people explaining how money laundering works here. What I haven\u2019t seen anyone mention is the mattress store angle.   In a lot of places, there seem to be waaay more mattress stores than there is business. There\u2019s gotta be five of them within a few miles of my house, and they never seem busy. You\u2019d also think there would be competition, like we aren\u2019t buying enough new mattresses every year to keep all of those stores open, or or two should be closed by now.   Thus the assumption that they\u2019re really fronts. Somebody is selling drugs or guns or something, and saying they made $100k selling mattresses when they really only make like $30k.","human_ref_B":"\"Money Laundering\" means faking a legal source of income for illegally earned money.  For example, you made some money selling illegal drugs. Now, you can't really buy stuff with that over a certain threshold since the police (or your bank) might become suspicious on where you got that money and investigate.   That's why you now open a legal business and tell the government \"I've sold 100 mattresses this month at full price!\" where in reality, you only sold 10 at a reduced price. But now, nobody will get suspicious if you buy yourself a new car because you said you made some money with your mattress store (where in reality, it is your good old drug money).","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1167.0,"score_ratio":4.8571428571}
{"post_id":"wyomv8","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: People always say mattress stores are shady and used for money laundering. Not totally sure I understand exactly what money laundering is. How would this occur at a mattress store?","c_root_id_A":"ilxzpqj","c_root_id_B":"ilxy9zh","created_at_utc_A":1661561406,"created_at_utc_B":1661560728,"score_A":1156,"score_B":78,"human_ref_A":"Lots of people explaining how money laundering works here. What I haven\u2019t seen anyone mention is the mattress store angle.   In a lot of places, there seem to be waaay more mattress stores than there is business. There\u2019s gotta be five of them within a few miles of my house, and they never seem busy. You\u2019d also think there would be competition, like we aren\u2019t buying enough new mattresses every year to keep all of those stores open, or or two should be closed by now.   Thus the assumption that they\u2019re really fronts. Somebody is selling drugs or guns or something, and saying they made $100k selling mattresses when they really only make like $30k.","human_ref_B":"Hiding the income stream to make it look legitimate or from somewhere else. Hard to do electrically. Easy to do with a cash business.    Say that you make a $1,000,000 in cash doing really shady stuff, sold drugs, sold guns, ripped off the drug cartels, robbed a bank, etc.    That\u2019s great you have $1,000,000, but you walk into the bank and with absolutely certainty someone will ask \u201cwhere is this money from?\u201d.     \u201cTrafficking illegal guns.\u201d Is not a legitimate answer that will let you keep your money or freedom.     But if you walk in with $2,000ish at a time and say \u201cI run a laundry store\u201d or \u201cit\u2019s from my car wash\u201d then you can deposit the money and spend it.    But what if someone like the government asks \u201cwhat store?\u201d    So you need to get a business to make it look like you have a reason to have a bunch of cash.    Cash businesses with low physical goods are great.    Run a restaurant and get audited? It\u2019s easy to see that there\u2019s no way you made $25,000 in cash but only bought $400 in food.     But a car wash has no tangible products or at least very few that can be easily disposed of. There\u2019s also ways to do it with abstract value things. Like art, or dumb pictures of digital monkeys.    Who is to say the value of art?    \u201cWhy yes, that\u2019s a lovely painting. So lovely that I will buy your painting for 1,000,000 in cash. Wink. Wink.\u201d So now when you go to the bank and questions get asked you can explain it was from an art sale and the value skyrocketed for some reason. Still will raise questions and the real life version is far more complex but pretty much anything with an abstract and intangible value works.     Weirdly.   This is one of the explanations that may actually work to a 5 year old.    Imagine you\u2019re a kid and stole $100.  If you go home and suddenly have $100 worth of candy, your dad will get out the jumper cables and punish you for being a thief.     If you say you were selling lemonade they might catch on as well. You have no lemons. You have no sugar.     So you say you were walking the neighbors dog. Or your friends at school all really liked your drawings and thought they were worth $20 each.    There\u2019s no real evidence of dog walking to check, or to prove that someone didn\u2019t think a drawing was worth $20.     So now when you come home with $100 of candy, your dad doesn\u2019t discipline you with jumper cables because you have a perfectly \u201clegitimate\u201d explanation for how you got it.      How would this happen at a mattress store?   More speculative since they have an actual physical product that can be audited to see \u201cthere is no way they sold $100,00 in mattresses and only sold 3.\u201d     You could inflate transaction costs but that\u2019s riskier since it\u2019s easy to see how much one product can cost.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":678.0,"score_ratio":14.8205128205}
{"post_id":"wyomv8","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: People always say mattress stores are shady and used for money laundering. Not totally sure I understand exactly what money laundering is. How would this occur at a mattress store?","c_root_id_A":"ily17vo","c_root_id_B":"ilxy9zh","created_at_utc_A":1661562127,"created_at_utc_B":1661560728,"score_A":90,"score_B":78,"human_ref_A":"People just don\u2019t understand how there are so many mattress stores when it\u2019s a big ticket, infrequent purchase. So they assume something shady is going on.   The reality is that the stores are close together due to private equity firms buying up and consolidating the chains, but not closing redundant stores because the stores cost so little to run \u2014 commission salespeople, only 1-2 on shift, no store fixtures beyond the beds they sell as demos, inventory kept in central warehouses for delivery, etc.","human_ref_B":"Hiding the income stream to make it look legitimate or from somewhere else. Hard to do electrically. Easy to do with a cash business.    Say that you make a $1,000,000 in cash doing really shady stuff, sold drugs, sold guns, ripped off the drug cartels, robbed a bank, etc.    That\u2019s great you have $1,000,000, but you walk into the bank and with absolutely certainty someone will ask \u201cwhere is this money from?\u201d.     \u201cTrafficking illegal guns.\u201d Is not a legitimate answer that will let you keep your money or freedom.     But if you walk in with $2,000ish at a time and say \u201cI run a laundry store\u201d or \u201cit\u2019s from my car wash\u201d then you can deposit the money and spend it.    But what if someone like the government asks \u201cwhat store?\u201d    So you need to get a business to make it look like you have a reason to have a bunch of cash.    Cash businesses with low physical goods are great.    Run a restaurant and get audited? It\u2019s easy to see that there\u2019s no way you made $25,000 in cash but only bought $400 in food.     But a car wash has no tangible products or at least very few that can be easily disposed of. There\u2019s also ways to do it with abstract value things. Like art, or dumb pictures of digital monkeys.    Who is to say the value of art?    \u201cWhy yes, that\u2019s a lovely painting. So lovely that I will buy your painting for 1,000,000 in cash. Wink. Wink.\u201d So now when you go to the bank and questions get asked you can explain it was from an art sale and the value skyrocketed for some reason. Still will raise questions and the real life version is far more complex but pretty much anything with an abstract and intangible value works.     Weirdly.   This is one of the explanations that may actually work to a 5 year old.    Imagine you\u2019re a kid and stole $100.  If you go home and suddenly have $100 worth of candy, your dad will get out the jumper cables and punish you for being a thief.     If you say you were selling lemonade they might catch on as well. You have no lemons. You have no sugar.     So you say you were walking the neighbors dog. Or your friends at school all really liked your drawings and thought they were worth $20 each.    There\u2019s no real evidence of dog walking to check, or to prove that someone didn\u2019t think a drawing was worth $20.     So now when you come home with $100 of candy, your dad doesn\u2019t discipline you with jumper cables because you have a perfectly \u201clegitimate\u201d explanation for how you got it.      How would this happen at a mattress store?   More speculative since they have an actual physical product that can be audited to see \u201cthere is no way they sold $100,00 in mattresses and only sold 3.\u201d     You could inflate transaction costs but that\u2019s riskier since it\u2019s easy to see how much one product can cost.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1399.0,"score_ratio":1.1538461538}
{"post_id":"2yjp5g","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why is the fluff in my bellybutton always a blue\/grey colour, no matter what colour shirt I am wearing?","c_root_id_A":"cpabods","c_root_id_B":"cpaqxsn","created_at_utc_A":1426002118,"created_at_utc_B":1426024770,"score_A":64,"score_B":66,"human_ref_A":"I watched a program on it once, I think that it's something to do with the colour of your pants (I'm English so not trousers) and the fluff works its way up your hair","human_ref_B":"I always clean mine out daily.  I think the blue grey is just the color you get from mixing cloth fibers and belly hair and dead skin.   I try to plant it in my fianc\u00e9 ' s belly button as she doesn't grow any and I don't want her to feel jealous about the fun I get to have digging the lint balls out all the time.  Also I have found that the lint DESTROYS the bubbles I make while pissing. It's fun take a nice yellow frothy piss and toss in a lint ball and instantly they dissappear!","labels":0,"seconds_difference":22652.0,"score_ratio":1.03125}
{"post_id":"2yjp5g","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why is the fluff in my bellybutton always a blue\/grey colour, no matter what colour shirt I am wearing?","c_root_id_A":"cpaqxsn","c_root_id_B":"cpafsfv","created_at_utc_A":1426024770,"created_at_utc_B":1426008504,"score_A":66,"score_B":49,"human_ref_A":"I always clean mine out daily.  I think the blue grey is just the color you get from mixing cloth fibers and belly hair and dead skin.   I try to plant it in my fianc\u00e9 ' s belly button as she doesn't grow any and I don't want her to feel jealous about the fun I get to have digging the lint balls out all the time.  Also I have found that the lint DESTROYS the bubbles I make while pissing. It's fun take a nice yellow frothy piss and toss in a lint ball and instantly they dissappear!","human_ref_B":"How come I've never had lint in my belly button?","labels":1,"seconds_difference":16266.0,"score_ratio":1.3469387755}
{"post_id":"2yjp5g","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why is the fluff in my bellybutton always a blue\/grey colour, no matter what colour shirt I am wearing?","c_root_id_A":"cpacsdk","c_root_id_B":"cpaqxsn","created_at_utc_A":1426003904,"created_at_utc_B":1426024770,"score_A":23,"score_B":66,"human_ref_A":"My bellybutton lint always matches  the  color of my shirt.  Does that make me the oddball?  Maybe you just need to shower more?","human_ref_B":"I always clean mine out daily.  I think the blue grey is just the color you get from mixing cloth fibers and belly hair and dead skin.   I try to plant it in my fianc\u00e9 ' s belly button as she doesn't grow any and I don't want her to feel jealous about the fun I get to have digging the lint balls out all the time.  Also I have found that the lint DESTROYS the bubbles I make while pissing. It's fun take a nice yellow frothy piss and toss in a lint ball and instantly they dissappear!","labels":0,"seconds_difference":20866.0,"score_ratio":2.8695652174}
{"post_id":"2yjp5g","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why is the fluff in my bellybutton always a blue\/grey colour, no matter what colour shirt I am wearing?","c_root_id_A":"cpafsfv","c_root_id_B":"cpacsdk","created_at_utc_A":1426008504,"created_at_utc_B":1426003904,"score_A":49,"score_B":23,"human_ref_A":"How come I've never had lint in my belly button?","human_ref_B":"My bellybutton lint always matches  the  color of my shirt.  Does that make me the oddball?  Maybe you just need to shower more?","labels":1,"seconds_difference":4600.0,"score_ratio":2.1304347826}
{"post_id":"2yjp5g","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why is the fluff in my bellybutton always a blue\/grey colour, no matter what colour shirt I am wearing?","c_root_id_A":"cpavilw","c_root_id_B":"cpacsdk","created_at_utc_A":1426032354,"created_at_utc_B":1426003904,"score_A":32,"score_B":23,"human_ref_A":"I'm confused.  All of you are saying the fluff is Blue and Grey but when I look at it its White and Gold.","human_ref_B":"My bellybutton lint always matches  the  color of my shirt.  Does that make me the oddball?  Maybe you just need to shower more?","labels":1,"seconds_difference":28450.0,"score_ratio":1.3913043478}
{"post_id":"ybvjc3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Eli5 why it is easy to cross my eyes, but impossible to move them apart from each other?","c_root_id_A":"itirh64","c_root_id_B":"itir5h6","created_at_utc_A":1666566333,"created_at_utc_B":1666566195,"score_A":83,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"Crossing your eyes is important in order to focus your eyes on an object that is very close.  \"Splitting\" your eyes isn't something that your brain has ever needed to do (there is never a case where an object can be focused on by \"splitting\" the eyes), so the muscles aren't trained on how to do that.","human_ref_B":"Because you've spent your whole life using your eyes together. With practice you can learn to move your eyes independently to an extent, but your brain is hardwired to try to interpret a single visual signal from both eyes simultaneously, not to try to see two separate images.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":138.0,"score_ratio":13.8333333333}
{"post_id":"ybvjc3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Eli5 why it is easy to cross my eyes, but impossible to move them apart from each other?","c_root_id_A":"itir5h6","c_root_id_B":"itjc22p","created_at_utc_A":1666566195,"created_at_utc_B":1666575840,"score_A":6,"score_B":20,"human_ref_A":"Because you've spent your whole life using your eyes together. With practice you can learn to move your eyes independently to an extent, but your brain is hardwired to try to interpret a single visual signal from both eyes simultaneously, not to try to see two separate images.","human_ref_B":"Your eyes are always looking at the same point. Crossing then just means moving that point really close to your face, which is why you can cross your eyes by looking at your finger and then putting it on your nose.  Splitting your eyes would force them to look at different points, which they can't normally do.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":9645.0,"score_ratio":3.3333333333}
{"post_id":"ybvjc3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Eli5 why it is easy to cross my eyes, but impossible to move them apart from each other?","c_root_id_A":"itjc22p","c_root_id_B":"itiwsy3","created_at_utc_A":1666575840,"created_at_utc_B":1666568689,"score_A":20,"score_B":7,"human_ref_A":"Your eyes are always looking at the same point. Crossing then just means moving that point really close to your face, which is why you can cross your eyes by looking at your finger and then putting it on your nose.  Splitting your eyes would force them to look at different points, which they can't normally do.","human_ref_B":"Try to cross your eyes.  Then work on moving your eyes just right or just left.  Your eyes will seem to move seperately.  Use your phone to film your face and you can see it.  Great party trick.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":7151.0,"score_ratio":2.8571428571}
{"post_id":"ybvjc3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Eli5 why it is easy to cross my eyes, but impossible to move them apart from each other?","c_root_id_A":"itir5h6","c_root_id_B":"itiwsy3","created_at_utc_A":1666566195,"created_at_utc_B":1666568689,"score_A":6,"score_B":7,"human_ref_A":"Because you've spent your whole life using your eyes together. With practice you can learn to move your eyes independently to an extent, but your brain is hardwired to try to interpret a single visual signal from both eyes simultaneously, not to try to see two separate images.","human_ref_B":"Try to cross your eyes.  Then work on moving your eyes just right or just left.  Your eyes will seem to move seperately.  Use your phone to film your face and you can see it.  Great party trick.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2494.0,"score_ratio":1.1666666667}
{"post_id":"xcj66o","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: if computers can run millions of data points per second, why do credit card chip readers take so long?","c_root_id_A":"io5e0uk","c_root_id_B":"io5eykn","created_at_utc_A":1663004730,"created_at_utc_B":1663005095,"score_A":64,"score_B":1595,"human_ref_A":"First, embedded computers can be less powerful than modern PCs.  Most importantly, credit card chip readers take so long because they have to ask stuff to other servers somewhere and wait for the reply.","human_ref_B":"Let's talk about all the things that happen when you put your card in.  The chip card is actually a little computer that the reader can interact with, so there are a few things going on here.  1. The reader authenticates to your card. This it where the PIN is involved. The reader authorizes itself. 2. The reader gets the information from the card about account information. 3. The reader contacts the bank with the card information and gets a challenge that only your card can properly answer. 4. The reader asks your card to perform the bank's challenge. 5. The reader then sends the challenge response along with the transaction details to the bank.  So where's the delay in here?  Step 1 is artificially slow. The PIN response by the card is slowed down in order to prevent brute force attacks on it. The card itself will also have things like lockout mechanisms, but artificially limiting the speed of authentication attempts is a real thing to prevent brute forcing (as well as making sure that the delay isn't somehow used to measure *how* correct an answer is).  Step 2 is fairly quick, nothing going on here.  Step 3 involves a network connection to the bank or other card authority. This may involve multiple jumps through interim providers. It is also slowed down by the final server having to do some sort of lookup on the card. These servers are going to be doing thousands or millions of lookups, so they can be a little slow sometimes.   Step 4 is not quite instantaneous.  Step 5 is again slow because you're contacting the bank.  So an artificial slowdown to prevent brute forcing and two different transactions that happen with the bank, along with one bit of computation in between.  Beyond that, credit card readers are often made with fairly cheap products. Spending more money to shave just half a second of processing time isn't a thing most people would do. Unless you have constant lineups at your cash registers, having a small delay is acceptable, so costs are cut there.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":365.0,"score_ratio":24.921875}
{"post_id":"xcj66o","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: if computers can run millions of data points per second, why do credit card chip readers take so long?","c_root_id_A":"io5jmee","c_root_id_B":"io5g303","created_at_utc_A":1663006942,"created_at_utc_B":1663005537,"score_A":26,"score_B":14,"human_ref_A":"To put it simple, it's not a single computer. There's a network of communication that happens - every system may reach out to 2 or more other systems that all have to respond before an OK is sent back.  Because network is involved, most of the slowness is due to networking. Compared to CPU speeds, the network is painstaking slow to the computer.  It's also why you may get errors using your card - network connectivity is usually to blame if it's temporary.","human_ref_B":"The reader is about as powerful as a pocket calculator; it's not like your desktop computer. Most of that time involves a complex series of messages being sent back and forth over a modest Internet or phone connection to a credit card processor that goes on to talk to computers at the issuer. They send information on how to encrypt the messages, identifying information from the card and from the merchant, get information about the transaction, do some credit limit and fraud checks, etc. It's slow because a LOT of stuff is going on, and it depends a lot on some very busy computer systems that are far away.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1405.0,"score_ratio":1.8571428571}
{"post_id":"xcj66o","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: if computers can run millions of data points per second, why do credit card chip readers take so long?","c_root_id_A":"io5ggnd","c_root_id_B":"io5jmee","created_at_utc_A":1663005687,"created_at_utc_B":1663006942,"score_A":12,"score_B":26,"human_ref_A":"Chip malfunction Please remove card Please insert card Chip malfunction Please remove card Please insert card Approved","human_ref_B":"To put it simple, it's not a single computer. There's a network of communication that happens - every system may reach out to 2 or more other systems that all have to respond before an OK is sent back.  Because network is involved, most of the slowness is due to networking. Compared to CPU speeds, the network is painstaking slow to the computer.  It's also why you may get errors using your card - network connectivity is usually to blame if it's temporary.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1255.0,"score_ratio":2.1666666667}
{"post_id":"xcj66o","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: if computers can run millions of data points per second, why do credit card chip readers take so long?","c_root_id_A":"io5ghb1","c_root_id_B":"io5jmee","created_at_utc_A":1663005694,"created_at_utc_B":1663006942,"score_A":3,"score_B":26,"human_ref_A":"The credit card have a tiny computer in it. And this tiny computer with its limited size and power consumption are far from being able to compute millions of data points per second. And as part of the transaction they need to calculate quite complex encryption algorithms. But the credit card is only one side of the transaction. The payment provider have servers doing the second half of the transaction. Not only to the terminal have to call up the payment provider and negotiate back and forth to find the right type of transaction that is compatible with all the equipment and policies. The wire signals are not instantaneous and can take up to a fifth of a second each way. But the servers often have to look up the account information in multiple places while doing this. And this is all while handling millions of similar transactions a second having to communicate with all the payment terminals and look up all the account information in the same database.","human_ref_B":"To put it simple, it's not a single computer. There's a network of communication that happens - every system may reach out to 2 or more other systems that all have to respond before an OK is sent back.  Because network is involved, most of the slowness is due to networking. Compared to CPU speeds, the network is painstaking slow to the computer.  It's also why you may get errors using your card - network connectivity is usually to blame if it's temporary.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1248.0,"score_ratio":8.6666666667}
{"post_id":"xcj66o","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: if computers can run millions of data points per second, why do credit card chip readers take so long?","c_root_id_A":"io5ghb1","c_root_id_B":"io66i6w","created_at_utc_A":1663005694,"created_at_utc_B":1663016251,"score_A":3,"score_B":7,"human_ref_A":"The credit card have a tiny computer in it. And this tiny computer with its limited size and power consumption are far from being able to compute millions of data points per second. And as part of the transaction they need to calculate quite complex encryption algorithms. But the credit card is only one side of the transaction. The payment provider have servers doing the second half of the transaction. Not only to the terminal have to call up the payment provider and negotiate back and forth to find the right type of transaction that is compatible with all the equipment and policies. The wire signals are not instantaneous and can take up to a fifth of a second each way. But the servers often have to look up the account information in multiple places while doing this. And this is all while handling millions of similar transactions a second having to communicate with all the payment terminals and look up all the account information in the same database.","human_ref_B":"Credit card ships take like one or two seconds, what do you mean?","labels":0,"seconds_difference":10557.0,"score_ratio":2.3333333333}
{"post_id":"xcj66o","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: if computers can run millions of data points per second, why do credit card chip readers take so long?","c_root_id_A":"io7bfnf","c_root_id_B":"io5ghb1","created_at_utc_A":1663033910,"created_at_utc_B":1663005694,"score_A":7,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"I have an answer for the specific question of why CONTACT chip transactions are so slow\u2026   When you put your card in the terminal, the chip sends the terminal an \u201cAnswer To Reset (ATR)\u201d and part of that ATR data is how fast the chip can talk.   Because old chips talked slow (chip tech has been around in cards for 30 years), it was most reliable to keep that bit rate the same, even as chips got exponentially faster. Mostly a backward compatibility thing.  Now that most terminals are new and support higher bit rates, we\u2019re looking into implementing an ATR that signals a faster communication rate.  This small change would basically make CONTACT transactions something like 30x faster, at the cost of the cards potentially not working in 0.1% of terminals.","human_ref_B":"The credit card have a tiny computer in it. And this tiny computer with its limited size and power consumption are far from being able to compute millions of data points per second. And as part of the transaction they need to calculate quite complex encryption algorithms. But the credit card is only one side of the transaction. The payment provider have servers doing the second half of the transaction. Not only to the terminal have to call up the payment provider and negotiate back and forth to find the right type of transaction that is compatible with all the equipment and policies. The wire signals are not instantaneous and can take up to a fifth of a second each way. But the servers often have to look up the account information in multiple places while doing this. And this is all while handling millions of similar transactions a second having to communicate with all the payment terminals and look up all the account information in the same database.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":28216.0,"score_ratio":2.3333333333}
{"post_id":"xcj66o","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: if computers can run millions of data points per second, why do credit card chip readers take so long?","c_root_id_A":"io7bfnf","c_root_id_B":"io6xc35","created_at_utc_A":1663033910,"created_at_utc_B":1663027810,"score_A":7,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"I have an answer for the specific question of why CONTACT chip transactions are so slow\u2026   When you put your card in the terminal, the chip sends the terminal an \u201cAnswer To Reset (ATR)\u201d and part of that ATR data is how fast the chip can talk.   Because old chips talked slow (chip tech has been around in cards for 30 years), it was most reliable to keep that bit rate the same, even as chips got exponentially faster. Mostly a backward compatibility thing.  Now that most terminals are new and support higher bit rates, we\u2019re looking into implementing an ATR that signals a faster communication rate.  This small change would basically make CONTACT transactions something like 30x faster, at the cost of the cards potentially not working in 0.1% of terminals.","human_ref_B":"The real question is.... Why is it they can take money from your account at the speed of light, but a refund takes 3-5 business days?","labels":1,"seconds_difference":6100.0,"score_ratio":1.75}
{"post_id":"xcj66o","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: if computers can run millions of data points per second, why do credit card chip readers take so long?","c_root_id_A":"io6xc35","c_root_id_B":"io5ghb1","created_at_utc_A":1663027810,"created_at_utc_B":1663005694,"score_A":4,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"The real question is.... Why is it they can take money from your account at the speed of light, but a refund takes 3-5 business days?","human_ref_B":"The credit card have a tiny computer in it. And this tiny computer with its limited size and power consumption are far from being able to compute millions of data points per second. And as part of the transaction they need to calculate quite complex encryption algorithms. But the credit card is only one side of the transaction. The payment provider have servers doing the second half of the transaction. Not only to the terminal have to call up the payment provider and negotiate back and forth to find the right type of transaction that is compatible with all the equipment and policies. The wire signals are not instantaneous and can take up to a fifth of a second each way. But the servers often have to look up the account information in multiple places while doing this. And this is all while handling millions of similar transactions a second having to communicate with all the payment terminals and look up all the account information in the same database.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":22116.0,"score_ratio":1.3333333333}
{"post_id":"zvpu9f","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: 3G twelve years ago was fast. Today if you get a full 3G reception you can barely load Google\u2019s landing page. Why\u2019s that? I just feel like they renamed 4G into 5G, 3G into 4G and Edge into 3G. Jokes aside, I know the overall amount of data to load today per website\/video\/images is way heavier than before, but still. A simple Google search doesn\u2019t require much more to load than 12 years ago.","c_root_id_A":"j1qg990","c_root_id_B":"j1qg39e","created_at_utc_A":1672071057,"created_at_utc_B":1672070979,"score_A":3082,"score_B":319,"human_ref_A":"When 3G was the new hotness, all the telephone providers put up hundreds and hundreds of antennas to support the new, fast technology. As 4G, and later 5G came out, the older antennas were taken down, and replaced with the upgraded antennas.  Back in the day, your cell phone could talk to 5 different 3G antennaes, and there was plenty of antennas to support the entire population of 3G phones. Now, there might only be one antenna for 20 mi circle, so everyone who's still on 3G phones has to use that one antenna, making it very slow","human_ref_B":"Answer: as 4G and 5G networks and devices have become more widespread, infrastructure for 3G is being removed or doesn't receive the resources needed to function at the levels it did during its heyday.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":78.0,"score_ratio":9.6614420063}
{"post_id":"zvpu9f","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: 3G twelve years ago was fast. Today if you get a full 3G reception you can barely load Google\u2019s landing page. Why\u2019s that? I just feel like they renamed 4G into 5G, 3G into 4G and Edge into 3G. Jokes aside, I know the overall amount of data to load today per website\/video\/images is way heavier than before, but still. A simple Google search doesn\u2019t require much more to load than 12 years ago.","c_root_id_A":"j1qg981","c_root_id_B":"j1qg990","created_at_utc_A":1672071057,"created_at_utc_B":1672071057,"score_A":90,"score_B":3082,"human_ref_A":"Your phone is doing a lot more in the background now then it did 12 years ago. For every visible web request there are dozens of hidden ones for updating app feeds and notifications.","human_ref_B":"When 3G was the new hotness, all the telephone providers put up hundreds and hundreds of antennas to support the new, fast technology. As 4G, and later 5G came out, the older antennas were taken down, and replaced with the upgraded antennas.  Back in the day, your cell phone could talk to 5 different 3G antennaes, and there was plenty of antennas to support the entire population of 3G phones. Now, there might only be one antenna for 20 mi circle, so everyone who's still on 3G phones has to use that one antenna, making it very slow","labels":0,"seconds_difference":0.0,"score_ratio":34.2444444444}
{"post_id":"zvpu9f","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: 3G twelve years ago was fast. Today if you get a full 3G reception you can barely load Google\u2019s landing page. Why\u2019s that? I just feel like they renamed 4G into 5G, 3G into 4G and Edge into 3G. Jokes aside, I know the overall amount of data to load today per website\/video\/images is way heavier than before, but still. A simple Google search doesn\u2019t require much more to load than 12 years ago.","c_root_id_A":"j1qmkk5","c_root_id_B":"j1qgeok","created_at_utc_A":1672073902,"created_at_utc_B":1672071127,"score_A":72,"score_B":41,"human_ref_A":"Its about frequency bands, since lte can make better use and fit more traffic thanks to better\/ complex modulations(thus why early lte chips were more power hungry). More operators strart repurpose these bands away from 3g into lte, leaving for 3g bare minimum band which usually only good for voice or very limited amount of bandwitdth.  Plus like many other said, pages grown more since then and there lot background loading","human_ref_B":"A simple google search does require much more data then befor especialy on a smartphone. 12 years ago goolge knew that you dont get much up\/down speed and probably didnt have a large data limit so they made the search as light weight as possible. Nowadays they dont realy care anymore and they care to get as much data from you as possible, this takes up most of the needed data. Another point is 3g was upgraded to 4g nearly everywhere so if you get to an area that has very low priority for fast internet (otherwise it would have been upgraded). So it says 3g but you probably didnt get the maximum speed that is possible with 3g anyway.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2775.0,"score_ratio":1.756097561}
{"post_id":"zvpu9f","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: 3G twelve years ago was fast. Today if you get a full 3G reception you can barely load Google\u2019s landing page. Why\u2019s that? I just feel like they renamed 4G into 5G, 3G into 4G and Edge into 3G. Jokes aside, I know the overall amount of data to load today per website\/video\/images is way heavier than before, but still. A simple Google search doesn\u2019t require much more to load than 12 years ago.","c_root_id_A":"j1s2v92","c_root_id_B":"j1qzgv5","created_at_utc_A":1672097190,"created_at_utc_B":1672079453,"score_A":5,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"To all 5G is slow folks need to know there are 3 types of 5G  Sub6=long distance but slow speed more like LTE or possibly slower usually given by just a 5G indicator on your phone   C-band=less distance but higher speed and will give a good boost over 4G. Usually gets an 5G+, 5GUC or 5GUW indicator on your phone   Millimeter wave=  very short distance but very high speed usually about 1 to 3 gig per second. But the distance is just across a parking lot and can't really penetrate buildings at all unless the antenna is inside like a sport stadium or convention center. Usually giving the same indicators as c-band on your phone.","human_ref_B":"With the new technologies that surpass the current limit, are born new necessities that put a limit on the new tech, effectively renewing the cycle.  Remember when the internet was all about text?, New and faster connections allowed for the images to enter the conversation, so new necessities were born for the new connections, when those limits got surpassed with new technologies once again, the videos entered the game, again, new limit, and when that was surpassed live streaming entered the game.  View it as PC: Old text boards, Facebook memes, YouTube videos, Twitch Streams.  In phones: SMS, WhatsApp, Facebook Memes, YouTube Videos, TikTok videos.  Basically 3G was fast for what we used to do, the necessities were on par with the internet connections we had back then. Just a few images and mostly text, But now the necessities we have are way higher than back then, which are mostly videos and a lot of pictures and highly developed web infrastructure.  PS: i used to love a quote\/question from the Jurassic Park book, I'm paraphrasing since i don't remember it exactly: \"why mom's take the same time to clean the house as they took 50 years ago when they didn't have any of these automatic and efficient machines?\"  And the answer is that with new tools, new necessities are born, the mom takes the same time with more tools because since she has more facilities to clean faster, she can afford to dirty more, since she knows she'll be able to clean.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":17737.0,"score_ratio":1.25}
{"post_id":"xltg8t","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.82,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How does our hunter-gatherer ancestors have their salt intake, did they have to evaporate salt water?","c_root_id_A":"ipkzfgs","c_root_id_B":"ipm8svh","created_at_utc_A":1663930254,"created_at_utc_B":1663953404,"score_A":18,"score_B":50,"human_ref_A":"People forget that Hunter Gatherers fished alot. Humans have always lived near water sources. We were also physically much smaller so we needed less salt.","human_ref_B":"You know who else needs, and thus has salt? The bodies of virtually any other animal on planet Earth.  Actually, what's even my point? Plenty of edible plants have salt in them. There's salt in soil. There's salt in ocean water. There's salt in... grass. There's salt friggin everywhere, and we are evolved to detect it quite easily. You sprinkle a tiiiny bit of this stuff on something and WHAM, changes the whole flavor profile. Sufficient salt intake was probably the least of our ancestor's worries.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":23150.0,"score_ratio":2.7777777778}
{"post_id":"p7rful","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How does tuna fish last in a can? I understand they put it in water, but sometimes I see tuna fish that won\u2019t expire for two years. That seems like a long time for fish to not go bad.","c_root_id_A":"h9lqmxs","c_root_id_B":"h9lqpko","created_at_utc_A":1629420029,"created_at_utc_B":1629420063,"score_A":12,"score_B":90,"human_ref_A":"The fish and the inside of the can are sterilized.  There are no microbes or oxygen inside to spoil the fish.","human_ref_B":"For food to go bad it needs something to spoil it (bacteria, mold, yeast) and often oxygen. Canned tuna is heated after closing to kill the bad things. It usually doesn't have much oxygen either (though some bacteria don't need oxygen)","labels":0,"seconds_difference":34.0,"score_ratio":7.5}
{"post_id":"puil1a","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"(Explain like I'm five years old) Why do school busses have such a large overhang from the rear axle? There's at least 10 foot of school bus after the last tire. This seems odd, especially considering a semi truck has several axles spaced out and one near the rear.","c_root_id_A":"he30j6z","c_root_id_B":"he304of","created_at_utc_A":1632486471,"created_at_utc_B":1632486250,"score_A":5325,"score_B":62,"human_ref_A":"The only real advantage of this is the busses' turn radius. With a shorter distance between the front and rear wheels, the turning circle of the bus also shrinks in size.  Weight distribution is less of an issue here. The engine in the front is heavy and the rest of the bus is mostly empty space. The axle could be placed anywhere between the center of mass and the rear end.","human_ref_B":"The semi truck is designed to carry weight. Most of the school bus is air, so it needs fewer axles. The front axle needs to be near the front because of the heavy engine.   If the rear axle was right at the back, the centre of the body would be less supported. By moving it forward, the weight of the bus is more evenly supported.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":221.0,"score_ratio":85.8870967742}
{"post_id":"puil1a","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"(Explain like I'm five years old) Why do school busses have such a large overhang from the rear axle? There's at least 10 foot of school bus after the last tire. This seems odd, especially considering a semi truck has several axles spaced out and one near the rear.","c_root_id_A":"he304of","c_root_id_B":"he3dufz","created_at_utc_A":1632486250,"created_at_utc_B":1632492868,"score_A":62,"score_B":1009,"human_ref_A":"The semi truck is designed to carry weight. Most of the school bus is air, so it needs fewer axles. The front axle needs to be near the front because of the heavy engine.   If the rear axle was right at the back, the centre of the body would be less supported. By moving it forward, the weight of the bus is more evenly supported.","human_ref_B":"Former school bus driver here. Maneuverability. I worked in a very large very high cost of living county. We had a fleet of over 2000 busses in use and several hundred for spare parts or backups. Over the years the county tried out different manufacturers, models, sizes and fuel types. If they weren't broke yet we would keep them in active rotation in the fleet. Everyone HATED the Bluebird longbow. It had the tires in front of the engine and the rear ones too far back in the back. The turning radius was garbage. Each rout in different neighborhoods had to take into consideration what bus was available. The 4 tires close together in the middle type (or the \"ants carrying bread model\" as many called it) was far superior at handling small tight turns. You just had to be aware of your tail swing, which was huge.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":6618.0,"score_ratio":16.2741935484}
{"post_id":"z513fs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how is the US banking system not crippled by credit card fraud? I come from a country where most people don't have a credit card.  I cannot wrap my head around this documentary.  Now I get that credit card fraud *is* a big problem.  But if all you need is the card number to order stuff, and card numbers are so easy to come by as shown in the documentary, then why is not every single criminal in the US running a credit card fraud operation?  It seems super easy and low risk. Get a burner device, order stuff from public wifi, and don't be stupid about the delivery locations.","c_root_id_A":"ixtryq1","c_root_id_B":"ixtrohp","created_at_utc_A":1669448646,"created_at_utc_B":1669448400,"score_A":497,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"While credit card fraud is a problem, it\u2019s not overwhelming to banks.   Just like stores expect some shoplifting and include the costs of that in their prices, banks expect some fraud and include those costs in the fees they charge.   Banks also have lots of ways to detect fraud, and can often catch it before there are too many charges. They have algorithms that look for charges outside a customer\u2019s normal area, at places they don\u2019t normally shop, etc. When I\u2019ve had a fraudulent charge, the bank itself has always been the one to catch it and call me.   Also, you need more than a credit card number to shop. In person, you need the card itself. If a store runs just the number off a piece of paper, they would be liable for the charges. Spoofing cards is harder, especially the new chip cards. Online, you typically need the security number from the back of the card and the billing address. You can buy full sets of stolen data, of course, but it\u2019s harder than straight numbers.   As to why every criminal in America doesn\u2019t take up credit card fraud, on the whole a lot of crime is opportunistic rather than carefully planned. Someone needs money *now*, so they smash a window or bump key a door, grab some stuff, and leave. Or rob someone in person. Credit card fraud takes start-up capital (to buy the devices and numbers), planning, and patience.","human_ref_B":"As to your headline, banks chargeback the merchants for the fraud.  Banks have extremely limited risk","labels":1,"seconds_difference":246.0,"score_ratio":248.5}
{"post_id":"z513fs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how is the US banking system not crippled by credit card fraud? I come from a country where most people don't have a credit card.  I cannot wrap my head around this documentary.  Now I get that credit card fraud *is* a big problem.  But if all you need is the card number to order stuff, and card numbers are so easy to come by as shown in the documentary, then why is not every single criminal in the US running a credit card fraud operation?  It seems super easy and low risk. Get a burner device, order stuff from public wifi, and don't be stupid about the delivery locations.","c_root_id_A":"ixufwd9","c_root_id_B":"ixugowh","created_at_utc_A":1669468607,"created_at_utc_B":1669469112,"score_A":30,"score_B":114,"human_ref_A":"I mean, you also have to remember that this particular scam was from back in the late '80s and early '90s.  Banks have gotten *considerably* better at detecting fraudulent charges now, and even for the charges that slip through the total amount of money lost is pretty insignificant.","human_ref_B":"OP that documentary is from 1992. Banking and Credit Systems have evolved substantially in 30 years. You're thinking the entire US banking system is still being ran like its the 1980s.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":505.0,"score_ratio":3.8}
{"post_id":"z513fs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how is the US banking system not crippled by credit card fraud? I come from a country where most people don't have a credit card.  I cannot wrap my head around this documentary.  Now I get that credit card fraud *is* a big problem.  But if all you need is the card number to order stuff, and card numbers are so easy to come by as shown in the documentary, then why is not every single criminal in the US running a credit card fraud operation?  It seems super easy and low risk. Get a burner device, order stuff from public wifi, and don't be stupid about the delivery locations.","c_root_id_A":"ixugowh","c_root_id_B":"ixu4sei","created_at_utc_A":1669469112,"created_at_utc_B":1669459923,"score_A":114,"score_B":21,"human_ref_A":"OP that documentary is from 1992. Banking and Credit Systems have evolved substantially in 30 years. You're thinking the entire US banking system is still being ran like its the 1980s.","human_ref_B":"I work with a credit card monitoring vendor which is one of many defenses against card fraud that card issuers employ. Many cards posted for sale on card markets are caught quickly and invalidated before any major charges can be made on them. The vendor also conducts research with the card issuers to pin point where cards are being stolen from so they can monitor other cards previously used at that location.  Though despite this, credit card companies make so much money they are still simply able to just eat the cost of successful fraud much of the time.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":9189.0,"score_ratio":5.4285714286}
{"post_id":"z513fs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how is the US banking system not crippled by credit card fraud? I come from a country where most people don't have a credit card.  I cannot wrap my head around this documentary.  Now I get that credit card fraud *is* a big problem.  But if all you need is the card number to order stuff, and card numbers are so easy to come by as shown in the documentary, then why is not every single criminal in the US running a credit card fraud operation?  It seems super easy and low risk. Get a burner device, order stuff from public wifi, and don't be stupid about the delivery locations.","c_root_id_A":"ixugowh","c_root_id_B":"ixu047y","created_at_utc_A":1669469112,"created_at_utc_B":1669455734,"score_A":114,"score_B":11,"human_ref_A":"OP that documentary is from 1992. Banking and Credit Systems have evolved substantially in 30 years. You're thinking the entire US banking system is still being ran like its the 1980s.","human_ref_B":"First, it's not as easy as it sounds in countries with regular card use (cameras, tracking systems, bank algorithms that prevent buying, second verifications, claims, etc,.) it will probably be easier in places like yours where it's not so widespread and prevention is not a priority yet.  Second, there are many ways to prevent it. In spain some banks issue cards with no data, literally blank bank cards and all your details are in your phone app. You can create a one off virtual card for purchases. You can use multiple accounts to prevent fraud (this is oldstyle) like keep the money in an account with no access by card and move the money to you card linked account only for what you need.  Third, banks are more than aware, but it's the same issue as with shoplifting. Since it's impossible to truly stop it, the \"expenses\" caused by it are embedded in the clients payments (account maintenance for example) and unless the issue blows out of a certain proportion, they consider it just collateral damage, \"part of doing business\"","labels":1,"seconds_difference":13378.0,"score_ratio":10.3636363636}
{"post_id":"z513fs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how is the US banking system not crippled by credit card fraud? I come from a country where most people don't have a credit card.  I cannot wrap my head around this documentary.  Now I get that credit card fraud *is* a big problem.  But if all you need is the card number to order stuff, and card numbers are so easy to come by as shown in the documentary, then why is not every single criminal in the US running a credit card fraud operation?  It seems super easy and low risk. Get a burner device, order stuff from public wifi, and don't be stupid about the delivery locations.","c_root_id_A":"ixugowh","c_root_id_B":"ixu27f5","created_at_utc_A":1669469112,"created_at_utc_B":1669457600,"score_A":114,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"OP that documentary is from 1992. Banking and Credit Systems have evolved substantially in 30 years. You're thinking the entire US banking system is still being ran like its the 1980s.","human_ref_B":"I have worked for a few major US banks and they calculated around 50 million dollars in loss due to fraud for 2022. And I don't think that's including the money they pay their fraud prevention teams that stop a lot of losses as well. So overall it's part of the budget sadly and also there are a fair amount of preventative measures in place to stop potential fraudulent transactions etc.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":11512.0,"score_ratio":22.8}
{"post_id":"z513fs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how is the US banking system not crippled by credit card fraud? I come from a country where most people don't have a credit card.  I cannot wrap my head around this documentary.  Now I get that credit card fraud *is* a big problem.  But if all you need is the card number to order stuff, and card numbers are so easy to come by as shown in the documentary, then why is not every single criminal in the US running a credit card fraud operation?  It seems super easy and low risk. Get a burner device, order stuff from public wifi, and don't be stupid about the delivery locations.","c_root_id_A":"ixu735t","c_root_id_B":"ixugowh","created_at_utc_A":1669461931,"created_at_utc_B":1669469112,"score_A":2,"score_B":114,"human_ref_A":"You don't want to spend more money securing something, than what that something is worth. The fraud is part of the cost of doing banking.   When the fraud goes up, banks spend more money implementing security. If the fraud is as usual or goes down, it makes no sense to spend more money on security.  Cash also have a high cost of security. Everything from storage, transportation, getting the money into bank account and risk of heists (which was high in the nineties, both in money and traumatized victims).","human_ref_B":"OP that documentary is from 1992. Banking and Credit Systems have evolved substantially in 30 years. You're thinking the entire US banking system is still being ran like its the 1980s.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":7181.0,"score_ratio":57.0}
{"post_id":"z513fs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how is the US banking system not crippled by credit card fraud? I come from a country where most people don't have a credit card.  I cannot wrap my head around this documentary.  Now I get that credit card fraud *is* a big problem.  But if all you need is the card number to order stuff, and card numbers are so easy to come by as shown in the documentary, then why is not every single criminal in the US running a credit card fraud operation?  It seems super easy and low risk. Get a burner device, order stuff from public wifi, and don't be stupid about the delivery locations.","c_root_id_A":"ixtrohp","c_root_id_B":"ixugowh","created_at_utc_A":1669448400,"created_at_utc_B":1669469112,"score_A":2,"score_B":114,"human_ref_A":"As to your headline, banks chargeback the merchants for the fraud.  Banks have extremely limited risk","human_ref_B":"OP that documentary is from 1992. Banking and Credit Systems have evolved substantially in 30 years. You're thinking the entire US banking system is still being ran like its the 1980s.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":20712.0,"score_ratio":57.0}
{"post_id":"z513fs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how is the US banking system not crippled by credit card fraud? I come from a country where most people don't have a credit card.  I cannot wrap my head around this documentary.  Now I get that credit card fraud *is* a big problem.  But if all you need is the card number to order stuff, and card numbers are so easy to come by as shown in the documentary, then why is not every single criminal in the US running a credit card fraud operation?  It seems super easy and low risk. Get a burner device, order stuff from public wifi, and don't be stupid about the delivery locations.","c_root_id_A":"ixugowh","c_root_id_B":"ixtsaib","created_at_utc_A":1669469112,"created_at_utc_B":1669448928,"score_A":114,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"OP that documentary is from 1992. Banking and Credit Systems have evolved substantially in 30 years. You're thinking the entire US banking system is still being ran like its the 1980s.","human_ref_B":"Because interest on credit cards is huge, easily over 10%\/yr. Especially in the US many people don't pay off their their credit card bill every month, but just pay a fixed amount. This means credit card issuers get to charge interest, which brings in a lot of money for them. This also explains why many people in the US try to get out of this spiral by trying to completely pay off their credit card debt. It's real easy to fall into the trap of almost only paying off interest every month, which means it is very hard to get out of depth. I think the rules around consumer credit (so also credit cards) are much more relaxed in the US, so people can also get into trouble by getting multiple expensive credit cards. Banks and other issuers (like big shopping franchises) keep offering these to people who can't really afford them because of this. The people involved are more likely to let debt accumulate, and thus interest payments. Which is very lucrative.  I personally think this sort of easy credit should be heavily regulated, Fwiw.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":20184.0,"score_ratio":38.0}
{"post_id":"z513fs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how is the US banking system not crippled by credit card fraud? I come from a country where most people don't have a credit card.  I cannot wrap my head around this documentary.  Now I get that credit card fraud *is* a big problem.  But if all you need is the card number to order stuff, and card numbers are so easy to come by as shown in the documentary, then why is not every single criminal in the US running a credit card fraud operation?  It seems super easy and low risk. Get a burner device, order stuff from public wifi, and don't be stupid about the delivery locations.","c_root_id_A":"ixufwd9","c_root_id_B":"ixu4sei","created_at_utc_A":1669468607,"created_at_utc_B":1669459923,"score_A":30,"score_B":21,"human_ref_A":"I mean, you also have to remember that this particular scam was from back in the late '80s and early '90s.  Banks have gotten *considerably* better at detecting fraudulent charges now, and even for the charges that slip through the total amount of money lost is pretty insignificant.","human_ref_B":"I work with a credit card monitoring vendor which is one of many defenses against card fraud that card issuers employ. Many cards posted for sale on card markets are caught quickly and invalidated before any major charges can be made on them. The vendor also conducts research with the card issuers to pin point where cards are being stolen from so they can monitor other cards previously used at that location.  Though despite this, credit card companies make so much money they are still simply able to just eat the cost of successful fraud much of the time.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":8684.0,"score_ratio":1.4285714286}
{"post_id":"z513fs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how is the US banking system not crippled by credit card fraud? I come from a country where most people don't have a credit card.  I cannot wrap my head around this documentary.  Now I get that credit card fraud *is* a big problem.  But if all you need is the card number to order stuff, and card numbers are so easy to come by as shown in the documentary, then why is not every single criminal in the US running a credit card fraud operation?  It seems super easy and low risk. Get a burner device, order stuff from public wifi, and don't be stupid about the delivery locations.","c_root_id_A":"ixufwd9","c_root_id_B":"ixu047y","created_at_utc_A":1669468607,"created_at_utc_B":1669455734,"score_A":30,"score_B":11,"human_ref_A":"I mean, you also have to remember that this particular scam was from back in the late '80s and early '90s.  Banks have gotten *considerably* better at detecting fraudulent charges now, and even for the charges that slip through the total amount of money lost is pretty insignificant.","human_ref_B":"First, it's not as easy as it sounds in countries with regular card use (cameras, tracking systems, bank algorithms that prevent buying, second verifications, claims, etc,.) it will probably be easier in places like yours where it's not so widespread and prevention is not a priority yet.  Second, there are many ways to prevent it. In spain some banks issue cards with no data, literally blank bank cards and all your details are in your phone app. You can create a one off virtual card for purchases. You can use multiple accounts to prevent fraud (this is oldstyle) like keep the money in an account with no access by card and move the money to you card linked account only for what you need.  Third, banks are more than aware, but it's the same issue as with shoplifting. Since it's impossible to truly stop it, the \"expenses\" caused by it are embedded in the clients payments (account maintenance for example) and unless the issue blows out of a certain proportion, they consider it just collateral damage, \"part of doing business\"","labels":1,"seconds_difference":12873.0,"score_ratio":2.7272727273}
{"post_id":"z513fs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how is the US banking system not crippled by credit card fraud? I come from a country where most people don't have a credit card.  I cannot wrap my head around this documentary.  Now I get that credit card fraud *is* a big problem.  But if all you need is the card number to order stuff, and card numbers are so easy to come by as shown in the documentary, then why is not every single criminal in the US running a credit card fraud operation?  It seems super easy and low risk. Get a burner device, order stuff from public wifi, and don't be stupid about the delivery locations.","c_root_id_A":"ixu27f5","c_root_id_B":"ixufwd9","created_at_utc_A":1669457600,"created_at_utc_B":1669468607,"score_A":5,"score_B":30,"human_ref_A":"I have worked for a few major US banks and they calculated around 50 million dollars in loss due to fraud for 2022. And I don't think that's including the money they pay their fraud prevention teams that stop a lot of losses as well. So overall it's part of the budget sadly and also there are a fair amount of preventative measures in place to stop potential fraudulent transactions etc.","human_ref_B":"I mean, you also have to remember that this particular scam was from back in the late '80s and early '90s.  Banks have gotten *considerably* better at detecting fraudulent charges now, and even for the charges that slip through the total amount of money lost is pretty insignificant.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":11007.0,"score_ratio":6.0}
{"post_id":"z513fs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how is the US banking system not crippled by credit card fraud? I come from a country where most people don't have a credit card.  I cannot wrap my head around this documentary.  Now I get that credit card fraud *is* a big problem.  But if all you need is the card number to order stuff, and card numbers are so easy to come by as shown in the documentary, then why is not every single criminal in the US running a credit card fraud operation?  It seems super easy and low risk. Get a burner device, order stuff from public wifi, and don't be stupid about the delivery locations.","c_root_id_A":"ixu735t","c_root_id_B":"ixufwd9","created_at_utc_A":1669461931,"created_at_utc_B":1669468607,"score_A":2,"score_B":30,"human_ref_A":"You don't want to spend more money securing something, than what that something is worth. The fraud is part of the cost of doing banking.   When the fraud goes up, banks spend more money implementing security. If the fraud is as usual or goes down, it makes no sense to spend more money on security.  Cash also have a high cost of security. Everything from storage, transportation, getting the money into bank account and risk of heists (which was high in the nineties, both in money and traumatized victims).","human_ref_B":"I mean, you also have to remember that this particular scam was from back in the late '80s and early '90s.  Banks have gotten *considerably* better at detecting fraudulent charges now, and even for the charges that slip through the total amount of money lost is pretty insignificant.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":6676.0,"score_ratio":15.0}
{"post_id":"z513fs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how is the US banking system not crippled by credit card fraud? I come from a country where most people don't have a credit card.  I cannot wrap my head around this documentary.  Now I get that credit card fraud *is* a big problem.  But if all you need is the card number to order stuff, and card numbers are so easy to come by as shown in the documentary, then why is not every single criminal in the US running a credit card fraud operation?  It seems super easy and low risk. Get a burner device, order stuff from public wifi, and don't be stupid about the delivery locations.","c_root_id_A":"ixufwd9","c_root_id_B":"ixtrohp","created_at_utc_A":1669468607,"created_at_utc_B":1669448400,"score_A":30,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"I mean, you also have to remember that this particular scam was from back in the late '80s and early '90s.  Banks have gotten *considerably* better at detecting fraudulent charges now, and even for the charges that slip through the total amount of money lost is pretty insignificant.","human_ref_B":"As to your headline, banks chargeback the merchants for the fraud.  Banks have extremely limited risk","labels":1,"seconds_difference":20207.0,"score_ratio":15.0}
{"post_id":"z513fs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how is the US banking system not crippled by credit card fraud? I come from a country where most people don't have a credit card.  I cannot wrap my head around this documentary.  Now I get that credit card fraud *is* a big problem.  But if all you need is the card number to order stuff, and card numbers are so easy to come by as shown in the documentary, then why is not every single criminal in the US running a credit card fraud operation?  It seems super easy and low risk. Get a burner device, order stuff from public wifi, and don't be stupid about the delivery locations.","c_root_id_A":"ixufwd9","c_root_id_B":"ixtsaib","created_at_utc_A":1669468607,"created_at_utc_B":1669448928,"score_A":30,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"I mean, you also have to remember that this particular scam was from back in the late '80s and early '90s.  Banks have gotten *considerably* better at detecting fraudulent charges now, and even for the charges that slip through the total amount of money lost is pretty insignificant.","human_ref_B":"Because interest on credit cards is huge, easily over 10%\/yr. Especially in the US many people don't pay off their their credit card bill every month, but just pay a fixed amount. This means credit card issuers get to charge interest, which brings in a lot of money for them. This also explains why many people in the US try to get out of this spiral by trying to completely pay off their credit card debt. It's real easy to fall into the trap of almost only paying off interest every month, which means it is very hard to get out of depth. I think the rules around consumer credit (so also credit cards) are much more relaxed in the US, so people can also get into trouble by getting multiple expensive credit cards. Banks and other issuers (like big shopping franchises) keep offering these to people who can't really afford them because of this. The people involved are more likely to let debt accumulate, and thus interest payments. Which is very lucrative.  I personally think this sort of easy credit should be heavily regulated, Fwiw.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":19679.0,"score_ratio":10.0}
{"post_id":"z513fs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how is the US banking system not crippled by credit card fraud? I come from a country where most people don't have a credit card.  I cannot wrap my head around this documentary.  Now I get that credit card fraud *is* a big problem.  But if all you need is the card number to order stuff, and card numbers are so easy to come by as shown in the documentary, then why is not every single criminal in the US running a credit card fraud operation?  It seems super easy and low risk. Get a burner device, order stuff from public wifi, and don't be stupid about the delivery locations.","c_root_id_A":"ixu4sei","c_root_id_B":"ixu047y","created_at_utc_A":1669459923,"created_at_utc_B":1669455734,"score_A":21,"score_B":11,"human_ref_A":"I work with a credit card monitoring vendor which is one of many defenses against card fraud that card issuers employ. Many cards posted for sale on card markets are caught quickly and invalidated before any major charges can be made on them. The vendor also conducts research with the card issuers to pin point where cards are being stolen from so they can monitor other cards previously used at that location.  Though despite this, credit card companies make so much money they are still simply able to just eat the cost of successful fraud much of the time.","human_ref_B":"First, it's not as easy as it sounds in countries with regular card use (cameras, tracking systems, bank algorithms that prevent buying, second verifications, claims, etc,.) it will probably be easier in places like yours where it's not so widespread and prevention is not a priority yet.  Second, there are many ways to prevent it. In spain some banks issue cards with no data, literally blank bank cards and all your details are in your phone app. You can create a one off virtual card for purchases. You can use multiple accounts to prevent fraud (this is oldstyle) like keep the money in an account with no access by card and move the money to you card linked account only for what you need.  Third, banks are more than aware, but it's the same issue as with shoplifting. Since it's impossible to truly stop it, the \"expenses\" caused by it are embedded in the clients payments (account maintenance for example) and unless the issue blows out of a certain proportion, they consider it just collateral damage, \"part of doing business\"","labels":1,"seconds_difference":4189.0,"score_ratio":1.9090909091}
{"post_id":"z513fs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how is the US banking system not crippled by credit card fraud? I come from a country where most people don't have a credit card.  I cannot wrap my head around this documentary.  Now I get that credit card fraud *is* a big problem.  But if all you need is the card number to order stuff, and card numbers are so easy to come by as shown in the documentary, then why is not every single criminal in the US running a credit card fraud operation?  It seems super easy and low risk. Get a burner device, order stuff from public wifi, and don't be stupid about the delivery locations.","c_root_id_A":"ixu27f5","c_root_id_B":"ixu4sei","created_at_utc_A":1669457600,"created_at_utc_B":1669459923,"score_A":5,"score_B":21,"human_ref_A":"I have worked for a few major US banks and they calculated around 50 million dollars in loss due to fraud for 2022. And I don't think that's including the money they pay their fraud prevention teams that stop a lot of losses as well. So overall it's part of the budget sadly and also there are a fair amount of preventative measures in place to stop potential fraudulent transactions etc.","human_ref_B":"I work with a credit card monitoring vendor which is one of many defenses against card fraud that card issuers employ. Many cards posted for sale on card markets are caught quickly and invalidated before any major charges can be made on them. The vendor also conducts research with the card issuers to pin point where cards are being stolen from so they can monitor other cards previously used at that location.  Though despite this, credit card companies make so much money they are still simply able to just eat the cost of successful fraud much of the time.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2323.0,"score_ratio":4.2}
{"post_id":"z513fs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how is the US banking system not crippled by credit card fraud? I come from a country where most people don't have a credit card.  I cannot wrap my head around this documentary.  Now I get that credit card fraud *is* a big problem.  But if all you need is the card number to order stuff, and card numbers are so easy to come by as shown in the documentary, then why is not every single criminal in the US running a credit card fraud operation?  It seems super easy and low risk. Get a burner device, order stuff from public wifi, and don't be stupid about the delivery locations.","c_root_id_A":"ixtrohp","c_root_id_B":"ixu4sei","created_at_utc_A":1669448400,"created_at_utc_B":1669459923,"score_A":2,"score_B":21,"human_ref_A":"As to your headline, banks chargeback the merchants for the fraud.  Banks have extremely limited risk","human_ref_B":"I work with a credit card monitoring vendor which is one of many defenses against card fraud that card issuers employ. Many cards posted for sale on card markets are caught quickly and invalidated before any major charges can be made on them. The vendor also conducts research with the card issuers to pin point where cards are being stolen from so they can monitor other cards previously used at that location.  Though despite this, credit card companies make so much money they are still simply able to just eat the cost of successful fraud much of the time.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":11523.0,"score_ratio":10.5}
{"post_id":"z513fs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how is the US banking system not crippled by credit card fraud? I come from a country where most people don't have a credit card.  I cannot wrap my head around this documentary.  Now I get that credit card fraud *is* a big problem.  But if all you need is the card number to order stuff, and card numbers are so easy to come by as shown in the documentary, then why is not every single criminal in the US running a credit card fraud operation?  It seems super easy and low risk. Get a burner device, order stuff from public wifi, and don't be stupid about the delivery locations.","c_root_id_A":"ixu4sei","c_root_id_B":"ixtsaib","created_at_utc_A":1669459923,"created_at_utc_B":1669448928,"score_A":21,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"I work with a credit card monitoring vendor which is one of many defenses against card fraud that card issuers employ. Many cards posted for sale on card markets are caught quickly and invalidated before any major charges can be made on them. The vendor also conducts research with the card issuers to pin point where cards are being stolen from so they can monitor other cards previously used at that location.  Though despite this, credit card companies make so much money they are still simply able to just eat the cost of successful fraud much of the time.","human_ref_B":"Because interest on credit cards is huge, easily over 10%\/yr. Especially in the US many people don't pay off their their credit card bill every month, but just pay a fixed amount. This means credit card issuers get to charge interest, which brings in a lot of money for them. This also explains why many people in the US try to get out of this spiral by trying to completely pay off their credit card debt. It's real easy to fall into the trap of almost only paying off interest every month, which means it is very hard to get out of depth. I think the rules around consumer credit (so also credit cards) are much more relaxed in the US, so people can also get into trouble by getting multiple expensive credit cards. Banks and other issuers (like big shopping franchises) keep offering these to people who can't really afford them because of this. The people involved are more likely to let debt accumulate, and thus interest payments. Which is very lucrative.  I personally think this sort of easy credit should be heavily regulated, Fwiw.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":10995.0,"score_ratio":7.0}
{"post_id":"z513fs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how is the US banking system not crippled by credit card fraud? I come from a country where most people don't have a credit card.  I cannot wrap my head around this documentary.  Now I get that credit card fraud *is* a big problem.  But if all you need is the card number to order stuff, and card numbers are so easy to come by as shown in the documentary, then why is not every single criminal in the US running a credit card fraud operation?  It seems super easy and low risk. Get a burner device, order stuff from public wifi, and don't be stupid about the delivery locations.","c_root_id_A":"ixu047y","c_root_id_B":"ixtrohp","created_at_utc_A":1669455734,"created_at_utc_B":1669448400,"score_A":11,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"First, it's not as easy as it sounds in countries with regular card use (cameras, tracking systems, bank algorithms that prevent buying, second verifications, claims, etc,.) it will probably be easier in places like yours where it's not so widespread and prevention is not a priority yet.  Second, there are many ways to prevent it. In spain some banks issue cards with no data, literally blank bank cards and all your details are in your phone app. You can create a one off virtual card for purchases. You can use multiple accounts to prevent fraud (this is oldstyle) like keep the money in an account with no access by card and move the money to you card linked account only for what you need.  Third, banks are more than aware, but it's the same issue as with shoplifting. Since it's impossible to truly stop it, the \"expenses\" caused by it are embedded in the clients payments (account maintenance for example) and unless the issue blows out of a certain proportion, they consider it just collateral damage, \"part of doing business\"","human_ref_B":"As to your headline, banks chargeback the merchants for the fraud.  Banks have extremely limited risk","labels":1,"seconds_difference":7334.0,"score_ratio":5.5}
{"post_id":"z513fs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how is the US banking system not crippled by credit card fraud? I come from a country where most people don't have a credit card.  I cannot wrap my head around this documentary.  Now I get that credit card fraud *is* a big problem.  But if all you need is the card number to order stuff, and card numbers are so easy to come by as shown in the documentary, then why is not every single criminal in the US running a credit card fraud operation?  It seems super easy and low risk. Get a burner device, order stuff from public wifi, and don't be stupid about the delivery locations.","c_root_id_A":"ixtsaib","c_root_id_B":"ixu047y","created_at_utc_A":1669448928,"created_at_utc_B":1669455734,"score_A":3,"score_B":11,"human_ref_A":"Because interest on credit cards is huge, easily over 10%\/yr. Especially in the US many people don't pay off their their credit card bill every month, but just pay a fixed amount. This means credit card issuers get to charge interest, which brings in a lot of money for them. This also explains why many people in the US try to get out of this spiral by trying to completely pay off their credit card debt. It's real easy to fall into the trap of almost only paying off interest every month, which means it is very hard to get out of depth. I think the rules around consumer credit (so also credit cards) are much more relaxed in the US, so people can also get into trouble by getting multiple expensive credit cards. Banks and other issuers (like big shopping franchises) keep offering these to people who can't really afford them because of this. The people involved are more likely to let debt accumulate, and thus interest payments. Which is very lucrative.  I personally think this sort of easy credit should be heavily regulated, Fwiw.","human_ref_B":"First, it's not as easy as it sounds in countries with regular card use (cameras, tracking systems, bank algorithms that prevent buying, second verifications, claims, etc,.) it will probably be easier in places like yours where it's not so widespread and prevention is not a priority yet.  Second, there are many ways to prevent it. In spain some banks issue cards with no data, literally blank bank cards and all your details are in your phone app. You can create a one off virtual card for purchases. You can use multiple accounts to prevent fraud (this is oldstyle) like keep the money in an account with no access by card and move the money to you card linked account only for what you need.  Third, banks are more than aware, but it's the same issue as with shoplifting. Since it's impossible to truly stop it, the \"expenses\" caused by it are embedded in the clients payments (account maintenance for example) and unless the issue blows out of a certain proportion, they consider it just collateral damage, \"part of doing business\"","labels":0,"seconds_difference":6806.0,"score_ratio":3.6666666667}
{"post_id":"z513fs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how is the US banking system not crippled by credit card fraud? I come from a country where most people don't have a credit card.  I cannot wrap my head around this documentary.  Now I get that credit card fraud *is* a big problem.  But if all you need is the card number to order stuff, and card numbers are so easy to come by as shown in the documentary, then why is not every single criminal in the US running a credit card fraud operation?  It seems super easy and low risk. Get a burner device, order stuff from public wifi, and don't be stupid about the delivery locations.","c_root_id_A":"ixumjxq","c_root_id_B":"ixu27f5","created_at_utc_A":1669472545,"created_at_utc_B":1669457600,"score_A":7,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"I used to program anti fraud systems for a CC company actually. There are two main places to fight fraud, at signup (fake accounts or ID theft) or at purchase (stolen card)  In the moments after you swipe your card where the terminal says \"authorizing...\" or you click \"purchase\" on a website, a very fast computer system is doing hundreds of checks to make sure everything about the transaction lines up. For example, if your history show you never leave town and make relatively low cost purchases, a very expensive purchase from the other side of the country will be denied and the bank will notify you. These systems are getting more and more sophisticated every year and great pains are taken not to trigger false positives because if your card gets declined too often for legit purposes then you're less likely to use it. This is one application where \"machine learning and AI\" aren't just buzzwords but have a huge practical use case and millions are spent on these systems.  For fake accounts, that is a big problem that costs a lot of money. I know less of the details here but companies buy and sell a lot of data about people and when you sign up for a card the company cross checks things you told them about your identity with information they already know about you from other sources.","human_ref_B":"I have worked for a few major US banks and they calculated around 50 million dollars in loss due to fraud for 2022. And I don't think that's including the money they pay their fraud prevention teams that stop a lot of losses as well. So overall it's part of the budget sadly and also there are a fair amount of preventative measures in place to stop potential fraudulent transactions etc.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":14945.0,"score_ratio":1.4}
{"post_id":"z513fs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how is the US banking system not crippled by credit card fraud? I come from a country where most people don't have a credit card.  I cannot wrap my head around this documentary.  Now I get that credit card fraud *is* a big problem.  But if all you need is the card number to order stuff, and card numbers are so easy to come by as shown in the documentary, then why is not every single criminal in the US running a credit card fraud operation?  It seems super easy and low risk. Get a burner device, order stuff from public wifi, and don't be stupid about the delivery locations.","c_root_id_A":"ixu735t","c_root_id_B":"ixumjxq","created_at_utc_A":1669461931,"created_at_utc_B":1669472545,"score_A":2,"score_B":7,"human_ref_A":"You don't want to spend more money securing something, than what that something is worth. The fraud is part of the cost of doing banking.   When the fraud goes up, banks spend more money implementing security. If the fraud is as usual or goes down, it makes no sense to spend more money on security.  Cash also have a high cost of security. Everything from storage, transportation, getting the money into bank account and risk of heists (which was high in the nineties, both in money and traumatized victims).","human_ref_B":"I used to program anti fraud systems for a CC company actually. There are two main places to fight fraud, at signup (fake accounts or ID theft) or at purchase (stolen card)  In the moments after you swipe your card where the terminal says \"authorizing...\" or you click \"purchase\" on a website, a very fast computer system is doing hundreds of checks to make sure everything about the transaction lines up. For example, if your history show you never leave town and make relatively low cost purchases, a very expensive purchase from the other side of the country will be denied and the bank will notify you. These systems are getting more and more sophisticated every year and great pains are taken not to trigger false positives because if your card gets declined too often for legit purposes then you're less likely to use it. This is one application where \"machine learning and AI\" aren't just buzzwords but have a huge practical use case and millions are spent on these systems.  For fake accounts, that is a big problem that costs a lot of money. I know less of the details here but companies buy and sell a lot of data about people and when you sign up for a card the company cross checks things you told them about your identity with information they already know about you from other sources.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":10614.0,"score_ratio":3.5}
{"post_id":"z513fs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how is the US banking system not crippled by credit card fraud? I come from a country where most people don't have a credit card.  I cannot wrap my head around this documentary.  Now I get that credit card fraud *is* a big problem.  But if all you need is the card number to order stuff, and card numbers are so easy to come by as shown in the documentary, then why is not every single criminal in the US running a credit card fraud operation?  It seems super easy and low risk. Get a burner device, order stuff from public wifi, and don't be stupid about the delivery locations.","c_root_id_A":"ixumjxq","c_root_id_B":"ixtrohp","created_at_utc_A":1669472545,"created_at_utc_B":1669448400,"score_A":7,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"I used to program anti fraud systems for a CC company actually. There are two main places to fight fraud, at signup (fake accounts or ID theft) or at purchase (stolen card)  In the moments after you swipe your card where the terminal says \"authorizing...\" or you click \"purchase\" on a website, a very fast computer system is doing hundreds of checks to make sure everything about the transaction lines up. For example, if your history show you never leave town and make relatively low cost purchases, a very expensive purchase from the other side of the country will be denied and the bank will notify you. These systems are getting more and more sophisticated every year and great pains are taken not to trigger false positives because if your card gets declined too often for legit purposes then you're less likely to use it. This is one application where \"machine learning and AI\" aren't just buzzwords but have a huge practical use case and millions are spent on these systems.  For fake accounts, that is a big problem that costs a lot of money. I know less of the details here but companies buy and sell a lot of data about people and when you sign up for a card the company cross checks things you told them about your identity with information they already know about you from other sources.","human_ref_B":"As to your headline, banks chargeback the merchants for the fraud.  Banks have extremely limited risk","labels":1,"seconds_difference":24145.0,"score_ratio":3.5}
{"post_id":"z513fs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how is the US banking system not crippled by credit card fraud? I come from a country where most people don't have a credit card.  I cannot wrap my head around this documentary.  Now I get that credit card fraud *is* a big problem.  But if all you need is the card number to order stuff, and card numbers are so easy to come by as shown in the documentary, then why is not every single criminal in the US running a credit card fraud operation?  It seems super easy and low risk. Get a burner device, order stuff from public wifi, and don't be stupid about the delivery locations.","c_root_id_A":"ixtsaib","c_root_id_B":"ixumjxq","created_at_utc_A":1669448928,"created_at_utc_B":1669472545,"score_A":3,"score_B":7,"human_ref_A":"Because interest on credit cards is huge, easily over 10%\/yr. Especially in the US many people don't pay off their their credit card bill every month, but just pay a fixed amount. This means credit card issuers get to charge interest, which brings in a lot of money for them. This also explains why many people in the US try to get out of this spiral by trying to completely pay off their credit card debt. It's real easy to fall into the trap of almost only paying off interest every month, which means it is very hard to get out of depth. I think the rules around consumer credit (so also credit cards) are much more relaxed in the US, so people can also get into trouble by getting multiple expensive credit cards. Banks and other issuers (like big shopping franchises) keep offering these to people who can't really afford them because of this. The people involved are more likely to let debt accumulate, and thus interest payments. Which is very lucrative.  I personally think this sort of easy credit should be heavily regulated, Fwiw.","human_ref_B":"I used to program anti fraud systems for a CC company actually. There are two main places to fight fraud, at signup (fake accounts or ID theft) or at purchase (stolen card)  In the moments after you swipe your card where the terminal says \"authorizing...\" or you click \"purchase\" on a website, a very fast computer system is doing hundreds of checks to make sure everything about the transaction lines up. For example, if your history show you never leave town and make relatively low cost purchases, a very expensive purchase from the other side of the country will be denied and the bank will notify you. These systems are getting more and more sophisticated every year and great pains are taken not to trigger false positives because if your card gets declined too often for legit purposes then you're less likely to use it. This is one application where \"machine learning and AI\" aren't just buzzwords but have a huge practical use case and millions are spent on these systems.  For fake accounts, that is a big problem that costs a lot of money. I know less of the details here but companies buy and sell a lot of data about people and when you sign up for a card the company cross checks things you told them about your identity with information they already know about you from other sources.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":23617.0,"score_ratio":2.3333333333}
{"post_id":"z513fs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how is the US banking system not crippled by credit card fraud? I come from a country where most people don't have a credit card.  I cannot wrap my head around this documentary.  Now I get that credit card fraud *is* a big problem.  But if all you need is the card number to order stuff, and card numbers are so easy to come by as shown in the documentary, then why is not every single criminal in the US running a credit card fraud operation?  It seems super easy and low risk. Get a burner device, order stuff from public wifi, and don't be stupid about the delivery locations.","c_root_id_A":"ixtrohp","c_root_id_B":"ixu27f5","created_at_utc_A":1669448400,"created_at_utc_B":1669457600,"score_A":2,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"As to your headline, banks chargeback the merchants for the fraud.  Banks have extremely limited risk","human_ref_B":"I have worked for a few major US banks and they calculated around 50 million dollars in loss due to fraud for 2022. And I don't think that's including the money they pay their fraud prevention teams that stop a lot of losses as well. So overall it's part of the budget sadly and also there are a fair amount of preventative measures in place to stop potential fraudulent transactions etc.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":9200.0,"score_ratio":2.5}
{"post_id":"z513fs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how is the US banking system not crippled by credit card fraud? I come from a country where most people don't have a credit card.  I cannot wrap my head around this documentary.  Now I get that credit card fraud *is* a big problem.  But if all you need is the card number to order stuff, and card numbers are so easy to come by as shown in the documentary, then why is not every single criminal in the US running a credit card fraud operation?  It seems super easy and low risk. Get a burner device, order stuff from public wifi, and don't be stupid about the delivery locations.","c_root_id_A":"ixu27f5","c_root_id_B":"ixtsaib","created_at_utc_A":1669457600,"created_at_utc_B":1669448928,"score_A":5,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"I have worked for a few major US banks and they calculated around 50 million dollars in loss due to fraud for 2022. And I don't think that's including the money they pay their fraud prevention teams that stop a lot of losses as well. So overall it's part of the budget sadly and also there are a fair amount of preventative measures in place to stop potential fraudulent transactions etc.","human_ref_B":"Because interest on credit cards is huge, easily over 10%\/yr. Especially in the US many people don't pay off their their credit card bill every month, but just pay a fixed amount. This means credit card issuers get to charge interest, which brings in a lot of money for them. This also explains why many people in the US try to get out of this spiral by trying to completely pay off their credit card debt. It's real easy to fall into the trap of almost only paying off interest every month, which means it is very hard to get out of depth. I think the rules around consumer credit (so also credit cards) are much more relaxed in the US, so people can also get into trouble by getting multiple expensive credit cards. Banks and other issuers (like big shopping franchises) keep offering these to people who can't really afford them because of this. The people involved are more likely to let debt accumulate, and thus interest payments. Which is very lucrative.  I personally think this sort of easy credit should be heavily regulated, Fwiw.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":8672.0,"score_ratio":1.6666666667}
{"post_id":"z513fs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how is the US banking system not crippled by credit card fraud? I come from a country where most people don't have a credit card.  I cannot wrap my head around this documentary.  Now I get that credit card fraud *is* a big problem.  But if all you need is the card number to order stuff, and card numbers are so easy to come by as shown in the documentary, then why is not every single criminal in the US running a credit card fraud operation?  It seems super easy and low risk. Get a burner device, order stuff from public wifi, and don't be stupid about the delivery locations.","c_root_id_A":"ixtrohp","c_root_id_B":"ixtsaib","created_at_utc_A":1669448400,"created_at_utc_B":1669448928,"score_A":2,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"As to your headline, banks chargeback the merchants for the fraud.  Banks have extremely limited risk","human_ref_B":"Because interest on credit cards is huge, easily over 10%\/yr. Especially in the US many people don't pay off their their credit card bill every month, but just pay a fixed amount. This means credit card issuers get to charge interest, which brings in a lot of money for them. This also explains why many people in the US try to get out of this spiral by trying to completely pay off their credit card debt. It's real easy to fall into the trap of almost only paying off interest every month, which means it is very hard to get out of depth. I think the rules around consumer credit (so also credit cards) are much more relaxed in the US, so people can also get into trouble by getting multiple expensive credit cards. Banks and other issuers (like big shopping franchises) keep offering these to people who can't really afford them because of this. The people involved are more likely to let debt accumulate, and thus interest payments. Which is very lucrative.  I personally think this sort of easy credit should be heavily regulated, Fwiw.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":528.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"ym3bm5","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Eli5 why does cling film sometimes stick perfectly to some plates\/bowls but other times it does not?","c_root_id_A":"iv1z97p","c_root_id_B":"iv1xwr2","created_at_utc_A":1667584467,"created_at_utc_B":1667583958,"score_A":287,"score_B":11,"human_ref_A":"If you Google this, you get all kinds of answers.  The obvious one is how clean the dish is.  The cleaner the better.  But the real answer is how smooth the dish is.  If the dish has a very smooth and polished look, cling wrap clings better.  A matt finish is bumpy at the microscopic level, making less contact with the cling wrap.  And you might say \"sure, but why would that matter?\"  The answer to that is that much of the cling in cling wrap is an electrostatic cling, and only works well with very close touch.   A bumpy texture holds the plastic above most of the surface, only touching the tops of the bumps.  There is a small but real chance you are using cling wrap on a metal dish, and one that is very smooth.  What gives?  This often does not work because the metal discharges the electrostatic charge.  No static, no cling.  Glass works well because electricity does not travel easily through it, preventing electrostatic discharge.","human_ref_B":"It often depends on the surface porosity and\/or imperfections on the bowl or plate you're trying to cover. Temperature also plays a role as higher temperatures will cause the plastic to soften and become more tacky. It's intersesting to note that these wraps used to be made of PVC however it was determined that the chlorides were not healthy. Now most wraps are made of LDPE (Low-Density Polyethylene) because it is considered to be safer for the body but it results in a less effective cling. So yes, cling wraps used to work better than they do now.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":509.0,"score_ratio":26.0909090909}
{"post_id":"ym3bm5","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Eli5 why does cling film sometimes stick perfectly to some plates\/bowls but other times it does not?","c_root_id_A":"iv1xwr2","c_root_id_B":"iv22wm1","created_at_utc_A":1667583958,"created_at_utc_B":1667585886,"score_A":11,"score_B":100,"human_ref_A":"It often depends on the surface porosity and\/or imperfections on the bowl or plate you're trying to cover. Temperature also plays a role as higher temperatures will cause the plastic to soften and become more tacky. It's intersesting to note that these wraps used to be made of PVC however it was determined that the chlorides were not healthy. Now most wraps are made of LDPE (Low-Density Polyethylene) because it is considered to be safer for the body but it results in a less effective cling. So yes, cling wraps used to work better than they do now.","human_ref_B":"You know how it's harder to pick a coin or card off a clean, smooth table than a dirty, rough one? It's the same with plastic wrap.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1928.0,"score_ratio":9.0909090909}
{"post_id":"ym3bm5","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Eli5 why does cling film sometimes stick perfectly to some plates\/bowls but other times it does not?","c_root_id_A":"iv1xwr2","c_root_id_B":"iv2qjlz","created_at_utc_A":1667583958,"created_at_utc_B":1667595334,"score_A":11,"score_B":13,"human_ref_A":"It often depends on the surface porosity and\/or imperfections on the bowl or plate you're trying to cover. Temperature also plays a role as higher temperatures will cause the plastic to soften and become more tacky. It's intersesting to note that these wraps used to be made of PVC however it was determined that the chlorides were not healthy. Now most wraps are made of LDPE (Low-Density Polyethylene) because it is considered to be safer for the body but it results in a less effective cling. So yes, cling wraps used to work better than they do now.","human_ref_B":"It seems the plastic cling film that existed when I was a kid was more clingy than what is available now.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":11376.0,"score_ratio":1.1818181818}
{"post_id":"ym3bm5","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Eli5 why does cling film sometimes stick perfectly to some plates\/bowls but other times it does not?","c_root_id_A":"iv28jfw","c_root_id_B":"iv2qjlz","created_at_utc_A":1667588090,"created_at_utc_B":1667595334,"score_A":2,"score_B":13,"human_ref_A":"I think cling wrap works much like a suction cup would work when clinging on a smooth surface. The cling wrap when wrapping on smooth surfaces creates on that smooth surface areas with lack of air. As you add tension on the cling wrap as you wrap it around on let's say the sides of the lip of a bowl, suction is created that counteracts this tension. These two forces that counteract each other makes the cling wrap stable, letting it cling onto the sides of the bowl.  What about a surface that is not smooth? A rough surface (even just matte surfaces) on the other hand has very small bumps that does not allow the areas lacking air to be maintained. These small bumps push on the cling wrap creating mini entrances for air to move into the area the cling wrap is supposed to cling onto. So, as you pull onto a cling wrap touching a rough surface, a low pressure is created in between the cling wrap and the surface it is touching. Air rushes into the area where the cling wrap is touching as you try to put tension into it thus breaking the seal.  This is just my speculation.","human_ref_B":"It seems the plastic cling film that existed when I was a kid was more clingy than what is available now.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":7244.0,"score_ratio":6.5}
{"post_id":"ym3bm5","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Eli5 why does cling film sometimes stick perfectly to some plates\/bowls but other times it does not?","c_root_id_A":"iv28jfw","c_root_id_B":"iv3fr9s","created_at_utc_A":1667588090,"created_at_utc_B":1667606611,"score_A":2,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"I think cling wrap works much like a suction cup would work when clinging on a smooth surface. The cling wrap when wrapping on smooth surfaces creates on that smooth surface areas with lack of air. As you add tension on the cling wrap as you wrap it around on let's say the sides of the lip of a bowl, suction is created that counteracts this tension. These two forces that counteract each other makes the cling wrap stable, letting it cling onto the sides of the bowl.  What about a surface that is not smooth? A rough surface (even just matte surfaces) on the other hand has very small bumps that does not allow the areas lacking air to be maintained. These small bumps push on the cling wrap creating mini entrances for air to move into the area the cling wrap is supposed to cling onto. So, as you pull onto a cling wrap touching a rough surface, a low pressure is created in between the cling wrap and the surface it is touching. Air rushes into the area where the cling wrap is touching as you try to put tension into it thus breaking the seal.  This is just my speculation.","human_ref_B":"I don't know if anyone else said it but I have two types of cling film and one is really only sticky against itself, the other is the 'traditional' stuff that sticks to everything","labels":0,"seconds_difference":18521.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"ym3bm5","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Eli5 why does cling film sometimes stick perfectly to some plates\/bowls but other times it does not?","c_root_id_A":"iv28jfw","c_root_id_B":"iv458yo","created_at_utc_A":1667588090,"created_at_utc_B":1667619519,"score_A":2,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"I think cling wrap works much like a suction cup would work when clinging on a smooth surface. The cling wrap when wrapping on smooth surfaces creates on that smooth surface areas with lack of air. As you add tension on the cling wrap as you wrap it around on let's say the sides of the lip of a bowl, suction is created that counteracts this tension. These two forces that counteract each other makes the cling wrap stable, letting it cling onto the sides of the bowl.  What about a surface that is not smooth? A rough surface (even just matte surfaces) on the other hand has very small bumps that does not allow the areas lacking air to be maintained. These small bumps push on the cling wrap creating mini entrances for air to move into the area the cling wrap is supposed to cling onto. So, as you pull onto a cling wrap touching a rough surface, a low pressure is created in between the cling wrap and the surface it is touching. Air rushes into the area where the cling wrap is touching as you try to put tension into it thus breaking the seal.  This is just my speculation.","human_ref_B":"Am I the only one that vividly recalls cling film (we used to call it saran wrap) being WAY clingier back in the late 1990s early 2000s? I swear that stuff used to stick to EVERYTHING and now it's just...meh  ​  Edit: should have read the comments first, turns out I'm not the only one","labels":0,"seconds_difference":31429.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"iqfnc2","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Since sunburn is your skin cells DNA killing themselves to prevent cancer, does that mean people who heavily tan and not burn are more susceptible to cancers like melanoma?","c_root_id_A":"g4rxz0o","c_root_id_B":"g4rtt5r","created_at_utc_A":1599785365,"created_at_utc_B":1599783185,"score_A":706,"score_B":52,"human_ref_A":"Whether you burn or you tan, the sun exposure damages your skin and increases your risk of cancer. Just a few bad sunburns at a young age dramatically increases cancer risk.","human_ref_B":"Yes. This is why it is said that using a tanning bed increases your risk for skin cancer so much. It\u2019s even warned within the tanning salon. It is also on tanning oil bottles, and, of course, sunscreen.   Your skin cells don\u2019t have the ability to kill themselves *because* they want to prevent cancer. They are damaged, so they die. Damaged cells are not useful for the body. The epithelial tissue (skin), is specialized to be constantly generating new cells to replace dead ones.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2180.0,"score_ratio":13.5769230769}
{"post_id":"iqfnc2","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Since sunburn is your skin cells DNA killing themselves to prevent cancer, does that mean people who heavily tan and not burn are more susceptible to cancers like melanoma?","c_root_id_A":"g4rtt5r","c_root_id_B":"g4ry6o4","created_at_utc_A":1599783185,"created_at_utc_B":1599785480,"score_A":52,"score_B":205,"human_ref_A":"Yes. This is why it is said that using a tanning bed increases your risk for skin cancer so much. It\u2019s even warned within the tanning salon. It is also on tanning oil bottles, and, of course, sunscreen.   Your skin cells don\u2019t have the ability to kill themselves *because* they want to prevent cancer. They are damaged, so they die. Damaged cells are not useful for the body. The epithelial tissue (skin), is specialized to be constantly generating new cells to replace dead ones.","human_ref_B":"Yes. Tanning is literally letting the DNA of your melanocytes be damaged by UV radiation. Enough of that and chances are one of the genes damaged is an oncogene which stops dividing cells from becoming cancerous. Then you have a melanoma on your hands and shit gets very serious, very quickly. See your doctor if you have a new mole, people.  If you have dark skin the melanin already there absorbs the UV to a point but when the UV radiation oxidizes the melanin the products can still cause oxidative stress which can do damage to DNA. This is why black people can still get skin cancer but at far less rates than white people in high UV environments (i.e. Australia).","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2295.0,"score_ratio":3.9423076923}
{"post_id":"iqfnc2","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Since sunburn is your skin cells DNA killing themselves to prevent cancer, does that mean people who heavily tan and not burn are more susceptible to cancers like melanoma?","c_root_id_A":"g4soch3","c_root_id_B":"g4sjdkb","created_at_utc_A":1599800992,"created_at_utc_B":1599797369,"score_A":19,"score_B":15,"human_ref_A":"Sunburn is your skin cells committing suicide (apoptosis) due to irreversible genetic damage via  UV radiation (I think it specifically UVB).  Every second you are in the sun UV radiation causes little kinks in your DNA called Thymine Dimers (you remember your DNA base pairs? A-T, G-C. A Thymine Dimer is a T-T <- no bueno), your body can naturally deal with a huge number of these (think 50-100 per second in each cell and 90% of these can be fixed in a few minutes).  So let\u2019s say (just rough example) your body can deal with this safely for about 5 minutes (500 thymine dimers per cell), that\u2019s your bodies own natural sun protection, more than that and you start to get permanent damage to the exposed cells which increases the risk of cancer  Sunscreen SPF works on that \u201c5 minutes\u201d natural sun protection - SPF 40 = 3:20:00 possible time in the sun where you are at minimal risk (reduced by application technique, sweat, swimming, friction) once that time is used up, that\u2019s it, you don\u2019t get more by putting more sunscreen on, you gotta head for shade\/ cover up and let your body recover.  So tldr: \u201ctanning is skin cells in trauma\u201d but you are more likely to get cancer the more burnt you get and more regularly, the tanned people come next in likelihood and that\u2019s not factoring in genetics.","human_ref_B":"Short answer: No.  When you say tan, you're talking about the melanin content of the skin. For darker-skinned people, you have a naturally higher resistance to skin cancer caused by sun exposure. However, for lighter-skinned people, \"tanning\" is a response of the skin to lessen the chance of damage to the skin, and DNA inside skin cells, *in the future*. It's a gradual response to an acute, immediate problem. It is not a response that prevents, or even reasonably compensates for acute sun exposure.  -----------------  Long answer: Yes, kind of. A person who has had a lot of sun\/UV exposure to the point where their skin is darker than it was before has a greater resistance to skin cancer *in the future*. It does not eliminate or overall improve the risk of skin cancer. The initial phase of \"tanning\", as mentioned before, is an adaptation that allows people to lessen their future risk of cancer. But, the fact that the tanning trait exists among all lighter-skinned people should tell you something about the potentially deadly nature of sun\/UV exposure. If it wasn't a genuine, serious threat then it would not have evolved among lighter-skinned people.   The response that has evolved in lighter-skinned people is slow. It was \"designed\", for lack of a better word, to be a long-term response. Think of lighter-skinned people tens, or hundreds of thousands of years ago that migrated or roamed from one place to another. They were exposed to a moderate level of sunlight on a consistent basis. The tanning adaptation is pretty effective in that case. It only mitigates the risk - it does not eliminate it. It was not intended by nature to account for your 2 days on the beach, on vacation, after spending the vast majority of your time in your home with very little sun exposure.   In short, yes, if you develop a tan then you will be more resistant to the damage to your skin's DNA that occurs when you're exposed to the sun\/UV. But, there is a price to be paid to achieve that tan, and that price is very high. It is not a way to avoid skin cancer, and it's absolutely incorrect to think of it as such. I am wording this comment in such a way as to answer your original question, but also make it clear that getting a tan is in no way a solution or a preventative measure to the risk of cancer from sun\/UV exposure.   ------  Hope that helps!","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3623.0,"score_ratio":1.2666666667}
{"post_id":"42mt9s","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why don't you hear about \"fair trade\" or \"single source\" when it comes to hop farmers for beer and grape farmers for wine, but you hear it all the time when it comes to coffee bean farmers? You always hear about coffee bean farmers getting ripped off and the initiative for consumers to help alleviate this issue by only buying fair trade or single source or both. Why don't you hear about these issues with grapes or hops for example?","c_root_id_A":"czbh9ia","c_root_id_B":"czbh6x2","created_at_utc_A":1453746256,"created_at_utc_B":1453746158,"score_A":91,"score_B":25,"human_ref_A":"1. single source is a extraordinarily common for wine.  A \"vineyard\" is a single source.  Blends are often exactly that - blends from multiple sources.  So, or \"fine wine\" it is the norm, expected etc. - the terms are different, but long precede the terms used in coffee.  different product, different vocabulary.  2. fair trade is a different issue - it's about protection of labor and wine and hops are not grown in areas where labor exploitation is a significant a problem.","human_ref_B":"It's because coffee tends to be bought from poor farmers in poor countries, with little transportation, little education, and therefore little bargaining power. Distributors often take advantage of these farmers. This led to the creation of Fair Trade Coffee, an institution designed to help the farmers get more of the money their coffee earns.  Hops and grapes are mostly not grown under such conditions.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":98.0,"score_ratio":3.64}
{"post_id":"42mt9s","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why don't you hear about \"fair trade\" or \"single source\" when it comes to hop farmers for beer and grape farmers for wine, but you hear it all the time when it comes to coffee bean farmers? You always hear about coffee bean farmers getting ripped off and the initiative for consumers to help alleviate this issue by only buying fair trade or single source or both. Why don't you hear about these issues with grapes or hops for example?","c_root_id_A":"czbh9ia","c_root_id_B":"czbh6ev","created_at_utc_A":1453746256,"created_at_utc_B":1453746139,"score_A":91,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"1. single source is a extraordinarily common for wine.  A \"vineyard\" is a single source.  Blends are often exactly that - blends from multiple sources.  So, or \"fine wine\" it is the norm, expected etc. - the terms are different, but long precede the terms used in coffee.  different product, different vocabulary.  2. fair trade is a different issue - it's about protection of labor and wine and hops are not grown in areas where labor exploitation is a significant a problem.","human_ref_B":"Gapes and grains are both typically grown and harvested in first world countries (not exclusively, but they are widely available) Coffee is grown in very specific regions that are much less developed and coffee workers are known to be exploited heavily by corporations. Not to say that every grape picker and grain farmer is living the american dream, but at least we can regulate what you can and cant do to workers in france or the USA","labels":1,"seconds_difference":117.0,"score_ratio":22.75}
{"post_id":"42mt9s","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why don't you hear about \"fair trade\" or \"single source\" when it comes to hop farmers for beer and grape farmers for wine, but you hear it all the time when it comes to coffee bean farmers? You always hear about coffee bean farmers getting ripped off and the initiative for consumers to help alleviate this issue by only buying fair trade or single source or both. Why don't you hear about these issues with grapes or hops for example?","c_root_id_A":"czbh6ev","c_root_id_B":"czbh6x2","created_at_utc_A":1453746139,"created_at_utc_B":1453746158,"score_A":4,"score_B":25,"human_ref_A":"Gapes and grains are both typically grown and harvested in first world countries (not exclusively, but they are widely available) Coffee is grown in very specific regions that are much less developed and coffee workers are known to be exploited heavily by corporations. Not to say that every grape picker and grain farmer is living the american dream, but at least we can regulate what you can and cant do to workers in france or the USA","human_ref_B":"It's because coffee tends to be bought from poor farmers in poor countries, with little transportation, little education, and therefore little bargaining power. Distributors often take advantage of these farmers. This led to the creation of Fair Trade Coffee, an institution designed to help the farmers get more of the money their coffee earns.  Hops and grapes are mostly not grown under such conditions.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":19.0,"score_ratio":6.25}
{"post_id":"42mt9s","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why don't you hear about \"fair trade\" or \"single source\" when it comes to hop farmers for beer and grape farmers for wine, but you hear it all the time when it comes to coffee bean farmers? You always hear about coffee bean farmers getting ripped off and the initiative for consumers to help alleviate this issue by only buying fair trade or single source or both. Why don't you hear about these issues with grapes or hops for example?","c_root_id_A":"czbhab9","c_root_id_B":"czbhe4o","created_at_utc_A":1453746288,"created_at_utc_B":1453746436,"score_A":6,"score_B":13,"human_ref_A":"Because coffebeans aswell as cocao are generally (due to climate reasons) produced in lower income countries where people accept lousy working conditions (even though it is inhumane) since they are desperate for that income. Grapes on the other hand is generally produced in southern Europe \/ Australia \/ USA where working conditions are much more regulated by law.","human_ref_B":"Much of the world's hops growing happens in Germany and the US, which both have pretty strong laws regulating working conditions. If you're buying a microbrew in the US, the hops likely came from the Yakima River valley in Washington, not some third world country where people are harvesting plants for pennies per day. Same with wine- the top three countries for growing wine grapes are France, Italy, and the United States.   Coffee, however, only grows in tropical climates. So many of the top coffee growing countries- Brazil, Vietnam, Indonesia, and Colombia- have less strong worker protections, and a bigger history of worker exploitation. You can look up the history of the term \"banana republic\" to see some of the problems countries like this can have.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":148.0,"score_ratio":2.1666666667}
{"post_id":"42mt9s","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why don't you hear about \"fair trade\" or \"single source\" when it comes to hop farmers for beer and grape farmers for wine, but you hear it all the time when it comes to coffee bean farmers? You always hear about coffee bean farmers getting ripped off and the initiative for consumers to help alleviate this issue by only buying fair trade or single source or both. Why don't you hear about these issues with grapes or hops for example?","c_root_id_A":"czbh6ev","c_root_id_B":"czbhe4o","created_at_utc_A":1453746139,"created_at_utc_B":1453746436,"score_A":4,"score_B":13,"human_ref_A":"Gapes and grains are both typically grown and harvested in first world countries (not exclusively, but they are widely available) Coffee is grown in very specific regions that are much less developed and coffee workers are known to be exploited heavily by corporations. Not to say that every grape picker and grain farmer is living the american dream, but at least we can regulate what you can and cant do to workers in france or the USA","human_ref_B":"Much of the world's hops growing happens in Germany and the US, which both have pretty strong laws regulating working conditions. If you're buying a microbrew in the US, the hops likely came from the Yakima River valley in Washington, not some third world country where people are harvesting plants for pennies per day. Same with wine- the top three countries for growing wine grapes are France, Italy, and the United States.   Coffee, however, only grows in tropical climates. So many of the top coffee growing countries- Brazil, Vietnam, Indonesia, and Colombia- have less strong worker protections, and a bigger history of worker exploitation. You can look up the history of the term \"banana republic\" to see some of the problems countries like this can have.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":297.0,"score_ratio":3.25}
{"post_id":"42mt9s","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why don't you hear about \"fair trade\" or \"single source\" when it comes to hop farmers for beer and grape farmers for wine, but you hear it all the time when it comes to coffee bean farmers? You always hear about coffee bean farmers getting ripped off and the initiative for consumers to help alleviate this issue by only buying fair trade or single source or both. Why don't you hear about these issues with grapes or hops for example?","c_root_id_A":"czbhab9","c_root_id_B":"czbk0cg","created_at_utc_A":1453746288,"created_at_utc_B":1453750055,"score_A":6,"score_B":12,"human_ref_A":"Because coffebeans aswell as cocao are generally (due to climate reasons) produced in lower income countries where people accept lousy working conditions (even though it is inhumane) since they are desperate for that income. Grapes on the other hand is generally produced in southern Europe \/ Australia \/ USA where working conditions are much more regulated by law.","human_ref_B":"Because there have never been, to my knowledge, reports of hops farmers using slave labor.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":3767.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"42mt9s","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why don't you hear about \"fair trade\" or \"single source\" when it comes to hop farmers for beer and grape farmers for wine, but you hear it all the time when it comes to coffee bean farmers? You always hear about coffee bean farmers getting ripped off and the initiative for consumers to help alleviate this issue by only buying fair trade or single source or both. Why don't you hear about these issues with grapes or hops for example?","c_root_id_A":"czbh6ev","c_root_id_B":"czbk0cg","created_at_utc_A":1453746139,"created_at_utc_B":1453750055,"score_A":4,"score_B":12,"human_ref_A":"Gapes and grains are both typically grown and harvested in first world countries (not exclusively, but they are widely available) Coffee is grown in very specific regions that are much less developed and coffee workers are known to be exploited heavily by corporations. Not to say that every grape picker and grain farmer is living the american dream, but at least we can regulate what you can and cant do to workers in france or the USA","human_ref_B":"Because there have never been, to my knowledge, reports of hops farmers using slave labor.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":3916.0,"score_ratio":3.0}
{"post_id":"42mt9s","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why don't you hear about \"fair trade\" or \"single source\" when it comes to hop farmers for beer and grape farmers for wine, but you hear it all the time when it comes to coffee bean farmers? You always hear about coffee bean farmers getting ripped off and the initiative for consumers to help alleviate this issue by only buying fair trade or single source or both. Why don't you hear about these issues with grapes or hops for example?","c_root_id_A":"czbh6ev","c_root_id_B":"czbhab9","created_at_utc_A":1453746139,"created_at_utc_B":1453746288,"score_A":4,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"Gapes and grains are both typically grown and harvested in first world countries (not exclusively, but they are widely available) Coffee is grown in very specific regions that are much less developed and coffee workers are known to be exploited heavily by corporations. Not to say that every grape picker and grain farmer is living the american dream, but at least we can regulate what you can and cant do to workers in france or the USA","human_ref_B":"Because coffebeans aswell as cocao are generally (due to climate reasons) produced in lower income countries where people accept lousy working conditions (even though it is inhumane) since they are desperate for that income. Grapes on the other hand is generally produced in southern Europe \/ Australia \/ USA where working conditions are much more regulated by law.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":149.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"42mt9s","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why don't you hear about \"fair trade\" or \"single source\" when it comes to hop farmers for beer and grape farmers for wine, but you hear it all the time when it comes to coffee bean farmers? You always hear about coffee bean farmers getting ripped off and the initiative for consumers to help alleviate this issue by only buying fair trade or single source or both. Why don't you hear about these issues with grapes or hops for example?","c_root_id_A":"czbphvz","c_root_id_B":"czbh6ev","created_at_utc_A":1453757592,"created_at_utc_B":1453746139,"score_A":5,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"There are single hop beers out there.  Rogue makes a beer called Liberty Hop - the hops are grown on their farm in Oregon.  A place called Hopworks makes a single hop line of beers called IPX.  I'm sure there are others.","human_ref_B":"Gapes and grains are both typically grown and harvested in first world countries (not exclusively, but they are widely available) Coffee is grown in very specific regions that are much less developed and coffee workers are known to be exploited heavily by corporations. Not to say that every grape picker and grain farmer is living the american dream, but at least we can regulate what you can and cant do to workers in france or the USA","labels":1,"seconds_difference":11453.0,"score_ratio":1.25}
{"post_id":"9jcadl","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How come working most muscle groups in the body leads them to be come \"built up\" and stronger, while one's eye muscles only seem to strain and weaken over time?","c_root_id_A":"e6rfwy8","c_root_id_B":"e6rvyqv","created_at_utc_A":1538086814,"created_at_utc_B":1538102021,"score_A":14,"score_B":19,"human_ref_A":"simple answer: the muscle groups in the body you refer to are striated or, skeletal, muscle and can be built up. when you refer to eye muscles i'm not sure if you're referring to your vision overall at distance, which has little to do with any muscles, or your near vision, which does, but relies on smooth muscles which cannot be built up through exercise. there are two major competing hypothesis on why our near vision declines with time. i refer you here for a more thorough explanation. neither accounts fully for the changes we see in human vision but the helmholtz hypothesis has been more practically verified. it basically says that as we age the increasing inflexibility the the lens (which supplies our near focal power) causes its conributions to our near vision to lessen. the muscles that cause changing of lens shape, the ciliary body muscles, presumably remain equally strong but unable to effect the same changes in  a more rigid lens later in life when compared with earlier.","human_ref_B":"Hey wait I know how to answer this!  Optician and opthalmic tech here.  Your vision is not generally related to muscles in your eye.  Your focus and vision have to do with the combined power of your cornea, and the internal lens called the crystalline lens.    Muscles do contract that lens to see things closer than 20 ft (assuming the eyes power to by typical or 20\/20 to start).  As you age, that lens grows internal layers (think a reverse onion).  It becomes less pliable.  So you end up holding things further away from your face due to lack of \"accommodation\".  Eventually you may get reading glasses to make up for the lack of ability to increase the magnification on that internal lens.    Also, this lens filters UV to protect your retina.  So it ends up cloudy over time.....which is a cataract.    None of that however is related to the muscles that move your eye.....or flex the lens.    Lots of variations based on people's unique vision.....but those are the basics.  I hope it helps!","labels":0,"seconds_difference":15207.0,"score_ratio":1.3571428571}
{"post_id":"pxmlxq","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.71,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: A C note on any instrument or sound will be a C note but how does each instrument produce a different sound. E.g A C on a piano is not the same 'noise' as a C on a guitar?","c_root_id_A":"heohty3","c_root_id_B":"heok7iz","created_at_utc_A":1632885596,"created_at_utc_B":1632886884,"score_A":2,"score_B":21,"human_ref_A":"The note refers to a specific main frequency of the sound produced. The quality or tambor of the sound will differ based on the different materials and construction - pianos have large heavy wooden sounding board, guitars are smaller and made of wood shaped in a particular way. Brass instruments are made of brass and the sound is produced by vibrating columns of air and reed. This is like how hitting a concrete wall sounds different from hitting a steel drum.","human_ref_B":"A note isn't just one frequency. The lowest and loudest will be the 'fundamental' and that's what we name the note. But there are more frequencies called harmonics that are 2x, 3x, 4x, 5x etc the fundamental. The different harmonics and their different volumes is what makes instruments sound different from each other.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1288.0,"score_ratio":10.5}
{"post_id":"pxmlxq","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.71,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: A C note on any instrument or sound will be a C note but how does each instrument produce a different sound. E.g A C on a piano is not the same 'noise' as a C on a guitar?","c_root_id_A":"heolst0","c_root_id_B":"heokfqv","created_at_utc_A":1632887776,"created_at_utc_B":1632887010,"score_A":21,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"A note played on an instrument isn't just \"one sound\". It's basically a rich combination of sounds, where the average is a note like C. Different instruments playing a C produce different combinations of sounds, all which average to a C, but are actually each a different combinations of sounds.  The technical term for this is called timbre.  Playing a C without any timbre sounds like this.","human_ref_B":"Each instrument vibrates air in a different way.  The same note will have the same frequency - the sound repeats itself the same number of times a second. That's what affects what note it is.  The shape of the waveform is otherwise very different - to our ears, the shape of the waveform influences how it sounds.  But if the frequency is the same, we think of them as the same note with two different timbres.  This Wikipedia page shows some examples of simple waveforms:  https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Waveform  Every instrument will have a subtly different waveform.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":766.0,"score_ratio":10.5}
{"post_id":"pxmlxq","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.71,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: A C note on any instrument or sound will be a C note but how does each instrument produce a different sound. E.g A C on a piano is not the same 'noise' as a C on a guitar?","c_root_id_A":"heohty3","c_root_id_B":"heolst0","created_at_utc_A":1632885596,"created_at_utc_B":1632887776,"score_A":2,"score_B":21,"human_ref_A":"The note refers to a specific main frequency of the sound produced. The quality or tambor of the sound will differ based on the different materials and construction - pianos have large heavy wooden sounding board, guitars are smaller and made of wood shaped in a particular way. Brass instruments are made of brass and the sound is produced by vibrating columns of air and reed. This is like how hitting a concrete wall sounds different from hitting a steel drum.","human_ref_B":"A note played on an instrument isn't just \"one sound\". It's basically a rich combination of sounds, where the average is a note like C. Different instruments playing a C produce different combinations of sounds, all which average to a C, but are actually each a different combinations of sounds.  The technical term for this is called timbre.  Playing a C without any timbre sounds like this.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2180.0,"score_ratio":10.5}
{"post_id":"zevsis","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do pidgeons appear to peck the ground even when there\u2019s no obvious signs of food\/crumbs?","c_root_id_A":"iz8svlq","c_root_id_B":"iz8ruf4","created_at_utc_A":1670403012,"created_at_utc_B":1670402090,"score_A":8623,"score_B":135,"human_ref_A":"Many birds swallow sharp pebbles and grit (*gastroliths*) and hold these rocks in a muscular part of their stomachs called the **gizzard**. The **gizzard** contracts and grinds the *gastroliths* against each other and against the food that the bird has swallowed (remember that birds have to swallow each bite whole). The rocks grind down the food \u2014 essentially, the bird is using the *gastroliths* to chew the food in its **gizzard** \u2014 and the rocks grind each other down, too. Eventually the sharp, jagged chunks of rock become smooth, rounded pebbles, and they are not much good for grinding anymore. So the bird will vomit them out and find new, sharp rocks to swallow.  https:\/\/ucmp.berkeley.edu\/taxa\/verts\/archosaurs\/gastroliths.php","human_ref_B":"They eat tiny pebbles to help with digestion. The rocks help grind up food in their stomach.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":922.0,"score_ratio":63.8740740741}
{"post_id":"zevsis","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do pidgeons appear to peck the ground even when there\u2019s no obvious signs of food\/crumbs?","c_root_id_A":"iz92qbs","c_root_id_B":"iz8ruf4","created_at_utc_A":1670411817,"created_at_utc_B":1670402090,"score_A":1460,"score_B":135,"human_ref_A":"The rock\/pebble thing is true. I asked a similar question to a bird expert. When I went to Edinburgh Zoo I saw they had a Rhino and there was a bird perched on it pecking at ticks and parasites.  I asked \"Why in Scotland does a bird know it's safe to peck a Rhino. It makes sense in Africa since the birds have evolved alongside Rhinos, but why here in Scotland?\" The bird expert replied that birds have an in built instinct to peck at spots and dots. If an animal reacts and shoos the bird away, or the bird understands an animal might be dangerous, this will overwhelm that instinct. However, if an animal is docile towards the bird, the instinct will lead the bird to to peck at the dots (parasites and ticks) on the animal.  So no matter where you move these thick skinned animals like Rhinos and Elephants, the local bird population will quickly learn that they are a good source for a meal of ticks.","human_ref_B":"They eat tiny pebbles to help with digestion. The rocks help grind up food in their stomach.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":9727.0,"score_ratio":10.8148148148}
{"post_id":"zevsis","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do pidgeons appear to peck the ground even when there\u2019s no obvious signs of food\/crumbs?","c_root_id_A":"iz9upfn","c_root_id_B":"iz8ruf4","created_at_utc_A":1670426899,"created_at_utc_B":1670402090,"score_A":731,"score_B":135,"human_ref_A":"In addition to the answers that some have posted, they may be after the concrete mites. Unless you're close to the ground, you aren't going to see them. We have them here in Ohio but I thought this was something that was everywhere. If I leave my garage door open in the summer, the finches will fly in and peck at the concrete. I assume that's what they're eating as there's usually nothing else on the floor but sawdust.","human_ref_B":"They eat tiny pebbles to help with digestion. The rocks help grind up food in their stomach.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":24809.0,"score_ratio":5.4148148148}
{"post_id":"zevsis","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do pidgeons appear to peck the ground even when there\u2019s no obvious signs of food\/crumbs?","c_root_id_A":"iz9upfn","c_root_id_B":"iz939qq","created_at_utc_A":1670426899,"created_at_utc_B":1670412239,"score_A":731,"score_B":72,"human_ref_A":"In addition to the answers that some have posted, they may be after the concrete mites. Unless you're close to the ground, you aren't going to see them. We have them here in Ohio but I thought this was something that was everywhere. If I leave my garage door open in the summer, the finches will fly in and peck at the concrete. I assume that's what they're eating as there's usually nothing else on the floor but sawdust.","human_ref_B":"Pigeons are highly adaptable birds, and they have learned to forage for food in a variety of environments. Pigeons are known to eat a wide range of foods, including seeds, berries, fruits, and even small insects. When foraging for food, pigeons will peck at the ground in an effort to find any edible items that might be hidden in the soil or among the debris on the ground. Additionally, pecking at the ground is a natural behavior for pigeons, and they may do so even when they are not actively searching for food.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":14660.0,"score_ratio":10.1527777778}
{"post_id":"zevsis","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do pidgeons appear to peck the ground even when there\u2019s no obvious signs of food\/crumbs?","c_root_id_A":"iz9jei8","c_root_id_B":"iz9upfn","created_at_utc_A":1670421928,"created_at_utc_B":1670426899,"score_A":66,"score_B":731,"human_ref_A":"Pigeon pecks are pretty precise (bit of a tongue twister).  I have a few regular visitors to my windowsill, some will eat from my palm, others scour the windowsill for tiny bits of seeds, they're close to the action and well attuned to things that might be tasty, so they may recognise things where you don't.  For instance the crumbs I've seen them picking at can be like 0.5mm!","human_ref_B":"In addition to the answers that some have posted, they may be after the concrete mites. Unless you're close to the ground, you aren't going to see them. We have them here in Ohio but I thought this was something that was everywhere. If I leave my garage door open in the summer, the finches will fly in and peck at the concrete. I assume that's what they're eating as there's usually nothing else on the floor but sawdust.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":4971.0,"score_ratio":11.0757575758}
{"post_id":"zevsis","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do pidgeons appear to peck the ground even when there\u2019s no obvious signs of food\/crumbs?","c_root_id_A":"iz9upfn","c_root_id_B":"iz9u342","created_at_utc_A":1670426899,"created_at_utc_B":1670426644,"score_A":731,"score_B":45,"human_ref_A":"In addition to the answers that some have posted, they may be after the concrete mites. Unless you're close to the ground, you aren't going to see them. We have them here in Ohio but I thought this was something that was everywhere. If I leave my garage door open in the summer, the finches will fly in and peck at the concrete. I assume that's what they're eating as there's usually nothing else on the floor but sawdust.","human_ref_B":"They are likely swallowing pebbles, since they use them in the GI tracts to help crush food. If you think about it, they don\u2019t have teeth to chew with, so the pebbles are useful.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":255.0,"score_ratio":16.2444444444}
{"post_id":"zcryrq","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why our upper teeth seem larger than (or are larger than) our lower teeth Why aren't top teeth the same sizes as our lower teeth?","c_root_id_A":"iyya5m6","c_root_id_B":"iyyavfb","created_at_utc_A":1670205722,"created_at_utc_B":1670206055,"score_A":5,"score_B":66,"human_ref_A":"For some people, they are.  But I'd imagine it has something to do with the function of the front teeth -- tearing -- and evolution.  Better sub to ask would be r\/askscience and tag it biology.","human_ref_B":"Your front teeth (incisors) work like scissors. They cut by shearing as they pass each other, not crush by being on top of each other like molars. The top ones are bigger to have a slightly larger radius for the bottoms to slide behind just a little.  Edit: This was explained to me by an othordontist  trying to fix my underbite.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":333.0,"score_ratio":13.2}
{"post_id":"2bj6pz","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.76,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why aren't cigarettes\/tobacco a \"schedule 1\" drug, if they are scientifically proven to cause hundreds of thousands of deaths each year?","c_root_id_A":"cj5ume9","c_root_id_B":"cj5uq65","created_at_utc_A":1406150244,"created_at_utc_B":1406150442,"score_A":14,"score_B":37,"human_ref_A":"Because it's arguably not feasible\/sensible for a government to take a product that was legal for a significant period of time and suddenly change its status so dramatically.   Cigarette usage is dropping throughout most of the western world as a result of a combination of education and government action and in some countries (like here in the UK) there are calls to ban cigarette sales to anybody born after a set point (e.g. the year 2000) (Source).   A phased approach to the banning neatly side-steps the problem of overnight making 100s of thousands of people criminals.","human_ref_B":"Scheduling of drugs is not done solely based on the scientific evidence. Political and economic concerns play a role.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":198.0,"score_ratio":2.6428571429}
{"post_id":"2bj6pz","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.76,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why aren't cigarettes\/tobacco a \"schedule 1\" drug, if they are scientifically proven to cause hundreds of thousands of deaths each year?","c_root_id_A":"cj5uq65","c_root_id_B":"cj5uki2","created_at_utc_A":1406150442,"created_at_utc_B":1406150148,"score_A":37,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"Scheduling of drugs is not done solely based on the scientific evidence. Political and economic concerns play a role.","human_ref_B":"It would criminalize the millions of people who already smoke.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":294.0,"score_ratio":6.1666666667}
{"post_id":"2bj6pz","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.76,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why aren't cigarettes\/tobacco a \"schedule 1\" drug, if they are scientifically proven to cause hundreds of thousands of deaths each year?","c_root_id_A":"cj5uq65","c_root_id_B":"cj5uf1q","created_at_utc_A":1406150442,"created_at_utc_B":1406149869,"score_A":37,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"Scheduling of drugs is not done solely based on the scientific evidence. Political and economic concerns play a role.","human_ref_B":"What 59179 said, but also because it is so widespread and in common usage, trying to limit it outright could lead to huge backlash (think prohibition). The good news is they're slowly phasing it out though, and finally getting more and more regulations in place.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":573.0,"score_ratio":12.3333333333}
{"post_id":"2bj6pz","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.76,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why aren't cigarettes\/tobacco a \"schedule 1\" drug, if they are scientifically proven to cause hundreds of thousands of deaths each year?","c_root_id_A":"cj5ume9","c_root_id_B":"cj5uki2","created_at_utc_A":1406150244,"created_at_utc_B":1406150148,"score_A":14,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"Because it's arguably not feasible\/sensible for a government to take a product that was legal for a significant period of time and suddenly change its status so dramatically.   Cigarette usage is dropping throughout most of the western world as a result of a combination of education and government action and in some countries (like here in the UK) there are calls to ban cigarette sales to anybody born after a set point (e.g. the year 2000) (Source).   A phased approach to the banning neatly side-steps the problem of overnight making 100s of thousands of people criminals.","human_ref_B":"It would criminalize the millions of people who already smoke.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":96.0,"score_ratio":2.3333333333}
{"post_id":"2bj6pz","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.76,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why aren't cigarettes\/tobacco a \"schedule 1\" drug, if they are scientifically proven to cause hundreds of thousands of deaths each year?","c_root_id_A":"cj5uf1q","c_root_id_B":"cj5ume9","created_at_utc_A":1406149869,"created_at_utc_B":1406150244,"score_A":3,"score_B":14,"human_ref_A":"What 59179 said, but also because it is so widespread and in common usage, trying to limit it outright could lead to huge backlash (think prohibition). The good news is they're slowly phasing it out though, and finally getting more and more regulations in place.","human_ref_B":"Because it's arguably not feasible\/sensible for a government to take a product that was legal for a significant period of time and suddenly change its status so dramatically.   Cigarette usage is dropping throughout most of the western world as a result of a combination of education and government action and in some countries (like here in the UK) there are calls to ban cigarette sales to anybody born after a set point (e.g. the year 2000) (Source).   A phased approach to the banning neatly side-steps the problem of overnight making 100s of thousands of people criminals.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":375.0,"score_ratio":4.6666666667}
{"post_id":"2bj6pz","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.76,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why aren't cigarettes\/tobacco a \"schedule 1\" drug, if they are scientifically proven to cause hundreds of thousands of deaths each year?","c_root_id_A":"cj5uki2","c_root_id_B":"cj60t6l","created_at_utc_A":1406150148,"created_at_utc_B":1406162810,"score_A":6,"score_B":12,"human_ref_A":"It would criminalize the millions of people who already smoke.","human_ref_B":"Part of being a Schedule 1 controlled substance is that it has to have no known medical benefit. Nicotine actually has some (somewhat minor) uses as medicine, I think with regards to heart stuff. This means the 'worst' it could be classified is a Schedule 2, which is the same category as cocaine and opium. Yes, you can be proscribed cocaine.   In case you're wondering: Marijuana is classified Schedule 1 because the DFA doesn't recognize any research purporting medical benefits. There is evidence that Marijuana has medical benefits, those studies aren't up to the FDA's standards, and are mostly done outside the US. Studies of Marijuana inside the US are damn-near impossible to get authorized... because Marijuana is a Schedule 1 substance. If that sounds like a Catch-22, that's because it's a Catch-22.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":12662.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"2bj6pz","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.76,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why aren't cigarettes\/tobacco a \"schedule 1\" drug, if they are scientifically proven to cause hundreds of thousands of deaths each year?","c_root_id_A":"cj60t6l","c_root_id_B":"cj5v208","created_at_utc_A":1406162810,"created_at_utc_B":1406151039,"score_A":12,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"Part of being a Schedule 1 controlled substance is that it has to have no known medical benefit. Nicotine actually has some (somewhat minor) uses as medicine, I think with regards to heart stuff. This means the 'worst' it could be classified is a Schedule 2, which is the same category as cocaine and opium. Yes, you can be proscribed cocaine.   In case you're wondering: Marijuana is classified Schedule 1 because the DFA doesn't recognize any research purporting medical benefits. There is evidence that Marijuana has medical benefits, those studies aren't up to the FDA's standards, and are mostly done outside the US. Studies of Marijuana inside the US are damn-near impossible to get authorized... because Marijuana is a Schedule 1 substance. If that sounds like a Catch-22, that's because it's a Catch-22.","human_ref_B":"Because its not scientifically proven to cause hundreds of thousands of deaths a year. Its scientifically proven to increase your chances for various miladies and the longer you smoke the greater that risk becomes. However all of those maladies could develop spontaneously or never happen despite smoking for 80 years. Scientifically its virtually impossible to prove any one specific individual has died from cigarettes. They may have contracted, lets say lung cancer, even if they didn't smoke. All smoking did was increase their chances of getting lung cancer but proving that the smoking directly caused the cancer  is all but impossible. Legally and common knowledge wise it's a different matter, we know smoking kills but even then its over the long term. All of the other Schedule 1 drugs have almost have immediate negative side effects that don't take years or decades to develop. Cigarettes and nicotine are not in the same class.   There are lots of substances that used with the frequency of cigarettes that may be just as detrimental, sugar for one.  How many people die from obesity, diabetes, heart disease (caused by obesity) because of excessive sugar intake? It takes just as long as it does for cigarettes to kill but should sugar be a Schedule 1 drug? I don't think any one would say so.  Then you add the money, industry and culture behind cigarettes.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":11771.0,"score_ratio":2.4}
{"post_id":"2bj6pz","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.76,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why aren't cigarettes\/tobacco a \"schedule 1\" drug, if they are scientifically proven to cause hundreds of thousands of deaths each year?","c_root_id_A":"cj5uf1q","c_root_id_B":"cj60t6l","created_at_utc_A":1406149869,"created_at_utc_B":1406162810,"score_A":3,"score_B":12,"human_ref_A":"What 59179 said, but also because it is so widespread and in common usage, trying to limit it outright could lead to huge backlash (think prohibition). The good news is they're slowly phasing it out though, and finally getting more and more regulations in place.","human_ref_B":"Part of being a Schedule 1 controlled substance is that it has to have no known medical benefit. Nicotine actually has some (somewhat minor) uses as medicine, I think with regards to heart stuff. This means the 'worst' it could be classified is a Schedule 2, which is the same category as cocaine and opium. Yes, you can be proscribed cocaine.   In case you're wondering: Marijuana is classified Schedule 1 because the DFA doesn't recognize any research purporting medical benefits. There is evidence that Marijuana has medical benefits, those studies aren't up to the FDA's standards, and are mostly done outside the US. Studies of Marijuana inside the US are damn-near impossible to get authorized... because Marijuana is a Schedule 1 substance. If that sounds like a Catch-22, that's because it's a Catch-22.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":12941.0,"score_ratio":4.0}
{"post_id":"2bj6pz","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.76,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why aren't cigarettes\/tobacco a \"schedule 1\" drug, if they are scientifically proven to cause hundreds of thousands of deaths each year?","c_root_id_A":"cj5uf1q","c_root_id_B":"cj5uki2","created_at_utc_A":1406149869,"created_at_utc_B":1406150148,"score_A":3,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"What 59179 said, but also because it is so widespread and in common usage, trying to limit it outright could lead to huge backlash (think prohibition). The good news is they're slowly phasing it out though, and finally getting more and more regulations in place.","human_ref_B":"It would criminalize the millions of people who already smoke.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":279.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"2bj6pz","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.76,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why aren't cigarettes\/tobacco a \"schedule 1\" drug, if they are scientifically proven to cause hundreds of thousands of deaths each year?","c_root_id_A":"cj5v208","c_root_id_B":"cj5uf1q","created_at_utc_A":1406151039,"created_at_utc_B":1406149869,"score_A":5,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"Because its not scientifically proven to cause hundreds of thousands of deaths a year. Its scientifically proven to increase your chances for various miladies and the longer you smoke the greater that risk becomes. However all of those maladies could develop spontaneously or never happen despite smoking for 80 years. Scientifically its virtually impossible to prove any one specific individual has died from cigarettes. They may have contracted, lets say lung cancer, even if they didn't smoke. All smoking did was increase their chances of getting lung cancer but proving that the smoking directly caused the cancer  is all but impossible. Legally and common knowledge wise it's a different matter, we know smoking kills but even then its over the long term. All of the other Schedule 1 drugs have almost have immediate negative side effects that don't take years or decades to develop. Cigarettes and nicotine are not in the same class.   There are lots of substances that used with the frequency of cigarettes that may be just as detrimental, sugar for one.  How many people die from obesity, diabetes, heart disease (caused by obesity) because of excessive sugar intake? It takes just as long as it does for cigarettes to kill but should sugar be a Schedule 1 drug? I don't think any one would say so.  Then you add the money, industry and culture behind cigarettes.","human_ref_B":"What 59179 said, but also because it is so widespread and in common usage, trying to limit it outright could lead to huge backlash (think prohibition). The good news is they're slowly phasing it out though, and finally getting more and more regulations in place.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1170.0,"score_ratio":1.6666666667}
{"post_id":"y7c317","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.66,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old How were households able to receive 60 FPS TV video through cable TV \/ antenna in the 50s\/60s but the speed needed for the same in internet video wasn't available until broadband was created?","c_root_id_A":"isto121","c_root_id_B":"istp1y3","created_at_utc_A":1666112109,"created_at_utc_B":1666112512,"score_A":11,"score_B":21,"human_ref_A":"Broadcast TV was and largely still is 30FPS at 60 Hz in the USA and 25 FPS at 50 Hz in UK\/EU. It went to 29.97 FPS at 60 Hz for color so the color broadcast could work with black-and-white receivers: https:\/\/www.3playmedia.com\/blog\/drop-frame-non-drop-frame-affects-captions-subtitles\/  Movie frame rate is only 24 FPS.","human_ref_B":"TV is based on broadcast technology. A single transmitter mounted on a tall mast, on a satellite, or at the end of a cable network sends out one signal and anyone within reach will receive this signal. So you only need bandwidth for one stream to the transmitter. But Internet is based on unicast technology. A server sends out the signal to each of the subscribed clients. This means that there have to be enough capacity on the lines between each client and the server for the entire stream, the server needs enough bandwidth to handle an independent stream to each client. This makes the infrastructure much more expensive as you need a lot higher bandwidths.  Another part of this is that old TV used to be standard definition, about 420p. However most people today have full HD or even 4K. This require much more bandwidth. This is not a good explanation though as modern satellite TV is all full HD or even 4K, even modern terrestrial TV is at these resolutions where available.  There are some Internet providers which have worked hard to get multicast to work within their network. This is similar to broadcast but clients needs to join or leave the network and the routers along the way is able to split the signal to each client that have joined. But it takes a lot of effort to get multicast to work in a network. And things like video on demand does not work so you have to fallback to unicast.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":403.0,"score_ratio":1.9090909091}
{"post_id":"y7c317","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.66,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old How were households able to receive 60 FPS TV video through cable TV \/ antenna in the 50s\/60s but the speed needed for the same in internet video wasn't available until broadband was created?","c_root_id_A":"isto7rz","c_root_id_B":"istp1y3","created_at_utc_A":1666112181,"created_at_utc_B":1666112512,"score_A":2,"score_B":21,"human_ref_A":"Well, it wasn't internet. The data was transmitted in analogue format, with no error-correction.  It was also analogue, which makes it far easier to produce from a technical standpoint. No need for modems and fast-switching transistors.","human_ref_B":"TV is based on broadcast technology. A single transmitter mounted on a tall mast, on a satellite, or at the end of a cable network sends out one signal and anyone within reach will receive this signal. So you only need bandwidth for one stream to the transmitter. But Internet is based on unicast technology. A server sends out the signal to each of the subscribed clients. This means that there have to be enough capacity on the lines between each client and the server for the entire stream, the server needs enough bandwidth to handle an independent stream to each client. This makes the infrastructure much more expensive as you need a lot higher bandwidths.  Another part of this is that old TV used to be standard definition, about 420p. However most people today have full HD or even 4K. This require much more bandwidth. This is not a good explanation though as modern satellite TV is all full HD or even 4K, even modern terrestrial TV is at these resolutions where available.  There are some Internet providers which have worked hard to get multicast to work within their network. This is similar to broadcast but clients needs to join or leave the network and the routers along the way is able to split the signal to each client that have joined. But it takes a lot of effort to get multicast to work in a network. And things like video on demand does not work so you have to fallback to unicast.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":331.0,"score_ratio":10.5}
{"post_id":"rndc2t","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.96,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How were engineers in the early 1900s able to build train tunnels several miles long and end up in \"the right spot\" on the other side? For a long tunnel, like the Cascade Tunnel in WA https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cascade_Tunnel that's nearly 8 miles long, under a mountain range, with a grade up. How did they know for sure they would end up exactly in the right spot on the other side of the mountain? Also, did they build those only from one side, or were they digging both sides at the same time and meeting in the middle?","c_root_id_A":"hprsqx4","c_root_id_B":"hps984w","created_at_utc_A":1640320212,"created_at_utc_B":1640330623,"score_A":76,"score_B":89,"human_ref_A":"It\u2019s called land surveying. There\u2019s a whole science to it and it\u2019s done frequently for new roads and such.   You know those construction workers that seem to just be standing behind a camera on the side of the road? They\u2019re surveying the terrain to see how best to place new structures.","human_ref_B":"Others have explained direction, I'll just add that digging from both ends was the norm. And for longer tunnels they would dig from multiple \"ends\". You see, in the age of coal and steam a long tunnel needed vertical ventilation shafts up to the surface. They would dig these down from the top, then use them as additional starting points for tunneling out in both directions. This could greatly speed up construction.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":10411.0,"score_ratio":1.1710526316}
{"post_id":"rndc2t","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.96,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How were engineers in the early 1900s able to build train tunnels several miles long and end up in \"the right spot\" on the other side? For a long tunnel, like the Cascade Tunnel in WA https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cascade_Tunnel that's nearly 8 miles long, under a mountain range, with a grade up. How did they know for sure they would end up exactly in the right spot on the other side of the mountain? Also, did they build those only from one side, or were they digging both sides at the same time and meeting in the middle?","c_root_id_A":"hps984w","c_root_id_B":"hprrl71","created_at_utc_A":1640330623,"created_at_utc_B":1640319603,"score_A":89,"score_B":16,"human_ref_A":"Others have explained direction, I'll just add that digging from both ends was the norm. And for longer tunnels they would dig from multiple \"ends\". You see, in the age of coal and steam a long tunnel needed vertical ventilation shafts up to the surface. They would dig these down from the top, then use them as additional starting points for tunneling out in both directions. This could greatly speed up construction.","human_ref_B":"Compass readings, starting from both sides of the mountain and digging\/blowing rock until you meet halfway.  The height or depth would be the harder part to measure back in the day, but was managed successfully farther back than the Romans when they built aqueducts through mountains.   Leveling out the height\/depth of something underground seems hard at first glance but reading this might help you understand how that procedure works better than I could ever explain it.   Theodolites are a more modern instrument used before GPS that would help pinpoint the coordinates of the tunnels while digging.   Before then it was based upon many, many surveyors maps that were drawn and hopefully correct.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":11020.0,"score_ratio":5.5625}
{"post_id":"rndc2t","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.96,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How were engineers in the early 1900s able to build train tunnels several miles long and end up in \"the right spot\" on the other side? For a long tunnel, like the Cascade Tunnel in WA https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cascade_Tunnel that's nearly 8 miles long, under a mountain range, with a grade up. How did they know for sure they would end up exactly in the right spot on the other side of the mountain? Also, did they build those only from one side, or were they digging both sides at the same time and meeting in the middle?","c_root_id_A":"hprsqx4","c_root_id_B":"hprrl71","created_at_utc_A":1640320212,"created_at_utc_B":1640319603,"score_A":76,"score_B":16,"human_ref_A":"It\u2019s called land surveying. There\u2019s a whole science to it and it\u2019s done frequently for new roads and such.   You know those construction workers that seem to just be standing behind a camera on the side of the road? They\u2019re surveying the terrain to see how best to place new structures.","human_ref_B":"Compass readings, starting from both sides of the mountain and digging\/blowing rock until you meet halfway.  The height or depth would be the harder part to measure back in the day, but was managed successfully farther back than the Romans when they built aqueducts through mountains.   Leveling out the height\/depth of something underground seems hard at first glance but reading this might help you understand how that procedure works better than I could ever explain it.   Theodolites are a more modern instrument used before GPS that would help pinpoint the coordinates of the tunnels while digging.   Before then it was based upon many, many surveyors maps that were drawn and hopefully correct.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":609.0,"score_ratio":4.75}
{"post_id":"1qh4cu","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why is Shockwave Flash so slow, Why is Adobe unable to optimize it, and Why do websites continue to use it instead of moving to an alternative?","c_root_id_A":"cdcxhh7","c_root_id_B":"cdcvyjt","created_at_utc_A":1384300463,"created_at_utc_B":1384296928,"score_A":65,"score_B":18,"human_ref_A":"Former Flash developer and current HTML5 developer here.   >Why is Shockwave Flash so slow,   It isn't. Flash is actually up to 10x faster than Javascript, for instance.   Your perception of Flash being slow is mostly due to a usage bias -- Flash is used in places where performance is more demanded. Games, animations, etc.  >Why is Adobe unable to optimize it,  They have, dozens of times. The last major iteration was Actionscript 3.0, which has a ridiculously fast execution time. As I said, it's actually faster than Javascript.    edit: Added a reply to adenzerda below to disclose that it may no longer be the case that AS3 outperforms JS in the real-world. However, it is still true that AS3 is a faster, stricter language *in theory*.  >Why do websites continue to use it instead of moving to an alternative?  1) Money. It costs a lot to redesign a site. Flash will still disappear, over time. It's just going to take a while -- people don't like to replace things that aren't broken.   2) Flexibility. Flash can still do a lot of things that HTML5 can't. There's better 3D support, for instance. And better DRM. That's mostly why Flash still gets produced, at least.","human_ref_B":"It's not slow.  Like any program, if it's programmed poorly it will be slow.  Here's Quake I (1) made in Flash 10 for something to compare to.  Also, it's browser independent which is a major plus  Edit: In case you cant figure out how to play: Click inside and press enter to get to the main menu.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3535.0,"score_ratio":3.6111111111}
{"post_id":"1qh4cu","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why is Shockwave Flash so slow, Why is Adobe unable to optimize it, and Why do websites continue to use it instead of moving to an alternative?","c_root_id_A":"cdcxhh7","c_root_id_B":"cdcrbir","created_at_utc_A":1384300463,"created_at_utc_B":1384286985,"score_A":65,"score_B":9,"human_ref_A":"Former Flash developer and current HTML5 developer here.   >Why is Shockwave Flash so slow,   It isn't. Flash is actually up to 10x faster than Javascript, for instance.   Your perception of Flash being slow is mostly due to a usage bias -- Flash is used in places where performance is more demanded. Games, animations, etc.  >Why is Adobe unable to optimize it,  They have, dozens of times. The last major iteration was Actionscript 3.0, which has a ridiculously fast execution time. As I said, it's actually faster than Javascript.    edit: Added a reply to adenzerda below to disclose that it may no longer be the case that AS3 outperforms JS in the real-world. However, it is still true that AS3 is a faster, stricter language *in theory*.  >Why do websites continue to use it instead of moving to an alternative?  1) Money. It costs a lot to redesign a site. Flash will still disappear, over time. It's just going to take a while -- people don't like to replace things that aren't broken.   2) Flexibility. Flash can still do a lot of things that HTML5 can't. There's better 3D support, for instance. And better DRM. That's mostly why Flash still gets produced, at least.","human_ref_B":"Adobe has said many times that there are large portions of Flash that they are not allowed to release. Could be licensing, could be copyright, patents... we don't know.  Why do websites still use it? Because it works, it's a mature product, it's able to be worked with in many different products (ie. Adobe Acrobat isn't the only PDF program), it offers ways of doing things that might be more complex when trying to use another method.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":13478.0,"score_ratio":7.2222222222}
{"post_id":"1qh4cu","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why is Shockwave Flash so slow, Why is Adobe unable to optimize it, and Why do websites continue to use it instead of moving to an alternative?","c_root_id_A":"cdcro7w","c_root_id_B":"cdcxhh7","created_at_utc_A":1384287734,"created_at_utc_B":1384300463,"score_A":3,"score_B":65,"human_ref_A":"Others have and will touch on the downfalls of Flash, but as far as your last part \"Why do websites continue to use it instead of moving to an alternative?\", they are.  Most major sites have moved to HTML5.  There are a lot of legacy portals and stuff still using Flash.  I find it very annoying that VMware is still using it with Horizon View and some other tools, but I'd expect to see the flash need continue to disappear.","human_ref_B":"Former Flash developer and current HTML5 developer here.   >Why is Shockwave Flash so slow,   It isn't. Flash is actually up to 10x faster than Javascript, for instance.   Your perception of Flash being slow is mostly due to a usage bias -- Flash is used in places where performance is more demanded. Games, animations, etc.  >Why is Adobe unable to optimize it,  They have, dozens of times. The last major iteration was Actionscript 3.0, which has a ridiculously fast execution time. As I said, it's actually faster than Javascript.    edit: Added a reply to adenzerda below to disclose that it may no longer be the case that AS3 outperforms JS in the real-world. However, it is still true that AS3 is a faster, stricter language *in theory*.  >Why do websites continue to use it instead of moving to an alternative?  1) Money. It costs a lot to redesign a site. Flash will still disappear, over time. It's just going to take a while -- people don't like to replace things that aren't broken.   2) Flexibility. Flash can still do a lot of things that HTML5 can't. There's better 3D support, for instance. And better DRM. That's mostly why Flash still gets produced, at least.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":12729.0,"score_ratio":21.6666666667}
{"post_id":"1qh4cu","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why is Shockwave Flash so slow, Why is Adobe unable to optimize it, and Why do websites continue to use it instead of moving to an alternative?","c_root_id_A":"cdd0cu0","c_root_id_B":"cdcvyjt","created_at_utc_A":1384307250,"created_at_utc_B":1384296928,"score_A":36,"score_B":18,"human_ref_A":"I'm shocked and pleased that there's actually some good answers in here, but I'd like to add an analogy to help non-programmers, since this is Explain like I'm five years old.  I know it's not for literal 5 year olds, but if you're not a programmer you might need an alternative example.  First a bit of background:  Flash was developed as a tool for artists\/designers before it became a huge programming tool.  Therefore, the focus was entirely on vector graphics and animations, and Adobe built a REALLY great tool for animating things.  Over time, they added more and more programming functionality -- but their main audience was designers... so you had lots of designers (not programmers!) starting to do programming..   It also lowered the barrier to entry, even for programmers, by making manipulating graphics around the screen really simple.  So why does this matter?  Because as others have mentioned: lots of unskilled programmers ended up building things in Flash with no knowledge of how to optimize things.  **The analogy** (disclaimer: I know jack squat about art - the oil + watercolor stuff you're about to read is just for the sake of using common names and is not meant to bear any resemblance to reality)  Let us imagine a fictitious world where only very skilled, trained people ever got to paint - and oil paints were very expensive, so they were only handed out to artists \"good enough\" to paint with them...  Then, someone burst on the scene with paints cheap enough that *anyone* could paint.  Suddenly instead of just looking at other peoples' paintings and saying \"man, I wish I could try that out\" - anyone could afford to paint!  Thing is, the mixture of people painting with these new, cheap, affordable paints is going to consist mostly of people with no training and no innate talent.  To an outsider who doesn't understand the backstory, they are going to think \"man, paintings made with watercolor just SUCK!  why would anyone use that crap?\" because the only difference they can see with their eyes is: 1) this piece of art sucks. 2) this paint is different from the paint that 'good' artists use...  It's not actually true that \"watercolor\" paint sucks, or that artists who use it must inherently suck -- but you can't blame people who don't have the whole picture for thinking that - because most watercolor paintings they see suck...","human_ref_B":"It's not slow.  Like any program, if it's programmed poorly it will be slow.  Here's Quake I (1) made in Flash 10 for something to compare to.  Also, it's browser independent which is a major plus  Edit: In case you cant figure out how to play: Click inside and press enter to get to the main menu.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":10322.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"1qh4cu","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why is Shockwave Flash so slow, Why is Adobe unable to optimize it, and Why do websites continue to use it instead of moving to an alternative?","c_root_id_A":"cdcrbir","c_root_id_B":"cdd0cu0","created_at_utc_A":1384286985,"created_at_utc_B":1384307250,"score_A":9,"score_B":36,"human_ref_A":"Adobe has said many times that there are large portions of Flash that they are not allowed to release. Could be licensing, could be copyright, patents... we don't know.  Why do websites still use it? Because it works, it's a mature product, it's able to be worked with in many different products (ie. Adobe Acrobat isn't the only PDF program), it offers ways of doing things that might be more complex when trying to use another method.","human_ref_B":"I'm shocked and pleased that there's actually some good answers in here, but I'd like to add an analogy to help non-programmers, since this is Explain like I'm five years old.  I know it's not for literal 5 year olds, but if you're not a programmer you might need an alternative example.  First a bit of background:  Flash was developed as a tool for artists\/designers before it became a huge programming tool.  Therefore, the focus was entirely on vector graphics and animations, and Adobe built a REALLY great tool for animating things.  Over time, they added more and more programming functionality -- but their main audience was designers... so you had lots of designers (not programmers!) starting to do programming..   It also lowered the barrier to entry, even for programmers, by making manipulating graphics around the screen really simple.  So why does this matter?  Because as others have mentioned: lots of unskilled programmers ended up building things in Flash with no knowledge of how to optimize things.  **The analogy** (disclaimer: I know jack squat about art - the oil + watercolor stuff you're about to read is just for the sake of using common names and is not meant to bear any resemblance to reality)  Let us imagine a fictitious world where only very skilled, trained people ever got to paint - and oil paints were very expensive, so they were only handed out to artists \"good enough\" to paint with them...  Then, someone burst on the scene with paints cheap enough that *anyone* could paint.  Suddenly instead of just looking at other peoples' paintings and saying \"man, I wish I could try that out\" - anyone could afford to paint!  Thing is, the mixture of people painting with these new, cheap, affordable paints is going to consist mostly of people with no training and no innate talent.  To an outsider who doesn't understand the backstory, they are going to think \"man, paintings made with watercolor just SUCK!  why would anyone use that crap?\" because the only difference they can see with their eyes is: 1) this piece of art sucks. 2) this paint is different from the paint that 'good' artists use...  It's not actually true that \"watercolor\" paint sucks, or that artists who use it must inherently suck -- but you can't blame people who don't have the whole picture for thinking that - because most watercolor paintings they see suck...","labels":0,"seconds_difference":20265.0,"score_ratio":4.0}
{"post_id":"1qh4cu","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why is Shockwave Flash so slow, Why is Adobe unable to optimize it, and Why do websites continue to use it instead of moving to an alternative?","c_root_id_A":"cdcro7w","c_root_id_B":"cdd0cu0","created_at_utc_A":1384287734,"created_at_utc_B":1384307250,"score_A":3,"score_B":36,"human_ref_A":"Others have and will touch on the downfalls of Flash, but as far as your last part \"Why do websites continue to use it instead of moving to an alternative?\", they are.  Most major sites have moved to HTML5.  There are a lot of legacy portals and stuff still using Flash.  I find it very annoying that VMware is still using it with Horizon View and some other tools, but I'd expect to see the flash need continue to disappear.","human_ref_B":"I'm shocked and pleased that there's actually some good answers in here, but I'd like to add an analogy to help non-programmers, since this is Explain like I'm five years old.  I know it's not for literal 5 year olds, but if you're not a programmer you might need an alternative example.  First a bit of background:  Flash was developed as a tool for artists\/designers before it became a huge programming tool.  Therefore, the focus was entirely on vector graphics and animations, and Adobe built a REALLY great tool for animating things.  Over time, they added more and more programming functionality -- but their main audience was designers... so you had lots of designers (not programmers!) starting to do programming..   It also lowered the barrier to entry, even for programmers, by making manipulating graphics around the screen really simple.  So why does this matter?  Because as others have mentioned: lots of unskilled programmers ended up building things in Flash with no knowledge of how to optimize things.  **The analogy** (disclaimer: I know jack squat about art - the oil + watercolor stuff you're about to read is just for the sake of using common names and is not meant to bear any resemblance to reality)  Let us imagine a fictitious world where only very skilled, trained people ever got to paint - and oil paints were very expensive, so they were only handed out to artists \"good enough\" to paint with them...  Then, someone burst on the scene with paints cheap enough that *anyone* could paint.  Suddenly instead of just looking at other peoples' paintings and saying \"man, I wish I could try that out\" - anyone could afford to paint!  Thing is, the mixture of people painting with these new, cheap, affordable paints is going to consist mostly of people with no training and no innate talent.  To an outsider who doesn't understand the backstory, they are going to think \"man, paintings made with watercolor just SUCK!  why would anyone use that crap?\" because the only difference they can see with their eyes is: 1) this piece of art sucks. 2) this paint is different from the paint that 'good' artists use...  It's not actually true that \"watercolor\" paint sucks, or that artists who use it must inherently suck -- but you can't blame people who don't have the whole picture for thinking that - because most watercolor paintings they see suck...","labels":0,"seconds_difference":19516.0,"score_ratio":12.0}
{"post_id":"1qh4cu","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why is Shockwave Flash so slow, Why is Adobe unable to optimize it, and Why do websites continue to use it instead of moving to an alternative?","c_root_id_A":"cdcrbir","c_root_id_B":"cdd43c0","created_at_utc_A":1384286985,"created_at_utc_B":1384316132,"score_A":9,"score_B":18,"human_ref_A":"Adobe has said many times that there are large portions of Flash that they are not allowed to release. Could be licensing, could be copyright, patents... we don't know.  Why do websites still use it? Because it works, it's a mature product, it's able to be worked with in many different products (ie. Adobe Acrobat isn't the only PDF program), it offers ways of doing things that might be more complex when trying to use another method.","human_ref_B":"Just to add to all of this,  and forgive me if some of this has already been covered, but I've used flash since it was called Future Splash... Long before it was even bought by Macromedia and renamed to Flash.  In all that time, the Mac plugin has always sucked.  Bad.  Rumor was it was rewritten dozens of times and could never be made to stop completely over-taxing the processor.  In the late 90's \/early 00's it was always a given that our flash sites and banners would run at about 1\/3 framerate of a PC if they were played on a mac, regardless of how clean our code was.    This sucked for me because I worked at Chiat Day, the ad agency that had the apple contract and we were not allowed to present our work to our clients on a PC.    For the record I feel the need to point out I'm not an angry apple-hater and I have a MacBook Pro that I use for presentations to this day.  Anyway, this was the main reason Steve Jobs hated Flash so much for the iPhone... The processor intensity would cut battery life by such a large factor that when he heard how many times fixing it had been attempted, he basically vowed to kill the software.  Regardless of the fact that it was the single most prolific video codec in the world at the time. (If you recall, YouTube used to be encoded in flash.)  In fact, the original YouTube app for iOS was actually using the flash codec as there was no alternative at the time.  To me, this hostility was very odd because by this time Flash had been bought by Adobe, which had always been in a deep love affair with Apple, IMO helping to keep the company alive while it re-invented itself.  Anyway, regardless of all of this, I've still developed Facebook games\/apps in flash as late as 2011 because there's really very little else that's as powerful and easy to develop in.  So, yeah, there are other factors as well but that's a big part of the story.  edit: werd.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":29147.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"1qh4cu","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why is Shockwave Flash so slow, Why is Adobe unable to optimize it, and Why do websites continue to use it instead of moving to an alternative?","c_root_id_A":"cdd43c0","c_root_id_B":"cdcro7w","created_at_utc_A":1384316132,"created_at_utc_B":1384287734,"score_A":18,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"Just to add to all of this,  and forgive me if some of this has already been covered, but I've used flash since it was called Future Splash... Long before it was even bought by Macromedia and renamed to Flash.  In all that time, the Mac plugin has always sucked.  Bad.  Rumor was it was rewritten dozens of times and could never be made to stop completely over-taxing the processor.  In the late 90's \/early 00's it was always a given that our flash sites and banners would run at about 1\/3 framerate of a PC if they were played on a mac, regardless of how clean our code was.    This sucked for me because I worked at Chiat Day, the ad agency that had the apple contract and we were not allowed to present our work to our clients on a PC.    For the record I feel the need to point out I'm not an angry apple-hater and I have a MacBook Pro that I use for presentations to this day.  Anyway, this was the main reason Steve Jobs hated Flash so much for the iPhone... The processor intensity would cut battery life by such a large factor that when he heard how many times fixing it had been attempted, he basically vowed to kill the software.  Regardless of the fact that it was the single most prolific video codec in the world at the time. (If you recall, YouTube used to be encoded in flash.)  In fact, the original YouTube app for iOS was actually using the flash codec as there was no alternative at the time.  To me, this hostility was very odd because by this time Flash had been bought by Adobe, which had always been in a deep love affair with Apple, IMO helping to keep the company alive while it re-invented itself.  Anyway, regardless of all of this, I've still developed Facebook games\/apps in flash as late as 2011 because there's really very little else that's as powerful and easy to develop in.  So, yeah, there are other factors as well but that's a big part of the story.  edit: werd.","human_ref_B":"Others have and will touch on the downfalls of Flash, but as far as your last part \"Why do websites continue to use it instead of moving to an alternative?\", they are.  Most major sites have moved to HTML5.  There are a lot of legacy portals and stuff still using Flash.  I find it very annoying that VMware is still using it with Horizon View and some other tools, but I'd expect to see the flash need continue to disappear.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":28398.0,"score_ratio":6.0}
{"post_id":"1qh4cu","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why is Shockwave Flash so slow, Why is Adobe unable to optimize it, and Why do websites continue to use it instead of moving to an alternative?","c_root_id_A":"cdcvyjt","c_root_id_B":"cdcrbir","created_at_utc_A":1384296928,"created_at_utc_B":1384286985,"score_A":18,"score_B":9,"human_ref_A":"It's not slow.  Like any program, if it's programmed poorly it will be slow.  Here's Quake I (1) made in Flash 10 for something to compare to.  Also, it's browser independent which is a major plus  Edit: In case you cant figure out how to play: Click inside and press enter to get to the main menu.","human_ref_B":"Adobe has said many times that there are large portions of Flash that they are not allowed to release. Could be licensing, could be copyright, patents... we don't know.  Why do websites still use it? Because it works, it's a mature product, it's able to be worked with in many different products (ie. Adobe Acrobat isn't the only PDF program), it offers ways of doing things that might be more complex when trying to use another method.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":9943.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"1qh4cu","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why is Shockwave Flash so slow, Why is Adobe unable to optimize it, and Why do websites continue to use it instead of moving to an alternative?","c_root_id_A":"cdcro7w","c_root_id_B":"cdcvyjt","created_at_utc_A":1384287734,"created_at_utc_B":1384296928,"score_A":3,"score_B":18,"human_ref_A":"Others have and will touch on the downfalls of Flash, but as far as your last part \"Why do websites continue to use it instead of moving to an alternative?\", they are.  Most major sites have moved to HTML5.  There are a lot of legacy portals and stuff still using Flash.  I find it very annoying that VMware is still using it with Horizon View and some other tools, but I'd expect to see the flash need continue to disappear.","human_ref_B":"It's not slow.  Like any program, if it's programmed poorly it will be slow.  Here's Quake I (1) made in Flash 10 for something to compare to.  Also, it's browser independent which is a major plus  Edit: In case you cant figure out how to play: Click inside and press enter to get to the main menu.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":9194.0,"score_ratio":6.0}
{"post_id":"1qh4cu","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why is Shockwave Flash so slow, Why is Adobe unable to optimize it, and Why do websites continue to use it instead of moving to an alternative?","c_root_id_A":"cdd48e3","c_root_id_B":"cdd4gsr","created_at_utc_A":1384316489,"created_at_utc_B":1384317082,"score_A":6,"score_B":7,"human_ref_A":"Flash was not developed by Adobe, it was developed by a company called Macromedia.  Adobe has not treated the code base very well, and so it has degenerated over time.  The aggregate speed of Flash is just due to its basic architecture as a virtual machine that runs flat out as a plugin in your browser.  The real problem with it is it's extreme unresponsiveness.  This is just down to poor architecture and implementation.  As the thing just hogs more and more memory, it gets slower and slower.  Developers who make flash applications have no guidance as to what works well or what doesn't without a lot of experience with it.  But these sorts of people, are not the kind of people who like to micro-optimize or think about performance issues at all.  It's just the wrong kind of programming interface.  The right answer is for Adobe to fix it.  They have to put fixed memory overheads, and make things run asynchronously, so that even if its slow, it is responsive.  But since Flash is not a flagship product at Adobe, they probably just don't care to fix their problems.","human_ref_B":"As a digital media specialist with twenty years of experience, I can tell you why it is still being used:  Because there is no viable alternative that offers the same features that flash does- no product even comes close.  The best HTML 5 platforms are, well- laughable, to put it politely...  (Prepping for a jillion down votes from Mac fans- I know the truth stings, guys- but down voting doesn't make my statements any less true.)","labels":0,"seconds_difference":593.0,"score_ratio":1.1666666667}
{"post_id":"1qh4cu","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why is Shockwave Flash so slow, Why is Adobe unable to optimize it, and Why do websites continue to use it instead of moving to an alternative?","c_root_id_A":"cdcro7w","c_root_id_B":"cdd4gsr","created_at_utc_A":1384287734,"created_at_utc_B":1384317082,"score_A":3,"score_B":7,"human_ref_A":"Others have and will touch on the downfalls of Flash, but as far as your last part \"Why do websites continue to use it instead of moving to an alternative?\", they are.  Most major sites have moved to HTML5.  There are a lot of legacy portals and stuff still using Flash.  I find it very annoying that VMware is still using it with Horizon View and some other tools, but I'd expect to see the flash need continue to disappear.","human_ref_B":"As a digital media specialist with twenty years of experience, I can tell you why it is still being used:  Because there is no viable alternative that offers the same features that flash does- no product even comes close.  The best HTML 5 platforms are, well- laughable, to put it politely...  (Prepping for a jillion down votes from Mac fans- I know the truth stings, guys- but down voting doesn't make my statements any less true.)","labels":0,"seconds_difference":29348.0,"score_ratio":2.3333333333}
{"post_id":"1qh4cu","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why is Shockwave Flash so slow, Why is Adobe unable to optimize it, and Why do websites continue to use it instead of moving to an alternative?","c_root_id_A":"cdd48e3","c_root_id_B":"cdcro7w","created_at_utc_A":1384316489,"created_at_utc_B":1384287734,"score_A":6,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"Flash was not developed by Adobe, it was developed by a company called Macromedia.  Adobe has not treated the code base very well, and so it has degenerated over time.  The aggregate speed of Flash is just due to its basic architecture as a virtual machine that runs flat out as a plugin in your browser.  The real problem with it is it's extreme unresponsiveness.  This is just down to poor architecture and implementation.  As the thing just hogs more and more memory, it gets slower and slower.  Developers who make flash applications have no guidance as to what works well or what doesn't without a lot of experience with it.  But these sorts of people, are not the kind of people who like to micro-optimize or think about performance issues at all.  It's just the wrong kind of programming interface.  The right answer is for Adobe to fix it.  They have to put fixed memory overheads, and make things run asynchronously, so that even if its slow, it is responsive.  But since Flash is not a flagship product at Adobe, they probably just don't care to fix their problems.","human_ref_B":"Others have and will touch on the downfalls of Flash, but as far as your last part \"Why do websites continue to use it instead of moving to an alternative?\", they are.  Most major sites have moved to HTML5.  There are a lot of legacy portals and stuff still using Flash.  I find it very annoying that VMware is still using it with Horizon View and some other tools, but I'd expect to see the flash need continue to disappear.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":28755.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"4x2jbw","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.71,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why is (Adobe) Flash so hated by browser\/OS makers and why does it still continue to thrive despite (apparently) everyone discontinuing support for it?","c_root_id_A":"d6bx64l","c_root_id_B":"d6bxuo1","created_at_utc_A":1470844002,"created_at_utc_B":1470844861,"score_A":2,"score_B":7,"human_ref_A":"Flash was a means for a web developer to create media internet content that that would be displayed the same across browsers and operating systems. It is still very easy to use so there is a lot of legacy development out there using it.  There is a new standard in HTML5 which replicates much of what Flash was used for and is supposed to be standards based across browsers. This is preferable because Flash is proprietary, requires a plugin and has security issues.","human_ref_B":"End users tend to blame big names like Microsoft, Apple, or Google for security and stability issues, even when those issues are most directly caused by other software. Adobe has had a ridiculously poor security record (considering they don't even make an operating system for Pete's sake) and Flash is sort of their vulnerability flagship.   So Microsoft and Apple are sick of being blamed for Flash's poor behavior. Google runs YouTube, one of the last big users of Flash. YouTube became (in my experience) more responsive and more stable when they finally ditched Flash for good.  There are other reasons to eschew Flash, particularly in a market where gratuitous animation eats mobile batteries for nothing. But I think security is the biggie.  It's sort of a pity. Flash was better at certain things (like cartoons - Homestarrunner, Weebl's Stuff, etc) than anything else. But it was abused more often than it was well-used.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":859.0,"score_ratio":3.5}
{"post_id":"i59ays","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.69,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: how can laptops fit over 1tb of storage and 16gb of ram in a tiny chill while PCs need massive ram sticks and often large SSDs? Why isn\u2019t PC ram as small?","c_root_id_A":"g0nllvl","c_root_id_B":"g0o0bte","created_at_utc_A":1596787960,"created_at_utc_B":1596800835,"score_A":2,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"Mostly it's about cost.  Making stuff smaller costs more.  They're big and clunky, but a single tape can hold many terabytes, and they cost about a penny per gigabyte, which are some reasons why businesses use them for backup.  Spinning hard drive platters are slow when compared to electronic storage, but again are fairly cheap, about 3-5 cents per gigabyte.  SSD drives are popular because they're smaller and fast, but they cost about 10 cents per gigabyte.  NVMe drives are faster and smaller still, costing about 15 cents per gigabyte.  A totally different storage technology, SD cards and flash memory, are much slower performance for what PCs typically use, they serve a different purpose, but they're also relatively small and good for portable devices.  The big sticks of memory come in different speeds. Comparing one speed size of DDR4, the larger PC-sized memory sticks cost around $5 per gigabyte, where the same smaller laptop chips cost around $8 per gigabyte.  This runs true across all hardware.  You can get a laptop with similar chips and performance as a desktop, but you will pay a good chunk more money for it, often 30%-50% more money for commodity hardware, and 100%-500% more for specialized equipment like high-end graphics cards and top-performing CPUs.","human_ref_B":"If you open a 2.5\" SSD, you will see it is mostly empty, and not much biiger than an M.2 SSD.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":12875.0,"score_ratio":2.5}
{"post_id":"i59ays","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.69,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: how can laptops fit over 1tb of storage and 16gb of ram in a tiny chill while PCs need massive ram sticks and often large SSDs? Why isn\u2019t PC ram as small?","c_root_id_A":"g0nmdwb","c_root_id_B":"g0o0bte","created_at_utc_A":1596788727,"created_at_utc_B":1596800835,"score_A":2,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"Laptop RAM is physically smaller. It also has fewer pins, and thus a bit slower by virtue. The way RAM is mounted, too, helps to lower the profile, making it much smaller. The storage is different now. Basically all consumer SSDs are 2.5  inch or now M.2, so 22cmX80cm ish. These fit excellently in a laptop. Low power, small size. The best part is, you can put these drives into your normal desktop and run it all the same. The desktop does not need space for this, it needs space for a proper CPU cooler, and maybe a GPU, too. Those need lots of air, where a laptop has a much lower powered components, and thus less heat. Hope this helps.","human_ref_B":"If you open a 2.5\" SSD, you will see it is mostly empty, and not much biiger than an M.2 SSD.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":12108.0,"score_ratio":2.5}
{"post_id":"y2j87o","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old What exactly is a record label and why is it important for musicians. So many artists are signed to different labels, but they are extremely popular. How does a label work and why would an artist even want to sign to one since labels typically get a percent of money. Also, I thought independent or indie artists were not signed to a label but if you go to Spotify and look up indie music half of them are signed to a label.","c_root_id_A":"is37x67","c_root_id_B":"is39y8c","created_at_utc_A":1665618246,"created_at_utc_B":1665619152,"score_A":17,"score_B":200,"human_ref_A":"Historically record labels served as the investors behind the artist's career. They would sign a contract agreeing to pay to record the music, market and distribute it, bankroll the tours, etc .. in exchange for a LARGE piece of the revenue.","human_ref_B":"Recording, printing, distributing, and marketing albums is a very expensive endeavor. Far more costly than an unknown artist can likely afford.  Historically record labels would find talent, promote them, and loan them money to record, print, and market their albums. Labels would have distribution channels in place to sell records and get songs on the radio.  All of this in exchange for a significant share of the profits.  By the 00's big record labels started going out of fashion. Labels had become predatory organizations and stories about how even big name stars like Destiny's Child were broke because of 1-sided contracts became big news.  Contracts would be written to take a percentage of gross profits rather than net, and record labels were asking for a percentage of concert sales and merch which they had never done before. Bands would sign, get a large cash grant up front and they find themselves in debt they couldn't pay themselves out of.  Record labels would also try to own publishing rights, meaning that artists would effectively lose control over their own work.  Bands stopped wanting to sign with big labels, and labels started signing larger numbers of bumble gum pop acts, rap stars, and boy bands that they could easily milk for money.  The record industry would blame Napster and internet piracy for an industry wide drop in sales while that was only a part of the problem. Albums had been going down in quality while consumers were turning to new media formats on the internet to get their new artists. People stopped listening to Radio, and MTV started playing nothing but reality TV.  New talented and interesting groups are being overlooked in favor of the next viral boyband or rap star.  The internet allows for small no-name acts to market themselves and sell albums on newer platforms giving them an alternative than dealing with big record labels. While streaming platforms don't necessarily offer good rates, dealing with them gives artists far more control over their own music, merch, and tours.  Smaller Independant labels meanwhile try to attract musicians by offering more control over their work to compensate for the lack of major financial backing.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":906.0,"score_ratio":11.7647058824}
{"post_id":"y2j87o","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old What exactly is a record label and why is it important for musicians. So many artists are signed to different labels, but they are extremely popular. How does a label work and why would an artist even want to sign to one since labels typically get a percent of money. Also, I thought independent or indie artists were not signed to a label but if you go to Spotify and look up indie music half of them are signed to a label.","c_root_id_A":"is38c8a","c_root_id_B":"is39y8c","created_at_utc_A":1665618433,"created_at_utc_B":1665619152,"score_A":11,"score_B":200,"human_ref_A":"There is nothing to stop an artist from forming their own label (ie a company that pays for all the stuff that needs to happen). In this sense, the artist is still an \"indie\" even though they have a label since this label is their own company.","human_ref_B":"Recording, printing, distributing, and marketing albums is a very expensive endeavor. Far more costly than an unknown artist can likely afford.  Historically record labels would find talent, promote them, and loan them money to record, print, and market their albums. Labels would have distribution channels in place to sell records and get songs on the radio.  All of this in exchange for a significant share of the profits.  By the 00's big record labels started going out of fashion. Labels had become predatory organizations and stories about how even big name stars like Destiny's Child were broke because of 1-sided contracts became big news.  Contracts would be written to take a percentage of gross profits rather than net, and record labels were asking for a percentage of concert sales and merch which they had never done before. Bands would sign, get a large cash grant up front and they find themselves in debt they couldn't pay themselves out of.  Record labels would also try to own publishing rights, meaning that artists would effectively lose control over their own work.  Bands stopped wanting to sign with big labels, and labels started signing larger numbers of bumble gum pop acts, rap stars, and boy bands that they could easily milk for money.  The record industry would blame Napster and internet piracy for an industry wide drop in sales while that was only a part of the problem. Albums had been going down in quality while consumers were turning to new media formats on the internet to get their new artists. People stopped listening to Radio, and MTV started playing nothing but reality TV.  New talented and interesting groups are being overlooked in favor of the next viral boyband or rap star.  The internet allows for small no-name acts to market themselves and sell albums on newer platforms giving them an alternative than dealing with big record labels. While streaming platforms don't necessarily offer good rates, dealing with them gives artists far more control over their own music, merch, and tours.  Smaller Independant labels meanwhile try to attract musicians by offering more control over their work to compensate for the lack of major financial backing.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":719.0,"score_ratio":18.1818181818}
{"post_id":"y2j87o","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old What exactly is a record label and why is it important for musicians. So many artists are signed to different labels, but they are extremely popular. How does a label work and why would an artist even want to sign to one since labels typically get a percent of money. Also, I thought independent or indie artists were not signed to a label but if you go to Spotify and look up indie music half of them are signed to a label.","c_root_id_A":"is39u78","c_root_id_B":"is39y8c","created_at_utc_A":1665619101,"created_at_utc_B":1665619152,"score_A":10,"score_B":200,"human_ref_A":"To add to the previous answers, when people refer to an \"indie\" label, they're referring to a label that isn't Capitol, EMI, Virgin (although virgin *started* as an indie label) Elektra - the big companies, in other words","human_ref_B":"Recording, printing, distributing, and marketing albums is a very expensive endeavor. Far more costly than an unknown artist can likely afford.  Historically record labels would find talent, promote them, and loan them money to record, print, and market their albums. Labels would have distribution channels in place to sell records and get songs on the radio.  All of this in exchange for a significant share of the profits.  By the 00's big record labels started going out of fashion. Labels had become predatory organizations and stories about how even big name stars like Destiny's Child were broke because of 1-sided contracts became big news.  Contracts would be written to take a percentage of gross profits rather than net, and record labels were asking for a percentage of concert sales and merch which they had never done before. Bands would sign, get a large cash grant up front and they find themselves in debt they couldn't pay themselves out of.  Record labels would also try to own publishing rights, meaning that artists would effectively lose control over their own work.  Bands stopped wanting to sign with big labels, and labels started signing larger numbers of bumble gum pop acts, rap stars, and boy bands that they could easily milk for money.  The record industry would blame Napster and internet piracy for an industry wide drop in sales while that was only a part of the problem. Albums had been going down in quality while consumers were turning to new media formats on the internet to get their new artists. People stopped listening to Radio, and MTV started playing nothing but reality TV.  New talented and interesting groups are being overlooked in favor of the next viral boyband or rap star.  The internet allows for small no-name acts to market themselves and sell albums on newer platforms giving them an alternative than dealing with big record labels. While streaming platforms don't necessarily offer good rates, dealing with them gives artists far more control over their own music, merch, and tours.  Smaller Independant labels meanwhile try to attract musicians by offering more control over their work to compensate for the lack of major financial backing.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":51.0,"score_ratio":20.0}
{"post_id":"y2j87o","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old What exactly is a record label and why is it important for musicians. So many artists are signed to different labels, but they are extremely popular. How does a label work and why would an artist even want to sign to one since labels typically get a percent of money. Also, I thought independent or indie artists were not signed to a label but if you go to Spotify and look up indie music half of them are signed to a label.","c_root_id_A":"is4tbri","c_root_id_B":"is39u78","created_at_utc_A":1665652115,"created_at_utc_B":1665619101,"score_A":11,"score_B":10,"human_ref_A":"A lot of negative stuff about labels here. Sure, there are negatives, BUT...     Labels don't just loan an artist money, they also do...EVERYTHING.      Like, say you are an artist at the beginning of your career, like, I dunno, a young Ed Sheeran or some shit. You write well. You play well. You perform well...but you don't know anything about recording, pressing records, distribution, promo, touring etc. You have an acoustic guitar and play for tips at coffee shops.     So a label signs you based on your talent. They find a producer, book a studio, find a pressing plant, find a printing plant. Typically, it is the label's art department that does your design, hiring artists and photographers and copy writers. Depending on who you are, they may create an image or persona for you. Then once you have a product, the label's promo people got to work with print, radio, video and internet. The radio guys work your record at radio, getting you plays. The print guys place print media ads and maybe do posters and billboards. The video guys find you a director and allocate a budget for videos. The internet people send out press releases and get you interviews and stuff, so when your record comes out, all of a sudden there are articles about it\/you all over the place.     The label also distributes your product, both physical and digital. It pops up on all of the streaming services, and the records go out to shops.     Then you need to go on tour. The label fronts money for tour support, buys you gear, and finds you touring personnel. You get a production manager...he brings in a lighting designer, and sound company (sometimes management does some of these functions).     At the end of the day, you are still just that schlub with the guitar.     Did the labels rip people off? Yeah, more or less depending on how big you were and how savvy your management...but they also took dumbfuck kids playing in bands and built lasting careers. I have a whole bunch of friends who had major record deals when they were very young, and still tour and make money because of the careers the labels built for them 30 years ago.      Can people do this themselves? Yeah, but it requires such a colossal fuckton of work that I don't know how modern musicians ever find the time to just be musicians, which might be why we don't have giant bands anymore. Like, all Led Zeppelin had to do was write, record and tour. A record label is you TEAM, and the big labels are STILL effective as fuck at breaking artists.","human_ref_B":"To add to the previous answers, when people refer to an \"indie\" label, they're referring to a label that isn't Capitol, EMI, Virgin (although virgin *started* as an indie label) Elektra - the big companies, in other words","labels":1,"seconds_difference":33014.0,"score_ratio":1.1}
{"post_id":"y2j87o","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old What exactly is a record label and why is it important for musicians. So many artists are signed to different labels, but they are extremely popular. How does a label work and why would an artist even want to sign to one since labels typically get a percent of money. Also, I thought independent or indie artists were not signed to a label but if you go to Spotify and look up indie music half of them are signed to a label.","c_root_id_A":"is4tbri","c_root_id_B":"is47llk","created_at_utc_A":1665652115,"created_at_utc_B":1665635167,"score_A":11,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"A lot of negative stuff about labels here. Sure, there are negatives, BUT...     Labels don't just loan an artist money, they also do...EVERYTHING.      Like, say you are an artist at the beginning of your career, like, I dunno, a young Ed Sheeran or some shit. You write well. You play well. You perform well...but you don't know anything about recording, pressing records, distribution, promo, touring etc. You have an acoustic guitar and play for tips at coffee shops.     So a label signs you based on your talent. They find a producer, book a studio, find a pressing plant, find a printing plant. Typically, it is the label's art department that does your design, hiring artists and photographers and copy writers. Depending on who you are, they may create an image or persona for you. Then once you have a product, the label's promo people got to work with print, radio, video and internet. The radio guys work your record at radio, getting you plays. The print guys place print media ads and maybe do posters and billboards. The video guys find you a director and allocate a budget for videos. The internet people send out press releases and get you interviews and stuff, so when your record comes out, all of a sudden there are articles about it\/you all over the place.     The label also distributes your product, both physical and digital. It pops up on all of the streaming services, and the records go out to shops.     Then you need to go on tour. The label fronts money for tour support, buys you gear, and finds you touring personnel. You get a production manager...he brings in a lighting designer, and sound company (sometimes management does some of these functions).     At the end of the day, you are still just that schlub with the guitar.     Did the labels rip people off? Yeah, more or less depending on how big you were and how savvy your management...but they also took dumbfuck kids playing in bands and built lasting careers. I have a whole bunch of friends who had major record deals when they were very young, and still tour and make money because of the careers the labels built for them 30 years ago.      Can people do this themselves? Yeah, but it requires such a colossal fuckton of work that I don't know how modern musicians ever find the time to just be musicians, which might be why we don't have giant bands anymore. Like, all Led Zeppelin had to do was write, record and tour. A record label is you TEAM, and the big labels are STILL effective as fuck at breaking artists.","human_ref_B":"Record labels are the VCs of music?","labels":1,"seconds_difference":16948.0,"score_ratio":2.75}
{"post_id":"y2j87o","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old What exactly is a record label and why is it important for musicians. So many artists are signed to different labels, but they are extremely popular. How does a label work and why would an artist even want to sign to one since labels typically get a percent of money. Also, I thought independent or indie artists were not signed to a label but if you go to Spotify and look up indie music half of them are signed to a label.","c_root_id_A":"is3ihki","c_root_id_B":"is4tbri","created_at_utc_A":1665622905,"created_at_utc_B":1665652115,"score_A":4,"score_B":11,"human_ref_A":"All the other answers are correct, but on the last point, \"indie\" doesn't really describe independent artists anymore. That used to be what it meant, but nowadays \"indie\" is a type of sound, usually associated with stripped down guitar rock","human_ref_B":"A lot of negative stuff about labels here. Sure, there are negatives, BUT...     Labels don't just loan an artist money, they also do...EVERYTHING.      Like, say you are an artist at the beginning of your career, like, I dunno, a young Ed Sheeran or some shit. You write well. You play well. You perform well...but you don't know anything about recording, pressing records, distribution, promo, touring etc. You have an acoustic guitar and play for tips at coffee shops.     So a label signs you based on your talent. They find a producer, book a studio, find a pressing plant, find a printing plant. Typically, it is the label's art department that does your design, hiring artists and photographers and copy writers. Depending on who you are, they may create an image or persona for you. Then once you have a product, the label's promo people got to work with print, radio, video and internet. The radio guys work your record at radio, getting you plays. The print guys place print media ads and maybe do posters and billboards. The video guys find you a director and allocate a budget for videos. The internet people send out press releases and get you interviews and stuff, so when your record comes out, all of a sudden there are articles about it\/you all over the place.     The label also distributes your product, both physical and digital. It pops up on all of the streaming services, and the records go out to shops.     Then you need to go on tour. The label fronts money for tour support, buys you gear, and finds you touring personnel. You get a production manager...he brings in a lighting designer, and sound company (sometimes management does some of these functions).     At the end of the day, you are still just that schlub with the guitar.     Did the labels rip people off? Yeah, more or less depending on how big you were and how savvy your management...but they also took dumbfuck kids playing in bands and built lasting careers. I have a whole bunch of friends who had major record deals when they were very young, and still tour and make money because of the careers the labels built for them 30 years ago.      Can people do this themselves? Yeah, but it requires such a colossal fuckton of work that I don't know how modern musicians ever find the time to just be musicians, which might be why we don't have giant bands anymore. Like, all Led Zeppelin had to do was write, record and tour. A record label is you TEAM, and the big labels are STILL effective as fuck at breaking artists.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":29210.0,"score_ratio":2.75}
{"post_id":"jx8dka","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.75,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: why do we enjoy music? What exactly happens in our brains when we listen to a song and really like it (like when you get goosebumps)? Just as the title says. Maybe it\u2019s silly but I was always curious. The idea of music and that we basically just listen to a person making noises and it makes us happy is so strange and interesting.","c_root_id_A":"gcuwiez","c_root_id_B":"gcvg1sg","created_at_utc_A":1605812995,"created_at_utc_B":1605821704,"score_A":3,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"Music is exactly like talking, but without the words. You can add words to your music but they are optional. Try to talk without opening your mouth, and say something catchy (let's go... to the beach !).  You can have goosebumps listening to stories, it's not only dependent on the words but also mostly how the narrator say them. Stories can be sad, happy, energetic, slow, etc... A song is a story. It gets processed by the same area of the brain.  That's why animals can't listen to music like we do, they don't process languages in their brain. They get rythme but not pitch variation. Pitch variation and rythme is how you make a sentence sad, happy, interrogative, it gives emotion and a 2nd layer of meaning to your sentence:  I'm happy (sad voice)  I'm happy ! (excited)  I'm happy ?  Now, take out the words and keep the sound and rythme, you can transcribe them into music (sad one can be written: F E D notes, with a slowing rythme like quarter, dotted quarter, half). Then you get 3 musical notes for a sad music.  For a whole song you need more notes, and also more voices (more instrument). Each voice\/instrument is like a different person talking either saying the exact same thing, or adding to each other's story or contradicting each other.","human_ref_B":"There is no scientific explanation that fully accounts for the glorious magic of music.  Sorry, scientists. I love you, but this is a realm of magic.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":8709.0,"score_ratio":1.3333333333}
{"post_id":"rd6ga0","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do calories differ between cooked vs uncooked rice when rice only uses water?","c_root_id_A":"hnz4550","c_root_id_B":"hnz3vnx","created_at_utc_A":1639135390,"created_at_utc_B":1639135192,"score_A":6970,"score_B":462,"human_ref_A":"Because the weight changes. If you take 100 grams of uncooked rice, it's going to have 350 calories or so. When you take those 100 grams of uncooked rice and cook it, it's still going to have the same 350 calories, but it's now going to weigh 200 grams. So the cooked rice has fewer calories per 100 grams because of the water that gets absorbed. The water has weight but no calories.","human_ref_B":"Usually the measure is calories per gram or ounce. So, cooked rice has absorbed water so the calorie content PER UNIT WEIGHT has decreased. Think of it like 1 teaspoon of sugar dissolved in a cup of water or a gallon of water. The total amount of sugar is the same but the sweetness will obviously differ.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":198.0,"score_ratio":15.0865800866}
{"post_id":"rd6ga0","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do calories differ between cooked vs uncooked rice when rice only uses water?","c_root_id_A":"hnz812e","c_root_id_B":"ho0dlx8","created_at_utc_A":1639138153,"created_at_utc_B":1639157352,"score_A":62,"score_B":129,"human_ref_A":"For a single grain of rice the calories would be the same whether it's raw or cooked.  But a cup of uncooked rice may have 1000 grains of rice, but a cup of cooked rice may only have 500 grains of rice since they are now bloated up with 0 calorie water.","human_ref_B":"In addition to the weight and volume changes mentioned by others cooking food in general allows us to extract more usable calories out of it, we are partially breaking down the food by cooking it reducing the amount of work our bodies need to do to extract the nutrients.   This is one of the reasons the discovery of fire is considered a huge milestone in the advancement of humans as a species. Cooking led to better nutrition from the same food, better nutrition meant our bodies could support a larger brain and we had more free time to use that brain power due to less time needed to forage for food.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":19199.0,"score_ratio":2.0806451613}
{"post_id":"rd6ga0","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do calories differ between cooked vs uncooked rice when rice only uses water?","c_root_id_A":"hnzskws","c_root_id_B":"ho0dlx8","created_at_utc_A":1639148815,"created_at_utc_B":1639157352,"score_A":19,"score_B":129,"human_ref_A":"What are calories?     Calories are the energy contained within food's carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.     How do proteins have food energy?     Proteins are long strands of amino acids that have elaborate shapes.  These elaborate shapes are held together by relatively weak bonds and electrical attraction between the strands, which hold it in place.  This, by the way, is what gives uncooked rice its hardness and texture.     How does cooking change proteins?     Heat causes protein macromolecules to jiggle and excite.  This, in turn, causes it to break the weak bonds and electrical attractions which makes the proteins more plastic, allowing it to change shape.  This is called *denaturing.* This, in turn, allows it to rebond with different structures, or not.  Rice, once cooked, is soft because it no longer has these bonds.     How does cooking rice change its calories?     Cooking the rice, by denaturing the protiens, changes the chemical bonds between its structures, which means there are different chemical bonds, which means any energy stored in the proteins will be different.","human_ref_B":"In addition to the weight and volume changes mentioned by others cooking food in general allows us to extract more usable calories out of it, we are partially breaking down the food by cooking it reducing the amount of work our bodies need to do to extract the nutrients.   This is one of the reasons the discovery of fire is considered a huge milestone in the advancement of humans as a species. Cooking led to better nutrition from the same food, better nutrition meant our bodies could support a larger brain and we had more free time to use that brain power due to less time needed to forage for food.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":8537.0,"score_ratio":6.7894736842}
{"post_id":"zznvf2","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Eli5 How exactly does Noise cancellation work? That too in such small airbuds","c_root_id_A":"j2coo36","c_root_id_B":"j2csto6","created_at_utc_A":1672469736,"created_at_utc_B":1672472797,"score_A":140,"score_B":948,"human_ref_A":"If you imagine sound as an airwave when it picks up sound that it isn\u2019t making it immediately plays an opposite airwave (sound) that cancels out the two sounds in your ear","human_ref_B":"You know how your headphones can reproduce any sound? Noise cancelling headphones have microphones to detect what outside sounds you're about to hear and then make the exact opposite sound at exactly the right time. Any sound (no matter how complex or loud) + its exact opposite = no sound at all, much like 5 + (-5) = 0.  I could get into superposition and all that, but that's probably beyond age 5.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":3061.0,"score_ratio":6.7714285714}
{"post_id":"zznvf2","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Eli5 How exactly does Noise cancellation work? That too in such small airbuds","c_root_id_A":"j2csto6","c_root_id_B":"j2cqk73","created_at_utc_A":1672472797,"created_at_utc_B":1672471093,"score_A":948,"score_B":44,"human_ref_A":"You know how your headphones can reproduce any sound? Noise cancelling headphones have microphones to detect what outside sounds you're about to hear and then make the exact opposite sound at exactly the right time. Any sound (no matter how complex or loud) + its exact opposite = no sound at all, much like 5 + (-5) = 0.  I could get into superposition and all that, but that's probably beyond age 5.","human_ref_B":"Imagine a wave of water coming towards you in a wave pool.  Ignore anything to do with things like currents under the water, etc.  If you slap the water as the other wave is coming your way, and make a wave the exact same size, shape, etc, but going the opposite way to the wave that's about to hit you, one stops the other.  Sound in air is much the same, it's just waves that you can't see. The headphones or earbuds with active noise cancellation, simply (or really, not so simply) detect other sounds, and play a sound that is the exact opposite, or close enough.  The waves hit each other, and the sound of both goes away!","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1704.0,"score_ratio":21.5454545455}
{"post_id":"zznvf2","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Eli5 How exactly does Noise cancellation work? That too in such small airbuds","c_root_id_A":"j2csto6","c_root_id_B":"j2csfkm","created_at_utc_A":1672472797,"created_at_utc_B":1672472498,"score_A":948,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"You know how your headphones can reproduce any sound? Noise cancelling headphones have microphones to detect what outside sounds you're about to hear and then make the exact opposite sound at exactly the right time. Any sound (no matter how complex or loud) + its exact opposite = no sound at all, much like 5 + (-5) = 0.  I could get into superposition and all that, but that's probably beyond age 5.","human_ref_B":"The sound you hear is a wave that is a sum of all sounds around you. Waves have a few relevant properties: They travel at a known velocity, and they are additive.  To cancel such wave in your ear: we measure the wave just outside the ear and play its inverse with a small delay from the earphone. Notably, this only cancels the sound in a very small region around the inner side of the earphone. Everywhere else it adds its miniscule amount of more sound to the wave.  For best results: You need a good microphone in both earphones, and a good algorithm to slightly alter the wave, to mimic hiw it will be altered by the earlobe (as the in-ear earphone sound is not altered by the earlobe identically to the sound coming from the outside). Fortunately, we can tune this individually: place a second microphone inside each ear canal (near the very tip of the earphone), and measure which delay and which amplitude modifications reduce the sound the most.  A good analogue: Look at the waves in the see. Measure the height of the wave. If it is above the mean water level, push the water down with a paddle you have placed under the surface. If it is below, push the water up. If you move your paddle at just the right speed for a given measurement, you can destroy the wave around your paddle (whilst creating a new wave around your paddle, propagating outwards and adding a bit to the waves everywhere else in the sea).","labels":1,"seconds_difference":299.0,"score_ratio":189.6}
{"post_id":"zznvf2","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Eli5 How exactly does Noise cancellation work? That too in such small airbuds","c_root_id_A":"j2csfkm","c_root_id_B":"j2cxrk1","created_at_utc_A":1672472498,"created_at_utc_B":1672476680,"score_A":5,"score_B":25,"human_ref_A":"The sound you hear is a wave that is a sum of all sounds around you. Waves have a few relevant properties: They travel at a known velocity, and they are additive.  To cancel such wave in your ear: we measure the wave just outside the ear and play its inverse with a small delay from the earphone. Notably, this only cancels the sound in a very small region around the inner side of the earphone. Everywhere else it adds its miniscule amount of more sound to the wave.  For best results: You need a good microphone in both earphones, and a good algorithm to slightly alter the wave, to mimic hiw it will be altered by the earlobe (as the in-ear earphone sound is not altered by the earlobe identically to the sound coming from the outside). Fortunately, we can tune this individually: place a second microphone inside each ear canal (near the very tip of the earphone), and measure which delay and which amplitude modifications reduce the sound the most.  A good analogue: Look at the waves in the see. Measure the height of the wave. If it is above the mean water level, push the water down with a paddle you have placed under the surface. If it is below, push the water up. If you move your paddle at just the right speed for a given measurement, you can destroy the wave around your paddle (whilst creating a new wave around your paddle, propagating outwards and adding a bit to the waves everywhere else in the sea).","human_ref_B":"There are a lot of adults at the pool. Some of them are misbeahving by running clock wise around the pool. The lifeguard got annoyed and send out other adults that run counter clockwise. These adults smash into each others and stop being obnoxious.  Edit: so noise cancelling headphone detects those obnoxious adults, their locations and their behaviors. Then the headphone sends to these location exactly opposite adults and let them smash into each other and cancel each other out.  Edit 2: we can get a bit more technical (eli6 maybe?). The headphone detects the obnoxious adults by running the Fast Fourier Transform algorithm. The algo tells the headphone two things about the obnoxious adults: 1. the adult size (amplitude) and 2. its speed + direction around the pool (phase). The headphone produces the opposite adults with these characteristics: 1. same size (same amplitude) 2. same speed but move in a different direction(antiphase or phase-shifted by 180 degree ie clockwise vs counter clockwise). When the obnoxious adults and the opposite adults smash into each other (destructive interference), they both get knocked the F*** out.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":4182.0,"score_ratio":5.0}
{"post_id":"zznvf2","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Eli5 How exactly does Noise cancellation work? That too in such small airbuds","c_root_id_A":"j2cxrk1","c_root_id_B":"j2cupft","created_at_utc_A":1672476680,"created_at_utc_B":1672474241,"score_A":25,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"There are a lot of adults at the pool. Some of them are misbeahving by running clock wise around the pool. The lifeguard got annoyed and send out other adults that run counter clockwise. These adults smash into each others and stop being obnoxious.  Edit: so noise cancelling headphone detects those obnoxious adults, their locations and their behaviors. Then the headphone sends to these location exactly opposite adults and let them smash into each other and cancel each other out.  Edit 2: we can get a bit more technical (eli6 maybe?). The headphone detects the obnoxious adults by running the Fast Fourier Transform algorithm. The algo tells the headphone two things about the obnoxious adults: 1. the adult size (amplitude) and 2. its speed + direction around the pool (phase). The headphone produces the opposite adults with these characteristics: 1. same size (same amplitude) 2. same speed but move in a different direction(antiphase or phase-shifted by 180 degree ie clockwise vs counter clockwise). When the obnoxious adults and the opposite adults smash into each other (destructive interference), they both get knocked the F*** out.","human_ref_B":"If it's cancelling the noise, it is it still considered a sound that is received by your ears?  I thought it was a frequency that our ears can't pick up.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2439.0,"score_ratio":12.5}
{"post_id":"zznvf2","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Eli5 How exactly does Noise cancellation work? That too in such small airbuds","c_root_id_A":"j2dosk9","c_root_id_B":"j2csfkm","created_at_utc_A":1672496249,"created_at_utc_B":1672472498,"score_A":8,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"With the speed of sound traveling so fast, how can it reach the headphone, and the headphone have time to analyze and produce a \u201cmatching opposite\u201d so quickly?","human_ref_B":"The sound you hear is a wave that is a sum of all sounds around you. Waves have a few relevant properties: They travel at a known velocity, and they are additive.  To cancel such wave in your ear: we measure the wave just outside the ear and play its inverse with a small delay from the earphone. Notably, this only cancels the sound in a very small region around the inner side of the earphone. Everywhere else it adds its miniscule amount of more sound to the wave.  For best results: You need a good microphone in both earphones, and a good algorithm to slightly alter the wave, to mimic hiw it will be altered by the earlobe (as the in-ear earphone sound is not altered by the earlobe identically to the sound coming from the outside). Fortunately, we can tune this individually: place a second microphone inside each ear canal (near the very tip of the earphone), and measure which delay and which amplitude modifications reduce the sound the most.  A good analogue: Look at the waves in the see. Measure the height of the wave. If it is above the mean water level, push the water down with a paddle you have placed under the surface. If it is below, push the water up. If you move your paddle at just the right speed for a given measurement, you can destroy the wave around your paddle (whilst creating a new wave around your paddle, propagating outwards and adding a bit to the waves everywhere else in the sea).","labels":1,"seconds_difference":23751.0,"score_ratio":1.6}
{"post_id":"zznvf2","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Eli5 How exactly does Noise cancellation work? That too in such small airbuds","c_root_id_A":"j2dosk9","c_root_id_B":"j2cupft","created_at_utc_A":1672496249,"created_at_utc_B":1672474241,"score_A":8,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"With the speed of sound traveling so fast, how can it reach the headphone, and the headphone have time to analyze and produce a \u201cmatching opposite\u201d so quickly?","human_ref_B":"If it's cancelling the noise, it is it still considered a sound that is received by your ears?  I thought it was a frequency that our ears can't pick up.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":22008.0,"score_ratio":4.0}
{"post_id":"zznvf2","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Eli5 How exactly does Noise cancellation work? That too in such small airbuds","c_root_id_A":"j2dosk9","c_root_id_B":"j2d2i22","created_at_utc_A":1672496249,"created_at_utc_B":1672480572,"score_A":8,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"With the speed of sound traveling so fast, how can it reach the headphone, and the headphone have time to analyze and produce a \u201cmatching opposite\u201d so quickly?","human_ref_B":"Sounds can be drawn as a wave, so for one of the simplest examples let's look at a sine wave - just a simple, regular wave shape.   As a simple maths experiment, if we mirror this wave around the horizontal axis so that where one wave goes up, the other wave goes down, and then add them together, they will cancel each other out.  This works with sound in headphones too. If we stick a little microphone on the outside of your headphones so that it detects the outside sound you will hear, then takes that sound and inverts it so it is upside down and plays that through your headphones, the two will cancel out and the outside sound will vanish. If you play the inverted sound alongside the music or other audio you actually want to hear, you get both at the same time - no outside sound, just the extra audio you are adding.  Incidentally, this works really well with headphones, because the microphone can easily detect exactly what your ear will. If you tried this with a whole room, the way sound reflects off of surfaces will mean that the 'noise' sound will be different depending on exactly where you stand, so it is impossible to cancel it out - you could set it up to cancel nicely in one place, but if you moved about in the room in other places it won't work at all, or may make the noise worse.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":15677.0,"score_ratio":4.0}
{"post_id":"ly2t2c","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do horses need horseshoes? Horses in the wild seem to be perfectly fine without them, why do we need to put hunks of metal on their hooves?","c_root_id_A":"gpqn6cw","c_root_id_B":"gpqjuiv","created_at_utc_A":1614919194,"created_at_utc_B":1614917201,"score_A":9,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"Horses on the plains run on mostly soft soil with patches of rough hard ground and do not have weight on their backs. When we use them as mounts or to pull things they are often walking are harder surfaces than they naturally would and carrying far more weight than they naturally would.","human_ref_B":"Horses in the wild also don't have access to stables, vaccines, blankets, etc. and as a result don't live quite as long (or healthy) as their domestic counterparts. Horseshoes are a protective measure similar to the aforementioned examples to keep their hooves from splitting when running on hard or uneven surfaces.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1993.0,"score_ratio":4.5}
{"post_id":"ssvwxr","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.9,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If you chew your food less, does that mean you will feel full longer as it takes longer to digest in your stomach? Does it also mean you spend more calories digesting the food via thermic effect of food since it needs more work to be done?","c_root_id_A":"hx063sb","c_root_id_B":"hx06qwj","created_at_utc_A":1644905128,"created_at_utc_B":1644905565,"score_A":28,"score_B":604,"human_ref_A":"No you\u2019ll actually get fewer nutrients as your body cannot digest everything before it passes in to the colon.","human_ref_B":"Your food pretty much lasts the same length of time in your stomach one way or another. Remember that your stomach is really only the second step of your digestive system - the first being your mouth, where you start the process by chewing the food into easily digestible goo.  The stomach adds acid and enzymes, then the foodgoo goes on into the small intestines where bacteria gets to work and the useful proteins and nutrients are absorbed into the intestinal wall and enters the bloodstream to go whereever they're needed.  You could (in theory) cut a hole into your abdomen and place unchewed food directly into the stomach, and it would still spend the same amount of time before being sent on its merry little way.   But, by not chewing, the stomach and rest of the digestive system wouldnt be able to properly extract enough nutrients.  Meaning you wouldn't be getting the right amount, and would need to eat more...AND you would be pooping a lot more.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":437.0,"score_ratio":21.5714285714}
{"post_id":"ssvwxr","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.9,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If you chew your food less, does that mean you will feel full longer as it takes longer to digest in your stomach? Does it also mean you spend more calories digesting the food via thermic effect of food since it needs more work to be done?","c_root_id_A":"hx063sb","c_root_id_B":"hx0hrz4","created_at_utc_A":1644905128,"created_at_utc_B":1644913882,"score_A":28,"score_B":63,"human_ref_A":"No you\u2019ll actually get fewer nutrients as your body cannot digest everything before it passes in to the colon.","human_ref_B":"Chewing for longer periods is believed to release chemicals to make you feel fuller sooner so quite the opposite is the case.    Chewing more increases the surface area of the food which helps with the breaking down of the food and extracting nutrients","labels":0,"seconds_difference":8754.0,"score_ratio":2.25}
{"post_id":"ssvwxr","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.9,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If you chew your food less, does that mean you will feel full longer as it takes longer to digest in your stomach? Does it also mean you spend more calories digesting the food via thermic effect of food since it needs more work to be done?","c_root_id_A":"hx0fnr8","c_root_id_B":"hx0hrz4","created_at_utc_A":1644912169,"created_at_utc_B":1644913882,"score_A":7,"score_B":63,"human_ref_A":"Your food will actually digest less, and cause constipation, stomach pain, bowel Infections and much more","human_ref_B":"Chewing for longer periods is believed to release chemicals to make you feel fuller sooner so quite the opposite is the case.    Chewing more increases the surface area of the food which helps with the breaking down of the food and extracting nutrients","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1713.0,"score_ratio":9.0}
{"post_id":"jranug","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.84,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how do Inuit people survive without vitamins from fresh fruits and vegetables?","c_root_id_A":"gbs3o9e","c_root_id_B":"gbs3dss","created_at_utc_A":1604969941,"created_at_utc_B":1604969792,"score_A":57,"score_B":20,"human_ref_A":"They eat organ meat that folks eating the current western diet usually don't eat. Things like livers and hearts have tons of vitamins that muscle meat does not have.   By the same token, carnivorous animals don't just eat muscle meat - they eat organs, marrow, and stomach contents.","human_ref_B":"Seal and polar bear and fish have all the vitamins and essential things a human needs. Fats and proteins and some vitamins are essential. There\u2019s no such thing as an essential carbohydrate.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":149.0,"score_ratio":2.85}
{"post_id":"skadeh","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"eli5 Why do so many bubbles come out of modern taps (faucets) when compared to older ones? When I was younger we had taps that would produce a stream of pretty much 100% water but as I've got older the newer model taps now produce a water and air mixture. When filling up a glass sometimes I need to pause halfway though to let the head settle before filling completely. What's the reason for so much air to come out of the tap now with the water?","c_root_id_A":"hvjpo8b","c_root_id_B":"hvjp35g","created_at_utc_A":1643972389,"created_at_utc_B":1643971937,"score_A":9891,"score_B":231,"human_ref_A":"The tap has a cap on the end called an aerator. Its purpose is to add that air to the stream of water.  The cap has small slits around the outside of the diameter of the cap usually near where the cap meets the end of the faucet, or tap. There is a screen inside the cap which as well as stopping a large piece of sediment coming out also helps create a siphon effect which draws in air through the slots and causes the aerated water to come out evenly out the cap.  The reason this aeration is done is to create an pleasant, consistently flowing stream out of the cap so the water doesn't splatter out of the cap. You may recall the water coming out quite unevenly out of older faucets as well.  Another reason water is aerated is to enhance the taste of the water by adding oxygen to the water.   And lastly, it is added as a water saving device. The aerated water stream is thicker and more full with less water coming out of the cap.because of this, while washing hands or dishes it feels like more water coming out and has an effect of cleaning like there is more water coming out.  This is something that I have never seen pointed out about the aeration of water coming out of the faucet, but I think it also sounds better. More pleasing.","human_ref_B":"Modern faucets \"pre-mix\" water with air simply in order to save water.   The nozzle sucks in some air that gets released together with the water adding perceived volume.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":452.0,"score_ratio":42.8181818182}
{"post_id":"skadeh","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"eli5 Why do so many bubbles come out of modern taps (faucets) when compared to older ones? When I was younger we had taps that would produce a stream of pretty much 100% water but as I've got older the newer model taps now produce a water and air mixture. When filling up a glass sometimes I need to pause halfway though to let the head settle before filling completely. What's the reason for so much air to come out of the tap now with the water?","c_root_id_A":"hvka6pu","c_root_id_B":"hvkeddp","created_at_utc_A":1643984208,"created_at_utc_B":1643986006,"score_A":26,"score_B":179,"human_ref_A":"Interestingly, in the (pretty new) apartment I lived in maybe 3 years ago, the kitchen faucet produced a perfectly laminar, bubble-free stream. It was the type of faucet that you can pull the \"head\" out and wash your dishes or spray it across the room or whatever. It was glorious! I never did any measurements or anything, but it felt like the velocity of water coming out was substantially less than a \"normal\" faucet, meaning the stream felt really soft and gentle. I'm thinking this was how they prevented severe splashing and water waste, while maintaining a clear, laminar stream at any flow rate.   I still miss that faucet...","human_ref_B":"It's the cap. It smoothes the water stream and adds more air from around it into the water thus making water not splash everywhere should the stream be really strong.  You could easily take it off and put on the older faucet you have if you wish.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1798.0,"score_ratio":6.8846153846}
{"post_id":"w0mamm","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do they build dams on rivers if there's nothing stopping the water from flowing while they are building?","c_root_id_A":"igf6yqi","c_root_id_B":"igf52os","created_at_utc_A":1657994801,"created_at_utc_B":1657994001,"score_A":41,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"Cofferdams are structures built to keep water out of a working area.    They also will drill tunnels that may be used as spillways(overflow) infrastructure first and then divert the river through there while working.       The Hoover dam built the tunnels first to divert the river, then cofferdams to keep the area clear, then used some of the diversion tunnels for emergency spillways.      https:\/\/youtu.be\/URC125wpMS4 from an engineering YouTube channel for a quick 10min *dive* into the topic.","human_ref_B":"They divert the river to other channels then dig whatever they are going to dig. Once the area is ready, they redirect the river back to the area.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":800.0,"score_ratio":5.125}
{"post_id":"w0mamm","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do they build dams on rivers if there's nothing stopping the water from flowing while they are building?","c_root_id_A":"igf6yqi","c_root_id_B":"igf53jr","created_at_utc_A":1657994801,"created_at_utc_B":1657994011,"score_A":41,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"Cofferdams are structures built to keep water out of a working area.    They also will drill tunnels that may be used as spillways(overflow) infrastructure first and then divert the river through there while working.       The Hoover dam built the tunnels first to divert the river, then cofferdams to keep the area clear, then used some of the diversion tunnels for emergency spillways.      https:\/\/youtu.be\/URC125wpMS4 from an engineering YouTube channel for a quick 10min *dive* into the topic.","human_ref_B":"For some of the larger dam projects the dig out a bypass trench or tunnel around where the want to build the dam.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":790.0,"score_ratio":20.5}
{"post_id":"zl19f4","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: London's population in 1900 was around 6 million, where did they all live?! I've seen maps of London at around this time and it is tiny compared to what it is now.  Was the population density a lot higher?  Did there used to be taller buildings?  It seems strange to imagine so many people packed into such a small space.  Ty","c_root_id_A":"j02ov1r","c_root_id_B":"j02q556","created_at_utc_A":1670952666,"created_at_utc_B":1670953145,"score_A":316,"score_B":6956,"human_ref_A":"Tenements, single occupancy rooming houses, and much smaller apartments. People today have much more individual space on average.","human_ref_B":"Much higher population density, Families of 6-8 in a single room, 4-5 families to a house\u2026 lots of documentation  https:\/\/victorianweb.org\/history\/slums.html#:~:text=They%20became%20notorious%20for%20overcrowding,vice%20of%20the%20lower%20classes.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":479.0,"score_ratio":22.0126582278}
{"post_id":"zl19f4","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: London's population in 1900 was around 6 million, where did they all live?! I've seen maps of London at around this time and it is tiny compared to what it is now.  Was the population density a lot higher?  Did there used to be taller buildings?  It seems strange to imagine so many people packed into such a small space.  Ty","c_root_id_A":"j031anr","c_root_id_B":"j02ov1r","created_at_utc_A":1670957335,"created_at_utc_B":1670952666,"score_A":2351,"score_B":316,"human_ref_A":"\"Packed\" is the right word. Most of them were workers who earned barely enough to stay alive. That made for very tight living arrangements.  Wiki picture For more pictures, try \"lodging house\" or \"tenement\"  The best modern equivalent would probably be the coffin homes in Hong Kong, though at least people there have *some* personal space. In 1900 London \"privacy\" was an utter luxury.","human_ref_B":"Tenements, single occupancy rooming houses, and much smaller apartments. People today have much more individual space on average.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":4669.0,"score_ratio":7.4398734177}
{"post_id":"zl19f4","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: London's population in 1900 was around 6 million, where did they all live?! I've seen maps of London at around this time and it is tiny compared to what it is now.  Was the population density a lot higher?  Did there used to be taller buildings?  It seems strange to imagine so many people packed into such a small space.  Ty","c_root_id_A":"j031anr","c_root_id_B":"j02uuwp","created_at_utc_A":1670957335,"created_at_utc_B":1670954913,"score_A":2351,"score_B":146,"human_ref_A":"\"Packed\" is the right word. Most of them were workers who earned barely enough to stay alive. That made for very tight living arrangements.  Wiki picture For more pictures, try \"lodging house\" or \"tenement\"  The best modern equivalent would probably be the coffin homes in Hong Kong, though at least people there have *some* personal space. In 1900 London \"privacy\" was an utter luxury.","human_ref_B":"Not specific to London, but here in North America population densities were crazy high per square meter of city space vs what we have now.  Like a factor of 20x higher.    Throughout the 1920s several of the 'problematic' city ordinances that urbanists like to hate on came into effect.  They came into effect to effectively ban or break up many of the dwelling that were catering to the underclass.  As an example, there were rooming houses dotted all over where one could rent a mattress on the floor for as little time as a night for what amounted to a couple bucks in today's money.  These houses would be stuffed to full of migrant workers and other assorted poor people.  Basically they were dens of disease, crime and filth and poverty.  They also represent the market providing shelter for the bottom of the barrel and for those who may not have the right skin tone to stay in better accommodations.  So, in parallel with the introduction of the car, the city passed zoning laws that forbade these places.  Now there were max limits to how many people could stay in a dwelling.  This shut down the boarding houses because the landlord can't make a go of it without jacking rates.  (If you can't have 100 people paying a dollar per night, then you need to find one guy to pay 100 per night.)   There were zones that industrial activity could take place and they must be separated from where people lived forcing folks to travel longer distances from home to job.  People use to have 'servant' quarters in their back yard, but banned.    This is kind of a poor explanation, but hopefully it gives some kind of a sense of what happened.  At the end of the day, some of the changes were needed to combat rampant social disorder, but many of the changes were pushed to the extreme in order to try and entirely eliminate the 'undesirable' parts of the population.  The problem has been that we've now created a system that nobody but the rich can afford to live.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2422.0,"score_ratio":16.102739726}
{"post_id":"zl19f4","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: London's population in 1900 was around 6 million, where did they all live?! I've seen maps of London at around this time and it is tiny compared to what it is now.  Was the population density a lot higher?  Did there used to be taller buildings?  It seems strange to imagine so many people packed into such a small space.  Ty","c_root_id_A":"j0378xw","c_root_id_B":"j0385nc","created_at_utc_A":1670959590,"created_at_utc_B":1670959934,"score_A":464,"score_B":714,"human_ref_A":"It's not a coincidence that the world first underground rapid transit line -- the \\Metropolitan Railway\\]([https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metropolitan\\_Railway) -- opened in London in 1863. Keep in mind these were coal-burning, steam-hauled trains that were being operated \\*underground\\*, and \"the Met\" was still a massive success. London was so congested that thousands of residents happily paid to ride the Metropolitan underground through the soot and steam and grime. Electrification wouldn't occur until around 1900, when the Metropolitan began to experience competition for ridership from the new deep level tubes, which began service with electric traction from their opening. Long story short, extreme congestion and population density in London lead to the direct development of underground mass transit.","human_ref_B":"They crammed everyone close together. For those homeless\/sleeping rough:  Penny sit-up: You could rest sitting on a bench but could not lay down, or really sleep (sleeping wasn't including in the price)  Twopenny hangover: you would sleep hanging over a rope for two pennies  Four-penny coffin: finally some rest laying down packed like sardines, infested with bugs though (so said Orwell)  https:\/\/www.historic-uk.com\/CultureUK\/Two-Penny-Hangover\/  This is for Victorian age but it continued into the 20th century (and tbf, so did the Victorian age)","labels":0,"seconds_difference":344.0,"score_ratio":1.5387931034}
{"post_id":"zl19f4","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: London's population in 1900 was around 6 million, where did they all live?! I've seen maps of London at around this time and it is tiny compared to what it is now.  Was the population density a lot higher?  Did there used to be taller buildings?  It seems strange to imagine so many people packed into such a small space.  Ty","c_root_id_A":"j02ov1r","c_root_id_B":"j0385nc","created_at_utc_A":1670952666,"created_at_utc_B":1670959934,"score_A":316,"score_B":714,"human_ref_A":"Tenements, single occupancy rooming houses, and much smaller apartments. People today have much more individual space on average.","human_ref_B":"They crammed everyone close together. For those homeless\/sleeping rough:  Penny sit-up: You could rest sitting on a bench but could not lay down, or really sleep (sleeping wasn't including in the price)  Twopenny hangover: you would sleep hanging over a rope for two pennies  Four-penny coffin: finally some rest laying down packed like sardines, infested with bugs though (so said Orwell)  https:\/\/www.historic-uk.com\/CultureUK\/Two-Penny-Hangover\/  This is for Victorian age but it continued into the 20th century (and tbf, so did the Victorian age)","labels":0,"seconds_difference":7268.0,"score_ratio":2.2594936709}
{"post_id":"zl19f4","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: London's population in 1900 was around 6 million, where did they all live?! I've seen maps of London at around this time and it is tiny compared to what it is now.  Was the population density a lot higher?  Did there used to be taller buildings?  It seems strange to imagine so many people packed into such a small space.  Ty","c_root_id_A":"j02uuwp","c_root_id_B":"j0385nc","created_at_utc_A":1670954913,"created_at_utc_B":1670959934,"score_A":146,"score_B":714,"human_ref_A":"Not specific to London, but here in North America population densities were crazy high per square meter of city space vs what we have now.  Like a factor of 20x higher.    Throughout the 1920s several of the 'problematic' city ordinances that urbanists like to hate on came into effect.  They came into effect to effectively ban or break up many of the dwelling that were catering to the underclass.  As an example, there were rooming houses dotted all over where one could rent a mattress on the floor for as little time as a night for what amounted to a couple bucks in today's money.  These houses would be stuffed to full of migrant workers and other assorted poor people.  Basically they were dens of disease, crime and filth and poverty.  They also represent the market providing shelter for the bottom of the barrel and for those who may not have the right skin tone to stay in better accommodations.  So, in parallel with the introduction of the car, the city passed zoning laws that forbade these places.  Now there were max limits to how many people could stay in a dwelling.  This shut down the boarding houses because the landlord can't make a go of it without jacking rates.  (If you can't have 100 people paying a dollar per night, then you need to find one guy to pay 100 per night.)   There were zones that industrial activity could take place and they must be separated from where people lived forcing folks to travel longer distances from home to job.  People use to have 'servant' quarters in their back yard, but banned.    This is kind of a poor explanation, but hopefully it gives some kind of a sense of what happened.  At the end of the day, some of the changes were needed to combat rampant social disorder, but many of the changes were pushed to the extreme in order to try and entirely eliminate the 'undesirable' parts of the population.  The problem has been that we've now created a system that nobody but the rich can afford to live.","human_ref_B":"They crammed everyone close together. For those homeless\/sleeping rough:  Penny sit-up: You could rest sitting on a bench but could not lay down, or really sleep (sleeping wasn't including in the price)  Twopenny hangover: you would sleep hanging over a rope for two pennies  Four-penny coffin: finally some rest laying down packed like sardines, infested with bugs though (so said Orwell)  https:\/\/www.historic-uk.com\/CultureUK\/Two-Penny-Hangover\/  This is for Victorian age but it continued into the 20th century (and tbf, so did the Victorian age)","labels":0,"seconds_difference":5021.0,"score_ratio":4.8904109589}
{"post_id":"zl19f4","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: London's population in 1900 was around 6 million, where did they all live?! I've seen maps of London at around this time and it is tiny compared to what it is now.  Was the population density a lot higher?  Did there used to be taller buildings?  It seems strange to imagine so many people packed into such a small space.  Ty","c_root_id_A":"j034m1g","c_root_id_B":"j0385nc","created_at_utc_A":1670958590,"created_at_utc_B":1670959934,"score_A":106,"score_B":714,"human_ref_A":"Not sure if it\u2019s available on BBC Iplayer anymore, you may have to dig around for it. The Victorian Slum was a reality show where modern day people tried to survive in a simulated slum. Really good programme, highly recommend","human_ref_B":"They crammed everyone close together. For those homeless\/sleeping rough:  Penny sit-up: You could rest sitting on a bench but could not lay down, or really sleep (sleeping wasn't including in the price)  Twopenny hangover: you would sleep hanging over a rope for two pennies  Four-penny coffin: finally some rest laying down packed like sardines, infested with bugs though (so said Orwell)  https:\/\/www.historic-uk.com\/CultureUK\/Two-Penny-Hangover\/  This is for Victorian age but it continued into the 20th century (and tbf, so did the Victorian age)","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1344.0,"score_ratio":6.7358490566}
{"post_id":"zl19f4","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: London's population in 1900 was around 6 million, where did they all live?! I've seen maps of London at around this time and it is tiny compared to what it is now.  Was the population density a lot higher?  Did there used to be taller buildings?  It seems strange to imagine so many people packed into such a small space.  Ty","c_root_id_A":"j02ov1r","c_root_id_B":"j0378xw","created_at_utc_A":1670952666,"created_at_utc_B":1670959590,"score_A":316,"score_B":464,"human_ref_A":"Tenements, single occupancy rooming houses, and much smaller apartments. People today have much more individual space on average.","human_ref_B":"It's not a coincidence that the world first underground rapid transit line -- the \\Metropolitan Railway\\]([https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metropolitan\\_Railway) -- opened in London in 1863. Keep in mind these were coal-burning, steam-hauled trains that were being operated \\*underground\\*, and \"the Met\" was still a massive success. London was so congested that thousands of residents happily paid to ride the Metropolitan underground through the soot and steam and grime. Electrification wouldn't occur until around 1900, when the Metropolitan began to experience competition for ridership from the new deep level tubes, which began service with electric traction from their opening. Long story short, extreme congestion and population density in London lead to the direct development of underground mass transit.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":6924.0,"score_ratio":1.4683544304}
{"post_id":"zl19f4","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: London's population in 1900 was around 6 million, where did they all live?! I've seen maps of London at around this time and it is tiny compared to what it is now.  Was the population density a lot higher?  Did there used to be taller buildings?  It seems strange to imagine so many people packed into such a small space.  Ty","c_root_id_A":"j02uuwp","c_root_id_B":"j0378xw","created_at_utc_A":1670954913,"created_at_utc_B":1670959590,"score_A":146,"score_B":464,"human_ref_A":"Not specific to London, but here in North America population densities were crazy high per square meter of city space vs what we have now.  Like a factor of 20x higher.    Throughout the 1920s several of the 'problematic' city ordinances that urbanists like to hate on came into effect.  They came into effect to effectively ban or break up many of the dwelling that were catering to the underclass.  As an example, there were rooming houses dotted all over where one could rent a mattress on the floor for as little time as a night for what amounted to a couple bucks in today's money.  These houses would be stuffed to full of migrant workers and other assorted poor people.  Basically they were dens of disease, crime and filth and poverty.  They also represent the market providing shelter for the bottom of the barrel and for those who may not have the right skin tone to stay in better accommodations.  So, in parallel with the introduction of the car, the city passed zoning laws that forbade these places.  Now there were max limits to how many people could stay in a dwelling.  This shut down the boarding houses because the landlord can't make a go of it without jacking rates.  (If you can't have 100 people paying a dollar per night, then you need to find one guy to pay 100 per night.)   There were zones that industrial activity could take place and they must be separated from where people lived forcing folks to travel longer distances from home to job.  People use to have 'servant' quarters in their back yard, but banned.    This is kind of a poor explanation, but hopefully it gives some kind of a sense of what happened.  At the end of the day, some of the changes were needed to combat rampant social disorder, but many of the changes were pushed to the extreme in order to try and entirely eliminate the 'undesirable' parts of the population.  The problem has been that we've now created a system that nobody but the rich can afford to live.","human_ref_B":"It's not a coincidence that the world first underground rapid transit line -- the \\Metropolitan Railway\\]([https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metropolitan\\_Railway) -- opened in London in 1863. Keep in mind these were coal-burning, steam-hauled trains that were being operated \\*underground\\*, and \"the Met\" was still a massive success. London was so congested that thousands of residents happily paid to ride the Metropolitan underground through the soot and steam and grime. Electrification wouldn't occur until around 1900, when the Metropolitan began to experience competition for ridership from the new deep level tubes, which began service with electric traction from their opening. Long story short, extreme congestion and population density in London lead to the direct development of underground mass transit.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":4677.0,"score_ratio":3.1780821918}
{"post_id":"zl19f4","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: London's population in 1900 was around 6 million, where did they all live?! I've seen maps of London at around this time and it is tiny compared to what it is now.  Was the population density a lot higher?  Did there used to be taller buildings?  It seems strange to imagine so many people packed into such a small space.  Ty","c_root_id_A":"j034m1g","c_root_id_B":"j0378xw","created_at_utc_A":1670958590,"created_at_utc_B":1670959590,"score_A":106,"score_B":464,"human_ref_A":"Not sure if it\u2019s available on BBC Iplayer anymore, you may have to dig around for it. The Victorian Slum was a reality show where modern day people tried to survive in a simulated slum. Really good programme, highly recommend","human_ref_B":"It's not a coincidence that the world first underground rapid transit line -- the \\Metropolitan Railway\\]([https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metropolitan\\_Railway) -- opened in London in 1863. Keep in mind these were coal-burning, steam-hauled trains that were being operated \\*underground\\*, and \"the Met\" was still a massive success. London was so congested that thousands of residents happily paid to ride the Metropolitan underground through the soot and steam and grime. Electrification wouldn't occur until around 1900, when the Metropolitan began to experience competition for ridership from the new deep level tubes, which began service with electric traction from their opening. Long story short, extreme congestion and population density in London lead to the direct development of underground mass transit.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1000.0,"score_ratio":4.3773584906}
{"post_id":"z7d0zq","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Eli5: Does all sound travel at exactly the speed of sound? If so why? Do quieter sounds travel at the same speed but for less distance?","c_root_id_A":"iy5wu2r","c_root_id_B":"iy60bk7","created_at_utc_A":1669679828,"created_at_utc_B":1669681392,"score_A":36,"score_B":100,"human_ref_A":"Yes, the speed of sound is dependent on the medium it is traveling through. It might travel faster or slower depending on factors like air temperature, or humidity. But if I say something loudly next to you whispering, for all intents and purposes, our noises are going the same speed.","human_ref_B":"Yup. So basically, think of air like a lake. When you make sound, you\u2019re basically dropping a rock into the lake and making ripples. If you drop a small rock into the lake, you\u2019re making pretty small ripples; but if you drop a big rock into the lake, you\u2019re making big ripples. Thing is, no matter how big the rock is, the ripples all move at the same speed - some are just bigger so they last longer before smoothing out.   That\u2019s also why it\u2019s harder to hear quieter things when something loud is happening - when a big ripple hits a little ripple in the lake, the little one is swept up by the big one, and you only end up seeing the big one.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1564.0,"score_ratio":2.7777777778}
{"post_id":"z7d0zq","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Eli5: Does all sound travel at exactly the speed of sound? If so why? Do quieter sounds travel at the same speed but for less distance?","c_root_id_A":"iy5wxzo","c_root_id_B":"iy60bk7","created_at_utc_A":1669679876,"created_at_utc_B":1669681392,"score_A":8,"score_B":100,"human_ref_A":"Yes, but it depends on the medium they are traveling through (air, water, steel). Sound travels at the speed of atoms - meaning sound is the result of energy transferring through something by pushing on the atoms, which in turn push on their neighbors, and on and on.","human_ref_B":"Yup. So basically, think of air like a lake. When you make sound, you\u2019re basically dropping a rock into the lake and making ripples. If you drop a small rock into the lake, you\u2019re making pretty small ripples; but if you drop a big rock into the lake, you\u2019re making big ripples. Thing is, no matter how big the rock is, the ripples all move at the same speed - some are just bigger so they last longer before smoothing out.   That\u2019s also why it\u2019s harder to hear quieter things when something loud is happening - when a big ripple hits a little ripple in the lake, the little one is swept up by the big one, and you only end up seeing the big one.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1516.0,"score_ratio":12.5}
{"post_id":"z7d0zq","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Eli5: Does all sound travel at exactly the speed of sound? If so why? Do quieter sounds travel at the same speed but for less distance?","c_root_id_A":"iy7yb6q","c_root_id_B":"iy66tah","created_at_utc_A":1669725640,"created_at_utc_B":1669684399,"score_A":6,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"To a first approximation (if you're assuming an ideal gas, which is a good approximation for a lot of gasses like air), yes. But that is not totally true- there is also a frequency dependence. It's generally insignificant, but it is there.  In air, the speed of sound increases by ~0.1 m\/s if you change the frequency from 10 Hz to 100 Hz, for instance. A pretty negligible change, compared to the ~333 m\/s approximation.  It also depends on what type of sound you're talking about. In gases like air, there is only one type of sound wave. But in say, solids, sound (vibrations) has 2 types of waves. These can have different speeds.  >Do quieter sounds travel at the same speed but for less distance?  Yep. They dissipate faster, because they have less energy.","human_ref_B":"What humans interpret as sound is pressure waves moving through a medium  Those pressure waves move it different speeds depending on the medium in question.  A medium that is more dense will transmit sound more quickly up to a certain extent.  For example water is much more dense than air but not so dense as to block the pressure wave itself so sound travels much faster through water than it does through air.  Quieter sounds do not go as far because the pressure waves that they create are not as strong and therefore dissipate more quickly.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":41241.0,"score_ratio":1.2}
{"post_id":"z7d0zq","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Eli5: Does all sound travel at exactly the speed of sound? If so why? Do quieter sounds travel at the same speed but for less distance?","c_root_id_A":"iy66k4r","c_root_id_B":"iy7yb6q","created_at_utc_A":1669684282,"created_at_utc_B":1669725640,"score_A":2,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"Almost, yes. Normal volumes of sound are 'carried' by the natural movement of air molecules. In solids and liquids they are like vibrations in a set of springs and weights, their speed controlled by the strength of the springs and mass of the weights.  Only in extremely loud cases does this change in air. The sound can correspond to so much particle motion that it actually does travel faster.","human_ref_B":"To a first approximation (if you're assuming an ideal gas, which is a good approximation for a lot of gasses like air), yes. But that is not totally true- there is also a frequency dependence. It's generally insignificant, but it is there.  In air, the speed of sound increases by ~0.1 m\/s if you change the frequency from 10 Hz to 100 Hz, for instance. A pretty negligible change, compared to the ~333 m\/s approximation.  It also depends on what type of sound you're talking about. In gases like air, there is only one type of sound wave. But in say, solids, sound (vibrations) has 2 types of waves. These can have different speeds.  >Do quieter sounds travel at the same speed but for less distance?  Yep. They dissipate faster, because they have less energy.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":41358.0,"score_ratio":3.0}
{"post_id":"z7d0zq","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Eli5: Does all sound travel at exactly the speed of sound? If so why? Do quieter sounds travel at the same speed but for less distance?","c_root_id_A":"iy66tah","c_root_id_B":"iy66k4r","created_at_utc_A":1669684399,"created_at_utc_B":1669684282,"score_A":5,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"What humans interpret as sound is pressure waves moving through a medium  Those pressure waves move it different speeds depending on the medium in question.  A medium that is more dense will transmit sound more quickly up to a certain extent.  For example water is much more dense than air but not so dense as to block the pressure wave itself so sound travels much faster through water than it does through air.  Quieter sounds do not go as far because the pressure waves that they create are not as strong and therefore dissipate more quickly.","human_ref_B":"Almost, yes. Normal volumes of sound are 'carried' by the natural movement of air molecules. In solids and liquids they are like vibrations in a set of springs and weights, their speed controlled by the strength of the springs and mass of the weights.  Only in extremely loud cases does this change in air. The sound can correspond to so much particle motion that it actually does travel faster.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":117.0,"score_ratio":2.5}
{"post_id":"zs2v27","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do epsom salts\/soaks help relieve sore muscles? My muscles have been very achy lately and the internet tells me to do bath soaks with Epsom salts. I understand that warm water helps to relax muscles, but how does salt in the bath help? Do our bodies actually absorb Epsom salt through the skin to a degree that it actually makes a difference, or is it more a relaxing\/scent\/placebo? What mechanism is happening that the Epsom salts contribute to?  Similar vein: baking soda, magnesium, etc added to baths - do they actually help? What works best?","c_root_id_A":"j16ddmo","c_root_id_B":"j16bbjk","created_at_utc_A":1671667899,"created_at_utc_B":1671666960,"score_A":112,"score_B":20,"human_ref_A":"It's mostly placebo. However, it's cheap enough to use it if you just slightly believe in it.","human_ref_B":"Nothing super substantial to add here except epson also can bring on a bowl movement pretty quickly for me. So, it does something *gestures vaguely*","labels":1,"seconds_difference":939.0,"score_ratio":5.6}
{"post_id":"zs2v27","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do epsom salts\/soaks help relieve sore muscles? My muscles have been very achy lately and the internet tells me to do bath soaks with Epsom salts. I understand that warm water helps to relax muscles, but how does salt in the bath help? Do our bodies actually absorb Epsom salt through the skin to a degree that it actually makes a difference, or is it more a relaxing\/scent\/placebo? What mechanism is happening that the Epsom salts contribute to?  Similar vein: baking soda, magnesium, etc added to baths - do they actually help? What works best?","c_root_id_A":"j16bbjk","c_root_id_B":"j17e3do","created_at_utc_A":1671666960,"created_at_utc_B":1671685996,"score_A":20,"score_B":75,"human_ref_A":"Nothing super substantial to add here except epson also can bring on a bowl movement pretty quickly for me. So, it does something *gestures vaguely*","human_ref_B":"Makes my skin feel soft. You can get epsom salts that smell good too.  My mom told me to soak in them when I had excruciating lower back\/upper butt pain.  That didn\u2019t work, so she let me get underage drunk on wine because it was Thanksgiving and she couldn\u2019t get me into a doctor that day, even if she wanted to.  It definitely made me not care as much about the pain. My mom is not much of a drinker either, so it was surprising.  It turned out to be a pilonidal cyst. She couldn\u2019t have done any better for me unless she wanted to lance that bitch herself.  Moms always have the best \u201cI\u2019m not sure what to do\u201d remedies haha.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":19036.0,"score_ratio":3.75}
{"post_id":"zs2v27","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do epsom salts\/soaks help relieve sore muscles? My muscles have been very achy lately and the internet tells me to do bath soaks with Epsom salts. I understand that warm water helps to relax muscles, but how does salt in the bath help? Do our bodies actually absorb Epsom salt through the skin to a degree that it actually makes a difference, or is it more a relaxing\/scent\/placebo? What mechanism is happening that the Epsom salts contribute to?  Similar vein: baking soda, magnesium, etc added to baths - do they actually help? What works best?","c_root_id_A":"j17e3do","c_root_id_B":"j16yvzk","created_at_utc_A":1671685996,"created_at_utc_B":1671677916,"score_A":75,"score_B":17,"human_ref_A":"Makes my skin feel soft. You can get epsom salts that smell good too.  My mom told me to soak in them when I had excruciating lower back\/upper butt pain.  That didn\u2019t work, so she let me get underage drunk on wine because it was Thanksgiving and she couldn\u2019t get me into a doctor that day, even if she wanted to.  It definitely made me not care as much about the pain. My mom is not much of a drinker either, so it was surprising.  It turned out to be a pilonidal cyst. She couldn\u2019t have done any better for me unless she wanted to lance that bitch herself.  Moms always have the best \u201cI\u2019m not sure what to do\u201d remedies haha.","human_ref_B":"i thought maybe the salt solution is hypertonic to your body so it pulls out a tiny bit of body water, as in reducing swelling","labels":1,"seconds_difference":8080.0,"score_ratio":4.4117647059}
{"post_id":"zs2v27","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do epsom salts\/soaks help relieve sore muscles? My muscles have been very achy lately and the internet tells me to do bath soaks with Epsom salts. I understand that warm water helps to relax muscles, but how does salt in the bath help? Do our bodies actually absorb Epsom salt through the skin to a degree that it actually makes a difference, or is it more a relaxing\/scent\/placebo? What mechanism is happening that the Epsom salts contribute to?  Similar vein: baking soda, magnesium, etc added to baths - do they actually help? What works best?","c_root_id_A":"j16thyi","c_root_id_B":"j17e3do","created_at_utc_A":1671675393,"created_at_utc_B":1671685996,"score_A":10,"score_B":75,"human_ref_A":"I would guess it increases the density of the water, making you more bouyant, so you feel more floaty.  It might also allow the water to stay hotter longer, like when you add salt to your pasta water.  I'm just basing this on my experience of salty floaty chill time.","human_ref_B":"Makes my skin feel soft. You can get epsom salts that smell good too.  My mom told me to soak in them when I had excruciating lower back\/upper butt pain.  That didn\u2019t work, so she let me get underage drunk on wine because it was Thanksgiving and she couldn\u2019t get me into a doctor that day, even if she wanted to.  It definitely made me not care as much about the pain. My mom is not much of a drinker either, so it was surprising.  It turned out to be a pilonidal cyst. She couldn\u2019t have done any better for me unless she wanted to lance that bitch herself.  Moms always have the best \u201cI\u2019m not sure what to do\u201d remedies haha.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":10603.0,"score_ratio":7.5}
{"post_id":"zs2v27","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do epsom salts\/soaks help relieve sore muscles? My muscles have been very achy lately and the internet tells me to do bath soaks with Epsom salts. I understand that warm water helps to relax muscles, but how does salt in the bath help? Do our bodies actually absorb Epsom salt through the skin to a degree that it actually makes a difference, or is it more a relaxing\/scent\/placebo? What mechanism is happening that the Epsom salts contribute to?  Similar vein: baking soda, magnesium, etc added to baths - do they actually help? What works best?","c_root_id_A":"j17niks","c_root_id_B":"j16bbjk","created_at_utc_A":1671692267,"created_at_utc_B":1671666960,"score_A":30,"score_B":20,"human_ref_A":"There's much controversy so I'll tell you the things it does for sure.  1. Prevents pruning. An Epsom salt bath prunes the skin less, or not at all. So you can spend longer in it. Even if the only benefit is from warmth, extending that time is beneficial.  2.. increasing density. By making the water denser, you float more. This takes some weight off your joints while soakiing. Most bath tubs are a piss poor excuse and impossible to stretch out in, floating better helps.","human_ref_B":"Nothing super substantial to add here except epson also can bring on a bowl movement pretty quickly for me. So, it does something *gestures vaguely*","labels":1,"seconds_difference":25307.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"zs2v27","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do epsom salts\/soaks help relieve sore muscles? My muscles have been very achy lately and the internet tells me to do bath soaks with Epsom salts. I understand that warm water helps to relax muscles, but how does salt in the bath help? Do our bodies actually absorb Epsom salt through the skin to a degree that it actually makes a difference, or is it more a relaxing\/scent\/placebo? What mechanism is happening that the Epsom salts contribute to?  Similar vein: baking soda, magnesium, etc added to baths - do they actually help? What works best?","c_root_id_A":"j16yvzk","c_root_id_B":"j17niks","created_at_utc_A":1671677916,"created_at_utc_B":1671692267,"score_A":17,"score_B":30,"human_ref_A":"i thought maybe the salt solution is hypertonic to your body so it pulls out a tiny bit of body water, as in reducing swelling","human_ref_B":"There's much controversy so I'll tell you the things it does for sure.  1. Prevents pruning. An Epsom salt bath prunes the skin less, or not at all. So you can spend longer in it. Even if the only benefit is from warmth, extending that time is beneficial.  2.. increasing density. By making the water denser, you float more. This takes some weight off your joints while soakiing. Most bath tubs are a piss poor excuse and impossible to stretch out in, floating better helps.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":14351.0,"score_ratio":1.7647058824}
{"post_id":"zs2v27","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do epsom salts\/soaks help relieve sore muscles? My muscles have been very achy lately and the internet tells me to do bath soaks with Epsom salts. I understand that warm water helps to relax muscles, but how does salt in the bath help? Do our bodies actually absorb Epsom salt through the skin to a degree that it actually makes a difference, or is it more a relaxing\/scent\/placebo? What mechanism is happening that the Epsom salts contribute to?  Similar vein: baking soda, magnesium, etc added to baths - do they actually help? What works best?","c_root_id_A":"j17niks","c_root_id_B":"j16thyi","created_at_utc_A":1671692267,"created_at_utc_B":1671675393,"score_A":30,"score_B":10,"human_ref_A":"There's much controversy so I'll tell you the things it does for sure.  1. Prevents pruning. An Epsom salt bath prunes the skin less, or not at all. So you can spend longer in it. Even if the only benefit is from warmth, extending that time is beneficial.  2.. increasing density. By making the water denser, you float more. This takes some weight off your joints while soakiing. Most bath tubs are a piss poor excuse and impossible to stretch out in, floating better helps.","human_ref_B":"I would guess it increases the density of the water, making you more bouyant, so you feel more floaty.  It might also allow the water to stay hotter longer, like when you add salt to your pasta water.  I'm just basing this on my experience of salty floaty chill time.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":16874.0,"score_ratio":3.0}
{"post_id":"zs2v27","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do epsom salts\/soaks help relieve sore muscles? My muscles have been very achy lately and the internet tells me to do bath soaks with Epsom salts. I understand that warm water helps to relax muscles, but how does salt in the bath help? Do our bodies actually absorb Epsom salt through the skin to a degree that it actually makes a difference, or is it more a relaxing\/scent\/placebo? What mechanism is happening that the Epsom salts contribute to?  Similar vein: baking soda, magnesium, etc added to baths - do they actually help? What works best?","c_root_id_A":"j17lvef","c_root_id_B":"j17niks","created_at_utc_A":1671691082,"created_at_utc_B":1671692267,"score_A":9,"score_B":30,"human_ref_A":"Sitz baths! After the last year of medical issues and doctors visits I can say for a fact I don\u2019t know how tf it works, but it does. At least three different doctors have recommended them to me; one for cysts and another for matrixectomy post op care. Most women after giving birth also do them to help relieve pain and speed up healing. I\u2019ve used it mainly for pain relief but to help with draining of infection. I work on my feet and for the hell of it decided to only soak one foot after work and boy it was like night and day. My bones and joints ache pretty frequently due to my line of work so Epsom salt soaks have become a part of my routine.","human_ref_B":"There's much controversy so I'll tell you the things it does for sure.  1. Prevents pruning. An Epsom salt bath prunes the skin less, or not at all. So you can spend longer in it. Even if the only benefit is from warmth, extending that time is beneficial.  2.. increasing density. By making the water denser, you float more. This takes some weight off your joints while soakiing. Most bath tubs are a piss poor excuse and impossible to stretch out in, floating better helps.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1185.0,"score_ratio":3.3333333333}
{"post_id":"zs2v27","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do epsom salts\/soaks help relieve sore muscles? My muscles have been very achy lately and the internet tells me to do bath soaks with Epsom salts. I understand that warm water helps to relax muscles, but how does salt in the bath help? Do our bodies actually absorb Epsom salt through the skin to a degree that it actually makes a difference, or is it more a relaxing\/scent\/placebo? What mechanism is happening that the Epsom salts contribute to?  Similar vein: baking soda, magnesium, etc added to baths - do they actually help? What works best?","c_root_id_A":"j16yvzk","c_root_id_B":"j16thyi","created_at_utc_A":1671677916,"created_at_utc_B":1671675393,"score_A":17,"score_B":10,"human_ref_A":"i thought maybe the salt solution is hypertonic to your body so it pulls out a tiny bit of body water, as in reducing swelling","human_ref_B":"I would guess it increases the density of the water, making you more bouyant, so you feel more floaty.  It might also allow the water to stay hotter longer, like when you add salt to your pasta water.  I'm just basing this on my experience of salty floaty chill time.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2523.0,"score_ratio":1.7}
{"post_id":"vlgxwq","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.72,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old What's so special about water and why is it the most important substance in industrial processes and life on Earth? It's practically used for everything; drinking, cooking, cleaning, chemical reactions, generating electricity and the list goes on...but what makes it so suitable for basically everything?","c_root_id_A":"idv76qb","c_root_id_B":"idv67xg","created_at_utc_A":1656286766,"created_at_utc_B":1656286295,"score_A":29,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"I'm no scientist, but I think it is because it is very unique.  It changes phase (to solid, liquid and gas) at temperatures found on earth.  It (like most things) gets more dense as it gets colder, but (unlike most everything) expands as it reaches its freezing point.  That is why the bottom of a lake\/pond\/river doesn't freeze solid allowing aquatic life to continue through the colder months.    It is pH neutral unless contaminated.  It is colorless, odorless and nonflammable.  It is reactive (with say iron, among other things) but mildly so compared with many substances.  IDK if there is something better for the generation of electricity, but it expands 1500 times when it changes phase from liquid to gas allowing you to create the pressures needed to spin a turbine and only needing to get the temp up to 212F.  Perhaps someone would know if there is another liquid that is nonflammable with a lower temp required to shift to gas.  I can't think of one.  Other than that, life on earth has evolved to make use of it because of these reasons.    The reason it is so useful to us for say, cleaning, is that we have made products that work well with it.  Love the question, didn't realized I was such a water booster.  Full disclosure:  I am a plumber, so in addition to doing the many other things to help make life more comfortable, we help deliver potable water to millions of people around the world.  I guess I got a bit of my appreciation on the job.","human_ref_B":"Most life on earth is water based. It's a product of our atmosphere makeup as are we. All our bodily functions require water to function.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":471.0,"score_ratio":9.6666666667}
{"post_id":"vlgxwq","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.72,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old What's so special about water and why is it the most important substance in industrial processes and life on Earth? It's practically used for everything; drinking, cooking, cleaning, chemical reactions, generating electricity and the list goes on...but what makes it so suitable for basically everything?","c_root_id_A":"idv7y7q","c_root_id_B":"idvct2p","created_at_utc_A":1656287141,"created_at_utc_B":1656289530,"score_A":5,"score_B":11,"human_ref_A":"Off the top of my head...  Availability and affordability, as it is the most common liquid on the planet.  Being a singular substance, rather than a mix of others, meaning it can be contaminated, but not destroyed, by most processes.  Relatively easy to purify, via filtering, boiling, etc.  Relatively non toxic.  Relatively non compressible as a liquid, which is useful in various applications.  Highly reusable in processes such as steam powered turbines.  I'm sure there are other particular chemical characteristics that make it useful in specific applications.","human_ref_B":"Water is an excellent solvent, many, many substances can be dissolved by it.  There is a humongous amount of water on the Earth.  As a result, it is one of the least expensive chemicals available.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2389.0,"score_ratio":2.2}
{"post_id":"vlgxwq","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.72,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old What's so special about water and why is it the most important substance in industrial processes and life on Earth? It's practically used for everything; drinking, cooking, cleaning, chemical reactions, generating electricity and the list goes on...but what makes it so suitable for basically everything?","c_root_id_A":"idvct2p","c_root_id_B":"idv67xg","created_at_utc_A":1656289530,"created_at_utc_B":1656286295,"score_A":11,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"Water is an excellent solvent, many, many substances can be dissolved by it.  There is a humongous amount of water on the Earth.  As a result, it is one of the least expensive chemicals available.","human_ref_B":"Most life on earth is water based. It's a product of our atmosphere makeup as are we. All our bodily functions require water to function.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3235.0,"score_ratio":3.6666666667}
{"post_id":"vlgxwq","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.72,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old What's so special about water and why is it the most important substance in industrial processes and life on Earth? It's practically used for everything; drinking, cooking, cleaning, chemical reactions, generating electricity and the list goes on...but what makes it so suitable for basically everything?","c_root_id_A":"idvct2p","c_root_id_B":"idv7xp0","created_at_utc_A":1656289530,"created_at_utc_B":1656287134,"score_A":11,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"Water is an excellent solvent, many, many substances can be dissolved by it.  There is a humongous amount of water on the Earth.  As a result, it is one of the least expensive chemicals available.","human_ref_B":"* there is a lot of it  * earth has the right temperatures and pressures for water to routinely change state between solid, liquid and gas, giving us rain, snow, rivers, glaciers, etc. - most other substances are more static: they just sit in the ground or hang around in the atmosphere  * it's a powerful solvent, meaning that many solids and gases readily dissolve in it, which allows them to undergo chemical reactions with other dissolved substances","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2396.0,"score_ratio":5.5}
{"post_id":"vlgxwq","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.72,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old What's so special about water and why is it the most important substance in industrial processes and life on Earth? It's practically used for everything; drinking, cooking, cleaning, chemical reactions, generating electricity and the list goes on...but what makes it so suitable for basically everything?","c_root_id_A":"idv7y7q","c_root_id_B":"idv67xg","created_at_utc_A":1656287141,"created_at_utc_B":1656286295,"score_A":5,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"Off the top of my head...  Availability and affordability, as it is the most common liquid on the planet.  Being a singular substance, rather than a mix of others, meaning it can be contaminated, but not destroyed, by most processes.  Relatively easy to purify, via filtering, boiling, etc.  Relatively non toxic.  Relatively non compressible as a liquid, which is useful in various applications.  Highly reusable in processes such as steam powered turbines.  I'm sure there are other particular chemical characteristics that make it useful in specific applications.","human_ref_B":"Most life on earth is water based. It's a product of our atmosphere makeup as are we. All our bodily functions require water to function.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":846.0,"score_ratio":1.6666666667}
{"post_id":"vlgxwq","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.72,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old What's so special about water and why is it the most important substance in industrial processes and life on Earth? It's practically used for everything; drinking, cooking, cleaning, chemical reactions, generating electricity and the list goes on...but what makes it so suitable for basically everything?","c_root_id_A":"idv7xp0","c_root_id_B":"idv7y7q","created_at_utc_A":1656287134,"created_at_utc_B":1656287141,"score_A":2,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"* there is a lot of it  * earth has the right temperatures and pressures for water to routinely change state between solid, liquid and gas, giving us rain, snow, rivers, glaciers, etc. - most other substances are more static: they just sit in the ground or hang around in the atmosphere  * it's a powerful solvent, meaning that many solids and gases readily dissolve in it, which allows them to undergo chemical reactions with other dissolved substances","human_ref_B":"Off the top of my head...  Availability and affordability, as it is the most common liquid on the planet.  Being a singular substance, rather than a mix of others, meaning it can be contaminated, but not destroyed, by most processes.  Relatively easy to purify, via filtering, boiling, etc.  Relatively non toxic.  Relatively non compressible as a liquid, which is useful in various applications.  Highly reusable in processes such as steam powered turbines.  I'm sure there are other particular chemical characteristics that make it useful in specific applications.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":7.0,"score_ratio":2.5}
{"post_id":"vlgxwq","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.72,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old What's so special about water and why is it the most important substance in industrial processes and life on Earth? It's practically used for everything; drinking, cooking, cleaning, chemical reactions, generating electricity and the list goes on...but what makes it so suitable for basically everything?","c_root_id_A":"idvjd4g","c_root_id_B":"idv7xp0","created_at_utc_A":1656292755,"created_at_utc_B":1656287134,"score_A":3,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"Water is kind of unique in its structure. The molecules are bent and very polar (high difference in electron density) so the hydrogen atoms are pointing towards the electrons on the oxygen atoms. This is called Hydrogen bonding. Ice is actually less dense then water because of the space between the molecules in the crystal. The hydrogen bonding also gives water its high surface tension.   Hydrogen bonding is why water has a relatively high boiling point compared to other molecules that are a similar size. Methane which has no hydrogen bonding, has a boiling point of -161\u00b0C and ammonia, which has weak hydrogen bonding, has a boiling point of -33\u00b0C. These molecules are very close in size to water but have vastly different properties. Almost all molecules the size of water are gases at standard atmospheric pressure and temperature.  Also, water is able to dissolve sugars and Saltz due to the hydrogen bonding and high polarity respectively. This is what makes it a good solvent in biological applications.   Interestingly, completely pure water is an electrical insulator. It's the dissolved salts that make it such a good conductor.","human_ref_B":"* there is a lot of it  * earth has the right temperatures and pressures for water to routinely change state between solid, liquid and gas, giving us rain, snow, rivers, glaciers, etc. - most other substances are more static: they just sit in the ground or hang around in the atmosphere  * it's a powerful solvent, meaning that many solids and gases readily dissolve in it, which allows them to undergo chemical reactions with other dissolved substances","labels":1,"seconds_difference":5621.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"z73zne","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.72,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: why fish can\u2019t breathe in air despite air having plenty of oxygen If fish use their gills to filter oxygen from water, why can\u2019t they do the same in air?","c_root_id_A":"iy4kqm0","c_root_id_B":"iy4ju4x","created_at_utc_A":1669660229,"created_at_utc_B":1669659874,"score_A":59,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"Gills function by having a very high surface area with a bunch of \u201cplates\u201d that are stacked on top of each other.  Water flows in between all these plates fully wetting the top and bottom of each for a huge total surface area.  Out of the water the plates stick together like wet leaves and the fish suffocates with 90+% of the gill surface now blocked and the exposed area dangerously dry.  Some fish do have some creative solutions to breathing air though, as an adaptation to nasty swamp water or low tide.","human_ref_B":"There's oxygen in water, why can't you breathe underwater?  The answer to your question though is that fish bodies, in particular their gills, cannot handle being out of water and thus can't handle breathing and getting oxygen through their blood.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":355.0,"score_ratio":29.5}
{"post_id":"z73zne","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.72,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: why fish can\u2019t breathe in air despite air having plenty of oxygen If fish use their gills to filter oxygen from water, why can\u2019t they do the same in air?","c_root_id_A":"iy4ju4x","c_root_id_B":"iy4l2e3","created_at_utc_A":1669659874,"created_at_utc_B":1669660359,"score_A":2,"score_B":26,"human_ref_A":"There's oxygen in water, why can't you breathe underwater?  The answer to your question though is that fish bodies, in particular their gills, cannot handle being out of water and thus can't handle breathing and getting oxygen through their blood.","human_ref_B":"the gills are very delicate structures that rely on being \"fluffed out\" to have enough surface area to absorb the oxygen.  this is fine while underwater, but when you take them out into the air, their gills hang down all matted.  it's like your hair that floats freely underwater but straggles down in wet clumps when you surface.  the water also forms a barrier preventing circulating air from touching the gills. so until the gills are dry and fluffed out again, there's no chance of absorbing any fresh oxygen at all.  even then the surface area just isn't enough to sustain life. we enclose our oxygen absorbing surfaces inside our chest and our lungs fill the majority of our chest. that's a whole lot of absorbing area and mechanics to move a lot of air across it.  so basically, the fish suffocates before the gills dry. but they're too small and not structured properly to sustain life in air regardless.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":485.0,"score_ratio":13.0}
{"post_id":"z73zne","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.72,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: why fish can\u2019t breathe in air despite air having plenty of oxygen If fish use their gills to filter oxygen from water, why can\u2019t they do the same in air?","c_root_id_A":"iy4v7m7","c_root_id_B":"iy54pvj","created_at_utc_A":1669664416,"created_at_utc_B":1669668127,"score_A":4,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"ELY5: Fish have special lungs called gills, which are like a stack of delicate tissue paper, with many layers of thin tissue all sitting next to each other. The surface of each tissue paper needs to not touch its neighbours in order to absorb oxygen from the water. If you soak a stack of tissue paper in water, and then take it out; it will be impossible to peel the tissues apart. This is exactly what happens to fish gills once they leave their water home.","human_ref_B":"Other people are giving you the right answer - it's about surface area and the gills collapsing. But I feel like that needs a more Explain like I'm five years old description:  **Picture someone with long straight hair going underwater.** In water, a fish's gills are like a person's hair behaves under water. It's all spread out in the water and every individual strand is floating freely. There's a lot of hair surface touching the water.  When a fish leaves the water into air, their gills act like wet hair when you get out of the water. It all \"collapses\" into clumps. The amount of contact between hair strands and the surroundings is a tiny % of what it is under water.  Fish rely on their gills being all spread out and free-floating to have enough surface area to pick up enough oxygen. **It's not that gills are unable to extract oxygen from air and can only get it from water.** The problem is their physical structure prevents them from touching enough air to keep the fish alive.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":3711.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"z73zne","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.72,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: why fish can\u2019t breathe in air despite air having plenty of oxygen If fish use their gills to filter oxygen from water, why can\u2019t they do the same in air?","c_root_id_A":"iy4ju4x","c_root_id_B":"iy54pvj","created_at_utc_A":1669659874,"created_at_utc_B":1669668127,"score_A":2,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"There's oxygen in water, why can't you breathe underwater?  The answer to your question though is that fish bodies, in particular their gills, cannot handle being out of water and thus can't handle breathing and getting oxygen through their blood.","human_ref_B":"Other people are giving you the right answer - it's about surface area and the gills collapsing. But I feel like that needs a more Explain like I'm five years old description:  **Picture someone with long straight hair going underwater.** In water, a fish's gills are like a person's hair behaves under water. It's all spread out in the water and every individual strand is floating freely. There's a lot of hair surface touching the water.  When a fish leaves the water into air, their gills act like wet hair when you get out of the water. It all \"collapses\" into clumps. The amount of contact between hair strands and the surroundings is a tiny % of what it is under water.  Fish rely on their gills being all spread out and free-floating to have enough surface area to pick up enough oxygen. **It's not that gills are unable to extract oxygen from air and can only get it from water.** The problem is their physical structure prevents them from touching enough air to keep the fish alive.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":8253.0,"score_ratio":4.0}
{"post_id":"z73zne","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.72,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: why fish can\u2019t breathe in air despite air having plenty of oxygen If fish use their gills to filter oxygen from water, why can\u2019t they do the same in air?","c_root_id_A":"iy4t6fh","c_root_id_B":"iy54pvj","created_at_utc_A":1669663598,"created_at_utc_B":1669668127,"score_A":2,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"its because the very delicate gills collapse and dry out quickly in air when supported and hydrated by water, and thus the fish effectively suffocates. Its the other side of the coin where we can't breathe underwater because the structures in our lungs are not designed to be able to efficiently take oxygen out of the water that is now surrounding them.  However this depends on the fish in question though. some fish are more hardy and can withstand longer periods outside the water. and some fish have special features that let them partially breath air, such as modifying parts of their digestive tract to function as a lung, using their swim bladder as a modified lung, or developing an entirely separate lung-like organ for use. These fish usually live in areas where water quality can become poor. Surprisingly a large number of popular fish kept in home aquariums have these features, such as Bettas, Gouramis, Plecos, Cory Catfish, Oto Catfish, and Ropefish","human_ref_B":"Other people are giving you the right answer - it's about surface area and the gills collapsing. But I feel like that needs a more Explain like I'm five years old description:  **Picture someone with long straight hair going underwater.** In water, a fish's gills are like a person's hair behaves under water. It's all spread out in the water and every individual strand is floating freely. There's a lot of hair surface touching the water.  When a fish leaves the water into air, their gills act like wet hair when you get out of the water. It all \"collapses\" into clumps. The amount of contact between hair strands and the surroundings is a tiny % of what it is under water.  Fish rely on their gills being all spread out and free-floating to have enough surface area to pick up enough oxygen. **It's not that gills are unable to extract oxygen from air and can only get it from water.** The problem is their physical structure prevents them from touching enough air to keep the fish alive.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":4529.0,"score_ratio":4.0}
{"post_id":"z73zne","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.72,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: why fish can\u2019t breathe in air despite air having plenty of oxygen If fish use their gills to filter oxygen from water, why can\u2019t they do the same in air?","c_root_id_A":"iy4ju4x","c_root_id_B":"iy4v7m7","created_at_utc_A":1669659874,"created_at_utc_B":1669664416,"score_A":2,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"There's oxygen in water, why can't you breathe underwater?  The answer to your question though is that fish bodies, in particular their gills, cannot handle being out of water and thus can't handle breathing and getting oxygen through their blood.","human_ref_B":"ELY5: Fish have special lungs called gills, which are like a stack of delicate tissue paper, with many layers of thin tissue all sitting next to each other. The surface of each tissue paper needs to not touch its neighbours in order to absorb oxygen from the water. If you soak a stack of tissue paper in water, and then take it out; it will be impossible to peel the tissues apart. This is exactly what happens to fish gills once they leave their water home.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":4542.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"z73zne","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.72,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: why fish can\u2019t breathe in air despite air having plenty of oxygen If fish use their gills to filter oxygen from water, why can\u2019t they do the same in air?","c_root_id_A":"iy4v7m7","c_root_id_B":"iy4t6fh","created_at_utc_A":1669664416,"created_at_utc_B":1669663598,"score_A":4,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"ELY5: Fish have special lungs called gills, which are like a stack of delicate tissue paper, with many layers of thin tissue all sitting next to each other. The surface of each tissue paper needs to not touch its neighbours in order to absorb oxygen from the water. If you soak a stack of tissue paper in water, and then take it out; it will be impossible to peel the tissues apart. This is exactly what happens to fish gills once they leave their water home.","human_ref_B":"its because the very delicate gills collapse and dry out quickly in air when supported and hydrated by water, and thus the fish effectively suffocates. Its the other side of the coin where we can't breathe underwater because the structures in our lungs are not designed to be able to efficiently take oxygen out of the water that is now surrounding them.  However this depends on the fish in question though. some fish are more hardy and can withstand longer periods outside the water. and some fish have special features that let them partially breath air, such as modifying parts of their digestive tract to function as a lung, using their swim bladder as a modified lung, or developing an entirely separate lung-like organ for use. These fish usually live in areas where water quality can become poor. Surprisingly a large number of popular fish kept in home aquariums have these features, such as Bettas, Gouramis, Plecos, Cory Catfish, Oto Catfish, and Ropefish","labels":1,"seconds_difference":818.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"b3t4dk","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how does nausea work? Does the level or degree to which you feel nauseous have anything to do with surface area of your stomach? Or what mechanism determines how nauseous you feel in a given situation?","c_root_id_A":"ej33279","c_root_id_B":"ej311bo","created_at_utc_A":1553216937,"created_at_utc_B":1553215321,"score_A":99,"score_B":23,"human_ref_A":"Fun fact! Serotonin is involved in the mechanism in your brain that says you are nauseated. More serotonin = more nausea. That's why SSRIs, or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (commonly prescribed to treat anxiety\/depression), have nausea as a common side effect. They block the brain from getting rid of serotonin so that you generally have more serotonin (a neurotransmitter that aids in a sense of calm) in your system. That's good news for anxiety\/ depression but bad news for nausea.   Zofran, a prescribed anti-nausea medication, works by decreasing serotonin levels. It's quite amazing how quickly it provides relief to most folks. It's always crazy to me that a stomach response is so deeply controlled in the brain\/state of mind. A brain can say \"um I hate this situation... If I vomit do we leave? Yes yes let's get that going.\" That's a lot of power for one organ to have.   Source: a doctor explained this to me. She also said that for some folks the nausea goes away after a while. Not sure how that works.. if someone knows more please explain!","human_ref_B":"nauseated* you feel nauseated not nauseous - saying you are nauseous means that you personally are causing another person to feel nauseated","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1616.0,"score_ratio":4.3043478261}
{"post_id":"b3t4dk","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how does nausea work? Does the level or degree to which you feel nauseous have anything to do with surface area of your stomach? Or what mechanism determines how nauseous you feel in a given situation?","c_root_id_A":"ej33279","c_root_id_B":"ej2ii72","created_at_utc_A":1553216937,"created_at_utc_B":1553201547,"score_A":99,"score_B":16,"human_ref_A":"Fun fact! Serotonin is involved in the mechanism in your brain that says you are nauseated. More serotonin = more nausea. That's why SSRIs, or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (commonly prescribed to treat anxiety\/depression), have nausea as a common side effect. They block the brain from getting rid of serotonin so that you generally have more serotonin (a neurotransmitter that aids in a sense of calm) in your system. That's good news for anxiety\/ depression but bad news for nausea.   Zofran, a prescribed anti-nausea medication, works by decreasing serotonin levels. It's quite amazing how quickly it provides relief to most folks. It's always crazy to me that a stomach response is so deeply controlled in the brain\/state of mind. A brain can say \"um I hate this situation... If I vomit do we leave? Yes yes let's get that going.\" That's a lot of power for one organ to have.   Source: a doctor explained this to me. She also said that for some folks the nausea goes away after a while. Not sure how that works.. if someone knows more please explain!","human_ref_B":"Vomiting is associated with two centers in the lower portion of the brain known as the medulla oblongata, a primitive or early portion of the brain in terms of evolution. The two centers are the vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone.   The trigger zone receives visceral (bodily) input from things such as drugs, acidosis, low oxygen, etc. The vomiting center is where the electrical stimulation that induces physical vomiting occurs. It receives inputs from different areas of the body as well via nerves, therefore electrical stimulation. The vomiting center is where inputs such as biliary stones, motion sickness, and GI disturbances produce vomiting because these produce electrical inputs   The vomiting centers are closely nestled by the respiratory centers of the brain as well. These close connections are what allow someone to dry heave \u2014 the respiratory centers are overridden from their normal function producing spastic movements, closing the glottis, while the stomach contracts, therefore no actual bile exits the body. Essentially, two different pathways produce vomiting \u2014chemoreceptor trigger zone and vomiting center. The chemoreceptor trigger zone is humoral (bodily) input while the vomiting center is electrical inputs.  Nausea is associated with gastric and intestinal disturbances. The stomach has reduced peristalsis (wave-like movement that push bolus, digesting food, further along the GI system), and the beginning (proximal) small intestine has reversed peristalsis, moving bolus backward.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":15390.0,"score_ratio":6.1875}
{"post_id":"b3t4dk","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how does nausea work? Does the level or degree to which you feel nauseous have anything to do with surface area of your stomach? Or what mechanism determines how nauseous you feel in a given situation?","c_root_id_A":"ej311bo","c_root_id_B":"ej39jp1","created_at_utc_A":1553215321,"created_at_utc_B":1553222118,"score_A":23,"score_B":29,"human_ref_A":"nauseated* you feel nauseated not nauseous - saying you are nauseous means that you personally are causing another person to feel nauseated","human_ref_B":"I have emetephobia and this triggered me, but was also incredibly intriguing to know how it all works.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":6797.0,"score_ratio":1.2608695652}
{"post_id":"b3t4dk","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how does nausea work? Does the level or degree to which you feel nauseous have anything to do with surface area of your stomach? Or what mechanism determines how nauseous you feel in a given situation?","c_root_id_A":"ej2ii72","c_root_id_B":"ej39jp1","created_at_utc_A":1553201547,"created_at_utc_B":1553222118,"score_A":16,"score_B":29,"human_ref_A":"Vomiting is associated with two centers in the lower portion of the brain known as the medulla oblongata, a primitive or early portion of the brain in terms of evolution. The two centers are the vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone.   The trigger zone receives visceral (bodily) input from things such as drugs, acidosis, low oxygen, etc. The vomiting center is where the electrical stimulation that induces physical vomiting occurs. It receives inputs from different areas of the body as well via nerves, therefore electrical stimulation. The vomiting center is where inputs such as biliary stones, motion sickness, and GI disturbances produce vomiting because these produce electrical inputs   The vomiting centers are closely nestled by the respiratory centers of the brain as well. These close connections are what allow someone to dry heave \u2014 the respiratory centers are overridden from their normal function producing spastic movements, closing the glottis, while the stomach contracts, therefore no actual bile exits the body. Essentially, two different pathways produce vomiting \u2014chemoreceptor trigger zone and vomiting center. The chemoreceptor trigger zone is humoral (bodily) input while the vomiting center is electrical inputs.  Nausea is associated with gastric and intestinal disturbances. The stomach has reduced peristalsis (wave-like movement that push bolus, digesting food, further along the GI system), and the beginning (proximal) small intestine has reversed peristalsis, moving bolus backward.","human_ref_B":"I have emetephobia and this triggered me, but was also incredibly intriguing to know how it all works.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":20571.0,"score_ratio":1.8125}
{"post_id":"b3t4dk","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old how does nausea work? Does the level or degree to which you feel nauseous have anything to do with surface area of your stomach? Or what mechanism determines how nauseous you feel in a given situation?","c_root_id_A":"ej2ii72","c_root_id_B":"ej311bo","created_at_utc_A":1553201547,"created_at_utc_B":1553215321,"score_A":16,"score_B":23,"human_ref_A":"Vomiting is associated with two centers in the lower portion of the brain known as the medulla oblongata, a primitive or early portion of the brain in terms of evolution. The two centers are the vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone.   The trigger zone receives visceral (bodily) input from things such as drugs, acidosis, low oxygen, etc. The vomiting center is where the electrical stimulation that induces physical vomiting occurs. It receives inputs from different areas of the body as well via nerves, therefore electrical stimulation. The vomiting center is where inputs such as biliary stones, motion sickness, and GI disturbances produce vomiting because these produce electrical inputs   The vomiting centers are closely nestled by the respiratory centers of the brain as well. These close connections are what allow someone to dry heave \u2014 the respiratory centers are overridden from their normal function producing spastic movements, closing the glottis, while the stomach contracts, therefore no actual bile exits the body. Essentially, two different pathways produce vomiting \u2014chemoreceptor trigger zone and vomiting center. The chemoreceptor trigger zone is humoral (bodily) input while the vomiting center is electrical inputs.  Nausea is associated with gastric and intestinal disturbances. The stomach has reduced peristalsis (wave-like movement that push bolus, digesting food, further along the GI system), and the beginning (proximal) small intestine has reversed peristalsis, moving bolus backward.","human_ref_B":"nauseated* you feel nauseated not nauseous - saying you are nauseous means that you personally are causing another person to feel nauseated","labels":0,"seconds_difference":13774.0,"score_ratio":1.4375}
{"post_id":"ysef87","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.7,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How does time factor into sun exposure and skin damage? If it takes skin, say, 30 minutes of direct sun exposure to burn, does that have to be all at once? It seems like three exposures of 10 minutes over a day causes less damage than 30 minutes all at once. Thirty exposures of 1 minute over a day would be negligible.  When a certain maximum exposure amount is recommended, it's usually in terms of per day (e.g., 30 minutes per day). Does it really have to be 24 hours? What about 12 or 18?  How does that work? Is there a minimum exposure time for skin to start registering that exposure? Does skin have a kind of response buffer that replenishes?","c_root_id_A":"iw00pzj","c_root_id_B":"ivyqm1q","created_at_utc_A":1668203541,"created_at_utc_B":1668184815,"score_A":3,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"Damage to your skin is linearly cumulative given your current amount of melanin and\/or sunblock. HOWEVER, your body has an incredible amount of repair capacity which rebuilds damage over time. These two factors determine the amount of damage your skin will *accumulate* towards more significant injury like a sunburn.  So yes, spreading out exposure helps to mitigate worse damage. Not because the damage doesn\u2019t occur, but because you are giving your body\u2019s repair mechanisms time to catch up with the existing damage before experiencing more, which can mean that the cumulative damage never progresses to more advanced stages.  Once the damage accumulates to a certain point, the repair mechanisms are themselves likely to undergo damage and become less efficient. Eventually, some cells receive so much damage that they are un-repairable and begin to self-destruct to prevent worse outcomes like cancer if they are incorrectly repaired. This stresses then surrounding repair mechanisms even more and makes it even more difficult to return to baseline until the damage is more fully healed\/replaced.  So just spreading out your exposure cannot completely mitigate the damage. Besides the raw amount of damage required to cause a burn, there is also a maximum amount of damage your body can heal in a given time. If you exceed *both* those thresholds, then it doesn\u2019t matter how much you spread out the exposure, you will still accumulate enough to cause the more significant damage of a sunburn.","human_ref_B":"There are two ways in which sun exposure can cause damage. Through ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation is higher energy. They call it ionizing because it has enough energybto kick electrons completely out of orbit from their atom, making a charged, or ionic, molecule. If this happens in, say, a strand of DNA, it can disrupt the bonding between letter groups and actually damage the information stored in your DNA. If you are exposed to even a single photon of ionizing radiation, there is a chance that it hits just the right spot, interacts with just the right electron to do damage.  It's just statistics. Are you more likely to win a roulette spin if you bet three spins in a row, or bet, wait an hour, bet, wait an hour, and bet a 3rd time? Each spin is independent. Just like the location of each photon is independent. But if over a lifetime, you spin 20 times and someone else spins 1000 times, they are more likely to have won at least once. In fact, they're likely to win several times over. For ionizing radiation, that means damage accumulates over time.  Non-ionizing radiation can do damage as well, but in a different way. Just like a fever, if your temperature gets too high, proteins can no longer hold their shape and start to denature. This is not good for the function of your body and why a fever over 103\u2070F (39.4\u2070C) is dangerous and you should seek medical attention. Anyway, a fever isn't only caused by our immune system. Your body produces heat, absorbs heat, and emits heat. If you are not heavily exercising, the amount of heat you produce is unlikely to exceed what you can naturally emit to cool down (mostly through sweat). But if you're outside and the sun is pounding you with its average 1370 W\/m\u00b2 of power. That's 20 Calories of energy every minute. That could be enough to keep you from cooling down naturally.  This is non-ionizing radiation, so it can't do damage per photon, but the effect of all this heat building up can do damage. However, if you spend 30 minutes outside, your peak temperature will be higher than if you spend 10 minutes outside, then go cool off for an hour 3 times in a day. So it must be consecutive to do damage.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":18726.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"ysef87","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.7,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How does time factor into sun exposure and skin damage? If it takes skin, say, 30 minutes of direct sun exposure to burn, does that have to be all at once? It seems like three exposures of 10 minutes over a day causes less damage than 30 minutes all at once. Thirty exposures of 1 minute over a day would be negligible.  When a certain maximum exposure amount is recommended, it's usually in terms of per day (e.g., 30 minutes per day). Does it really have to be 24 hours? What about 12 or 18?  How does that work? Is there a minimum exposure time for skin to start registering that exposure? Does skin have a kind of response buffer that replenishes?","c_root_id_A":"ivzmomt","c_root_id_B":"iw00pzj","created_at_utc_A":1668197671,"created_at_utc_B":1668203541,"score_A":2,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"Ionizing radiation damage is both cumulative and instantaneous. Every second you're under the sun you're rolling the dice on DNA damage that can cause cancer. That's the cumulative part. However, you have DNA repair mechanisms that can fix the damage, provided it isn't too bad. So if you were to stay under the sun for short periods of time, that might be better for you than getting the dose all at once.  For an interesting read, look up Albert Stevens, the man received a dose of 64 sieverts of radiation over the course of 20 years, for reference about 5 sieverts is the LD50 for a dose over a very short time.","human_ref_B":"Damage to your skin is linearly cumulative given your current amount of melanin and\/or sunblock. HOWEVER, your body has an incredible amount of repair capacity which rebuilds damage over time. These two factors determine the amount of damage your skin will *accumulate* towards more significant injury like a sunburn.  So yes, spreading out exposure helps to mitigate worse damage. Not because the damage doesn\u2019t occur, but because you are giving your body\u2019s repair mechanisms time to catch up with the existing damage before experiencing more, which can mean that the cumulative damage never progresses to more advanced stages.  Once the damage accumulates to a certain point, the repair mechanisms are themselves likely to undergo damage and become less efficient. Eventually, some cells receive so much damage that they are un-repairable and begin to self-destruct to prevent worse outcomes like cancer if they are incorrectly repaired. This stresses then surrounding repair mechanisms even more and makes it even more difficult to return to baseline until the damage is more fully healed\/replaced.  So just spreading out your exposure cannot completely mitigate the damage. Besides the raw amount of damage required to cause a burn, there is also a maximum amount of damage your body can heal in a given time. If you exceed *both* those thresholds, then it doesn\u2019t matter how much you spread out the exposure, you will still accumulate enough to cause the more significant damage of a sunburn.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":5870.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"zdzf9e","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.83,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: When rice is boiling over, why do the bubbles immediately go down when you lift the lid?","c_root_id_A":"iz46kk6","c_root_id_B":"iz43a15","created_at_utc_A":1670320635,"created_at_utc_B":1670317555,"score_A":92,"score_B":14,"human_ref_A":"The starch from the rice allows the water to form bubbles, but not very strongly, so typically the high pressure in the bubble will cause them to burst immediately, but when the lid is on the pot, the hot vapor and air increase the pressure in the air in the pot and lowers the imbalance in pressure, meaning the ambient air pressure is similar to the pressure inside that bubbles, so they don't burst. Opening the lid lowers the pressure, creates an imbalance and causes the bubbles to burst.","human_ref_B":"I have a different answer than the ones already given. I don't think it's loss of heat from the system, because if you watch carefully, it's not that fewer new bubbles are formed at the bottom, it's not that the bubbles shrink, it's that the bubbles near the surface *burst* suddenly.  The foam clears from the top of the pot down, and it does so much faster than a bubble's typical lifetime.  If you leave the lid open just a crack, only the bubbles on the side where outside room air gets in will pop.  I think the foam clears because of **evaporation**.  The bubbles are made of a thin film of very hot water, surrounded by very humid hot air.  When you open the pot, you allow cold, *dry* air into the pot.  This sucks up moisture and heat as it touches the bubbles, but because the temperature is near-boiling, it happens a lot faster than an evaporating mud puddle.  Evaporation thins out the bubble walls -- which are already incredibly thin -- causing the bubbles to pop almost instantly.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3080.0,"score_ratio":6.5714285714}
{"post_id":"wb77rg","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":1.0,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old What is Protein Folding and why does it require something akin to a supercomputer to solve? Basically as the title states. Whenever I read or hear about something that requires massive amounts of computational storage and or power, one of the 'things' that benefits from this, appears to be folding proteins.  So what's that about?","c_root_id_A":"ii55223","c_root_id_B":"ii5xhct","created_at_utc_A":1659110453,"created_at_utc_B":1659121537,"score_A":2,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"Have you ever played with building toys like Tinker Toy, KNex, or Lego Technic? They all have sticks and connectors where you choose the angle that things connect at, and even pivot stuff around the connector.  Proteins are like that. They are chains of smaller parts called amino acids that connect by a \"stick\" that is a peptide bond. This means that you can twist it about by turning the amino acids (connectors). There's limits, of course. Amino acids are chunky compared to the sticks and they can bump into one another and make it impossible to twist certain ways because of their neighbors. Still, when you get a long chain of them, there's nearly endless ways that you could twist and fold the chain.  The thing is, when you see these long chains in nature, they aren't floppy unorganized messes -- they do fold a certain way, consistently, and hold on to that shape.  We know that lots of things in nature kind of settle into a position because holding another position would require some effort. A puddle is flat and the hugs the ground because it would take some energy to hold it up as a tower, for example. Electricity takes the path of least resistance. Round things on a slope tend to roll down hill until they can't go down hill anymore. We call the way they settle and stay settled \"the lowest energy conformation\".  What's the lowest energy conformation for a rubbery noodle like a protein floating inside a cell? Well, in the cell it's being bumped into by water all the time. Some amino acids mix nicely with water, and some mix better with oil, so you might guess that ones that like water will tend to face the environment, and the ones that don't will kind of group together in a ball like an oil droplet in salad dressing. Some amino acids tend to be charged positively, and others negatively, and opposites attract as well as like ones push away... So how do you twist and fold up this chemical noodle so that you put things where they like to be? It's like solving a Rubik's Cube -- you try twists and folds and try to complete a side (in the case of a protein, you  work out how a chunk of the protein might fold), then figure out two sides, and so on. Each time, you check your progress (in the case of a protein, calculating the forces acting on the protein), and you explore ways to manipulate it until you finally reach something that's the best possible answer.  There's some very good strategies for working out the puzzle, but it's a very hard problem and takes a lot of computer power to explore all the ways it can fold and to check that it's picking the best way. With a supercomputer, you can solve this problem for tends of thousands of proteins at the same time.  Note: there isn't always a single answer for protein folding. Some proteins have more than one stable shape.","human_ref_B":"You know those cheap folding snake\/cuboid things that kids sometimes get as toys?  You know how each piece in one can only fold left or right and only so many turns?  And how you can wind up with a stick or a snake or a box or star?  Same thing with protein folding, except each molecule can fold in many, many more ways and there are lots and lots more of them.  It's relatively easy to find out how many ways the snake can fold, but it still takes a basic computer (or advanced math and a lot of time) to describe all the ways it can wind up.  So...naturally, you increase the complexity, you have really, really ramp up the computing power.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":11084.0,"score_ratio":3.0}
{"post_id":"38scle","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do humans like pillows to support their heads when they sleep? Other animals don't need any sort of head support, and if museums are correct, humans have sought out sleep-time head-supporting objects for millennia.","c_root_id_A":"crxjhy4","c_root_id_B":"crxjqxw","created_at_utc_A":1433602160,"created_at_utc_B":1433602757,"score_A":356,"score_B":2525,"human_ref_A":"I think OP's point, is that other animals *can* lay down comfortably without aids, while humans cannot. Why did we evolve in such a way as to require outside help for something as essential as sleep?","human_ref_B":"The spine of primates is curved to support standing upright, so it does not do as well lying flat on our back or stomach.  We can do so, but it is not as comfortable as lying on our sides.    Primate shoulders stick out past our head, so when we lay on our sides our heads are not lying flat on the ground (unlike dogs or cats for instance).  The larger the primate the bigger the gap (monkeys have tiny shoulders and are very flexible so they can usually just shift their shoulder out of the way).  Therefore to support our heads we need something to  fill the gap between our shoulder and head.  Google \"ape sleeping\" and look at the pictures.  You will see that apes also sleep on their sides with their arm under their head.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":597.0,"score_ratio":7.0926966292}
{"post_id":"38scle","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do humans like pillows to support their heads when they sleep? Other animals don't need any sort of head support, and if museums are correct, humans have sought out sleep-time head-supporting objects for millennia.","c_root_id_A":"crxjoae","c_root_id_B":"crxjqxw","created_at_utc_A":1433602583,"created_at_utc_B":1433602757,"score_A":122,"score_B":2525,"human_ref_A":"Our heads evolved to be bigger relative to body size, requiring more support.... But instead of evolving coping mechanisms for dealing with our heads biologically, our big heads figured out head support first.... So then there was no evolutionary pressure to select for a biological accommodation (people survived just as well without evolution selecting for a trait that accommodated this failure), we intellectually solved that problem.","human_ref_B":"The spine of primates is curved to support standing upright, so it does not do as well lying flat on our back or stomach.  We can do so, but it is not as comfortable as lying on our sides.    Primate shoulders stick out past our head, so when we lay on our sides our heads are not lying flat on the ground (unlike dogs or cats for instance).  The larger the primate the bigger the gap (monkeys have tiny shoulders and are very flexible so they can usually just shift their shoulder out of the way).  Therefore to support our heads we need something to  fill the gap between our shoulder and head.  Google \"ape sleeping\" and look at the pictures.  You will see that apes also sleep on their sides with their arm under their head.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":174.0,"score_ratio":20.6967213115}
{"post_id":"9kmt64","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.83,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How come rivers aren\u2019t salty, but when they get into the ocean it is salty? Where did the salt originally come from if the rivers never had it?","c_root_id_A":"e70faog","c_root_id_B":"e70iu6w","created_at_utc_A":1538453834,"created_at_utc_B":1538458909,"score_A":8,"score_B":15,"human_ref_A":"Rivers ARE salty.  Slightly.  Water evaporates from the ocean, leaving whatever salt behind.  It then falls as fresh water onto the Earth.  As the water travels through and over the land, it picks up minute quantities of salt (and other minerals).  This slightly salty water accumulates as rivers which flow into the ocean, bringing salt with it.","human_ref_B":"Explain like I'm five years old at the bottom, I'm reserving the top to debunk the most common response I've seen on this thread.   There are a lot of answers here already talking about how rivers are slightly salty and slowly leach salt from the land down to the ocean. While that is true, it's not entirely accurate.  First I'll address the problem with that explanation.   If salt is always moving towards the ocean, with no mechanism to remove it, then the ocean would be getting slowly saltier. If that were true, we could measure the age of the earth by the change in salinity of the oceans. People have done that, and get numbers anywhere from 300 to tens of millions of years. That range is far far smaller than the accepted value for the age of the earth, and the formation of oceans.  In fact, when we have found geological evidence of ancient salt content in the world's oceans it is remarkably consistent with salt levels today (outliers exist, like the Chesapeake Bay being 2x saltier).   So, something else is going on. The interesting thing here is that we don't actually know what that something is.   What we know:  - The ocean is currently salty - It has been salty for a long time - Rivers deposit salt into the ocean - Ocean salinity levels are not changing significantly   Those facts indicate that the oceans have reached an equilibrium level of salt where the same amount of salt is added and removed over some reasonable period of time. (we've been at that equilibrium point for a very long time).    **Explain like I'm five years old**  Rivers pick up a tiny tiny bit of salt on their way to the ocean, and that has slowly over a really long time made the ocean very salty.   At the same time, the ocean is kicking out the salt, as shells and other exoskeletons, in plants' and animals' bodies, and in rocks.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":5075.0,"score_ratio":1.875}
{"post_id":"9kmt64","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.83,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How come rivers aren\u2019t salty, but when they get into the ocean it is salty? Where did the salt originally come from if the rivers never had it?","c_root_id_A":"e70f96e","c_root_id_B":"e70iu6w","created_at_utc_A":1538453778,"created_at_utc_B":1538458909,"score_A":6,"score_B":15,"human_ref_A":"The river water actually isn't salty when it reaches the ocean.  Large rivers like the Mississippi or Amazon actually have a plume of fresh water at their mouths that eventually gets mixed with the ocean water.  In addition to what others have mentioned, salts can also come from hydrothermal vents in the ocean floor.","human_ref_B":"Explain like I'm five years old at the bottom, I'm reserving the top to debunk the most common response I've seen on this thread.   There are a lot of answers here already talking about how rivers are slightly salty and slowly leach salt from the land down to the ocean. While that is true, it's not entirely accurate.  First I'll address the problem with that explanation.   If salt is always moving towards the ocean, with no mechanism to remove it, then the ocean would be getting slowly saltier. If that were true, we could measure the age of the earth by the change in salinity of the oceans. People have done that, and get numbers anywhere from 300 to tens of millions of years. That range is far far smaller than the accepted value for the age of the earth, and the formation of oceans.  In fact, when we have found geological evidence of ancient salt content in the world's oceans it is remarkably consistent with salt levels today (outliers exist, like the Chesapeake Bay being 2x saltier).   So, something else is going on. The interesting thing here is that we don't actually know what that something is.   What we know:  - The ocean is currently salty - It has been salty for a long time - Rivers deposit salt into the ocean - Ocean salinity levels are not changing significantly   Those facts indicate that the oceans have reached an equilibrium level of salt where the same amount of salt is added and removed over some reasonable period of time. (we've been at that equilibrium point for a very long time).    **Explain like I'm five years old**  Rivers pick up a tiny tiny bit of salt on their way to the ocean, and that has slowly over a really long time made the ocean very salty.   At the same time, the ocean is kicking out the salt, as shells and other exoskeletons, in plants' and animals' bodies, and in rocks.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":5131.0,"score_ratio":2.5}
{"post_id":"9kmt64","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.83,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How come rivers aren\u2019t salty, but when they get into the ocean it is salty? Where did the salt originally come from if the rivers never had it?","c_root_id_A":"e70faog","c_root_id_B":"e70f96e","created_at_utc_A":1538453834,"created_at_utc_B":1538453778,"score_A":8,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"Rivers ARE salty.  Slightly.  Water evaporates from the ocean, leaving whatever salt behind.  It then falls as fresh water onto the Earth.  As the water travels through and over the land, it picks up minute quantities of salt (and other minerals).  This slightly salty water accumulates as rivers which flow into the ocean, bringing salt with it.","human_ref_B":"The river water actually isn't salty when it reaches the ocean.  Large rivers like the Mississippi or Amazon actually have a plume of fresh water at their mouths that eventually gets mixed with the ocean water.  In addition to what others have mentioned, salts can also come from hydrothermal vents in the ocean floor.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":56.0,"score_ratio":1.3333333333}
{"post_id":"nhtfww","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.9,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old what is the difference between LED, LCD, OLED, QLED, and plasma? Recently saw a comment stating some difference between OLED and LCD. Just wondering what the differences are in the rest of the major TV types","c_root_id_A":"gyyaq58","c_root_id_B":"gyy646k","created_at_utc_A":1621610566,"created_at_utc_B":1621608519,"score_A":310,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"A lot of it is deliberately misleading branding from manufacturers, there are really only 2 main TV technologies right now (LCD & OLED)  * **LCD: Liquid crystal display**. The same technology used for the display in digital watches and alarm clocks, but miniaturised to the point where they can make up the pixels of a screen. The pixels don't produce their own light so they need a backlight. Old LCDs used CCFL backlights (flat fluorescent lamps) but since about 2010 they have used LED backlights. To market the newer backlight technology manufacturers commonly call these \"**LED TV**s\", even though they are just LCDs with a better backlight. **QLED** is Samsung branding for LCD TVs that have 'quantum dot' films inside them, it's a layer between the backlight and LCD layer that enables the tv to produce more colours with higher brightness. A problem with LCD is that when watching dark scenes some of the light from the backlight still bleeds through, making blacks look grey (especially at high brightness settings). Local dimming is a technology where the backlight is divided into sections that can individually be made lighter or darker, allowing an LCD screen to look better in dark scenes, **Mini LED** is the term for a perfect version of this local dimming technology where every pixel has it's own individual backlight, this is the newest LCD technology branding you will start seeing in 2021 TVs, but it's still LCD at it's core. * **OLED: Organic Light Emitting Diodes**. This is a totally different technology to LCD, the pixels themselves produce their own light so there's no backlight. This means there's no backlight bleeding through during dark scenes allowing inky blacks and amazing contrast. Also because there's no extra layers needed for the backlight, quantum dot layer, etc OLED TVs can be extremely thin. The downsides of OLED is that the pixels break down over time and static images can get burned in, also they tend not to be as bright as LCD screens. That said companies have been improving the technology every year making these problems less and less prevalent. * **Plasma** screens were an older technology which worked by having thousands of pockets of a gas that would turn into plasma and produce light when an electric field was put across them. It offered many of the same benefits as OLED since each pixel made it's own light, but it was costly to manufacture compared to LCD TVs, and then OLED came along offering all of the same picture quality benefits and made it truly obsolete.  There is a new upcoming TV technology called 'Micro LED', which is a TV made up of millions of tiny LED lights. It has the same benefits as OLED but with the increased brightness and longevity of LCD TVs, so it's like a best of both.","human_ref_B":"LCD is any display that uses liquid crystals to display an image, that's basically the next step after CRT's. Those liquid crystals can display colour, but no light on their own, so you need a light source. On never displays that's always done by using LED's, that's why those displays are often called LED-screens. They still use LCD's though.  OLED is again the next step, by using organic liquid crystals who have the ability to emmit light on their own, so you don't need additional LED's and have a better picture with far more contrast.  QLED-screen are basically still using \"normal LCD's\", but rather special LED's for the backround light. Those aren't white, but can take on every colour, which means that the colours on the screen are also better. You don't have the same superb contrast OLED's have though.  Plasma-TV arent using liquid crytals as pixels, but basically small chambers filled with gas. There are three chambers for each pixel, containing different gas for displaying either blue, green or red. By connecting an electric current to them you're turning them into plasma and thus visible light.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2047.0,"score_ratio":51.6666666667}
{"post_id":"nhtfww","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.9,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old what is the difference between LED, LCD, OLED, QLED, and plasma? Recently saw a comment stating some difference between OLED and LCD. Just wondering what the differences are in the rest of the major TV types","c_root_id_A":"gyz156u","c_root_id_B":"gyy646k","created_at_utc_A":1621622396,"created_at_utc_B":1621608519,"score_A":7,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"Woohoo, I get to bust out my 9-year-old response to this question again!  That response covers LCD, LED and Plasma. The other two you mentioned are QLED and OLED.  * **QLED** is essentially the same as LED, but a special \"quantum dot\" color filter is added to the screen that greatly expands the color space that the TV is capable of displaying. The Q stands for \"quantum\", referring to the quantum dot filter. * **OLED** is a completely different technology. It stands for *Organic Light Emitting Diode*. How exactly it works is a little beyond the scope of an Explain like I'm five years old, but the key thing to understand is that it is an *emissive* panel rather than a *transmissive* one.  In an *emissive* panel, each pixel is responsible for generating its own light. The advantage of this is that black pixels literally emit no light whatsoever, resulting in absolutely inky-black black levels that OLED is famous for. Plasma is also an emissive panel display technology, and it also had amazing inky blacks. The disadvantage of emissive panels is that each pixel will wear out at different rates from surrounding pixels depending on how hard those pixels are being used; as the pixel wears out, its light output diminishes. When you have uneven wear rates across the panel, with some pixels noticeably darker than others, that is what's known as burn-in.  In a *transmissive* panel, there is an independent light source behind the panel called a *backlight*. The light form the backlight passes through the panel, and each pixel is designed to filter the light to generate the color it needs to be. All of these panels rely on LCD (liquid crystal display) technology for the pixels, but the backlight technology has changed greatly over the years, first using fluorescent lightbulbs, then moving to LED lights. What we call \"LED\", \"QLED\", \"xLED\", etc. are all variations of this theme.  The advantage of transmissive panels is that individual pixels are not going to wear out, so you won't get the phenomenon known as burn-in. But that isn't to say the *TV* won't wear out, it's just that it's more likely that the *backlight* will wear out first before the pixels do. The disadvantage of transmissive panels is that the pixels can never really filter 100% of the light coming through the panel, so it is extremely difficult to get the inky-black black levels that you get with OLED.  Manufacturers solve this problem by using *full array local dimming* whereby the backlight is divided into sections that can be controlled independently; if an area of the picture is dark, that section of the backlight can be dimmed or turned off resulting in better black levels in that area of the screen. The problem with this is that each backlight section is fairly large compared to the size of the pixels, so you can't control the brightness of each pixel as precisely as you can with OLED. Some manufacturers solve this by literally making the backlight into its own black and white LED panel, with as many \"sections\" are there are pixels in 1080p.  And then there's Micro LED. This doesn't use OLEDs, it uses normal LEDs--the same as you would find in a LED lightbulb or traffic light--that have been shrunk down small enough to serve as individual pixels for a TV (hence the \"micro\" part). There's a limit to how small they can be shrunk however, so Micro LED TVs are typically massive, upwards of 100\" diagonal. It's an emissive panel, but the pixels don't wear down the same way OLED pixels do, so there's no threat of burn-in.  I hope this helped!","human_ref_B":"LCD is any display that uses liquid crystals to display an image, that's basically the next step after CRT's. Those liquid crystals can display colour, but no light on their own, so you need a light source. On never displays that's always done by using LED's, that's why those displays are often called LED-screens. They still use LCD's though.  OLED is again the next step, by using organic liquid crystals who have the ability to emmit light on their own, so you don't need additional LED's and have a better picture with far more contrast.  QLED-screen are basically still using \"normal LCD's\", but rather special LED's for the backround light. Those aren't white, but can take on every colour, which means that the colours on the screen are also better. You don't have the same superb contrast OLED's have though.  Plasma-TV arent using liquid crytals as pixels, but basically small chambers filled with gas. There are three chambers for each pixel, containing different gas for displaying either blue, green or red. By connecting an electric current to them you're turning them into plasma and thus visible light.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":13877.0,"score_ratio":1.1666666667}
{"post_id":"nhtfww","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.9,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old what is the difference between LED, LCD, OLED, QLED, and plasma? Recently saw a comment stating some difference between OLED and LCD. Just wondering what the differences are in the rest of the major TV types","c_root_id_A":"gyz156u","c_root_id_B":"gyyeuar","created_at_utc_A":1621622396,"created_at_utc_B":1621612396,"score_A":7,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"Woohoo, I get to bust out my 9-year-old response to this question again!  That response covers LCD, LED and Plasma. The other two you mentioned are QLED and OLED.  * **QLED** is essentially the same as LED, but a special \"quantum dot\" color filter is added to the screen that greatly expands the color space that the TV is capable of displaying. The Q stands for \"quantum\", referring to the quantum dot filter. * **OLED** is a completely different technology. It stands for *Organic Light Emitting Diode*. How exactly it works is a little beyond the scope of an Explain like I'm five years old, but the key thing to understand is that it is an *emissive* panel rather than a *transmissive* one.  In an *emissive* panel, each pixel is responsible for generating its own light. The advantage of this is that black pixels literally emit no light whatsoever, resulting in absolutely inky-black black levels that OLED is famous for. Plasma is also an emissive panel display technology, and it also had amazing inky blacks. The disadvantage of emissive panels is that each pixel will wear out at different rates from surrounding pixels depending on how hard those pixels are being used; as the pixel wears out, its light output diminishes. When you have uneven wear rates across the panel, with some pixels noticeably darker than others, that is what's known as burn-in.  In a *transmissive* panel, there is an independent light source behind the panel called a *backlight*. The light form the backlight passes through the panel, and each pixel is designed to filter the light to generate the color it needs to be. All of these panels rely on LCD (liquid crystal display) technology for the pixels, but the backlight technology has changed greatly over the years, first using fluorescent lightbulbs, then moving to LED lights. What we call \"LED\", \"QLED\", \"xLED\", etc. are all variations of this theme.  The advantage of transmissive panels is that individual pixels are not going to wear out, so you won't get the phenomenon known as burn-in. But that isn't to say the *TV* won't wear out, it's just that it's more likely that the *backlight* will wear out first before the pixels do. The disadvantage of transmissive panels is that the pixels can never really filter 100% of the light coming through the panel, so it is extremely difficult to get the inky-black black levels that you get with OLED.  Manufacturers solve this problem by using *full array local dimming* whereby the backlight is divided into sections that can be controlled independently; if an area of the picture is dark, that section of the backlight can be dimmed or turned off resulting in better black levels in that area of the screen. The problem with this is that each backlight section is fairly large compared to the size of the pixels, so you can't control the brightness of each pixel as precisely as you can with OLED. Some manufacturers solve this by literally making the backlight into its own black and white LED panel, with as many \"sections\" are there are pixels in 1080p.  And then there's Micro LED. This doesn't use OLEDs, it uses normal LEDs--the same as you would find in a LED lightbulb or traffic light--that have been shrunk down small enough to serve as individual pixels for a TV (hence the \"micro\" part). There's a limit to how small they can be shrunk however, so Micro LED TVs are typically massive, upwards of 100\" diagonal. It's an emissive panel, but the pixels don't wear down the same way OLED pixels do, so there's no threat of burn-in.  I hope this helped!","human_ref_B":"Liquid crystals respond to a charge to align into a polarizing filter. So you apply a charge, the element becomes a polarizing filter, and only allows light of a particular polarity through. Without the charge, the liquid crystal passively sits with a polarity that goes 90\u00ba.  Line up a polarizing filter with another polarizing filter arranged to only let through light that's 90\u00ba polarized from the other, and the two filters will work together to block almost all light. So you can use a liquid crystal lattice, lined up perpendicular to a passive polarizing filter, with a regular polarizing filter to selectively let light through. Or   In effect, each piece of liquid crystal is like a curtain you can open or close to let light through or not.  An LCD display then is lit from behind with white light. For a black and white LCD display (fairly rare these days), imagine an grid of windows, each with a curtain either open and closed to let light through. You can electronically control each curtain, so that a picture can be seen in the windows, as viewed from very far away. Note that in order for you to be able to see anything, you still need light behind the windows\/curtains.  Each window\/curtain is a pixel, and there is technology for letting in partial amounts of light through. So it can go from black to gray to white. The brightness of the darkest black compared to the brightest white is sometimes known as the \"contrast ratio,\" which helps describe just how much contrast the display can produce.  For a color display, each window\/curtain is actually a subpixel, that only lets through either red, green, or blue light. Just put some red, green, or blue film on the windows, and your window\/curtain combination can start implementing color displays - block all blue, and the red and green will appear yellow. Block all green and blue, and half of the red, and it will appear to be a dark red.  So LCD always needs to be backlit. The windows themselves don't create light, so you need some other light source behind the windows. It's much cheaper and easier to use one big light behind all the windows, than it is to put a different light in each window. LED backlit LCDs are better in many ways than some of the older technologies, because LED backlight is more even and more power efficient (which can make the whole display brighter).   But there are LED technologies that are more about lining up a grid of little lights, each individually controlled, rather than the LCD technology of a grid of little windows, each letting through filtered light. LED is just a device that emits light in response to electrical current. Basically, OLEDs were the first emitters that could be controlled individually while being small enough to serve as pixels on a display. Traditional LEDs just weren't easy to manufacture small enough to incorporate as individual pixels.  Note, though, that an array of lights that are individually controlled starts to give certain advantages over an array of windows\/curtains. For power consumption, you're only lighting up the lights you use, rather than lighting up the whole screen and blocking it from going through at certain points. When you turn the light off, it's totally black (basically an infinite contrast ratio). On the other hand, there are disadvantages. Blue emitters tend to fade faster than green emitters, which tend to fade faster than red emitters. Emitters in general also just wear out, so you see pixels that are used too much start to burn out, which causes \"burn in\" on the appearance of the display.   QLED display tech is actually an LCD tech, with windows and curtains, which is confusing enough. But the backlight actually goes through a fancy filter in each window, where a quantum dot technology glows a precise color that is different than the backlight. So it's not just a filter\/curtain situation, but a combination of the backlight technology and a newer tech for emitting colored light. It combines some of the best of both worlds (but also suffers from that whole \"can't block out all light\" problem, so we're back to the contrast ratio issue).  Some of the stuff they're working on is to have LED backlights that cover only a smaller portion of the screen, so that you can have pure black on one side of the screen (by turning off the backlight completely) while still using colors on another part of the screen. That super expensive Apple Pro monitor uses a lot of tricks like that in the background, with 576 individually controlled LED backlights.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":10000.0,"score_ratio":2.3333333333}
{"post_id":"nhtfww","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.9,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old what is the difference between LED, LCD, OLED, QLED, and plasma? Recently saw a comment stating some difference between OLED and LCD. Just wondering what the differences are in the rest of the major TV types","c_root_id_A":"gyz156u","c_root_id_B":"gyymc7r","created_at_utc_A":1621622396,"created_at_utc_B":1621615761,"score_A":7,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"Woohoo, I get to bust out my 9-year-old response to this question again!  That response covers LCD, LED and Plasma. The other two you mentioned are QLED and OLED.  * **QLED** is essentially the same as LED, but a special \"quantum dot\" color filter is added to the screen that greatly expands the color space that the TV is capable of displaying. The Q stands for \"quantum\", referring to the quantum dot filter. * **OLED** is a completely different technology. It stands for *Organic Light Emitting Diode*. How exactly it works is a little beyond the scope of an Explain like I'm five years old, but the key thing to understand is that it is an *emissive* panel rather than a *transmissive* one.  In an *emissive* panel, each pixel is responsible for generating its own light. The advantage of this is that black pixels literally emit no light whatsoever, resulting in absolutely inky-black black levels that OLED is famous for. Plasma is also an emissive panel display technology, and it also had amazing inky blacks. The disadvantage of emissive panels is that each pixel will wear out at different rates from surrounding pixels depending on how hard those pixels are being used; as the pixel wears out, its light output diminishes. When you have uneven wear rates across the panel, with some pixels noticeably darker than others, that is what's known as burn-in.  In a *transmissive* panel, there is an independent light source behind the panel called a *backlight*. The light form the backlight passes through the panel, and each pixel is designed to filter the light to generate the color it needs to be. All of these panels rely on LCD (liquid crystal display) technology for the pixels, but the backlight technology has changed greatly over the years, first using fluorescent lightbulbs, then moving to LED lights. What we call \"LED\", \"QLED\", \"xLED\", etc. are all variations of this theme.  The advantage of transmissive panels is that individual pixels are not going to wear out, so you won't get the phenomenon known as burn-in. But that isn't to say the *TV* won't wear out, it's just that it's more likely that the *backlight* will wear out first before the pixels do. The disadvantage of transmissive panels is that the pixels can never really filter 100% of the light coming through the panel, so it is extremely difficult to get the inky-black black levels that you get with OLED.  Manufacturers solve this problem by using *full array local dimming* whereby the backlight is divided into sections that can be controlled independently; if an area of the picture is dark, that section of the backlight can be dimmed or turned off resulting in better black levels in that area of the screen. The problem with this is that each backlight section is fairly large compared to the size of the pixels, so you can't control the brightness of each pixel as precisely as you can with OLED. Some manufacturers solve this by literally making the backlight into its own black and white LED panel, with as many \"sections\" are there are pixels in 1080p.  And then there's Micro LED. This doesn't use OLEDs, it uses normal LEDs--the same as you would find in a LED lightbulb or traffic light--that have been shrunk down small enough to serve as individual pixels for a TV (hence the \"micro\" part). There's a limit to how small they can be shrunk however, so Micro LED TVs are typically massive, upwards of 100\" diagonal. It's an emissive panel, but the pixels don't wear down the same way OLED pixels do, so there's no threat of burn-in.  I hope this helped!","human_ref_B":"Still rocking my Panasonic Viera ZT60.  The pinnacle of both Panasonic and Pioneer's R&D on Plasma.  It is truly a sight to see.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":6635.0,"score_ratio":1.75}
{"post_id":"nhtfww","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.9,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old what is the difference between LED, LCD, OLED, QLED, and plasma? Recently saw a comment stating some difference between OLED and LCD. Just wondering what the differences are in the rest of the major TV types","c_root_id_A":"gyyjbse","c_root_id_B":"gyz156u","created_at_utc_A":1621614414,"created_at_utc_B":1621622396,"score_A":2,"score_B":7,"human_ref_A":"You only have **LCD** , **OLED** and **PLASMA** ... (for image producing devices)  \\-**LCD**s don't produce LIGHT...so (you need to use ; **sunlight** , **CCFL** (fluorescent tubes miniature) or **LED**s (white light , the color filtering is done in the LCD)  **-Qleds** are LCD panels with a better backliting QUANTUM shinny sheets, better stronger WHITE light  \\-**OLED** are Light **EMITTING** Diodes built with organic compounds (High contrast ,black is **BLACK** , **ageing** is a problem and **burn in** ) expensive  \\-**Plasma** went the way of the Dodo...(but there are some working still on old TV news desks...they have a black bezel -frame around the picture area) low resolution , best grayscale (for B&W movies)","human_ref_B":"Woohoo, I get to bust out my 9-year-old response to this question again!  That response covers LCD, LED and Plasma. The other two you mentioned are QLED and OLED.  * **QLED** is essentially the same as LED, but a special \"quantum dot\" color filter is added to the screen that greatly expands the color space that the TV is capable of displaying. The Q stands for \"quantum\", referring to the quantum dot filter. * **OLED** is a completely different technology. It stands for *Organic Light Emitting Diode*. How exactly it works is a little beyond the scope of an Explain like I'm five years old, but the key thing to understand is that it is an *emissive* panel rather than a *transmissive* one.  In an *emissive* panel, each pixel is responsible for generating its own light. The advantage of this is that black pixels literally emit no light whatsoever, resulting in absolutely inky-black black levels that OLED is famous for. Plasma is also an emissive panel display technology, and it also had amazing inky blacks. The disadvantage of emissive panels is that each pixel will wear out at different rates from surrounding pixels depending on how hard those pixels are being used; as the pixel wears out, its light output diminishes. When you have uneven wear rates across the panel, with some pixels noticeably darker than others, that is what's known as burn-in.  In a *transmissive* panel, there is an independent light source behind the panel called a *backlight*. The light form the backlight passes through the panel, and each pixel is designed to filter the light to generate the color it needs to be. All of these panels rely on LCD (liquid crystal display) technology for the pixels, but the backlight technology has changed greatly over the years, first using fluorescent lightbulbs, then moving to LED lights. What we call \"LED\", \"QLED\", \"xLED\", etc. are all variations of this theme.  The advantage of transmissive panels is that individual pixels are not going to wear out, so you won't get the phenomenon known as burn-in. But that isn't to say the *TV* won't wear out, it's just that it's more likely that the *backlight* will wear out first before the pixels do. The disadvantage of transmissive panels is that the pixels can never really filter 100% of the light coming through the panel, so it is extremely difficult to get the inky-black black levels that you get with OLED.  Manufacturers solve this problem by using *full array local dimming* whereby the backlight is divided into sections that can be controlled independently; if an area of the picture is dark, that section of the backlight can be dimmed or turned off resulting in better black levels in that area of the screen. The problem with this is that each backlight section is fairly large compared to the size of the pixels, so you can't control the brightness of each pixel as precisely as you can with OLED. Some manufacturers solve this by literally making the backlight into its own black and white LED panel, with as many \"sections\" are there are pixels in 1080p.  And then there's Micro LED. This doesn't use OLEDs, it uses normal LEDs--the same as you would find in a LED lightbulb or traffic light--that have been shrunk down small enough to serve as individual pixels for a TV (hence the \"micro\" part). There's a limit to how small they can be shrunk however, so Micro LED TVs are typically massive, upwards of 100\" diagonal. It's an emissive panel, but the pixels don't wear down the same way OLED pixels do, so there's no threat of burn-in.  I hope this helped!","labels":0,"seconds_difference":7982.0,"score_ratio":3.5}
{"post_id":"nhtfww","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.9,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old what is the difference between LED, LCD, OLED, QLED, and plasma? Recently saw a comment stating some difference between OLED and LCD. Just wondering what the differences are in the rest of the major TV types","c_root_id_A":"gyymc7r","c_root_id_B":"gyyeuar","created_at_utc_A":1621615761,"created_at_utc_B":1621612396,"score_A":4,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"Still rocking my Panasonic Viera ZT60.  The pinnacle of both Panasonic and Pioneer's R&D on Plasma.  It is truly a sight to see.","human_ref_B":"Liquid crystals respond to a charge to align into a polarizing filter. So you apply a charge, the element becomes a polarizing filter, and only allows light of a particular polarity through. Without the charge, the liquid crystal passively sits with a polarity that goes 90\u00ba.  Line up a polarizing filter with another polarizing filter arranged to only let through light that's 90\u00ba polarized from the other, and the two filters will work together to block almost all light. So you can use a liquid crystal lattice, lined up perpendicular to a passive polarizing filter, with a regular polarizing filter to selectively let light through. Or   In effect, each piece of liquid crystal is like a curtain you can open or close to let light through or not.  An LCD display then is lit from behind with white light. For a black and white LCD display (fairly rare these days), imagine an grid of windows, each with a curtain either open and closed to let light through. You can electronically control each curtain, so that a picture can be seen in the windows, as viewed from very far away. Note that in order for you to be able to see anything, you still need light behind the windows\/curtains.  Each window\/curtain is a pixel, and there is technology for letting in partial amounts of light through. So it can go from black to gray to white. The brightness of the darkest black compared to the brightest white is sometimes known as the \"contrast ratio,\" which helps describe just how much contrast the display can produce.  For a color display, each window\/curtain is actually a subpixel, that only lets through either red, green, or blue light. Just put some red, green, or blue film on the windows, and your window\/curtain combination can start implementing color displays - block all blue, and the red and green will appear yellow. Block all green and blue, and half of the red, and it will appear to be a dark red.  So LCD always needs to be backlit. The windows themselves don't create light, so you need some other light source behind the windows. It's much cheaper and easier to use one big light behind all the windows, than it is to put a different light in each window. LED backlit LCDs are better in many ways than some of the older technologies, because LED backlight is more even and more power efficient (which can make the whole display brighter).   But there are LED technologies that are more about lining up a grid of little lights, each individually controlled, rather than the LCD technology of a grid of little windows, each letting through filtered light. LED is just a device that emits light in response to electrical current. Basically, OLEDs were the first emitters that could be controlled individually while being small enough to serve as pixels on a display. Traditional LEDs just weren't easy to manufacture small enough to incorporate as individual pixels.  Note, though, that an array of lights that are individually controlled starts to give certain advantages over an array of windows\/curtains. For power consumption, you're only lighting up the lights you use, rather than lighting up the whole screen and blocking it from going through at certain points. When you turn the light off, it's totally black (basically an infinite contrast ratio). On the other hand, there are disadvantages. Blue emitters tend to fade faster than green emitters, which tend to fade faster than red emitters. Emitters in general also just wear out, so you see pixels that are used too much start to burn out, which causes \"burn in\" on the appearance of the display.   QLED display tech is actually an LCD tech, with windows and curtains, which is confusing enough. But the backlight actually goes through a fancy filter in each window, where a quantum dot technology glows a precise color that is different than the backlight. So it's not just a filter\/curtain situation, but a combination of the backlight technology and a newer tech for emitting colored light. It combines some of the best of both worlds (but also suffers from that whole \"can't block out all light\" problem, so we're back to the contrast ratio issue).  Some of the stuff they're working on is to have LED backlights that cover only a smaller portion of the screen, so that you can have pure black on one side of the screen (by turning off the backlight completely) while still using colors on another part of the screen. That super expensive Apple Pro monitor uses a lot of tricks like that in the background, with 576 individually controlled LED backlights.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3365.0,"score_ratio":1.3333333333}
{"post_id":"nhtfww","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.9,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old what is the difference between LED, LCD, OLED, QLED, and plasma? Recently saw a comment stating some difference between OLED and LCD. Just wondering what the differences are in the rest of the major TV types","c_root_id_A":"gyyjbse","c_root_id_B":"gyymc7r","created_at_utc_A":1621614414,"created_at_utc_B":1621615761,"score_A":2,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"You only have **LCD** , **OLED** and **PLASMA** ... (for image producing devices)  \\-**LCD**s don't produce LIGHT...so (you need to use ; **sunlight** , **CCFL** (fluorescent tubes miniature) or **LED**s (white light , the color filtering is done in the LCD)  **-Qleds** are LCD panels with a better backliting QUANTUM shinny sheets, better stronger WHITE light  \\-**OLED** are Light **EMITTING** Diodes built with organic compounds (High contrast ,black is **BLACK** , **ageing** is a problem and **burn in** ) expensive  \\-**Plasma** went the way of the Dodo...(but there are some working still on old TV news desks...they have a black bezel -frame around the picture area) low resolution , best grayscale (for B&W movies)","human_ref_B":"Still rocking my Panasonic Viera ZT60.  The pinnacle of both Panasonic and Pioneer's R&D on Plasma.  It is truly a sight to see.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1347.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"nhtfww","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.9,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old what is the difference between LED, LCD, OLED, QLED, and plasma? Recently saw a comment stating some difference between OLED and LCD. Just wondering what the differences are in the rest of the major TV types","c_root_id_A":"gyyjbse","c_root_id_B":"gyzksew","created_at_utc_A":1621614414,"created_at_utc_B":1621631754,"score_A":2,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"You only have **LCD** , **OLED** and **PLASMA** ... (for image producing devices)  \\-**LCD**s don't produce LIGHT...so (you need to use ; **sunlight** , **CCFL** (fluorescent tubes miniature) or **LED**s (white light , the color filtering is done in the LCD)  **-Qleds** are LCD panels with a better backliting QUANTUM shinny sheets, better stronger WHITE light  \\-**OLED** are Light **EMITTING** Diodes built with organic compounds (High contrast ,black is **BLACK** , **ageing** is a problem and **burn in** ) expensive  \\-**Plasma** went the way of the Dodo...(but there are some working still on old TV news desks...they have a black bezel -frame around the picture area) low resolution , best grayscale (for B&W movies)","human_ref_B":"Well, if you are really five, I'll just say that OLED looks better but you are not allowed to use it to watch cartoons.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":17340.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"mruc8l","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How come humans are disgusted by the idea of eating food that's already been chewed by someone else but animals have no problem with it?","c_root_id_A":"guoleeg","c_root_id_B":"guolc6y","created_at_utc_A":1618542098,"created_at_utc_B":1618542063,"score_A":15,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"We are aware that other humans can contain diseases that can be transmitted through saliva. Moreover, we prefer to eat well-presented food from a young age, so seeing something chewed can be unappetizing. For some people, this is also true when they see their own chewed food.","human_ref_B":"Humans are aware of the bacteria\/viruses that inhabit our mouths. Humans are also distrusting of how clean someone else's mouth may be.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":35.0,"score_ratio":1.875}
{"post_id":"mruc8l","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How come humans are disgusted by the idea of eating food that's already been chewed by someone else but animals have no problem with it?","c_root_id_A":"guol7k4","c_root_id_B":"guoleeg","created_at_utc_A":1618541990,"created_at_utc_B":1618542098,"score_A":3,"score_B":15,"human_ref_A":"Because we know about germs.  And it's taught to us at from a young age not to eat after other people.","human_ref_B":"We are aware that other humans can contain diseases that can be transmitted through saliva. Moreover, we prefer to eat well-presented food from a young age, so seeing something chewed can be unappetizing. For some people, this is also true when they see their own chewed food.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":108.0,"score_ratio":5.0}
{"post_id":"mruc8l","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How come humans are disgusted by the idea of eating food that's already been chewed by someone else but animals have no problem with it?","c_root_id_A":"guolc6y","c_root_id_B":"guoolm5","created_at_utc_A":1618542063,"created_at_utc_B":1618543948,"score_A":8,"score_B":11,"human_ref_A":"Humans are aware of the bacteria\/viruses that inhabit our mouths. Humans are also distrusting of how clean someone else's mouth may be.","human_ref_B":"Because most humans have the luxury of turning their nose up at a pre-masticated meal. Animals know food is food and the best food is the food that\u2019s right in front of you nom nom nom","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1885.0,"score_ratio":1.375}
{"post_id":"mruc8l","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How come humans are disgusted by the idea of eating food that's already been chewed by someone else but animals have no problem with it?","c_root_id_A":"guol7k4","c_root_id_B":"guoolm5","created_at_utc_A":1618541990,"created_at_utc_B":1618543948,"score_A":3,"score_B":11,"human_ref_A":"Because we know about germs.  And it's taught to us at from a young age not to eat after other people.","human_ref_B":"Because most humans have the luxury of turning their nose up at a pre-masticated meal. Animals know food is food and the best food is the food that\u2019s right in front of you nom nom nom","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1958.0,"score_ratio":3.6666666667}
{"post_id":"mruc8l","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How come humans are disgusted by the idea of eating food that's already been chewed by someone else but animals have no problem with it?","c_root_id_A":"guolc6y","c_root_id_B":"guol7k4","created_at_utc_A":1618542063,"created_at_utc_B":1618541990,"score_A":8,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"Humans are aware of the bacteria\/viruses that inhabit our mouths. Humans are also distrusting of how clean someone else's mouth may be.","human_ref_B":"Because we know about germs.  And it's taught to us at from a young age not to eat after other people.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":73.0,"score_ratio":2.6666666667}
{"post_id":"nxhctx","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.74,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old Why do songs get stuck in head even if we want to forget it? At times i sleep with a song stuck and wake up with same song playing in head the moment I get up. Why does this happen?","c_root_id_A":"h1eqqd3","c_root_id_B":"h1g4xmg","created_at_utc_A":1623423249,"created_at_utc_B":1623445355,"score_A":3,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"Does the song play as if its really playing and you fan here every note of the song as if it's playing?  Could be you have a disorder like bipolar\/ADHD\/severe effective disorder as this is one of the symptoms of those disorders.","human_ref_B":"It\u2019s a combination of the way your brain works\/psychoacoustics.   Human ears are extremely well developed and quite good at hearing very specific frequencies and formants that are located within the normal frequencies of human speech. This has a clear evolutionary advantage for obvious reasons. Now add to that the fact that our brain is just a pattern recognition machine, e we have working auditory memory that functions in many ways like a computer. Have you ever been speaking with someone and when they first speak, you don\u2019t hear\/understand what they said, but before they can repeat themselves, it suddenly registers? What actually happens is your brain basically rewinds that piece of frequency content information and plays it back for you without you even realizing it happens. Some people are better at this than others, I.e. musicians.   I would honestly compare it to kind of a day dream. Kinda like how dreams don\u2019t make sense, and sometimes involve memories mixed up with random occurrences. Something most likely triggered the memory of that song, or it was buried somewhere in that giant filing cabinet that is in your head. Memory, like dreaming, is still not completely understood.  Edit: And the reason that many songs\/certain melodies are so catchy is just because the frequency information (notes) are related to each other in ratios that are psychologically satisfying.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":22106.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"nxhctx","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.74,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old Why do songs get stuck in head even if we want to forget it? At times i sleep with a song stuck and wake up with same song playing in head the moment I get up. Why does this happen?","c_root_id_A":"h1g4xmg","c_root_id_B":"h1f192b","created_at_utc_A":1623445355,"created_at_utc_B":1623427860,"score_A":6,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"It\u2019s a combination of the way your brain works\/psychoacoustics.   Human ears are extremely well developed and quite good at hearing very specific frequencies and formants that are located within the normal frequencies of human speech. This has a clear evolutionary advantage for obvious reasons. Now add to that the fact that our brain is just a pattern recognition machine, e we have working auditory memory that functions in many ways like a computer. Have you ever been speaking with someone and when they first speak, you don\u2019t hear\/understand what they said, but before they can repeat themselves, it suddenly registers? What actually happens is your brain basically rewinds that piece of frequency content information and plays it back for you without you even realizing it happens. Some people are better at this than others, I.e. musicians.   I would honestly compare it to kind of a day dream. Kinda like how dreams don\u2019t make sense, and sometimes involve memories mixed up with random occurrences. Something most likely triggered the memory of that song, or it was buried somewhere in that giant filing cabinet that is in your head. Memory, like dreaming, is still not completely understood.  Edit: And the reason that many songs\/certain melodies are so catchy is just because the frequency information (notes) are related to each other in ratios that are psychologically satisfying.","human_ref_B":"I've heard it's because your mind categorized this song as an incomplete task and since it's a song, which are inherently catchy with lyrics and melody, it embeds itself more or less. I've heard something you can do is actually listen to the song beginning to end and usually somehow this helps your mind register the task as complete.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":17495.0,"score_ratio":3.0}
{"post_id":"1kef8u","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.67,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do Americans sound so different now compared to <1950s? I have been listening to a lot of old radio and tv programs of late and I have noticed that American accents now are a lot more \"round\" and nasally (in a good way of course!). Back in the 50s, accents were more clipped and \"English\" (well, at least to my mind). When did accents change and what were the precursors to change?","c_root_id_A":"cbo2z6b","c_root_id_B":"cbo2x5h","created_at_utc_A":1376541967,"created_at_utc_B":1376541786,"score_A":17,"score_B":9,"human_ref_A":"The accent you're referring to is the Mid-Atlantic English Accent, it's not a \"real\" accent, in that people didn't actually talk that way regularly (well, not a lot of people, I'm sure some did)... it's an accent they put on for radio.","human_ref_B":"Partly, radio accent were often put on in those days. They weren't trying to be natural.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":181.0,"score_ratio":1.8888888889}
{"post_id":"s4sl81","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"[Explain like I'm five years old] What happens to our brain the exact moment we fall asleep? Like, how in one moment we are awake and in the other unconscious? What precisely happens that triggers it?","c_root_id_A":"hsu5e35","c_root_id_B":"hst8j88","created_at_utc_A":1642293183,"created_at_utc_B":1642279592,"score_A":17,"score_B":9,"human_ref_A":"So the odd thing for me is, i've somehow found myself waking up sometimes JUST as i'm falling asleep (lucky me). I've realized i start incorporating whatever i'm thinking about, or is running in my brain..into sort of a transition state into a dream. So if i'm thinking about flying out of town next week, but really tired and the thought is barely registering...sometimes i find that that thought transfers into a dream sequence...then of course i ruin it and wake up. Rinse repeat until my brain is too exhausted to wake up","human_ref_B":"You don't go directly from awake to asleep, it's a gradual process that you don't remember happening when you wake up the next day.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":13591.0,"score_ratio":1.8888888889}
{"post_id":"yy7q1j","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.77,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: what about Screen Time is bad for kids? Is it the sitting around for long periods of time, the content they watch or just staring at a pixelated screen?","c_root_id_A":"iwsqyr4","c_root_id_B":"iwst6oy","created_at_utc_A":1668736123,"created_at_utc_B":1668737170,"score_A":26,"score_B":42,"human_ref_A":"Babies and little kids have a lot of things to learn about the world. How things fall down. How things land when you throw them. And also they need to learn how their bodies move and hold onto things and how to walk and crawl.  When the screens are on, babies and little kids aren\u2019t doing the important things that help them learn. They are sitting still and they\u2019re just interested in funny lights and sounds. Those lights and sounds don\u2019t teach them much when they\u2019re so little, so it\u2019s better to turn them off and let baby learn other things.","human_ref_B":"Screen time is bad in that a child isn\u2019t getting the exercise, social interaction, and motor development they need.  However, not all screen time is equally bad.  There is a huge difference between a preschooler singing and dancing along with an educational kids\u2019 show on a television and a teenager endlessly scrolling feeds on their phone that can damage their mental and emotional health.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1047.0,"score_ratio":1.6153846154}
{"post_id":"yy7q1j","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.77,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: what about Screen Time is bad for kids? Is it the sitting around for long periods of time, the content they watch or just staring at a pixelated screen?","c_root_id_A":"iwwui1f","c_root_id_B":"iwv83oq","created_at_utc_A":1668813629,"created_at_utc_B":1668789334,"score_A":3,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"Screen time isn't bad for kids. *Too much* screen time is bad for anyone, and getting used to it as kids makes it worse. It isn't the screen or the immobility, it is the intellectual passivity of the experience.","human_ref_B":"There are going to be multiple issues broken into the following categories  * Dangers directly from screen time * Downsides form not doing something else  Media nowadays, give you massive surges of dopamine very quickly. That means back in everyday life it's going to be much hard to concentrate on stuff like classes, reading, playing music, etc. So it's going to be harder to get children\/adults to want to spend their time doing more worthwhile and productive activities, since they can get more dopamine from browsing ticktok.   Then also they are less likely to be active. For the brain to work properly and without disease you need to be active an exercising every day. That's simply not happening if they are spending time on ticktok rather than out cycling with friends, or whatever.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":24295.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"2cyqxv","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.71,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why is it that in the morning I want nothing more than to stay in bed, but at nigut going to sleep is the last thing i want to do? (So I'm on Reddit- 4:46am) Explain like I'm five years old: Why is it that in the morning I want nothing more than to stay in bed, but at nigut going to sleep is the last thing i want to do? (So I'm on Reddit- 4:46am)","c_root_id_A":"cjkd2wa","c_root_id_B":"cjkfr8l","created_at_utc_A":1407487788,"created_at_utc_B":1407500437,"score_A":6,"score_B":51,"human_ref_A":"http:\/\/www.reddit.com\/r\/explainlikeimfive\/comments\/1lws04\/how_come_i_can_stay_up_until_6am_without_issue\/  there is a bunch of others, but that one had the most answers.","human_ref_B":"Didn't even bother clicking on the link in the first reply but these menial questions keep popping up and annoying me so I'm going to be ignorant and assume one or any of the following: - you don't exercise regularly - you don't eat healthily - you don't read books, especially around a reasonable bedtime - you are generally not a productive person - you have very few responsibilities which would require a normal sleep pattern - you use drugs or caffeine at wild times in the day - you are a college student (combination of all the above)","labels":0,"seconds_difference":12649.0,"score_ratio":8.5}
{"post_id":"67zh7u","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do mouth ulcers and canker sores swell when cuts anywhere else on the body simply get red and heal up?","c_root_id_A":"dguimu0","c_root_id_B":"dgukc2y","created_at_utc_A":1493339919,"created_at_utc_B":1493341772,"score_A":5,"score_B":57,"human_ref_A":"Not an answer but I've heard this mentioned about trying to prevent:  http:\/\/askthedentist.com\/toothpaste-canker-sores\/","human_ref_B":"That is a great question! The mouth and eyes tend to swell more than other parts of the body (like the back, for example) likely for a couple of reasons. One the eyes and mouth have many many blood vessels which means there is going more edema (fluid leaking) and more inflammation (more immune cells which release chemicals or cytokines that can promote swelling). Second, both the areas have very thin skin which means the swelling is more pronounced. That why if you get punched in the eye or lip (vs the back), the area swells fast. Clinically it changes the way I practice. For example, when I do surgery around the eye\/upper cheek or do filler in the lip, I have the patient ice for a few hours immediately after to reduce the swelling.   Disclaimer: I am a dermatologist but I can't offer medical advice via Reddit, and anything I say is not a substitute for a personal consultation with a doctor.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1853.0,"score_ratio":11.4}
{"post_id":"67zh7u","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do mouth ulcers and canker sores swell when cuts anywhere else on the body simply get red and heal up?","c_root_id_A":"dgukl7p","c_root_id_B":"dguimu0","created_at_utc_A":1493342040,"created_at_utc_B":1493339919,"score_A":15,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"I'm in my late 30s and I had at least one canker sore 50% of the time since I was a little kid.  Nothing helped.  It was the bane of my existence.   Then one day a few years ago I finally made the connection.  I'm allergic to tree nuts.  I had no idea.  I quit eating tree nuts and boom: the only time I ever get canker sores now is when I bite my cheek or eat an accidental tree nut.   TL;DR:  Find out if you have an allergy.  This knowledge would have saved me decades of pain and sometimes embarrassment.   (I'm pretty sure I missed out on a lot of snogging opportunities too) .","human_ref_B":"Not an answer but I've heard this mentioned about trying to prevent:  http:\/\/askthedentist.com\/toothpaste-canker-sores\/","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2121.0,"score_ratio":3.0}
{"post_id":"67zh7u","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do mouth ulcers and canker sores swell when cuts anywhere else on the body simply get red and heal up?","c_root_id_A":"dgumpb9","c_root_id_B":"dgusck3","created_at_utc_A":1493344212,"created_at_utc_B":1493350704,"score_A":2,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"It's immune related.   Overly vigorous immune response to minor trauma.  Possibly because the mouth is fairly dirty and prone to minor trauma, the body errs on the side of caution and overdoes it leading to incredibly painful ulcers.  Hydrogen peroxide helps a little bit, so does avoiding nuts, but there is nothing like a prescription strength topical steroid (like cortisone, only industrial strength) to put on those suckers.   Three treatments a day and I usually forget the 3rd treatment because they are feeling SO much better.   They go away muy rapido now, and I don't get them as often.  Your mileage may vary.","human_ref_B":"I've suffered with them for my entire life,  to the point of not eating\/drinking\/speaking. I was miserable and they would became much worse as my cycle would approach each month. That is until i happened across an article about a university study that had found vitamin b12 to be very beneficial.  I began taking b12 every day and I only get one or two a year now and that's usually because I've failed to take the b12.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":6492.0,"score_ratio":2.5}
{"post_id":"67zh7u","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do mouth ulcers and canker sores swell when cuts anywhere else on the body simply get red and heal up?","c_root_id_A":"dgumpb9","c_root_id_B":"dgv9v2u","created_at_utc_A":1493344212,"created_at_utc_B":1493391678,"score_A":2,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"It's immune related.   Overly vigorous immune response to minor trauma.  Possibly because the mouth is fairly dirty and prone to minor trauma, the body errs on the side of caution and overdoes it leading to incredibly painful ulcers.  Hydrogen peroxide helps a little bit, so does avoiding nuts, but there is nothing like a prescription strength topical steroid (like cortisone, only industrial strength) to put on those suckers.   Three treatments a day and I usually forget the 3rd treatment because they are feeling SO much better.   They go away muy rapido now, and I don't get them as often.  Your mileage may vary.","human_ref_B":"Having suffered with these bastards my whole life, while on a business trip in KL a friend of mine introduced me to Watermelon Frost. It's a Chinese medicine and I'll be buggered if it isn't the best relief for mouth ulcers I've ever used. Ended up buying several bottles, here's a link of the stuff I got, strong recommendation. http:\/\/www.sanjin.com.cn\/site1\/ywsjcp\/ywdjpz\/12\/5860.shtml","labels":0,"seconds_difference":47466.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"zkq4k2","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: In software engineering, what is a Scrum, and what useful purpose does it serve?","c_root_id_A":"j01uf85","c_root_id_B":"j010a6u","created_at_utc_A":1670939751,"created_at_utc_B":1670918675,"score_A":104,"score_B":33,"human_ref_A":"A lot of answers here, but mostly only describing the wider \"Agile\" development methodology.  In true Explain like I'm five years old terms, a scrum is just a daily meeting.  Generally the agenda will be:    \\- What I did yesterday    \\- What I will be doing today    \\- Any blockers I currently have.  Scrums are meant to be very short (a few minutes per person) with the idea being it is a very quick update for the Scrum Master (the chair of the meeting), and the chance for anyone with blockers to link up with people who may have an answer outside of the meeting.  It's not for in-depth discussions of anything.  &#x200B;  The question of \"What is the agile development methodology\" is a much larger question, which is mostly answered elsewhere here already.","human_ref_B":"It's a style of working. In a circular fashion, rapidly across a couple of weeks, the team builds a 'thing'. They show it to the customers and company, ask for feedback, then go add\/change the most important new 'thing'. The point is to deliver whatever the best 'thing' is, right now, and not spend forever planning a huge project up front before getting started. This is my job, if you want to learn more just DM me (I've Explain like I'm five years old'd my answer pretty hard).","labels":1,"seconds_difference":21076.0,"score_ratio":3.1515151515}
{"post_id":"zkq4k2","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: In software engineering, what is a Scrum, and what useful purpose does it serve?","c_root_id_A":"j01uf85","c_root_id_B":"j012j5p","created_at_utc_A":1670939751,"created_at_utc_B":1670920536,"score_A":104,"score_B":9,"human_ref_A":"A lot of answers here, but mostly only describing the wider \"Agile\" development methodology.  In true Explain like I'm five years old terms, a scrum is just a daily meeting.  Generally the agenda will be:    \\- What I did yesterday    \\- What I will be doing today    \\- Any blockers I currently have.  Scrums are meant to be very short (a few minutes per person) with the idea being it is a very quick update for the Scrum Master (the chair of the meeting), and the chance for anyone with blockers to link up with people who may have an answer outside of the meeting.  It's not for in-depth discussions of anything.  &#x200B;  The question of \"What is the agile development methodology\" is a much larger question, which is mostly answered elsewhere here already.","human_ref_B":"Basically it's breaking large projects into short bursts a few weeks long (which is called a \"sprint\"), with brief daily check-in meetings (like 5 minutes), with the idea that at the end of each sprint you have a finished version of the project. It might not do much, but it looks something like what the final project will look like. Then you have sprints where you make each feature work, one by one. This is instead of working on the whole thing for months and months and not being able to show any working results until near the end.  Lots of bells and whistles and extra meetings have been added, because consulting companies figured out they could make money teaching how to do Agile, and managers felt like it would make their jobs easier. But essentially that's it.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":19215.0,"score_ratio":11.5555555556}
{"post_id":"zkq4k2","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: In software engineering, what is a Scrum, and what useful purpose does it serve?","c_root_id_A":"j01uf85","c_root_id_B":"j01nn6o","created_at_utc_A":1670939751,"created_at_utc_B":1670936313,"score_A":104,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"A lot of answers here, but mostly only describing the wider \"Agile\" development methodology.  In true Explain like I'm five years old terms, a scrum is just a daily meeting.  Generally the agenda will be:    \\- What I did yesterday    \\- What I will be doing today    \\- Any blockers I currently have.  Scrums are meant to be very short (a few minutes per person) with the idea being it is a very quick update for the Scrum Master (the chair of the meeting), and the chance for anyone with blockers to link up with people who may have an answer outside of the meeting.  It's not for in-depth discussions of anything.  &#x200B;  The question of \"What is the agile development methodology\" is a much larger question, which is mostly answered elsewhere here already.","human_ref_B":"OP, just a note that many of the answers are combining pieces of different methods. Some people are talking about Agile approaches, others about Prototyping. There's a lot of overlap, but Scrum's got a couple features for just about every flavour where it's used.  * You have a shopping list of stuff that is desired by your \"customer\", whoever it is that wants the outputs of your work. That list is prioritized so you know what's most important. * Work is broken down into sprints, intervals of (usually) a couple weeks. *You only work on stuff that's prioritized for this sprint, everything else gets no attention.* It's timeboxed, meaning you STOP at the end of the sprint and review what you got done. Then, you review what's left to do, confirm or adjust priorities, and use that to build the targets to be delivered in the next sprint. Or, you and your customer can say \"we did enough\", and end the project. * Teams are small, around ten people or so. Big projects get multiple teams. * You have a 'stand-up' meeting every day where the team identifies what they need help on, and what's stopping them from proceeding. That is also timeboxed, so people can be working instead of blabbing on. Got something that requires a longer talk, don't do it with everyone, just break out into a conversation only with those who NEED to be involved.  Its useful purpose is to deliver value much faster than an old-fashioned big project does, and that means less risk to the business.  The \"customer\" might initially get only 1\/3 of what they asked for... but they get it in just a few weeks, rather than waiting three months for the whole shopping list to be assembled. So they can start using something... and if there's a disaster or opportunity that changes priorities, it's much less expensive to adjust the remaining work because none of it was started.  There's lots more rules, but these are the fundamentals.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3438.0,"score_ratio":13.0}
{"post_id":"zkq4k2","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: In software engineering, what is a Scrum, and what useful purpose does it serve?","c_root_id_A":"j01uf85","c_root_id_B":"j013iv0","created_at_utc_A":1670939751,"created_at_utc_B":1670921373,"score_A":104,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"A lot of answers here, but mostly only describing the wider \"Agile\" development methodology.  In true Explain like I'm five years old terms, a scrum is just a daily meeting.  Generally the agenda will be:    \\- What I did yesterday    \\- What I will be doing today    \\- Any blockers I currently have.  Scrums are meant to be very short (a few minutes per person) with the idea being it is a very quick update for the Scrum Master (the chair of the meeting), and the chance for anyone with blockers to link up with people who may have an answer outside of the meeting.  It's not for in-depth discussions of anything.  &#x200B;  The question of \"What is the agile development methodology\" is a much larger question, which is mostly answered elsewhere here already.","human_ref_B":"It\u2019s a process commonly used for managing work in large software projects. The basic idea is to break down a complex body of work into tiny pieces, assign them to different team members, work in short \u201csprints\u201d, and frequently sync on progress. The biggest change it brought to software development was that teams now aim to incrementally release their work every 2-4 weeks instead of much longer cycles of the past (measured in months or even years). The effectiveness of the process is frequently debated, but it is undoubtedly the most common way teams operate industry wide today.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":18378.0,"score_ratio":17.3333333333}
{"post_id":"zkq4k2","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: In software engineering, what is a Scrum, and what useful purpose does it serve?","c_root_id_A":"j016k3x","c_root_id_B":"j01uf85","created_at_utc_A":1670924012,"created_at_utc_B":1670939751,"score_A":5,"score_B":104,"human_ref_A":"Some good answers here, so won't regurgitate what's already been said.  Another way of looking at it is to assume you will make mistakes, as an individual or team. You can't eliminate mistakes, so look for feedback often. That can be feedback from your team mates, or the customer.  Once you think you have something the customer will be ok with, don't embellish it, get it out there and get more feedback.","human_ref_B":"A lot of answers here, but mostly only describing the wider \"Agile\" development methodology.  In true Explain like I'm five years old terms, a scrum is just a daily meeting.  Generally the agenda will be:    \\- What I did yesterday    \\- What I will be doing today    \\- Any blockers I currently have.  Scrums are meant to be very short (a few minutes per person) with the idea being it is a very quick update for the Scrum Master (the chair of the meeting), and the chance for anyone with blockers to link up with people who may have an answer outside of the meeting.  It's not for in-depth discussions of anything.  &#x200B;  The question of \"What is the agile development methodology\" is a much larger question, which is mostly answered elsewhere here already.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":15739.0,"score_ratio":20.8}
{"post_id":"zkq4k2","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: In software engineering, what is a Scrum, and what useful purpose does it serve?","c_root_id_A":"j01uf85","c_root_id_B":"j015qbj","created_at_utc_A":1670939751,"created_at_utc_B":1670923289,"score_A":104,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"A lot of answers here, but mostly only describing the wider \"Agile\" development methodology.  In true Explain like I'm five years old terms, a scrum is just a daily meeting.  Generally the agenda will be:    \\- What I did yesterday    \\- What I will be doing today    \\- Any blockers I currently have.  Scrums are meant to be very short (a few minutes per person) with the idea being it is a very quick update for the Scrum Master (the chair of the meeting), and the chance for anyone with blockers to link up with people who may have an answer outside of the meeting.  It's not for in-depth discussions of anything.  &#x200B;  The question of \"What is the agile development methodology\" is a much larger question, which is mostly answered elsewhere here already.","human_ref_B":"The previous responses are mostly all great examples, except for the obvious developer, that\u2019s also either had bad work experiences, or hasn\u2019t actually worked in agile, that finds them pointless.  I\u2019ll add to what\u2019s already been said by saying that, it\u2019s important to understand there are different ways to manage a project. If your team is doing scrums, then there is a scrum master that should be managing the project in what\u2019s called an \u201cAgile framework\u201d. This is one way to define what a project is, how to break out the different work items. And they also usually work with other project managers, or product managers\/owners (this is another role in agile projects with a specific knowledge on the platform, tool, or interface that\u2019s being used) and supports the higher up leaders in defining what work will be completed in each sprint. Sprints are defined as generally being between 2-4 weeks long. And they help create the structure for short \u201cbursts of work\u201d as another commenter said. This basically takes a complex concept and helps break that down into smaller, less complex, more manageable and well documented work items, generally referred to as \u201cUser Stories\u201d that basically define a single thing an employee of a business, or a customer of that business needs to do during their day. As in, \u201cI want a button to show up on the website, and when I click it, it does X action for the user\u201d of course there\u2019s hundreds of examples as anything complex has many moving parts and operations. And then there\u2019s \u201cTasks\u201d within those User Stories that further breakdown each step in the process that needs to be completed. User Stories are also usually stored under an Epic (stores everything for a full project) or a \u201cFeature\u201d (a series of user stories that are required to complete a single function within an application). So, at this time it\u2019s hard not to bring up the idea of Scope, which is a measure of calculated effort and informed guesses at what individual pieces will need to be created\/accomplished to complete the project. These higher levels (Epic or Feature) are just ways to group the user stories.   So to actually answer the question, in a scrum, the scrum master is quickly getting an idea of how the defined sprints work is going and helping to communicate and hopefully stopping risks (possible things that could slow the project down or make completing the work more difficult) from becoming issues (work is already being affected from completing). Basically, the idea is to \u201ccontinuously improve\u201d and use failure as a learning tool to make adjustments within a project  That\u2019s a little more than Explain like I'm five years old, but that\u2019s the best I could do ha","labels":1,"seconds_difference":16462.0,"score_ratio":52.0}
{"post_id":"zkq4k2","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: In software engineering, what is a Scrum, and what useful purpose does it serve?","c_root_id_A":"j01nn6o","c_root_id_B":"j013iv0","created_at_utc_A":1670936313,"created_at_utc_B":1670921373,"score_A":8,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"OP, just a note that many of the answers are combining pieces of different methods. Some people are talking about Agile approaches, others about Prototyping. There's a lot of overlap, but Scrum's got a couple features for just about every flavour where it's used.  * You have a shopping list of stuff that is desired by your \"customer\", whoever it is that wants the outputs of your work. That list is prioritized so you know what's most important. * Work is broken down into sprints, intervals of (usually) a couple weeks. *You only work on stuff that's prioritized for this sprint, everything else gets no attention.* It's timeboxed, meaning you STOP at the end of the sprint and review what you got done. Then, you review what's left to do, confirm or adjust priorities, and use that to build the targets to be delivered in the next sprint. Or, you and your customer can say \"we did enough\", and end the project. * Teams are small, around ten people or so. Big projects get multiple teams. * You have a 'stand-up' meeting every day where the team identifies what they need help on, and what's stopping them from proceeding. That is also timeboxed, so people can be working instead of blabbing on. Got something that requires a longer talk, don't do it with everyone, just break out into a conversation only with those who NEED to be involved.  Its useful purpose is to deliver value much faster than an old-fashioned big project does, and that means less risk to the business.  The \"customer\" might initially get only 1\/3 of what they asked for... but they get it in just a few weeks, rather than waiting three months for the whole shopping list to be assembled. So they can start using something... and if there's a disaster or opportunity that changes priorities, it's much less expensive to adjust the remaining work because none of it was started.  There's lots more rules, but these are the fundamentals.","human_ref_B":"It\u2019s a process commonly used for managing work in large software projects. The basic idea is to break down a complex body of work into tiny pieces, assign them to different team members, work in short \u201csprints\u201d, and frequently sync on progress. The biggest change it brought to software development was that teams now aim to incrementally release their work every 2-4 weeks instead of much longer cycles of the past (measured in months or even years). The effectiveness of the process is frequently debated, but it is undoubtedly the most common way teams operate industry wide today.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":14940.0,"score_ratio":1.3333333333}
{"post_id":"zkq4k2","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: In software engineering, what is a Scrum, and what useful purpose does it serve?","c_root_id_A":"j016k3x","c_root_id_B":"j01nn6o","created_at_utc_A":1670924012,"created_at_utc_B":1670936313,"score_A":5,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"Some good answers here, so won't regurgitate what's already been said.  Another way of looking at it is to assume you will make mistakes, as an individual or team. You can't eliminate mistakes, so look for feedback often. That can be feedback from your team mates, or the customer.  Once you think you have something the customer will be ok with, don't embellish it, get it out there and get more feedback.","human_ref_B":"OP, just a note that many of the answers are combining pieces of different methods. Some people are talking about Agile approaches, others about Prototyping. There's a lot of overlap, but Scrum's got a couple features for just about every flavour where it's used.  * You have a shopping list of stuff that is desired by your \"customer\", whoever it is that wants the outputs of your work. That list is prioritized so you know what's most important. * Work is broken down into sprints, intervals of (usually) a couple weeks. *You only work on stuff that's prioritized for this sprint, everything else gets no attention.* It's timeboxed, meaning you STOP at the end of the sprint and review what you got done. Then, you review what's left to do, confirm or adjust priorities, and use that to build the targets to be delivered in the next sprint. Or, you and your customer can say \"we did enough\", and end the project. * Teams are small, around ten people or so. Big projects get multiple teams. * You have a 'stand-up' meeting every day where the team identifies what they need help on, and what's stopping them from proceeding. That is also timeboxed, so people can be working instead of blabbing on. Got something that requires a longer talk, don't do it with everyone, just break out into a conversation only with those who NEED to be involved.  Its useful purpose is to deliver value much faster than an old-fashioned big project does, and that means less risk to the business.  The \"customer\" might initially get only 1\/3 of what they asked for... but they get it in just a few weeks, rather than waiting three months for the whole shopping list to be assembled. So they can start using something... and if there's a disaster or opportunity that changes priorities, it's much less expensive to adjust the remaining work because none of it was started.  There's lots more rules, but these are the fundamentals.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":12301.0,"score_ratio":1.6}
{"post_id":"zkq4k2","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: In software engineering, what is a Scrum, and what useful purpose does it serve?","c_root_id_A":"j01nn6o","c_root_id_B":"j015qbj","created_at_utc_A":1670936313,"created_at_utc_B":1670923289,"score_A":8,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"OP, just a note that many of the answers are combining pieces of different methods. Some people are talking about Agile approaches, others about Prototyping. There's a lot of overlap, but Scrum's got a couple features for just about every flavour where it's used.  * You have a shopping list of stuff that is desired by your \"customer\", whoever it is that wants the outputs of your work. That list is prioritized so you know what's most important. * Work is broken down into sprints, intervals of (usually) a couple weeks. *You only work on stuff that's prioritized for this sprint, everything else gets no attention.* It's timeboxed, meaning you STOP at the end of the sprint and review what you got done. Then, you review what's left to do, confirm or adjust priorities, and use that to build the targets to be delivered in the next sprint. Or, you and your customer can say \"we did enough\", and end the project. * Teams are small, around ten people or so. Big projects get multiple teams. * You have a 'stand-up' meeting every day where the team identifies what they need help on, and what's stopping them from proceeding. That is also timeboxed, so people can be working instead of blabbing on. Got something that requires a longer talk, don't do it with everyone, just break out into a conversation only with those who NEED to be involved.  Its useful purpose is to deliver value much faster than an old-fashioned big project does, and that means less risk to the business.  The \"customer\" might initially get only 1\/3 of what they asked for... but they get it in just a few weeks, rather than waiting three months for the whole shopping list to be assembled. So they can start using something... and if there's a disaster or opportunity that changes priorities, it's much less expensive to adjust the remaining work because none of it was started.  There's lots more rules, but these are the fundamentals.","human_ref_B":"The previous responses are mostly all great examples, except for the obvious developer, that\u2019s also either had bad work experiences, or hasn\u2019t actually worked in agile, that finds them pointless.  I\u2019ll add to what\u2019s already been said by saying that, it\u2019s important to understand there are different ways to manage a project. If your team is doing scrums, then there is a scrum master that should be managing the project in what\u2019s called an \u201cAgile framework\u201d. This is one way to define what a project is, how to break out the different work items. And they also usually work with other project managers, or product managers\/owners (this is another role in agile projects with a specific knowledge on the platform, tool, or interface that\u2019s being used) and supports the higher up leaders in defining what work will be completed in each sprint. Sprints are defined as generally being between 2-4 weeks long. And they help create the structure for short \u201cbursts of work\u201d as another commenter said. This basically takes a complex concept and helps break that down into smaller, less complex, more manageable and well documented work items, generally referred to as \u201cUser Stories\u201d that basically define a single thing an employee of a business, or a customer of that business needs to do during their day. As in, \u201cI want a button to show up on the website, and when I click it, it does X action for the user\u201d of course there\u2019s hundreds of examples as anything complex has many moving parts and operations. And then there\u2019s \u201cTasks\u201d within those User Stories that further breakdown each step in the process that needs to be completed. User Stories are also usually stored under an Epic (stores everything for a full project) or a \u201cFeature\u201d (a series of user stories that are required to complete a single function within an application). So, at this time it\u2019s hard not to bring up the idea of Scope, which is a measure of calculated effort and informed guesses at what individual pieces will need to be created\/accomplished to complete the project. These higher levels (Epic or Feature) are just ways to group the user stories.   So to actually answer the question, in a scrum, the scrum master is quickly getting an idea of how the defined sprints work is going and helping to communicate and hopefully stopping risks (possible things that could slow the project down or make completing the work more difficult) from becoming issues (work is already being affected from completing). Basically, the idea is to \u201ccontinuously improve\u201d and use failure as a learning tool to make adjustments within a project  That\u2019s a little more than Explain like I'm five years old, but that\u2019s the best I could do ha","labels":1,"seconds_difference":13024.0,"score_ratio":4.0}
{"post_id":"zkq4k2","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: In software engineering, what is a Scrum, and what useful purpose does it serve?","c_root_id_A":"j024k4l","c_root_id_B":"j013iv0","created_at_utc_A":1670944233,"created_at_utc_B":1670921373,"score_A":8,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"Scrum Master here.  Scrum is the whole process; you're most probably talking about the daily standup. The standup exists so that each member of the team can report on 3 things: 1) what they worked on yesterday, 2) what they plan to do today, and most importantly 3) what blockers they have if any. With that information, the scrum master can report status up the chain and\/or help the team member(s) get unblocked by getting them the assistance they need, or speaking to members of other teams, or even escalating up the management chain to make something that needs to happen, happen.  Scrum itself has other meetings that must happen regularly as well: The Sprint Planning meeting, the Retrospective, and the Demo are all required. If you're only doing morning meetings, you're not doing Scrum.","human_ref_B":"It\u2019s a process commonly used for managing work in large software projects. The basic idea is to break down a complex body of work into tiny pieces, assign them to different team members, work in short \u201csprints\u201d, and frequently sync on progress. The biggest change it brought to software development was that teams now aim to incrementally release their work every 2-4 weeks instead of much longer cycles of the past (measured in months or even years). The effectiveness of the process is frequently debated, but it is undoubtedly the most common way teams operate industry wide today.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":22860.0,"score_ratio":1.3333333333}
{"post_id":"zkq4k2","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: In software engineering, what is a Scrum, and what useful purpose does it serve?","c_root_id_A":"j024k4l","c_root_id_B":"j016k3x","created_at_utc_A":1670944233,"created_at_utc_B":1670924012,"score_A":8,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"Scrum Master here.  Scrum is the whole process; you're most probably talking about the daily standup. The standup exists so that each member of the team can report on 3 things: 1) what they worked on yesterday, 2) what they plan to do today, and most importantly 3) what blockers they have if any. With that information, the scrum master can report status up the chain and\/or help the team member(s) get unblocked by getting them the assistance they need, or speaking to members of other teams, or even escalating up the management chain to make something that needs to happen, happen.  Scrum itself has other meetings that must happen regularly as well: The Sprint Planning meeting, the Retrospective, and the Demo are all required. If you're only doing morning meetings, you're not doing Scrum.","human_ref_B":"Some good answers here, so won't regurgitate what's already been said.  Another way of looking at it is to assume you will make mistakes, as an individual or team. You can't eliminate mistakes, so look for feedback often. That can be feedback from your team mates, or the customer.  Once you think you have something the customer will be ok with, don't embellish it, get it out there and get more feedback.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":20221.0,"score_ratio":1.6}
{"post_id":"zkq4k2","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: In software engineering, what is a Scrum, and what useful purpose does it serve?","c_root_id_A":"j023kp6","c_root_id_B":"j024k4l","created_at_utc_A":1670943799,"created_at_utc_B":1670944233,"score_A":3,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"Used by second rate organisations to try and reduce software engineering to a factory role.  It spectacularly fails every time it puts non-technical staff in an organising\/management role.  Avoid! Avoid! Avoid!","human_ref_B":"Scrum Master here.  Scrum is the whole process; you're most probably talking about the daily standup. The standup exists so that each member of the team can report on 3 things: 1) what they worked on yesterday, 2) what they plan to do today, and most importantly 3) what blockers they have if any. With that information, the scrum master can report status up the chain and\/or help the team member(s) get unblocked by getting them the assistance they need, or speaking to members of other teams, or even escalating up the management chain to make something that needs to happen, happen.  Scrum itself has other meetings that must happen regularly as well: The Sprint Planning meeting, the Retrospective, and the Demo are all required. If you're only doing morning meetings, you're not doing Scrum.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":434.0,"score_ratio":2.6666666667}
{"post_id":"zkq4k2","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: In software engineering, what is a Scrum, and what useful purpose does it serve?","c_root_id_A":"j015qbj","c_root_id_B":"j024k4l","created_at_utc_A":1670923289,"created_at_utc_B":1670944233,"score_A":2,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"The previous responses are mostly all great examples, except for the obvious developer, that\u2019s also either had bad work experiences, or hasn\u2019t actually worked in agile, that finds them pointless.  I\u2019ll add to what\u2019s already been said by saying that, it\u2019s important to understand there are different ways to manage a project. If your team is doing scrums, then there is a scrum master that should be managing the project in what\u2019s called an \u201cAgile framework\u201d. This is one way to define what a project is, how to break out the different work items. And they also usually work with other project managers, or product managers\/owners (this is another role in agile projects with a specific knowledge on the platform, tool, or interface that\u2019s being used) and supports the higher up leaders in defining what work will be completed in each sprint. Sprints are defined as generally being between 2-4 weeks long. And they help create the structure for short \u201cbursts of work\u201d as another commenter said. This basically takes a complex concept and helps break that down into smaller, less complex, more manageable and well documented work items, generally referred to as \u201cUser Stories\u201d that basically define a single thing an employee of a business, or a customer of that business needs to do during their day. As in, \u201cI want a button to show up on the website, and when I click it, it does X action for the user\u201d of course there\u2019s hundreds of examples as anything complex has many moving parts and operations. And then there\u2019s \u201cTasks\u201d within those User Stories that further breakdown each step in the process that needs to be completed. User Stories are also usually stored under an Epic (stores everything for a full project) or a \u201cFeature\u201d (a series of user stories that are required to complete a single function within an application). So, at this time it\u2019s hard not to bring up the idea of Scope, which is a measure of calculated effort and informed guesses at what individual pieces will need to be created\/accomplished to complete the project. These higher levels (Epic or Feature) are just ways to group the user stories.   So to actually answer the question, in a scrum, the scrum master is quickly getting an idea of how the defined sprints work is going and helping to communicate and hopefully stopping risks (possible things that could slow the project down or make completing the work more difficult) from becoming issues (work is already being affected from completing). Basically, the idea is to \u201ccontinuously improve\u201d and use failure as a learning tool to make adjustments within a project  That\u2019s a little more than Explain like I'm five years old, but that\u2019s the best I could do ha","human_ref_B":"Scrum Master here.  Scrum is the whole process; you're most probably talking about the daily standup. The standup exists so that each member of the team can report on 3 things: 1) what they worked on yesterday, 2) what they plan to do today, and most importantly 3) what blockers they have if any. With that information, the scrum master can report status up the chain and\/or help the team member(s) get unblocked by getting them the assistance they need, or speaking to members of other teams, or even escalating up the management chain to make something that needs to happen, happen.  Scrum itself has other meetings that must happen regularly as well: The Sprint Planning meeting, the Retrospective, and the Demo are all required. If you're only doing morning meetings, you're not doing Scrum.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":20944.0,"score_ratio":4.0}
{"post_id":"zkq4k2","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: In software engineering, what is a Scrum, and what useful purpose does it serve?","c_root_id_A":"j024k4l","c_root_id_B":"j01xixg","created_at_utc_A":1670944233,"created_at_utc_B":1670941188,"score_A":8,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"Scrum Master here.  Scrum is the whole process; you're most probably talking about the daily standup. The standup exists so that each member of the team can report on 3 things: 1) what they worked on yesterday, 2) what they plan to do today, and most importantly 3) what blockers they have if any. With that information, the scrum master can report status up the chain and\/or help the team member(s) get unblocked by getting them the assistance they need, or speaking to members of other teams, or even escalating up the management chain to make something that needs to happen, happen.  Scrum itself has other meetings that must happen regularly as well: The Sprint Planning meeting, the Retrospective, and the Demo are all required. If you're only doing morning meetings, you're not doing Scrum.","human_ref_B":"Scrum is a framework for managing projects that emphasizes collaboration, flexibility, and continuous improvement. It is commonly used in software development, but can also be applied to other types of projects.   In Scrum, a project is divided into small, iterative phases called sprints. During each sprint, a cross-functional team works to complete a specific set of tasks and deliver a potentially shippable product. The team uses daily stand-up meetings, called \"scrums,\" to communicate with each other and stay on track. At the end of each sprint, the team reviews what they have accomplished and plans for the next sprint. This process is designed to help teams quickly adapt to changing requirements and make progress efficiently.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3045.0,"score_ratio":4.0}
{"post_id":"zkq4k2","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: In software engineering, what is a Scrum, and what useful purpose does it serve?","c_root_id_A":"j013iv0","c_root_id_B":"j02u9kc","created_at_utc_A":1670921373,"created_at_utc_B":1670954693,"score_A":6,"score_B":7,"human_ref_A":"It\u2019s a process commonly used for managing work in large software projects. The basic idea is to break down a complex body of work into tiny pieces, assign them to different team members, work in short \u201csprints\u201d, and frequently sync on progress. The biggest change it brought to software development was that teams now aim to incrementally release their work every 2-4 weeks instead of much longer cycles of the past (measured in months or even years). The effectiveness of the process is frequently debated, but it is undoubtedly the most common way teams operate industry wide today.","human_ref_B":"1. A religion consisting of a wide array of pointless meetings where money is burned in front of atlassian consultants. 2. Scrum generates revenue for consultants and gives management a convenient whipping boy for your projects failing.  e.g. you can say that the projects fail because you are still \"transitioning\" to agile.  note that your organization never actually becomes agile or does scrum correctly, because obviously if you did scrum correctly, then your project would have been successful.  It also allows for endless micromanagement and bikeshedding.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":33320.0,"score_ratio":1.1666666667}
{"post_id":"zkq4k2","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: In software engineering, what is a Scrum, and what useful purpose does it serve?","c_root_id_A":"j02u9kc","c_root_id_B":"j016k3x","created_at_utc_A":1670954693,"created_at_utc_B":1670924012,"score_A":7,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"1. A religion consisting of a wide array of pointless meetings where money is burned in front of atlassian consultants. 2. Scrum generates revenue for consultants and gives management a convenient whipping boy for your projects failing.  e.g. you can say that the projects fail because you are still \"transitioning\" to agile.  note that your organization never actually becomes agile or does scrum correctly, because obviously if you did scrum correctly, then your project would have been successful.  It also allows for endless micromanagement and bikeshedding.","human_ref_B":"Some good answers here, so won't regurgitate what's already been said.  Another way of looking at it is to assume you will make mistakes, as an individual or team. You can't eliminate mistakes, so look for feedback often. That can be feedback from your team mates, or the customer.  Once you think you have something the customer will be ok with, don't embellish it, get it out there and get more feedback.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":30681.0,"score_ratio":1.4}
{"post_id":"zkq4k2","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: In software engineering, what is a Scrum, and what useful purpose does it serve?","c_root_id_A":"j02u9kc","c_root_id_B":"j023kp6","created_at_utc_A":1670954693,"created_at_utc_B":1670943799,"score_A":7,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"1. A religion consisting of a wide array of pointless meetings where money is burned in front of atlassian consultants. 2. Scrum generates revenue for consultants and gives management a convenient whipping boy for your projects failing.  e.g. you can say that the projects fail because you are still \"transitioning\" to agile.  note that your organization never actually becomes agile or does scrum correctly, because obviously if you did scrum correctly, then your project would have been successful.  It also allows for endless micromanagement and bikeshedding.","human_ref_B":"Used by second rate organisations to try and reduce software engineering to a factory role.  It spectacularly fails every time it puts non-technical staff in an organising\/management role.  Avoid! Avoid! Avoid!","labels":1,"seconds_difference":10894.0,"score_ratio":2.3333333333}
{"post_id":"zkq4k2","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: In software engineering, what is a Scrum, and what useful purpose does it serve?","c_root_id_A":"j015qbj","c_root_id_B":"j02u9kc","created_at_utc_A":1670923289,"created_at_utc_B":1670954693,"score_A":2,"score_B":7,"human_ref_A":"The previous responses are mostly all great examples, except for the obvious developer, that\u2019s also either had bad work experiences, or hasn\u2019t actually worked in agile, that finds them pointless.  I\u2019ll add to what\u2019s already been said by saying that, it\u2019s important to understand there are different ways to manage a project. If your team is doing scrums, then there is a scrum master that should be managing the project in what\u2019s called an \u201cAgile framework\u201d. This is one way to define what a project is, how to break out the different work items. And they also usually work with other project managers, or product managers\/owners (this is another role in agile projects with a specific knowledge on the platform, tool, or interface that\u2019s being used) and supports the higher up leaders in defining what work will be completed in each sprint. Sprints are defined as generally being between 2-4 weeks long. And they help create the structure for short \u201cbursts of work\u201d as another commenter said. This basically takes a complex concept and helps break that down into smaller, less complex, more manageable and well documented work items, generally referred to as \u201cUser Stories\u201d that basically define a single thing an employee of a business, or a customer of that business needs to do during their day. As in, \u201cI want a button to show up on the website, and when I click it, it does X action for the user\u201d of course there\u2019s hundreds of examples as anything complex has many moving parts and operations. And then there\u2019s \u201cTasks\u201d within those User Stories that further breakdown each step in the process that needs to be completed. User Stories are also usually stored under an Epic (stores everything for a full project) or a \u201cFeature\u201d (a series of user stories that are required to complete a single function within an application). So, at this time it\u2019s hard not to bring up the idea of Scope, which is a measure of calculated effort and informed guesses at what individual pieces will need to be created\/accomplished to complete the project. These higher levels (Epic or Feature) are just ways to group the user stories.   So to actually answer the question, in a scrum, the scrum master is quickly getting an idea of how the defined sprints work is going and helping to communicate and hopefully stopping risks (possible things that could slow the project down or make completing the work more difficult) from becoming issues (work is already being affected from completing). Basically, the idea is to \u201ccontinuously improve\u201d and use failure as a learning tool to make adjustments within a project  That\u2019s a little more than Explain like I'm five years old, but that\u2019s the best I could do ha","human_ref_B":"1. A religion consisting of a wide array of pointless meetings where money is burned in front of atlassian consultants. 2. Scrum generates revenue for consultants and gives management a convenient whipping boy for your projects failing.  e.g. you can say that the projects fail because you are still \"transitioning\" to agile.  note that your organization never actually becomes agile or does scrum correctly, because obviously if you did scrum correctly, then your project would have been successful.  It also allows for endless micromanagement and bikeshedding.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":31404.0,"score_ratio":3.5}
{"post_id":"zkq4k2","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: In software engineering, what is a Scrum, and what useful purpose does it serve?","c_root_id_A":"j02u9kc","c_root_id_B":"j01xixg","created_at_utc_A":1670954693,"created_at_utc_B":1670941188,"score_A":7,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"1. A religion consisting of a wide array of pointless meetings where money is burned in front of atlassian consultants. 2. Scrum generates revenue for consultants and gives management a convenient whipping boy for your projects failing.  e.g. you can say that the projects fail because you are still \"transitioning\" to agile.  note that your organization never actually becomes agile or does scrum correctly, because obviously if you did scrum correctly, then your project would have been successful.  It also allows for endless micromanagement and bikeshedding.","human_ref_B":"Scrum is a framework for managing projects that emphasizes collaboration, flexibility, and continuous improvement. It is commonly used in software development, but can also be applied to other types of projects.   In Scrum, a project is divided into small, iterative phases called sprints. During each sprint, a cross-functional team works to complete a specific set of tasks and deliver a potentially shippable product. The team uses daily stand-up meetings, called \"scrums,\" to communicate with each other and stay on track. At the end of each sprint, the team reviews what they have accomplished and plans for the next sprint. This process is designed to help teams quickly adapt to changing requirements and make progress efficiently.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":13505.0,"score_ratio":3.5}
{"post_id":"zkq4k2","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: In software engineering, what is a Scrum, and what useful purpose does it serve?","c_root_id_A":"j02lo2z","c_root_id_B":"j02u9kc","created_at_utc_A":1670951477,"created_at_utc_B":1670954693,"score_A":2,"score_B":7,"human_ref_A":"Time boxed to 15 min meeting made up of development team and possibly others including PO, SM and to discuss the efforts made today and how they contribute to the sprint or board (kanban).","human_ref_B":"1. A religion consisting of a wide array of pointless meetings where money is burned in front of atlassian consultants. 2. Scrum generates revenue for consultants and gives management a convenient whipping boy for your projects failing.  e.g. you can say that the projects fail because you are still \"transitioning\" to agile.  note that your organization never actually becomes agile or does scrum correctly, because obviously if you did scrum correctly, then your project would have been successful.  It also allows for endless micromanagement and bikeshedding.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":3216.0,"score_ratio":3.5}
{"post_id":"zkq4k2","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: In software engineering, what is a Scrum, and what useful purpose does it serve?","c_root_id_A":"j02u9kc","c_root_id_B":"j02qiv8","created_at_utc_A":1670954693,"created_at_utc_B":1670953289,"score_A":7,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"1. A religion consisting of a wide array of pointless meetings where money is burned in front of atlassian consultants. 2. Scrum generates revenue for consultants and gives management a convenient whipping boy for your projects failing.  e.g. you can say that the projects fail because you are still \"transitioning\" to agile.  note that your organization never actually becomes agile or does scrum correctly, because obviously if you did scrum correctly, then your project would have been successful.  It also allows for endless micromanagement and bikeshedding.","human_ref_B":"A Scrum is a team meeting, just like a scrum in Rugby or a huddle in American football.    In software engineering, a scrum is a daily meeting for everyone on the team to be on the same page and be working together.   What did we say we were going to do during the last scrum? (And did we do it right?) What are we doing next? What\u2019s going to try to stop us from getting it done right? Ready? Break!!","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1404.0,"score_ratio":3.5}
{"post_id":"zkq4k2","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: In software engineering, what is a Scrum, and what useful purpose does it serve?","c_root_id_A":"j016k3x","c_root_id_B":"j015qbj","created_at_utc_A":1670924012,"created_at_utc_B":1670923289,"score_A":5,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"Some good answers here, so won't regurgitate what's already been said.  Another way of looking at it is to assume you will make mistakes, as an individual or team. You can't eliminate mistakes, so look for feedback often. That can be feedback from your team mates, or the customer.  Once you think you have something the customer will be ok with, don't embellish it, get it out there and get more feedback.","human_ref_B":"The previous responses are mostly all great examples, except for the obvious developer, that\u2019s also either had bad work experiences, or hasn\u2019t actually worked in agile, that finds them pointless.  I\u2019ll add to what\u2019s already been said by saying that, it\u2019s important to understand there are different ways to manage a project. If your team is doing scrums, then there is a scrum master that should be managing the project in what\u2019s called an \u201cAgile framework\u201d. This is one way to define what a project is, how to break out the different work items. And they also usually work with other project managers, or product managers\/owners (this is another role in agile projects with a specific knowledge on the platform, tool, or interface that\u2019s being used) and supports the higher up leaders in defining what work will be completed in each sprint. Sprints are defined as generally being between 2-4 weeks long. And they help create the structure for short \u201cbursts of work\u201d as another commenter said. This basically takes a complex concept and helps break that down into smaller, less complex, more manageable and well documented work items, generally referred to as \u201cUser Stories\u201d that basically define a single thing an employee of a business, or a customer of that business needs to do during their day. As in, \u201cI want a button to show up on the website, and when I click it, it does X action for the user\u201d of course there\u2019s hundreds of examples as anything complex has many moving parts and operations. And then there\u2019s \u201cTasks\u201d within those User Stories that further breakdown each step in the process that needs to be completed. User Stories are also usually stored under an Epic (stores everything for a full project) or a \u201cFeature\u201d (a series of user stories that are required to complete a single function within an application). So, at this time it\u2019s hard not to bring up the idea of Scope, which is a measure of calculated effort and informed guesses at what individual pieces will need to be created\/accomplished to complete the project. These higher levels (Epic or Feature) are just ways to group the user stories.   So to actually answer the question, in a scrum, the scrum master is quickly getting an idea of how the defined sprints work is going and helping to communicate and hopefully stopping risks (possible things that could slow the project down or make completing the work more difficult) from becoming issues (work is already being affected from completing). Basically, the idea is to \u201ccontinuously improve\u201d and use failure as a learning tool to make adjustments within a project  That\u2019s a little more than Explain like I'm five years old, but that\u2019s the best I could do ha","labels":1,"seconds_difference":723.0,"score_ratio":2.5}
{"post_id":"zkq4k2","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: In software engineering, what is a Scrum, and what useful purpose does it serve?","c_root_id_A":"j015qbj","c_root_id_B":"j023kp6","created_at_utc_A":1670923289,"created_at_utc_B":1670943799,"score_A":2,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"The previous responses are mostly all great examples, except for the obvious developer, that\u2019s also either had bad work experiences, or hasn\u2019t actually worked in agile, that finds them pointless.  I\u2019ll add to what\u2019s already been said by saying that, it\u2019s important to understand there are different ways to manage a project. If your team is doing scrums, then there is a scrum master that should be managing the project in what\u2019s called an \u201cAgile framework\u201d. This is one way to define what a project is, how to break out the different work items. And they also usually work with other project managers, or product managers\/owners (this is another role in agile projects with a specific knowledge on the platform, tool, or interface that\u2019s being used) and supports the higher up leaders in defining what work will be completed in each sprint. Sprints are defined as generally being between 2-4 weeks long. And they help create the structure for short \u201cbursts of work\u201d as another commenter said. This basically takes a complex concept and helps break that down into smaller, less complex, more manageable and well documented work items, generally referred to as \u201cUser Stories\u201d that basically define a single thing an employee of a business, or a customer of that business needs to do during their day. As in, \u201cI want a button to show up on the website, and when I click it, it does X action for the user\u201d of course there\u2019s hundreds of examples as anything complex has many moving parts and operations. And then there\u2019s \u201cTasks\u201d within those User Stories that further breakdown each step in the process that needs to be completed. User Stories are also usually stored under an Epic (stores everything for a full project) or a \u201cFeature\u201d (a series of user stories that are required to complete a single function within an application). So, at this time it\u2019s hard not to bring up the idea of Scope, which is a measure of calculated effort and informed guesses at what individual pieces will need to be created\/accomplished to complete the project. These higher levels (Epic or Feature) are just ways to group the user stories.   So to actually answer the question, in a scrum, the scrum master is quickly getting an idea of how the defined sprints work is going and helping to communicate and hopefully stopping risks (possible things that could slow the project down or make completing the work more difficult) from becoming issues (work is already being affected from completing). Basically, the idea is to \u201ccontinuously improve\u201d and use failure as a learning tool to make adjustments within a project  That\u2019s a little more than Explain like I'm five years old, but that\u2019s the best I could do ha","human_ref_B":"Used by second rate organisations to try and reduce software engineering to a factory role.  It spectacularly fails every time it puts non-technical staff in an organising\/management role.  Avoid! Avoid! Avoid!","labels":0,"seconds_difference":20510.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"zkq4k2","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: In software engineering, what is a Scrum, and what useful purpose does it serve?","c_root_id_A":"j01xixg","c_root_id_B":"j023kp6","created_at_utc_A":1670941188,"created_at_utc_B":1670943799,"score_A":2,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"Scrum is a framework for managing projects that emphasizes collaboration, flexibility, and continuous improvement. It is commonly used in software development, but can also be applied to other types of projects.   In Scrum, a project is divided into small, iterative phases called sprints. During each sprint, a cross-functional team works to complete a specific set of tasks and deliver a potentially shippable product. The team uses daily stand-up meetings, called \"scrums,\" to communicate with each other and stay on track. At the end of each sprint, the team reviews what they have accomplished and plans for the next sprint. This process is designed to help teams quickly adapt to changing requirements and make progress efficiently.","human_ref_B":"Used by second rate organisations to try and reduce software engineering to a factory role.  It spectacularly fails every time it puts non-technical staff in an organising\/management role.  Avoid! Avoid! Avoid!","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2611.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"zx5bpr","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.77,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do we lose unused muscle and not unused fat?","c_root_id_A":"j1zfqc2","c_root_id_B":"j1yqxcv","created_at_utc_A":1672241394,"created_at_utc_B":1672227538,"score_A":12,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"SUPER Explain like I'm five years old CLIFFNOTES:   Muscle takes a lot of energy to maintain, whereas fat is stored specifically to be used when necessary.  Also, yes you \u201close\u201d muscle but you don\u2019t \u201close lose\u201d it. If you increase protein intake and start applying resistance (working out\/rehabilitating it) it will come back extremely fast compared to when you first built it due to muscle memory.   A way to think of it is that: it\u2019s less that you lose it and more that your body decreases the size when you don\u2019t need it, but saves the \u201coriginal size\/strength\u201d so that you can \u201crelearn\u201d it all when you do need it.","human_ref_B":"Imagine you're managing a restaurant.   To keep the place in a good shape, you've got to manage your staff and your storage (among many other moving parts, obviously).  The building where you're renting has some additional space available on demand for storage purposes. Let's say you found an amazing deal on meat and want to purchase as much as possible and freeze it for later use. Of course you'll pay extra for upkeep, extra room and freezers and whatnot, but in the long run it'll turn into a hefty profit and could also potentially keep your joint afloat during a crisis where such good meat will be hard to come by. You don't want to have *way* too much stuff sitting around, but generally it's a good idea to stock up somewhat when times are good.  Now, with the staff it's a little bit trickier as you really don't want to be paying more workers than needed at any given time - so basically you're constantly juggling people trying to balance potential gains and losses. Again, it's always good to have an extra pair of hands in case it suddenly gets busy, but if you'll always have 10 waiters hanging out at all times when most days you only really need 2, you're gonna run out of resources very soon and cripple the whole operation.  In this scenario, your body is the restaurant and you, as the manager, are its brain; your storage is the fat and your staff is the muscle. A big, high-calorie meal seems like a great deal to your body, so it gobbles all the energy up and stores it as fat for later use - and it'll keep doing that automatically for as long as you keep offering it good deals due to our instincts and biology. As for your muscle, the more active and busy you are (exercise, manual labor), the more \"staff\" will get \"hired\" (muscle gain), but if you slow down, this additional \"staff\" will gradually get \"fired\" (muscle loss) to keep the overall expenses as low as possible.  TL;DR: Your body views fat as a surefire investment and your muscle as a non-recoverable expense. It wants to maximize the profits and minimize the costs because that's how it got wired to survive in the good old hunter-gatherer times.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":13856.0,"score_ratio":2.4}
{"post_id":"zx5bpr","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.77,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do we lose unused muscle and not unused fat?","c_root_id_A":"j1z5esf","c_root_id_B":"j1zfqc2","created_at_utc_A":1672236623,"created_at_utc_B":1672241394,"score_A":2,"score_B":12,"human_ref_A":"Because when you \"use\" a muscle, you're not using up the muscle.   When you \"use\" fat, you're using up the fat.  How your body uses these things is just completely different, like you using a sandwich vs using a coffee grinder.","human_ref_B":"SUPER Explain like I'm five years old CLIFFNOTES:   Muscle takes a lot of energy to maintain, whereas fat is stored specifically to be used when necessary.  Also, yes you \u201close\u201d muscle but you don\u2019t \u201close lose\u201d it. If you increase protein intake and start applying resistance (working out\/rehabilitating it) it will come back extremely fast compared to when you first built it due to muscle memory.   A way to think of it is that: it\u2019s less that you lose it and more that your body decreases the size when you don\u2019t need it, but saves the \u201coriginal size\/strength\u201d so that you can \u201crelearn\u201d it all when you do need it.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":4771.0,"score_ratio":6.0}
{"post_id":"4g40wq","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: A classic argument is: the universe can't come from nothingness, because something can't come from nothingness; Stephen Hawking says yes it can; Brian Greene says current theory states that nothingness is actually a type potential; doesn't that make nothingness something after all?","c_root_id_A":"d2edbgd","c_root_id_B":"d2ed5rt","created_at_utc_A":1461427824,"created_at_utc_B":1461427546,"score_A":143,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"So the problem here is that you're dancing around the semantic problem of defining \"nothingness\".  In physics, nothing is *nothing*: even empty space is a frothing sea of quantum foam with particles spontaneously popping in and out of existence constantly.  Inside the universe, there is no such thing as \"nothing\".  In that context, from what we think we might possibly know about \"before\" the universe, it's possible that our universe spontaneously sprang from \"nothing\" in the same way that particles out in empty space spring up from \"nothing\".  There might be a potential for universes to exist, and our universe is the result of that potential.  But that brings up another semantic point: what was \"before\" the universe?  Well, there is no \"before\", because time is a function of the universe.  You can't say \"before\" the universe because that requires a dimension of time that's moving in one direction.  Imagine a line starting at one point and going infinitely off in one direction.  What's on the line before it starts?  There *is no line* before the line starts.  We're using words and concepts that necessarily must exist within our universe and according to its rules to try to describe something that exists outside of those boundaries.  So there's going to be some places where the semantics just don't fit how we normally think of them.","human_ref_B":"In so far that a potential is \"something\". This is mostly just word play. Nothingness is still nothingness in the sense that it is the complete lack of anything. Even if that lack has the potential to become something, it is still nothing until its potential is realized.  To put it another way, if I am holding a ball in the air it has potential energy, but I wouldn't describe it as falling until I let it go.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":278.0,"score_ratio":23.8333333333}
{"post_id":"4g40wq","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: A classic argument is: the universe can't come from nothingness, because something can't come from nothingness; Stephen Hawking says yes it can; Brian Greene says current theory states that nothingness is actually a type potential; doesn't that make nothingness something after all?","c_root_id_A":"d2ed4pm","c_root_id_B":"d2edbgd","created_at_utc_A":1461427494,"created_at_utc_B":1461427824,"score_A":3,"score_B":143,"human_ref_A":"Well pure nothingness can't have potential, so if that's true than nothingness indeed is a bit more than it sounds like. However, once everything is accounted for, I'm pretty sure we could always say nothing exists, but since we can only perceive of 'things', 'no-thing' would be imperceptible. It really comes down to semantics.","human_ref_B":"So the problem here is that you're dancing around the semantic problem of defining \"nothingness\".  In physics, nothing is *nothing*: even empty space is a frothing sea of quantum foam with particles spontaneously popping in and out of existence constantly.  Inside the universe, there is no such thing as \"nothing\".  In that context, from what we think we might possibly know about \"before\" the universe, it's possible that our universe spontaneously sprang from \"nothing\" in the same way that particles out in empty space spring up from \"nothing\".  There might be a potential for universes to exist, and our universe is the result of that potential.  But that brings up another semantic point: what was \"before\" the universe?  Well, there is no \"before\", because time is a function of the universe.  You can't say \"before\" the universe because that requires a dimension of time that's moving in one direction.  Imagine a line starting at one point and going infinitely off in one direction.  What's on the line before it starts?  There *is no line* before the line starts.  We're using words and concepts that necessarily must exist within our universe and according to its rules to try to describe something that exists outside of those boundaries.  So there's going to be some places where the semantics just don't fit how we normally think of them.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":330.0,"score_ratio":47.6666666667}
{"post_id":"4g40wq","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: A classic argument is: the universe can't come from nothingness, because something can't come from nothingness; Stephen Hawking says yes it can; Brian Greene says current theory states that nothingness is actually a type potential; doesn't that make nothingness something after all?","c_root_id_A":"d2ed4pm","c_root_id_B":"d2ed5rt","created_at_utc_A":1461427494,"created_at_utc_B":1461427546,"score_A":3,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"Well pure nothingness can't have potential, so if that's true than nothingness indeed is a bit more than it sounds like. However, once everything is accounted for, I'm pretty sure we could always say nothing exists, but since we can only perceive of 'things', 'no-thing' would be imperceptible. It really comes down to semantics.","human_ref_B":"In so far that a potential is \"something\". This is mostly just word play. Nothingness is still nothingness in the sense that it is the complete lack of anything. Even if that lack has the potential to become something, it is still nothing until its potential is realized.  To put it another way, if I am holding a ball in the air it has potential energy, but I wouldn't describe it as falling until I let it go.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":52.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"4g40wq","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: A classic argument is: the universe can't come from nothingness, because something can't come from nothingness; Stephen Hawking says yes it can; Brian Greene says current theory states that nothingness is actually a type potential; doesn't that make nothingness something after all?","c_root_id_A":"d2ed4pm","c_root_id_B":"d2eglnf","created_at_utc_A":1461427494,"created_at_utc_B":1461433523,"score_A":3,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"Well pure nothingness can't have potential, so if that's true than nothingness indeed is a bit more than it sounds like. However, once everything is accounted for, I'm pretty sure we could always say nothing exists, but since we can only perceive of 'things', 'no-thing' would be imperceptible. It really comes down to semantics.","human_ref_B":"May I suggest an online lecture by Lawrence Krauss on this.   I can only paraphrase but I believe I remember him stating that 'Nothingness is inherently unstable'.  The arguement now is that the universe MUST come from 'nothing', there is always a potential.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":6029.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"4g40wq","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: A classic argument is: the universe can't come from nothingness, because something can't come from nothingness; Stephen Hawking says yes it can; Brian Greene says current theory states that nothingness is actually a type potential; doesn't that make nothingness something after all?","c_root_id_A":"d2eglnf","c_root_id_B":"d2edkqx","created_at_utc_A":1461433523,"created_at_utc_B":1461428286,"score_A":6,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"May I suggest an online lecture by Lawrence Krauss on this.   I can only paraphrase but I believe I remember him stating that 'Nothingness is inherently unstable'.  The arguement now is that the universe MUST come from 'nothing', there is always a potential.","human_ref_B":"The reality is that there's still a lot about our universe we simply still don't understand. In trying to explain the origins of the universe we know that matter and energy can't come from *true* nothingness so there must always be something preceding the perceived scientific start of everything. Taking the big bang as an example - we have ideas about what happened \"before\" the big bang, but we don't know for sure.      So in short - it's not wrong to say something can't come from nothing but often we find out what we perceive to be nothing actually ends up having something to it after all.      Hope that helps!","labels":1,"seconds_difference":5237.0,"score_ratio":3.0}
{"post_id":"1wdngt","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: When weather cancels 2800 flights, and 50k people are displaced, how to they all get back on schedule since so many of the flights for the next few days are already booked up?","c_root_id_A":"cf1958t","c_root_id_B":"cf11adi","created_at_utc_A":1390945763,"created_at_utc_B":1390930173,"score_A":540,"score_B":98,"human_ref_A":"Okay, I work for one of the three largest airlines in the world, have for a while in several capacities around the company and this is the best I can do here. There are (4) parts to this equation that all have separate solutions that work in concert to recover from Irregular Operations (IROPs in airline speak), these are:  (1)\tAircraft (2)\tCrews (Pilots and Flight Attendants) (3)\tPassengers (4)\tFacilities (kind of)  (1)\t Aircraft Aircraft in the modern day system do not always do what we call \u201clinear\u201d flying (flying Dallas-Austin-Dallas) etc all day from the same Hub.  Often they might go, Chicago-Austin-NYC-LAX-Chicago or some other combination of airports.  Instead of cancelling all of these flights, people who are called \u201cAircraft Routers\u201d will attempt to isolate the impacted airplanes to flights solely at the impacted Hub by re-routing aircraft throughout the system in a manner to pick up these other flights, and dropping other flights into the impacted area, thus mitigating the cascading effect of cancellations throughout the system. This allows the airline to have airplanes ready to go either in the Hub airport, or in the outstation (the destination city) ready to resume operations as soon as the issue is resolved (weather, technology outage, etc).  (2)\tCrews Obviously, Pilots and Flight Attendants are people too.  They are also nearly all union employees.  Each union has a contract that specifically governs how folks are scheduled to work during IROPS.  All airlines keep \u201creserve\u201d crews at their hub airports in case of delays\/cancellations to other flights, so that if a particular crew were supposed to change aircraft and were late, it would not impact the onward flight.  However, during IROPs there are too many flights for this to be a meaningful number.  Often times in the case of extended delays, flights will be pushed to cancel because the crew \u201ctimes out\u201d aka, they are no longer legally allowed to work the flight because after a certain point, they no longer have enough time in their legal \u201cduty period\u201d to complete the flight. In winter operations the impact of these legalities is mitigated by cancelling flights early, and then rerouting the crews in the same manner as the aircraft.  By cancelling the flights, instead of the crews burning their \u201cduty time\u201d at the airport waiting on a delay, they can report at the later, rescheduled time to operate their flights with little\/no worries.  (3)\tPassengers There are several methodologies that airlines use, but here is ours.  We have what we call an \u201cauto-rebook\u201d tool.  It takes passengers from the cancelled flights, looks at their Origin and Destination, and then puts them onto the next available flight\/flights between those points.  For example, if you had a ticket for a connection from NYC-Chicago-LAX, but the NYC-Chicago flight was cancelled, you may well be automatically put on the next direct flight NYC-LAX.  However, the reverse could also be true and the program could put you on a connection instead of waiting for the next available direct flight.  The order you rebook passengers varies by airline but generally it would be to rebook higher status passengers first, then the rest of the passengers either by A) the amount paid for the ticket, or B) when you checked in for your flight.  (4)\tFacilities I just needed to throw this in here briefly, for passengers and crews stranded overnight, airlines generally hold blocks of hotel rooms at many nearby hotels that they pay for in advance to have available in times like this.  However, and this is important unless your flight cancellation is the fault of the airline and not due to weather\/government etc, then they are not obligated to put you up in a hotel, but often they can get you a discounted rate.  Obviously, crew members are always supplied with a hotel on the company. In addition, while during IROPS runway constraints do play a factor, it\u2019s not usually a significant factor in the recovery of the operation because it limits both arrivals and departures, so it forces ongoing forward cancellations if you cannot get the airplanes into the airport.  Finally, I\u2019d just like to say that it is really only in the last 5 years or so that airlines have really gotten all the technological tools in order to properly manage this whole process and it should only get better for all involved going forward.  TL:DR = Airline employees work small miracles getting people to where they need to go.  Edit: Thanks for the gold my anonymous friend!","human_ref_B":"Variety of ways to do it.  Many of the times there isn't a straight 50K people trying to leave a certain place at a certain time for those exact moments.   Figured right off the top 50% is business travel and they just cancel the meeting they are going to and reschedule it for a few weeks down the road, make it a teleconference etc.  Another clump is probably people whos travel plans are flexible enough to wait it out a day or two, when extra sections are added (what someone mentioned already.) People who are going to visit auntie in Florida and don't have the restrictions of vacation time hotel rooms etc. You'd be surprised that is a large number of people  A small group of folks are people who wanted to change there plans anyways and the lifting of the fees, fare differences etc is actually a big help to them  Another smaller groups are the ones who say eff it and rent a car bus etc and drive to there final destination.   The rest get crammed into as many different flights on as many different days as possible, the airlines system gets stretched to the maximum to make up for the issues. It is also why airlines generaly scale back in Q1 to avoid such issues.  Regular old weather cancellations and delays are easy to deal with as most people are self sufficient enough to solve the riddle themselves. The real issue is when its around holidays or special events. Example is happening right now in NY\/NJ imagine a blizzard hit New York area on Friday. So many people are coming into and going out of the area that is the three airports shut down airlines would not be able to move enough peices to make it right by Sunday, hence why the cold weather super bowl is such a big story, not just for kick off but for the few days before and after.  It's why a lot fo times to see conventions and big events later in the year and if they have to be early in the year they are generally in nicer areas (So Florida, San Diego, Arizona etc)","labels":1,"seconds_difference":15590.0,"score_ratio":5.5102040816}
{"post_id":"1wdngt","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: When weather cancels 2800 flights, and 50k people are displaced, how to they all get back on schedule since so many of the flights for the next few days are already booked up?","c_root_id_A":"cf12qnv","c_root_id_B":"cf1958t","created_at_utc_A":1390933193,"created_at_utc_B":1390945763,"score_A":46,"score_B":540,"human_ref_A":"I work on some air traffic management systems. Air traffic is cyclical with a period of 24 hours, meaning there's a period (at night) where we have capacity for say 20,000 flights but there are only 3,000 (made up those numbers). So basically when demand exceeds capacity, the flights are pushed back until there's free capacity.  Edit: Airlines, not any FAA program, cancel flights. I imagine their choice between accepting the delay and canceling+rescheduling the flight is driven by whichever is cheaper for them.","human_ref_B":"Okay, I work for one of the three largest airlines in the world, have for a while in several capacities around the company and this is the best I can do here. There are (4) parts to this equation that all have separate solutions that work in concert to recover from Irregular Operations (IROPs in airline speak), these are:  (1)\tAircraft (2)\tCrews (Pilots and Flight Attendants) (3)\tPassengers (4)\tFacilities (kind of)  (1)\t Aircraft Aircraft in the modern day system do not always do what we call \u201clinear\u201d flying (flying Dallas-Austin-Dallas) etc all day from the same Hub.  Often they might go, Chicago-Austin-NYC-LAX-Chicago or some other combination of airports.  Instead of cancelling all of these flights, people who are called \u201cAircraft Routers\u201d will attempt to isolate the impacted airplanes to flights solely at the impacted Hub by re-routing aircraft throughout the system in a manner to pick up these other flights, and dropping other flights into the impacted area, thus mitigating the cascading effect of cancellations throughout the system. This allows the airline to have airplanes ready to go either in the Hub airport, or in the outstation (the destination city) ready to resume operations as soon as the issue is resolved (weather, technology outage, etc).  (2)\tCrews Obviously, Pilots and Flight Attendants are people too.  They are also nearly all union employees.  Each union has a contract that specifically governs how folks are scheduled to work during IROPS.  All airlines keep \u201creserve\u201d crews at their hub airports in case of delays\/cancellations to other flights, so that if a particular crew were supposed to change aircraft and were late, it would not impact the onward flight.  However, during IROPs there are too many flights for this to be a meaningful number.  Often times in the case of extended delays, flights will be pushed to cancel because the crew \u201ctimes out\u201d aka, they are no longer legally allowed to work the flight because after a certain point, they no longer have enough time in their legal \u201cduty period\u201d to complete the flight. In winter operations the impact of these legalities is mitigated by cancelling flights early, and then rerouting the crews in the same manner as the aircraft.  By cancelling the flights, instead of the crews burning their \u201cduty time\u201d at the airport waiting on a delay, they can report at the later, rescheduled time to operate their flights with little\/no worries.  (3)\tPassengers There are several methodologies that airlines use, but here is ours.  We have what we call an \u201cauto-rebook\u201d tool.  It takes passengers from the cancelled flights, looks at their Origin and Destination, and then puts them onto the next available flight\/flights between those points.  For example, if you had a ticket for a connection from NYC-Chicago-LAX, but the NYC-Chicago flight was cancelled, you may well be automatically put on the next direct flight NYC-LAX.  However, the reverse could also be true and the program could put you on a connection instead of waiting for the next available direct flight.  The order you rebook passengers varies by airline but generally it would be to rebook higher status passengers first, then the rest of the passengers either by A) the amount paid for the ticket, or B) when you checked in for your flight.  (4)\tFacilities I just needed to throw this in here briefly, for passengers and crews stranded overnight, airlines generally hold blocks of hotel rooms at many nearby hotels that they pay for in advance to have available in times like this.  However, and this is important unless your flight cancellation is the fault of the airline and not due to weather\/government etc, then they are not obligated to put you up in a hotel, but often they can get you a discounted rate.  Obviously, crew members are always supplied with a hotel on the company. In addition, while during IROPS runway constraints do play a factor, it\u2019s not usually a significant factor in the recovery of the operation because it limits both arrivals and departures, so it forces ongoing forward cancellations if you cannot get the airplanes into the airport.  Finally, I\u2019d just like to say that it is really only in the last 5 years or so that airlines have really gotten all the technological tools in order to properly manage this whole process and it should only get better for all involved going forward.  TL:DR = Airline employees work small miracles getting people to where they need to go.  Edit: Thanks for the gold my anonymous friend!","labels":0,"seconds_difference":12570.0,"score_ratio":11.7391304348}
{"post_id":"1wdngt","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: When weather cancels 2800 flights, and 50k people are displaced, how to they all get back on schedule since so many of the flights for the next few days are already booked up?","c_root_id_A":"cf1958t","c_root_id_B":"cf16893","created_at_utc_A":1390945763,"created_at_utc_B":1390940047,"score_A":540,"score_B":13,"human_ref_A":"Okay, I work for one of the three largest airlines in the world, have for a while in several capacities around the company and this is the best I can do here. There are (4) parts to this equation that all have separate solutions that work in concert to recover from Irregular Operations (IROPs in airline speak), these are:  (1)\tAircraft (2)\tCrews (Pilots and Flight Attendants) (3)\tPassengers (4)\tFacilities (kind of)  (1)\t Aircraft Aircraft in the modern day system do not always do what we call \u201clinear\u201d flying (flying Dallas-Austin-Dallas) etc all day from the same Hub.  Often they might go, Chicago-Austin-NYC-LAX-Chicago or some other combination of airports.  Instead of cancelling all of these flights, people who are called \u201cAircraft Routers\u201d will attempt to isolate the impacted airplanes to flights solely at the impacted Hub by re-routing aircraft throughout the system in a manner to pick up these other flights, and dropping other flights into the impacted area, thus mitigating the cascading effect of cancellations throughout the system. This allows the airline to have airplanes ready to go either in the Hub airport, or in the outstation (the destination city) ready to resume operations as soon as the issue is resolved (weather, technology outage, etc).  (2)\tCrews Obviously, Pilots and Flight Attendants are people too.  They are also nearly all union employees.  Each union has a contract that specifically governs how folks are scheduled to work during IROPS.  All airlines keep \u201creserve\u201d crews at their hub airports in case of delays\/cancellations to other flights, so that if a particular crew were supposed to change aircraft and were late, it would not impact the onward flight.  However, during IROPs there are too many flights for this to be a meaningful number.  Often times in the case of extended delays, flights will be pushed to cancel because the crew \u201ctimes out\u201d aka, they are no longer legally allowed to work the flight because after a certain point, they no longer have enough time in their legal \u201cduty period\u201d to complete the flight. In winter operations the impact of these legalities is mitigated by cancelling flights early, and then rerouting the crews in the same manner as the aircraft.  By cancelling the flights, instead of the crews burning their \u201cduty time\u201d at the airport waiting on a delay, they can report at the later, rescheduled time to operate their flights with little\/no worries.  (3)\tPassengers There are several methodologies that airlines use, but here is ours.  We have what we call an \u201cauto-rebook\u201d tool.  It takes passengers from the cancelled flights, looks at their Origin and Destination, and then puts them onto the next available flight\/flights between those points.  For example, if you had a ticket for a connection from NYC-Chicago-LAX, but the NYC-Chicago flight was cancelled, you may well be automatically put on the next direct flight NYC-LAX.  However, the reverse could also be true and the program could put you on a connection instead of waiting for the next available direct flight.  The order you rebook passengers varies by airline but generally it would be to rebook higher status passengers first, then the rest of the passengers either by A) the amount paid for the ticket, or B) when you checked in for your flight.  (4)\tFacilities I just needed to throw this in here briefly, for passengers and crews stranded overnight, airlines generally hold blocks of hotel rooms at many nearby hotels that they pay for in advance to have available in times like this.  However, and this is important unless your flight cancellation is the fault of the airline and not due to weather\/government etc, then they are not obligated to put you up in a hotel, but often they can get you a discounted rate.  Obviously, crew members are always supplied with a hotel on the company. In addition, while during IROPS runway constraints do play a factor, it\u2019s not usually a significant factor in the recovery of the operation because it limits both arrivals and departures, so it forces ongoing forward cancellations if you cannot get the airplanes into the airport.  Finally, I\u2019d just like to say that it is really only in the last 5 years or so that airlines have really gotten all the technological tools in order to properly manage this whole process and it should only get better for all involved going forward.  TL:DR = Airline employees work small miracles getting people to where they need to go.  Edit: Thanks for the gold my anonymous friend!","human_ref_B":"Flight attendant here. I was operating a flight earlier this month when all winter broke loose at Toronto Pearson and hundreds of flights were cancelled. Most people are rebooked the next day or subsequent days. Some choose alternate means of transport. Some fly with other airlines. We add routes and cancel lesser loads and send those planes to the needed airport. And finally, we sent a larger plane to do a clean sweep of the remaining guests. It's really hard to make it all work but it's part of the airline world. http:\/\/calgary.ctvnews.ca\/mobile\/westjet-rescues-passengers-stranded-by-eastern-deep-freeze-1.1633863","labels":1,"seconds_difference":5716.0,"score_ratio":41.5384615385}
{"post_id":"phck3v","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.75,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: what\u2019s the difference between the different varieties of toothpaste? For example, if I get extra whitening, am I not getting as much protection? Is there one type of toothpaste that\u2019s best for all?","c_root_id_A":"hbhjdou","c_root_id_B":"hbhiqb9","created_at_utc_A":1630699266,"created_at_utc_B":1630698980,"score_A":20,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"All you really need is a small amount of fluoride to help harden enamel and the rest is just a mild abrasive to help brush away deposits. Everything else is marketing. There\u2019s not much new technology in toothpaste so it\u2019s all personal taste.  Just regular brushing and flossing is all you need to keep good dental hygiene.   Two things I think are worthwhile:  ultrasonic electric toothbrushes. These seem very effective compared to  regular hand brushing.  Tongue scraper - just a simple cheap plastic one used daily helps with cleaning off deposits on your tongue and helps freshen breath.","human_ref_B":"Sometimes it's just marketing. Extra Whitening toothpaste is usually not recommended, though, since it is extra abrasive (helps clear stains away) and that can wear down enamel faster. But people buy it because they want to have extra whitened teeth.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":286.0,"score_ratio":2.5}
{"post_id":"1za6wf","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.68,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why do large commercial planes have two steering wheels and two pilots? How exactly does it help to have two people steer a plane at the same  time?","c_root_id_A":"cfruy8c","c_root_id_B":"cfrv2zu","created_at_utc_A":1393700047,"created_at_utc_B":1393700393,"score_A":8,"score_B":12,"human_ref_A":"As far as I know, there are two pilots A) So each pilot has a certain job and things run efficiently B) So if one pilot has like a heart attack or a stroke or something, the other can take over","human_ref_B":"Virtually all multi-seat planes have two sets of steering wheels; even the lowly Cessna 172.  Note that the controls *cannot* be used independently: moving one set of controls will also move the other set.  With those preliminary concepts aside, the basic answers are: redundancy and specialization. The co-pilot might perform special tasks to take some work off the pilot (radio communication, monitoring certain instruments, etc).","labels":0,"seconds_difference":346.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"1za6wf","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.68,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why do large commercial planes have two steering wheels and two pilots? How exactly does it help to have two people steer a plane at the same  time?","c_root_id_A":"cfruycl","c_root_id_B":"cfrv2zu","created_at_utc_A":1393700055,"created_at_utc_B":1393700393,"score_A":6,"score_B":12,"human_ref_A":"All complex systems rely on redundancy for reasons of safety.","human_ref_B":"Virtually all multi-seat planes have two sets of steering wheels; even the lowly Cessna 172.  Note that the controls *cannot* be used independently: moving one set of controls will also move the other set.  With those preliminary concepts aside, the basic answers are: redundancy and specialization. The co-pilot might perform special tasks to take some work off the pilot (radio communication, monitoring certain instruments, etc).","labels":0,"seconds_difference":338.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"pkqweg","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do some plants have poisonous berries if it's in the interest of the plant that the berries are eaten by animals and thus seeds are spread?","c_root_id_A":"hc5ccbm","c_root_id_B":"hc5cf24","created_at_utc_A":1631163194,"created_at_utc_B":1631163247,"score_A":1066,"score_B":6104,"human_ref_A":"Poisonous to what? If its just poisonous to humans, plenty of other creatures can probably eat it. Even if its just poisonous to all mammals, birds and reptiles could probably eat it.","human_ref_B":"Most plants aren\u2019t poisonous to all species so a plant that is poisonous to humans will still reproduce. Plant poisons are also many times effective on organisms such as microbes or fungi or insects, types of organisms that may eat the fruit but not do anything to spread the seeds. It could also be a defensive mechanism to protect the berries as they will ultimately drop to the ground if not eaten thus ensuring some seeds reach the ground. With evolution, it only matters that enough survive to reproduce. As long as the poison is not entirely detrimental it can\/will exist in a plant and may exist because of entirely random chemical reasons.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":53.0,"score_ratio":5.7260787992}
{"post_id":"pkqweg","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do some plants have poisonous berries if it's in the interest of the plant that the berries are eaten by animals and thus seeds are spread?","c_root_id_A":"hc5pakx","c_root_id_B":"hc5o222","created_at_utc_A":1631173938,"created_at_utc_B":1631172738,"score_A":387,"score_B":72,"human_ref_A":"As other explained - there's no \"universal poison\" that will kill everything.    Just to give you opposite example - coffee beans are extremely poisonous ... to insects. As humans we are so big that it only make our body a little bit more awake. You would need to drink 80-100 coffee cups for it to become dangerous, but to smaller critters like mice or dog it's actually poisonous in small doses.    Same for tobacco - it's a poison, but humans smoke and chew it without instant death.","human_ref_B":"Not poisonous per se, but hot peppers are a good example. Birds that eat the peppers tend to be fruit-eaters, the seeds pass intact through their digestive tract, and grow where the bird shits them out. Birds lack the ability to feel the burn from capsicum, so they don\u2019t realize it\u2019s a really hot pepper.  Rodents that would eat the peppers are seed-eaters. The fruit is irrelevant, they\u2019d chew through it to get at the seeds, and when they eat the seeds it\u2019s a loss for the plant - except the capsicum makes it painful to chew through the fruit.  \u201cPoison\u201d affects the critters which would eat the seeds, so they avoid the fruit. It doesn\u2019t affect the critters which eat the fruit and plant the seeds wherever they shit.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1200.0,"score_ratio":5.375}
{"post_id":"pkqweg","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do some plants have poisonous berries if it's in the interest of the plant that the berries are eaten by animals and thus seeds are spread?","c_root_id_A":"hc5o222","c_root_id_B":"hc5sss0","created_at_utc_A":1631172738,"created_at_utc_B":1631177445,"score_A":72,"score_B":136,"human_ref_A":"Not poisonous per se, but hot peppers are a good example. Birds that eat the peppers tend to be fruit-eaters, the seeds pass intact through their digestive tract, and grow where the bird shits them out. Birds lack the ability to feel the burn from capsicum, so they don\u2019t realize it\u2019s a really hot pepper.  Rodents that would eat the peppers are seed-eaters. The fruit is irrelevant, they\u2019d chew through it to get at the seeds, and when they eat the seeds it\u2019s a loss for the plant - except the capsicum makes it painful to chew through the fruit.  \u201cPoison\u201d affects the critters which would eat the seeds, so they avoid the fruit. It doesn\u2019t affect the critters which eat the fruit and plant the seeds wherever they shit.","human_ref_B":"In the case of the Yew tree, almost every part of the plant is highly toxic to most animals - the bark, roots, leaves, seeds. The only edible part is the fleshy berry around the seed.  In theory, a human can eat these berries so long as we don't chew the seed inside - mastication will ruin the seed from a propogation point of view and release the poison into the animal.  Over time, animals that chew their food, like most mammals, learn to avoid these berries. Birds however are fine, since the seed oasses through undamaged.  This is similar to capsaicin affecting mammals but not birds.  Those plants with berries that are not poisonous fall into 2 main categories. Those  with seeds robust enough to oass through most digestive tracts and those that have been selectively bred by humans to be less toxic (Tomatoes are a great example here)","labels":0,"seconds_difference":4707.0,"score_ratio":1.8888888889}
{"post_id":"2fbauo","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.69,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If I'm awake for a long period of time, what is this \"pulse\" feeling that starts in my head and travels down my spine when I finally close my eyes to sleep? When I go to bed after being up for, lets say 24 hours, I frequently experience this \"pulse\". It's like a shockwave that starts in my head and travels down my spine. On few occasions I can feel it in my legs. It's not painful but a little relaxing. It's not just me right?","c_root_id_A":"ck7s7f3","c_root_id_B":"ck7mav0","created_at_utc_A":1409721041,"created_at_utc_B":1409707433,"score_A":5,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"I've never gotten it just by falling asleep but the way you described it sort of sounds like ASMR.  There's a whole subreddit dedicated to posting videos that tend to trigger this sensation. The deliberate videos can be sort of weird but if you understand that they are meant to cause that pleasant sensation then you can see why people would put up with the weirdness...  \/r\/asmr","human_ref_B":"I do not know what it is but I experience so: waiting for an answer with you.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":13608.0,"score_ratio":1.25}
{"post_id":"vgf3of","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: why do the glass doors of washing machines extend so far inward? Wouldn\u2019t there be more room for clothes if the door was flat like a dryer?","c_root_id_A":"id1wasl","c_root_id_B":"id2a9k5","created_at_utc_A":1655728349,"created_at_utc_B":1655735668,"score_A":75,"score_B":255,"human_ref_A":"If you read the instructions, you're only supposed to fill it between half and 3\/4 of the way up (depending on which cycle you are using) and that is with the door open or closed. It sounds like you might be trying to overfill  The reason the door is curved, it to make sure that when the items spin around that they don't bounce inside of the door,  the shape is also used to drain the very last of the water out  (the majority of draining is through the holes in the drum, but when the clothes are being spun really fast, the curvature of the door collects the water and drips it down into the pump space","human_ref_B":"Yes there would be more room for clothes.  But if you used that room, the clothes would not come out as clean (because not as much water  per clothes).  So it's not \"wasted\" room.   Second, if it was flat (and about half full, like it should be), the clothes would not scrub against each other as well.  When the drum spins slowly, the idea is that the stuff at the \"top\" falls down, pushing new stuff to the top, which plops down.   This creates a turning over of the clothes which rubs them against each other.  With the dent, the clothes at the very front don't just fall to the bottom front.  They bounce off the dent and fall to the middle bottom. This causes a front-to-back agitation as well as the side-to-side agitation.  Which gets more scrubbing going.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":7319.0,"score_ratio":3.4}
{"post_id":"umgh2f","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.77,"history":"eli5 Where does all the extra money from fed interest rate hikes go? Especially regarding mortgage rates- folks are paying huge increases in monthly payments.  I'm assuming \"to the government\" but does it just get held somewhere?","c_root_id_A":"i81rwm6","c_root_id_B":"i81me6q","created_at_utc_A":1652189727,"created_at_utc_B":1652187073,"score_A":14,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"So many good answers here.   I'll add one thing.  Right now, banks are flush with cash and were lending it out very liberally. The FED would like to slow that down to stop inflation and make the economy slow down.    I tell my students the economy is like a car, and the car is overheating right now.     So when the FED \"raises interest rates\" one thing they are doing is paying private banks (like PNC or Chase) to keep money at the FED instead of lending it out. This is called \"Interest On Reserve Balances.\"    Now banks have to decided if they want to loan money to you at 5% which is a little risky (just a little, I'm sure) or put it in the FED for 1%, which is super safe.   This is all a bit new for the US.  Here is a little graph","human_ref_B":"So the interest rate they raised is what they charge Banks for loans.    This is the key part.  Banks take out loans so that they can loan out money to businesses and consumers.    The interest rates a bank pay on the loan they take out is different from what they charge people who get a loan from them.    They are tied together insofar as the bank still wants to make money,  so they charge their customers a higher interest rate than they are paying on their loans.    But this really isn't generating more money in interest payments,  unless you happen to already have a loan that had a variable interest rate.  But since commercial banks are now charging a higher interest rate, less business and people will be taking out new loans, which is the intended effect of raising the rates, to show down spending.     Most homeowners with a mortgage likely don't have a variable rate mortgage,  so their payments won't change.  Anyone with a variable rate mortgage will be paying more,  but that's the chance you take when taking out that kind of mortgage loan.  That extra money you pay goes to the bank like normal.  That's part of the Banks income stream.  Some of it may possibly go towards paying off any new loans the bank takes. But more likely it won't because the bank won't take out new loans until they loan out more money,  at which point they will be charging consumers a higher rate because they are paying a higher rate on their loan.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2654.0,"score_ratio":7.0}
{"post_id":"umgh2f","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.77,"history":"eli5 Where does all the extra money from fed interest rate hikes go? Especially regarding mortgage rates- folks are paying huge increases in monthly payments.  I'm assuming \"to the government\" but does it just get held somewhere?","c_root_id_A":"i81me6q","c_root_id_B":"i82jf30","created_at_utc_A":1652187073,"created_at_utc_B":1652200913,"score_A":2,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"So the interest rate they raised is what they charge Banks for loans.    This is the key part.  Banks take out loans so that they can loan out money to businesses and consumers.    The interest rates a bank pay on the loan they take out is different from what they charge people who get a loan from them.    They are tied together insofar as the bank still wants to make money,  so they charge their customers a higher interest rate than they are paying on their loans.    But this really isn't generating more money in interest payments,  unless you happen to already have a loan that had a variable interest rate.  But since commercial banks are now charging a higher interest rate, less business and people will be taking out new loans, which is the intended effect of raising the rates, to show down spending.     Most homeowners with a mortgage likely don't have a variable rate mortgage,  so their payments won't change.  Anyone with a variable rate mortgage will be paying more,  but that's the chance you take when taking out that kind of mortgage loan.  That extra money you pay goes to the bank like normal.  That's part of the Banks income stream.  Some of it may possibly go towards paying off any new loans the bank takes. But more likely it won't because the bank won't take out new loans until they loan out more money,  at which point they will be charging consumers a higher rate because they are paying a higher rate on their loan.","human_ref_B":"Haven't seen this in the other comments so far so just wanted to add that (in the US) most people's mortgage interest rates do not change from whatever it was when they got the mortgage. About 90% of US mortgages are FIXED RATE loans, meaning that your rate remains the same for the duration of the loan and is not impacted by the Fed's key interest rate or the current rate the bank is charging on new loans.  The other ~10% are ADJUSTABLE RATE mortgages and, as others have explained, the increased payments resulting from a rate increase would go to whoever holds the mortgage, not the Federal Reserve or the US Treasury.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":13840.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"umgh2f","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.77,"history":"eli5 Where does all the extra money from fed interest rate hikes go? Especially regarding mortgage rates- folks are paying huge increases in monthly payments.  I'm assuming \"to the government\" but does it just get held somewhere?","c_root_id_A":"i828yfr","c_root_id_B":"i82jf30","created_at_utc_A":1652196818,"created_at_utc_B":1652200913,"score_A":2,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"The mortgage rates are going up effectively because they're being driven up by competition.  The Fed interest rate is basically the \"most free\" money-  its super short term and almost impossible to default.  So every other interest rate goes up in return-  because why would you lend money to someone for a house at the same rate when there's some risk vs a bank to bank transfer that's basically guaranteed.  The money disappears because people can borrow less.  If you need to pay 1 percent interest on your million dollar home, it costs 10k to service.  That's the same as it costs to service a 2 percent interest rate on a 500k home, so taking principal put of the equation you can't borrow nearly as much.  In turn, the people selling those things start bidding down their prices because now the people buying their stuff can't afford it.","human_ref_B":"Haven't seen this in the other comments so far so just wanted to add that (in the US) most people's mortgage interest rates do not change from whatever it was when they got the mortgage. About 90% of US mortgages are FIXED RATE loans, meaning that your rate remains the same for the duration of the loan and is not impacted by the Fed's key interest rate or the current rate the bank is charging on new loans.  The other ~10% are ADJUSTABLE RATE mortgages and, as others have explained, the increased payments resulting from a rate increase would go to whoever holds the mortgage, not the Federal Reserve or the US Treasury.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":4095.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"3f6n2e","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.8,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Considering how many stars are out in space, why is it that we aren't constantly seeing supernovas in the sky? I understand that a lot of the stars we see today aren't there anymore, I just don't understand why we don't see supernovas very often","c_root_id_A":"ctlrjsu","c_root_id_B":"ctltcpj","created_at_utc_A":1438277879,"created_at_utc_B":1438280345,"score_A":3,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"We do see them pretty often, several a year in fact with today's technologies. There are lists online you can Google. We haven't had on in our own galaxy for quite some time though.","human_ref_B":"1) The number of stars we can see from Earth (especially with light pollution and other conditions) is not quite so large, especially considering how many stars we can **not** see.  2) Supernovae are not all that common. Only stars that are approximately 8 times as massive as our sun, or more, die as supernovae. This means that the proportion of all stars that actually become supernovae is low.  3) Most detected supernovae are too far and faint to be visible to the naked eye.   Bonus: check out this cool visual to get some idea of the frequency of supernovae detections in the nearby universe. http:\/\/w.astro.berkeley.edu\/~ishivvers\/sne.html  Source: I'm an astrophysics student who specializes in supernovae research.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2466.0,"score_ratio":1.3333333333}
{"post_id":"3f6n2e","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.8,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Considering how many stars are out in space, why is it that we aren't constantly seeing supernovas in the sky? I understand that a lot of the stars we see today aren't there anymore, I just don't understand why we don't see supernovas very often","c_root_id_A":"ctlrqj0","c_root_id_B":"ctltcpj","created_at_utc_A":1438278126,"created_at_utc_B":1438280345,"score_A":3,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"All of the stars you see in the night sky are relatively close to us. In fact, many if not all of them are still alive now, in all probability. Their distance is so close that you are seeing them hundreds to tens of thousands of years in the past. While that sounds like a big number, it's peanuts on the age of a star.   If you factor in supernova visible by telescope, then you can see much further and in fact we do see more common supernovae. Fritz Zwicky started organized supernovae hunts, and in their first survey, for instance, they found 12 in 3 years. And that was back in the 30's. More recently, the Lick Observatory has found around 100, our finding of them increases as our technology and capacity does.  But it's important to note that stars last a long time, and supernovae are still, relatively speaking, rare events.","human_ref_B":"1) The number of stars we can see from Earth (especially with light pollution and other conditions) is not quite so large, especially considering how many stars we can **not** see.  2) Supernovae are not all that common. Only stars that are approximately 8 times as massive as our sun, or more, die as supernovae. This means that the proportion of all stars that actually become supernovae is low.  3) Most detected supernovae are too far and faint to be visible to the naked eye.   Bonus: check out this cool visual to get some idea of the frequency of supernovae detections in the nearby universe. http:\/\/w.astro.berkeley.edu\/~ishivvers\/sne.html  Source: I'm an astrophysics student who specializes in supernovae research.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2219.0,"score_ratio":1.3333333333}
{"post_id":"3f6n2e","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.8,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Considering how many stars are out in space, why is it that we aren't constantly seeing supernovas in the sky? I understand that a lot of the stars we see today aren't there anymore, I just don't understand why we don't see supernovas very often","c_root_id_A":"ctltcpj","c_root_id_B":"ctlsr28","created_at_utc_A":1438280345,"created_at_utc_B":1438279516,"score_A":4,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"1) The number of stars we can see from Earth (especially with light pollution and other conditions) is not quite so large, especially considering how many stars we can **not** see.  2) Supernovae are not all that common. Only stars that are approximately 8 times as massive as our sun, or more, die as supernovae. This means that the proportion of all stars that actually become supernovae is low.  3) Most detected supernovae are too far and faint to be visible to the naked eye.   Bonus: check out this cool visual to get some idea of the frequency of supernovae detections in the nearby universe. http:\/\/w.astro.berkeley.edu\/~ishivvers\/sne.html  Source: I'm an astrophysics student who specializes in supernovae research.","human_ref_B":"supernova's are being detected now by freezing a 1,500Kg aluminum sphere (gravitational wave antenna)  to a temperature so low that we can detect the a change in movement of 10 to the minus 20 meters.  They use a sensor that can detect 10 to the minus 21 meters.  So they have a 1 order of magnitude level of measurement.  When a supernova implodes this sphere can measure the change in gravitational field.  Pretty crazy stuff.  This video explains it here near the end.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":829.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"3f6n2e","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.8,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Considering how many stars are out in space, why is it that we aren't constantly seeing supernovas in the sky? I understand that a lot of the stars we see today aren't there anymore, I just don't understand why we don't see supernovas very often","c_root_id_A":"ctlxzeo","c_root_id_B":"ctlsr28","created_at_utc_A":1438286831,"created_at_utc_B":1438279516,"score_A":3,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"Actually, we are, we see a handful each year.  It's just that the vast majority of them are so far away--mostly in other galaxies--that they're not visible to the naked eye, but astronomers see them all the time.  I myself saw a supernova in another galaxy through my 8\" scope once, which is pretty mind-blowing, if you think about it: I could see ONE STAR in a galaxy that was *millions of light years away* with a small amateur telescope.  Local supernovae are somewhat rare, the last one visible to the naked eye happened in 1604, the star was about 20,000 ly from Earth.","human_ref_B":"supernova's are being detected now by freezing a 1,500Kg aluminum sphere (gravitational wave antenna)  to a temperature so low that we can detect the a change in movement of 10 to the minus 20 meters.  They use a sensor that can detect 10 to the minus 21 meters.  So they have a 1 order of magnitude level of measurement.  When a supernova implodes this sphere can measure the change in gravitational field.  Pretty crazy stuff.  This video explains it here near the end.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":7315.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"3f6n2e","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.8,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Considering how many stars are out in space, why is it that we aren't constantly seeing supernovas in the sky? I understand that a lot of the stars we see today aren't there anymore, I just don't understand why we don't see supernovas very often","c_root_id_A":"ctlvirb","c_root_id_B":"ctlxzeo","created_at_utc_A":1438283331,"created_at_utc_B":1438286831,"score_A":2,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"> a lot of the stars we see today aren't there anymore      This is a misconception. From what I found, the furthest (individual^*) star visible to the naked eye is between 16.000 and 17.000 light years away. So the light of the star takes between 16.000 and 17.000 years to reach Earth. Stars have a lifetime of several million years (very big stars, this is considered a short life time) up to several billion years (like our sun). So it is rather unlikely that *many* or even *any* visible stars are already dead but their last light hasn't reached us yet.      We detect a number of supernovas, but usually in other galaxies. Those are bright enough to be visible to telescopes, but far to dim to be seen by the naked eye.      ^* I said individual star, because Andromeda, another galaxy, is visible to the naked eye. What we see is the combined light of billions of stars, but we can't see individual stars of it with the naked eye (But we have Hubble pictures showing individual stars!). it is 2.5 million light years away, so it is more likely that some of its stars, whose light we can see, are already dead.","human_ref_B":"Actually, we are, we see a handful each year.  It's just that the vast majority of them are so far away--mostly in other galaxies--that they're not visible to the naked eye, but astronomers see them all the time.  I myself saw a supernova in another galaxy through my 8\" scope once, which is pretty mind-blowing, if you think about it: I could see ONE STAR in a galaxy that was *millions of light years away* with a small amateur telescope.  Local supernovae are somewhat rare, the last one visible to the naked eye happened in 1604, the star was about 20,000 ly from Earth.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":3500.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"tzq9gg","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Eli5 How does cyanide kill you","c_root_id_A":"i41560r","c_root_id_B":"i41hggr","created_at_utc_A":1649510614,"created_at_utc_B":1649516160,"score_A":6,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"Cyanide blocks the last step in the krebs cycle for making ATP for the cells. Basically your body runs out of energy (ATP) and you die.","human_ref_B":"Nothing wrong with morbid curiosity, and sorry if this seems like an overreaction, but it needs to be said:  If your thoughts are dwelling on harming yourself or others, please don't. Instead, take advantage of a suicide\/crisis hotline or local crisis center. There's text chat options if you don't want to do it face to face. They can hook you up with pros and services that can help you get back on track where your main daily concern is in the realm of what toppings you and your housemates want on your pizza, rather than, like, how cyanide works.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":5546.0,"score_ratio":1.3333333333}
{"post_id":"tzq9gg","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Eli5 How does cyanide kill you","c_root_id_A":"i41560r","c_root_id_B":"i42otp4","created_at_utc_A":1649510614,"created_at_utc_B":1649533904,"score_A":6,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"Cyanide blocks the last step in the krebs cycle for making ATP for the cells. Basically your body runs out of energy (ATP) and you die.","human_ref_B":"Cyanide interferes with the Krebs cycle or cellular respiration in the mitochondria. This stops the conversion of glucose into ATP, the substance your cells use for energy. Since your cells only make enough ATP for 6 seconds at a time an interruption in the cycle is quickly fatal.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":23290.0,"score_ratio":1.3333333333}
{"post_id":"tzq9gg","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Eli5 How does cyanide kill you","c_root_id_A":"i42ihrv","c_root_id_B":"i42otp4","created_at_utc_A":1649531205,"created_at_utc_B":1649533904,"score_A":5,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"I saw it \\[just about\\] happen in a UIUC organic-chemistry lab, circa 1992.  Some second-tier slacker started pouring 'non-eco-friendly' reagents down the sink drain, like we were explicitly told not to, and the sink drains were all connected via common plumbing, and the poor nerdy Eastern-European kid on the end got a face-full \\[of potassium-cyanide-ish vapor\\] wafting out of the last drain in the sequence.  The physical symptoms are as described by other Redditors.  Victim started frantically gasping for breath, making a slight \\[very faint\\] wheeze, but from all visual indicators not getting any air or relief, as his face quickly red-purpled.  He started bending down 90 degrees at the waist, which was either increased exertion trying \\[ineffectually\\] to draw breath, or was muscular weakening, or perhaps both simultaneously.  It was difficult to watch.  Joffrey Baratheon's HBO death by asphyxia, \\~30 years later, was not dissimilar, just a few shades more purple.  I was a middling chem-engineering undergrad at that time -- I assumed that, like carbon monoxide, the substance had bonded to the bloodstream, inhibiting fresh oxygen, and\/or was settling heavily in the lungs.  This wasn't completely wrong, but the mechanism was more properly energy-depletion rather than O2-depletion.  It sure **looked** like suffocation.  \\[Yes, the kid survived.  They evacuated the lab, the grad-assistant applied some indicator-drops to the sinks in question, figured out what had happened, and back-briefed the class.  I know which student dumped the chemicals in question;  I saw him receive a severe talking-to, but, as far as I know, no further punitive or academic consequences were levied.\\]","human_ref_B":"Cyanide interferes with the Krebs cycle or cellular respiration in the mitochondria. This stops the conversion of glucose into ATP, the substance your cells use for energy. Since your cells only make enough ATP for 6 seconds at a time an interruption in the cycle is quickly fatal.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2699.0,"score_ratio":1.6}
{"post_id":"tzq9gg","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Eli5 How does cyanide kill you","c_root_id_A":"i42otp4","c_root_id_B":"i41o2q3","created_at_utc_A":1649533904,"created_at_utc_B":1649518859,"score_A":8,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"Cyanide interferes with the Krebs cycle or cellular respiration in the mitochondria. This stops the conversion of glucose into ATP, the substance your cells use for energy. Since your cells only make enough ATP for 6 seconds at a time an interruption in the cycle is quickly fatal.","human_ref_B":"Not eli5, but I really like this guy's explanations https:\/\/youtu.be\/c6i63BhBt5Q  But basically, it prevents your cells to produce energy they need to be alive. It shuts down the cells really fast. Faster in places that are constantly using high volumes of energy like the brain and heart.  Another thing is that when we think energy, we usually think in terms of macronutrients like carbs and fats. But a cell level, energy means ATP, that's a molecule constantly being produced (using carbs and fat, in a series of reaction) and used. It can not be stored. Cyanide stops the main production of ATP.  I guess anaerobic generation of ATP is not affected, but it also is not nearly enough for high active cells.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":15045.0,"score_ratio":2.6666666667}
{"post_id":"tzq9gg","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Eli5 How does cyanide kill you","c_root_id_A":"i41oci1","c_root_id_B":"i42otp4","created_at_utc_A":1649518968,"created_at_utc_B":1649533904,"score_A":4,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"Another thing to note: if you call the paramedics, their pulse ox sensor will read 100% oxygen. If you suspect cyanide poisoning, tell them!!! Same goes for carbon monoxide poisoning....you may be more flushed in CO poisoning, but sensors won't detect it.","human_ref_B":"Cyanide interferes with the Krebs cycle or cellular respiration in the mitochondria. This stops the conversion of glucose into ATP, the substance your cells use for energy. Since your cells only make enough ATP for 6 seconds at a time an interruption in the cycle is quickly fatal.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":14936.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"tzq9gg","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Eli5 How does cyanide kill you","c_root_id_A":"i42ihrv","c_root_id_B":"i41o2q3","created_at_utc_A":1649531205,"created_at_utc_B":1649518859,"score_A":5,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"I saw it \\[just about\\] happen in a UIUC organic-chemistry lab, circa 1992.  Some second-tier slacker started pouring 'non-eco-friendly' reagents down the sink drain, like we were explicitly told not to, and the sink drains were all connected via common plumbing, and the poor nerdy Eastern-European kid on the end got a face-full \\[of potassium-cyanide-ish vapor\\] wafting out of the last drain in the sequence.  The physical symptoms are as described by other Redditors.  Victim started frantically gasping for breath, making a slight \\[very faint\\] wheeze, but from all visual indicators not getting any air or relief, as his face quickly red-purpled.  He started bending down 90 degrees at the waist, which was either increased exertion trying \\[ineffectually\\] to draw breath, or was muscular weakening, or perhaps both simultaneously.  It was difficult to watch.  Joffrey Baratheon's HBO death by asphyxia, \\~30 years later, was not dissimilar, just a few shades more purple.  I was a middling chem-engineering undergrad at that time -- I assumed that, like carbon monoxide, the substance had bonded to the bloodstream, inhibiting fresh oxygen, and\/or was settling heavily in the lungs.  This wasn't completely wrong, but the mechanism was more properly energy-depletion rather than O2-depletion.  It sure **looked** like suffocation.  \\[Yes, the kid survived.  They evacuated the lab, the grad-assistant applied some indicator-drops to the sinks in question, figured out what had happened, and back-briefed the class.  I know which student dumped the chemicals in question;  I saw him receive a severe talking-to, but, as far as I know, no further punitive or academic consequences were levied.\\]","human_ref_B":"Not eli5, but I really like this guy's explanations https:\/\/youtu.be\/c6i63BhBt5Q  But basically, it prevents your cells to produce energy they need to be alive. It shuts down the cells really fast. Faster in places that are constantly using high volumes of energy like the brain and heart.  Another thing is that when we think energy, we usually think in terms of macronutrients like carbs and fats. But a cell level, energy means ATP, that's a molecule constantly being produced (using carbs and fat, in a series of reaction) and used. It can not be stored. Cyanide stops the main production of ATP.  I guess anaerobic generation of ATP is not affected, but it also is not nearly enough for high active cells.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":12346.0,"score_ratio":1.6666666667}
{"post_id":"tzq9gg","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Eli5 How does cyanide kill you","c_root_id_A":"i41oci1","c_root_id_B":"i42ihrv","created_at_utc_A":1649518968,"created_at_utc_B":1649531205,"score_A":4,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"Another thing to note: if you call the paramedics, their pulse ox sensor will read 100% oxygen. If you suspect cyanide poisoning, tell them!!! Same goes for carbon monoxide poisoning....you may be more flushed in CO poisoning, but sensors won't detect it.","human_ref_B":"I saw it \\[just about\\] happen in a UIUC organic-chemistry lab, circa 1992.  Some second-tier slacker started pouring 'non-eco-friendly' reagents down the sink drain, like we were explicitly told not to, and the sink drains were all connected via common plumbing, and the poor nerdy Eastern-European kid on the end got a face-full \\[of potassium-cyanide-ish vapor\\] wafting out of the last drain in the sequence.  The physical symptoms are as described by other Redditors.  Victim started frantically gasping for breath, making a slight \\[very faint\\] wheeze, but from all visual indicators not getting any air or relief, as his face quickly red-purpled.  He started bending down 90 degrees at the waist, which was either increased exertion trying \\[ineffectually\\] to draw breath, or was muscular weakening, or perhaps both simultaneously.  It was difficult to watch.  Joffrey Baratheon's HBO death by asphyxia, \\~30 years later, was not dissimilar, just a few shades more purple.  I was a middling chem-engineering undergrad at that time -- I assumed that, like carbon monoxide, the substance had bonded to the bloodstream, inhibiting fresh oxygen, and\/or was settling heavily in the lungs.  This wasn't completely wrong, but the mechanism was more properly energy-depletion rather than O2-depletion.  It sure **looked** like suffocation.  \\[Yes, the kid survived.  They evacuated the lab, the grad-assistant applied some indicator-drops to the sinks in question, figured out what had happened, and back-briefed the class.  I know which student dumped the chemicals in question;  I saw him receive a severe talking-to, but, as far as I know, no further punitive or academic consequences were levied.\\]","labels":0,"seconds_difference":12237.0,"score_ratio":1.25}
{"post_id":"tzq9gg","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.86,"history":"Eli5 How does cyanide kill you","c_root_id_A":"i41o2q3","c_root_id_B":"i41oci1","created_at_utc_A":1649518859,"created_at_utc_B":1649518968,"score_A":3,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"Not eli5, but I really like this guy's explanations https:\/\/youtu.be\/c6i63BhBt5Q  But basically, it prevents your cells to produce energy they need to be alive. It shuts down the cells really fast. Faster in places that are constantly using high volumes of energy like the brain and heart.  Another thing is that when we think energy, we usually think in terms of macronutrients like carbs and fats. But a cell level, energy means ATP, that's a molecule constantly being produced (using carbs and fat, in a series of reaction) and used. It can not be stored. Cyanide stops the main production of ATP.  I guess anaerobic generation of ATP is not affected, but it also is not nearly enough for high active cells.","human_ref_B":"Another thing to note: if you call the paramedics, their pulse ox sensor will read 100% oxygen. If you suspect cyanide poisoning, tell them!!! Same goes for carbon monoxide poisoning....you may be more flushed in CO poisoning, but sensors won't detect it.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":109.0,"score_ratio":1.3333333333}
{"post_id":"5mnprp","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why can phones make such a loud noise for an amber alert? Why can't they normally go this loud?","c_root_id_A":"dc4xttn","c_root_id_B":"dc4zjhv","created_at_utc_A":1483834323,"created_at_utc_B":1483836561,"score_A":157,"score_B":205,"human_ref_A":"Phones make a noise for an amber alert?","human_ref_B":"What you may be refering to is the Pitch Tone of the message. High pitch notfication sounds are going to sound higher than lower pitch ones.  When i get an amber alert, it uses a stock notfication sound not my normal one which is a higher pitch however it will not bypass my volume settings so that might be throwing you off  Also phone speakers can go higher then what they are limited to, The reason makers lock it is because it begins to become distored and thats not good for business.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2238.0,"score_ratio":1.3057324841}
{"post_id":"5mnprp","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why can phones make such a loud noise for an amber alert? Why can't they normally go this loud?","c_root_id_A":"dc4zm8c","c_root_id_B":"dc58mq4","created_at_utc_A":1483836659,"created_at_utc_B":1483848653,"score_A":26,"score_B":56,"human_ref_A":"Your phone can clearly go that loud because it makes that sound. But the sound level is unpleasant(music and video would sound horrible) and potentially damaging(your hearing) that app designers don't want that.","human_ref_B":"Amber alerts are designed with a few things in mind. One of those important things is to amplify the importance of a message being broadcast. in order to do so, the audio for the broadcast is fitted to the most sensitive spectrum of the average humans' hearing. this means that regardless of technical volume, the messages sent for an amber alert, or another alert, would be heard as louder due to their being within the most sensitive spectrum of the human ear.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":11994.0,"score_ratio":2.1538461538}
{"post_id":"5mnprp","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why can phones make such a loud noise for an amber alert? Why can't they normally go this loud?","c_root_id_A":"dc5e4xy","c_root_id_B":"dc5cilv","created_at_utc_A":1483858505,"created_at_utc_B":1483855179,"score_A":35,"score_B":25,"human_ref_A":"How else are you supposed to know to be on the lookout for a missing child (from a different city), at 2am while you're asleep in bed?  Obviously, it has to be loud enough to wake you up.","human_ref_B":"Assuming you're talking about the 'emergency alert system' tone (which is what my phone plays for amber alerts anyway) that sound is just two sine waves mixed together.  A sine wave is a pure sound consisting of just one frequency at a constant volume.  This will sound louder than music, which is a complex combination of many different frequencies.  Plus with music, the dynamics change over time, so the perceived average sound volume will be less than the maximum level the device is capable of playing.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3326.0,"score_ratio":1.4}
{"post_id":"5mnprp","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why can phones make such a loud noise for an amber alert? Why can't they normally go this loud?","c_root_id_A":"dc4zm8c","c_root_id_B":"dc5e4xy","created_at_utc_A":1483836659,"created_at_utc_B":1483858505,"score_A":26,"score_B":35,"human_ref_A":"Your phone can clearly go that loud because it makes that sound. But the sound level is unpleasant(music and video would sound horrible) and potentially damaging(your hearing) that app designers don't want that.","human_ref_B":"How else are you supposed to know to be on the lookout for a missing child (from a different city), at 2am while you're asleep in bed?  Obviously, it has to be loud enough to wake you up.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":21846.0,"score_ratio":1.3461538462}
{"post_id":"5mnprp","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why can phones make such a loud noise for an amber alert? Why can't they normally go this loud?","c_root_id_A":"dc5ijbx","c_root_id_B":"dc5j5lr","created_at_utc_A":1483870952,"created_at_utc_B":1483873048,"score_A":11,"score_B":12,"human_ref_A":"It really is kind of stupid. I had one go off at 2am the other night too.  Sure, I'll be on the lookout for that silver Tahoe in my bedroom, ill even check my closet for you just in case.","human_ref_B":"In a related question, why do I get an amber alert because a child 400 miles away from me was driven away with his or her biological father.  Is there some specific reason to believe most of these fathers are going to be driving straight through my town?  Have most of these fathers been charged with abuse or at least driving under the influence?  It all seems like the amber alert is becoming the allegorical \"boy who cried wolf\" if half of them are in no real danger at all.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2096.0,"score_ratio":1.0909090909}
{"post_id":"5mnprp","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why can phones make such a loud noise for an amber alert? Why can't they normally go this loud?","c_root_id_A":"dc5ewmp","c_root_id_B":"dc5ijbx","created_at_utc_A":1483860289,"created_at_utc_B":1483870952,"score_A":8,"score_B":11,"human_ref_A":"What is an amber alert?","human_ref_B":"It really is kind of stupid. I had one go off at 2am the other night too.  Sure, I'll be on the lookout for that silver Tahoe in my bedroom, ill even check my closet for you just in case.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":10663.0,"score_ratio":1.375}
{"post_id":"5mnprp","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why can phones make such a loud noise for an amber alert? Why can't they normally go this loud?","c_root_id_A":"dc5ewmp","c_root_id_B":"dc5j5lr","created_at_utc_A":1483860289,"created_at_utc_B":1483873048,"score_A":8,"score_B":12,"human_ref_A":"What is an amber alert?","human_ref_B":"In a related question, why do I get an amber alert because a child 400 miles away from me was driven away with his or her biological father.  Is there some specific reason to believe most of these fathers are going to be driving straight through my town?  Have most of these fathers been charged with abuse or at least driving under the influence?  It all seems like the amber alert is becoming the allegorical \"boy who cried wolf\" if half of them are in no real danger at all.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":12759.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"5mnprp","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why can phones make such a loud noise for an amber alert? Why can't they normally go this loud?","c_root_id_A":"dc5j7m6","c_root_id_B":"dc5ewmp","created_at_utc_A":1483873239,"created_at_utc_B":1483860289,"score_A":11,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"Lurker here, my apologies in advanced for accidentally breaking any rules.  It's because it's a continuous tone, non changing, meaning the driver\/speaker can focus uninterrupted at oscillating for that single note (I believe).  Now for the fun part:  About a year ago I was taking a communications class (core requirement), and it just happened to be with a professor that would royally hate people using phones in his class. Seemed like unjustified hate, considering the fact he'd go on about people wasting time distracting others by using cellphones when he'd take 15-20 minutes ranting about it with the entire class, making everyone uncomfortable by putting a college student on the spot.  Well, this particular instance we were taking a midterm... and the class was 40-50 people... The guy is sitting at his desk at the front of the classroom when suddenly at the end of the first row, a chick's phone starts playing the alert tone, REALLY FREAKING LOUD.  She quickly pulls it out and fumbles it as she frantically tries silencing it.  Guy looks up looking pretty annoyed, gets up and starts marching to her desk already ranting as to how her test is now invalid due to her \"inability to silence the device or turn it off.\"  Well, as he's about to arrive at her seat the electronic choir kicks in and you've got every single phone in the classroom buzzing the dissonant tune...  He panics and asks, \"What the hell is that? Are we being freaking invaded!?\"  Lmao, as you can imagine everyone started laughing. Turns out he didn't know AMBER alerts play a similar tone as the EAS. He gave the test back to the gal and sat his ass down, lol.  Edit: Tried answering the question this time.","human_ref_B":"What is an amber alert?","labels":1,"seconds_difference":12950.0,"score_ratio":1.375}
{"post_id":"op7bo3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Muscle Memory - what is actually happening on a cellular level? How is it that my fingers know where the keyboard buttons are without conscious thought?","c_root_id_A":"h63i7qp","c_root_id_B":"h63fu5s","created_at_utc_A":1626933230,"created_at_utc_B":1626931480,"score_A":140,"score_B":63,"human_ref_A":"Oh oh! This is really dumbed down because i no longer have  text book and it has been ages; but there is a portion of your brain that interprets where your body and limbs are in relative space at all times. Its how you can reach over and swat an ant crawling on you off without even looking. The sensation of touch on your leg has neurons firing into your brain and that location is attuned and you can reach over and flick away the bug.  Now muscle memory is just that. Your muscles being conditioned over time to do a series of movements when prompted. Its a conditioning so your brain doesn't have to work to do something. So there's also the development thing. When we are babies we don't realize objects are still there if they are removed from sight. But as we develope, we begin to realize \" the teddy bear isn't really gone forever.. It moved to behind dad's back.\" Well...in more babble terms of course. As we grow older and older we develope deeper thinking and memory. So, you are aware your car is still outside, what color it is, etc. You can recall all of this info now. A keyboard is much the same. We know its still there, unchanged as we look away, and as we memorize the keypad over time it becomes a significant memory, especially with extended and repeated use. We all start off with the chicken peck typing, and the learning curve varies, but you get the idea.  Then it all comes together. The sensation of the touch of our palm on the keyboard is sent to the brain, the brain recognizes where your fingers are in relative space, and you've memorized that the letter h is just to the left of your index finger, and an overly complex system of more neurons firing back and forth ensues as you reach over and type the letter h. In a matter of milliseconds! Uh.. Im not sure how well I did there. Psychology class was brutal.","human_ref_B":"Your fingers don't know. Your brain knows. It's just not an \"explicit memory\" but one in your subconciousness.  Your brain remembers the correct letter appears when your finger is in a certain position, and it's unnecessary to waste thoughts of your conscious mind on such details.  It's the same with riding a bike. Your brain knows to turn left you have to first steer right and then lean left. Everyone does it like that, but most people don't even notice it.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1750.0,"score_ratio":2.2222222222}
{"post_id":"op7bo3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Muscle Memory - what is actually happening on a cellular level? How is it that my fingers know where the keyboard buttons are without conscious thought?","c_root_id_A":"h63ndlk","c_root_id_B":"h63pduf","created_at_utc_A":1626937439,"created_at_utc_B":1626939235,"score_A":7,"score_B":13,"human_ref_A":"Muscle memory what I know is actually two different things in your body. One is in your brain and the other is in your muscle.  Starting with the muscle - The more you do one thing the more you body gets used to doing this thing. On the level of your muscles this can include building new nerves\/fibres or reinforcing the ones especially in use when doing a certain task. It also leads to the pathway from brain to muscle being more \"alert\" or \"effective\".  With your brain you can think of every action you take and think fires of multiple regions of your brain - those regions have to work together to make your body do what brain wants. A big part of muscle memory can be taught of being the brain learning that if you do A, you want to do B after, and C after that.  So you essentially train your brain for a sequence of tasks, the more you do this the more those pathways firing neurons in your brain gets used, the more they get used the more they get \"reinforced\" in your brain. You are physically making new connections and reinforcing connections in your brain when excising.   When you throw a ball not only does you brain now knows it should \"queue up\" a few tasks like Aiming, moving arm backwards, tensing up certain muscles and releasing at a certain interval.  I don't know medical terms etc so this is a bit dumbed down, but it's what I was taught in school :)","human_ref_B":"Procedural Memory is the 'wiring' in your brain which takes a simple command and efficiently executes in great detail without your consciousness having to micromanage. It's the difference between you getting into your car to drive to work today and your very first driving lesson. This miraculous wiring happens while you are sleeping. It takes the experience that you've accrued during the day and it makes new neural pathways, interconnects existing pathways and strengthens your most used pathways. While you are asleep your muscles are inhibited, this is to facilitate the rewiring and testing of these pathways. You dream which is essentially your brain producing test data to run through and test the new wiring.\r   \r   The result of which is that you now have a neural network which is setup to received sensory input and the most basic of conscious command and as those electrochemical signals run through and trigger those particular neural circuits those circuits in turn send signals onward to your spinal cord to trigger actual muscle movement. Bear in mind sensory data \/ stimulus is not limited to the \"five senses\" but also includes thermoception, itch, pressure, proprioception, tension, pain, equilibrioception, stretch, chemoreception, thirst, hunger, magnetoreception, chronoception and more.\r   \r   So you can think of it like when you send a parcel - all that the Consciousness has done is put a name and address on the parcel this then goes to the Procedural Memory to then look up the address on GPS and plot a route to get there, all the while receiving and responding to sensory data like where other cars are on the road, what the traffic lights are signally, condition of the road.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1796.0,"score_ratio":1.8571428571}
{"post_id":"4fb4kw","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.84,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: When out of the water, why do whales and dolphins need to be kept wet? Aren't they mammals who breathe oxygen?","c_root_id_A":"d27cmux","c_root_id_B":"d27ciqr","created_at_utc_A":1460974725,"created_at_utc_B":1460974279,"score_A":67,"score_B":10,"human_ref_A":"Their skin does not have UV protections or protective oils so they dry out quickly.   Their body heat regulatory systems are designed to dump heat into water, so they overheat when only able to dump heat in the much less dense air.   And most die from their organs being crushed by their own weight since they are designed for water to support much of their weight.","human_ref_B":"It's not so much that they need to be kept wet but that they need to be kept cool.  They are surrounded by layers of fat (blubber) to keep them insulated against the cold of the sea. Take them out of the sea and into sunlight and they can overheat very quickly.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":446.0,"score_ratio":6.7}
{"post_id":"um9mmv","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.7,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do we look for life on 'goldilocks' planets? I think the proper term is circumstellar habitable zone. If there is other life out there, why are we assuming that it'll have the same basic needs as our animals? The universe is seemingly infinite, and there's endless possibilities of what's out there, so why do we only consider planets that are the 'perfect' distance away from their star?","c_root_id_A":"i80di3z","c_root_id_B":"i80dv8v","created_at_utc_A":1652155084,"created_at_utc_B":1652155280,"score_A":25,"score_B":240,"human_ref_A":"While it is theoretically possible that there are other forms of life that don't require water, we have no idea how to even begin looking for those sorts of theoretical alien life forms. We do know how to find signs of water, and that water is key to life on Earth. That gives us a place to start looking.","human_ref_B":"It's a bit like looking for a doctor in a hospital. Any person could be a doctor; people wearing \"normal\" clothes could be a doctor coming on\/off their shift. But if you're looking for a doctor, you're going to run towards the person who's dressed in a white or blue coat (maybe with a stethoscope on their neck) because that's what you **know** doctors look like.  Likewise, any planet could harbor life. But we **know** that life can exist under the \"Goldilocks\" conditions, so we know that if we're looking there, we at least have a chance of finding it. We don't have the resources to look everywhere all the time, so we  have to prioritize where we have the best chances.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":196.0,"score_ratio":9.6}
{"post_id":"um9mmv","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.7,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do we look for life on 'goldilocks' planets? I think the proper term is circumstellar habitable zone. If there is other life out there, why are we assuming that it'll have the same basic needs as our animals? The universe is seemingly infinite, and there's endless possibilities of what's out there, so why do we only consider planets that are the 'perfect' distance away from their star?","c_root_id_A":"i80dv8v","c_root_id_B":"i80diqq","created_at_utc_A":1652155280,"created_at_utc_B":1652155094,"score_A":240,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"It's a bit like looking for a doctor in a hospital. Any person could be a doctor; people wearing \"normal\" clothes could be a doctor coming on\/off their shift. But if you're looking for a doctor, you're going to run towards the person who's dressed in a white or blue coat (maybe with a stethoscope on their neck) because that's what you **know** doctors look like.  Likewise, any planet could harbor life. But we **know** that life can exist under the \"Goldilocks\" conditions, so we know that if we're looking there, we at least have a chance of finding it. We don't have the resources to look everywhere all the time, so we  have to prioritize where we have the best chances.","human_ref_B":"It\u2019s really just a matter of looking for what we know. There\u2019s a high probability that life exists outside our habitable spectrum, but it makes sense from a resource perspective (ie, money) to first look for life in areas we know for certain can produce it.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":186.0,"score_ratio":60.0}
{"post_id":"um9mmv","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.7,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do we look for life on 'goldilocks' planets? I think the proper term is circumstellar habitable zone. If there is other life out there, why are we assuming that it'll have the same basic needs as our animals? The universe is seemingly infinite, and there's endless possibilities of what's out there, so why do we only consider planets that are the 'perfect' distance away from their star?","c_root_id_A":"i80dkr0","c_root_id_B":"i80dv8v","created_at_utc_A":1652155124,"created_at_utc_B":1652155280,"score_A":2,"score_B":240,"human_ref_A":"I think it\u2019s based on the fact that we are carbon life. So all the planets we see that we deem \u201chabitable\u201d is solely based off of that idea. Carbon based life nurturing habitats. I\u2019m sure scientist in that field probably dream of other elemental based life forms. It\u2019s also safe to assume, that since were carbon based, there\u2019s gotta be more similar to us as well.","human_ref_B":"It's a bit like looking for a doctor in a hospital. Any person could be a doctor; people wearing \"normal\" clothes could be a doctor coming on\/off their shift. But if you're looking for a doctor, you're going to run towards the person who's dressed in a white or blue coat (maybe with a stethoscope on their neck) because that's what you **know** doctors look like.  Likewise, any planet could harbor life. But we **know** that life can exist under the \"Goldilocks\" conditions, so we know that if we're looking there, we at least have a chance of finding it. We don't have the resources to look everywhere all the time, so we  have to prioritize where we have the best chances.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":156.0,"score_ratio":120.0}
{"post_id":"um9mmv","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.7,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do we look for life on 'goldilocks' planets? I think the proper term is circumstellar habitable zone. If there is other life out there, why are we assuming that it'll have the same basic needs as our animals? The universe is seemingly infinite, and there's endless possibilities of what's out there, so why do we only consider planets that are the 'perfect' distance away from their star?","c_root_id_A":"i80f74o","c_root_id_B":"i80diqq","created_at_utc_A":1652156007,"created_at_utc_B":1652155094,"score_A":18,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"We have concrete evidence of exactly one form of life - the carbon and water based life found here on Earth. This is the only form of life we can point to as proven possible. Every other form is theoretical.  And by theoretical, we mean \u201cmight be possible, but we don\u2019t have the means to prove it\u201d. Biological systems are so incredibly complex that we barely have the means to fully model carbon based life, and we are absolutely surrounded by it. The prospect of modeling a realistic, alternative form of life is beyond daunting. We\u2019re nowhere close to being able definitively prove if other forms of life are actually possible. In fact, the best proof of possibility might even be a real life specimen - that is, we might only know if other life is possible if we see it in the real world.   Because of this, we\u2019re looking at a lot of planets which  we are entirely uncertain of their ability to harbor life, and a select few planets which we know *can* harbor life, but might not. Taking a deeper look will be very expensive, so we\u2019re playing the probability game. Goldilocks planets may have, say, a 4% chance of harboring life. While other planets might have anywhere from 0% to 2% chance. With the resources we have, we\u2019re going to bet on the more likely option.","human_ref_B":"It\u2019s really just a matter of looking for what we know. There\u2019s a high probability that life exists outside our habitable spectrum, but it makes sense from a resource perspective (ie, money) to first look for life in areas we know for certain can produce it.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":913.0,"score_ratio":4.5}
{"post_id":"um9mmv","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.7,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do we look for life on 'goldilocks' planets? I think the proper term is circumstellar habitable zone. If there is other life out there, why are we assuming that it'll have the same basic needs as our animals? The universe is seemingly infinite, and there's endless possibilities of what's out there, so why do we only consider planets that are the 'perfect' distance away from their star?","c_root_id_A":"i80f74o","c_root_id_B":"i80dkr0","created_at_utc_A":1652156007,"created_at_utc_B":1652155124,"score_A":18,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"We have concrete evidence of exactly one form of life - the carbon and water based life found here on Earth. This is the only form of life we can point to as proven possible. Every other form is theoretical.  And by theoretical, we mean \u201cmight be possible, but we don\u2019t have the means to prove it\u201d. Biological systems are so incredibly complex that we barely have the means to fully model carbon based life, and we are absolutely surrounded by it. The prospect of modeling a realistic, alternative form of life is beyond daunting. We\u2019re nowhere close to being able definitively prove if other forms of life are actually possible. In fact, the best proof of possibility might even be a real life specimen - that is, we might only know if other life is possible if we see it in the real world.   Because of this, we\u2019re looking at a lot of planets which  we are entirely uncertain of their ability to harbor life, and a select few planets which we know *can* harbor life, but might not. Taking a deeper look will be very expensive, so we\u2019re playing the probability game. Goldilocks planets may have, say, a 4% chance of harboring life. While other planets might have anywhere from 0% to 2% chance. With the resources we have, we\u2019re going to bet on the more likely option.","human_ref_B":"I think it\u2019s based on the fact that we are carbon life. So all the planets we see that we deem \u201chabitable\u201d is solely based off of that idea. Carbon based life nurturing habitats. I\u2019m sure scientist in that field probably dream of other elemental based life forms. It\u2019s also safe to assume, that since were carbon based, there\u2019s gotta be more similar to us as well.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":883.0,"score_ratio":9.0}
{"post_id":"um9mmv","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.7,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do we look for life on 'goldilocks' planets? I think the proper term is circumstellar habitable zone. If there is other life out there, why are we assuming that it'll have the same basic needs as our animals? The universe is seemingly infinite, and there's endless possibilities of what's out there, so why do we only consider planets that are the 'perfect' distance away from their star?","c_root_id_A":"i80f74o","c_root_id_B":"i80dyhy","created_at_utc_A":1652156007,"created_at_utc_B":1652155330,"score_A":18,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"We have concrete evidence of exactly one form of life - the carbon and water based life found here on Earth. This is the only form of life we can point to as proven possible. Every other form is theoretical.  And by theoretical, we mean \u201cmight be possible, but we don\u2019t have the means to prove it\u201d. Biological systems are so incredibly complex that we barely have the means to fully model carbon based life, and we are absolutely surrounded by it. The prospect of modeling a realistic, alternative form of life is beyond daunting. We\u2019re nowhere close to being able definitively prove if other forms of life are actually possible. In fact, the best proof of possibility might even be a real life specimen - that is, we might only know if other life is possible if we see it in the real world.   Because of this, we\u2019re looking at a lot of planets which  we are entirely uncertain of their ability to harbor life, and a select few planets which we know *can* harbor life, but might not. Taking a deeper look will be very expensive, so we\u2019re playing the probability game. Goldilocks planets may have, say, a 4% chance of harboring life. While other planets might have anywhere from 0% to 2% chance. With the resources we have, we\u2019re going to bet on the more likely option.","human_ref_B":"We know for a fact that life can exist on planets in the Goldilocks Zone.    Source: You and I are alive.         We do not know if life can exist out side that zone.   We haven't found any yet.    So it makes sense to look at the places we know for sure life can exists first, then look in places we aren't sure about.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":677.0,"score_ratio":9.0}
{"post_id":"um9mmv","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.7,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do we look for life on 'goldilocks' planets? I think the proper term is circumstellar habitable zone. If there is other life out there, why are we assuming that it'll have the same basic needs as our animals? The universe is seemingly infinite, and there's endless possibilities of what's out there, so why do we only consider planets that are the 'perfect' distance away from their star?","c_root_id_A":"i80rw9u","c_root_id_B":"i80dkr0","created_at_utc_A":1652164260,"created_at_utc_B":1652155124,"score_A":3,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"**TLDR: There's not enough time and resources to check all the planets, so we check the ones most likely to have (our type of) life because (1) we know life can exist there AND (2) we'll recognize that life when we see it.**  >why do we only consider planets that are the 'perfect' distance away from their star?  Two main factors:  1. Because there's only enough telescope time to consider a tiny subset of known planets, so we prioritize looking at the ones where we **know** life could exist (because they have conditions like Earth), over ones where maybe some other form of life exists, or maybe not. 2. Because for any life that isn't like ours, how would we know what to look for? Or rather, **how would we even recognize sings of that life when we saw it**? Let's say there's silicon-based life out there that breathes out silicon dioxide instead of Earth's carbon-based life that breathes out carbon dioxide. But you know what else has silicon dioxide? Rocks, glass, and sand. So if we saw a far off planet with a bunch of silicon dioxide, we'd just assume it's a rocky barren planet - and completely miss discovering the RockBeings.  It boils down to \"you need to know what you're looking for\". We know what all the signs of life on Earth are, and by definition have no idea what other types of life would be made of, because we've never seen them before, so we couldn't recognize them as \"signs of life\" even if we *did* detect them.  Like, when you analyze a planet, best-case the spectrometer basically says \"here's a list of 118 chemicals detected in the air of that planet\". From that list, how do you know if there's life? Well, pretty much all you can do is compare the list to chemicals we know are made\/used by living thing on Earth. There may well be other life forms making other chemicals on that list, and no one is saying there isn't! It's just less likely to be found by us, so we prioritize elsewhere.","human_ref_B":"I think it\u2019s based on the fact that we are carbon life. So all the planets we see that we deem \u201chabitable\u201d is solely based off of that idea. Carbon based life nurturing habitats. I\u2019m sure scientist in that field probably dream of other elemental based life forms. It\u2019s also safe to assume, that since were carbon based, there\u2019s gotta be more similar to us as well.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":9136.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"um9mmv","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.7,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do we look for life on 'goldilocks' planets? I think the proper term is circumstellar habitable zone. If there is other life out there, why are we assuming that it'll have the same basic needs as our animals? The universe is seemingly infinite, and there's endless possibilities of what's out there, so why do we only consider planets that are the 'perfect' distance away from their star?","c_root_id_A":"i80dyhy","c_root_id_B":"i80rw9u","created_at_utc_A":1652155330,"created_at_utc_B":1652164260,"score_A":2,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"We know for a fact that life can exist on planets in the Goldilocks Zone.    Source: You and I are alive.         We do not know if life can exist out side that zone.   We haven't found any yet.    So it makes sense to look at the places we know for sure life can exists first, then look in places we aren't sure about.","human_ref_B":"**TLDR: There's not enough time and resources to check all the planets, so we check the ones most likely to have (our type of) life because (1) we know life can exist there AND (2) we'll recognize that life when we see it.**  >why do we only consider planets that are the 'perfect' distance away from their star?  Two main factors:  1. Because there's only enough telescope time to consider a tiny subset of known planets, so we prioritize looking at the ones where we **know** life could exist (because they have conditions like Earth), over ones where maybe some other form of life exists, or maybe not. 2. Because for any life that isn't like ours, how would we know what to look for? Or rather, **how would we even recognize sings of that life when we saw it**? Let's say there's silicon-based life out there that breathes out silicon dioxide instead of Earth's carbon-based life that breathes out carbon dioxide. But you know what else has silicon dioxide? Rocks, glass, and sand. So if we saw a far off planet with a bunch of silicon dioxide, we'd just assume it's a rocky barren planet - and completely miss discovering the RockBeings.  It boils down to \"you need to know what you're looking for\". We know what all the signs of life on Earth are, and by definition have no idea what other types of life would be made of, because we've never seen them before, so we couldn't recognize them as \"signs of life\" even if we *did* detect them.  Like, when you analyze a planet, best-case the spectrometer basically says \"here's a list of 118 chemicals detected in the air of that planet\". From that list, how do you know if there's life? Well, pretty much all you can do is compare the list to chemicals we know are made\/used by living thing on Earth. There may well be other life forms making other chemicals on that list, and no one is saying there isn't! It's just less likely to be found by us, so we prioritize elsewhere.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":8930.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"vanbys","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old - what causes that white build up you get in the corners of your mouth when it\u2019s dry?","c_root_id_A":"ic3gxl9","c_root_id_B":"ic45p60","created_at_utc_A":1655047514,"created_at_utc_B":1655058988,"score_A":33,"score_B":74,"human_ref_A":"It\u2019s fungal bacteria from dried saliva.   I researched \u201cAngular cheilitis\u201d yesterday and that fungal bacteria is one of the causes.","human_ref_B":"Saliva is composed of many things, but primarily, salts54032-9\/fulltext#:~:text=Saliva%20is%20composed%20of%20a,such%20as%20urea%20and%20ammonia.)  I would wager the mineral composition is likely what makes dried saliva white in color, as you are seeing the salts precipitate out of solution.   OP specifically asked about dryness, but many others have commented about infection or angular chelitis. Like other skin infections\/conditions, there are many causes of irritation, which is what angular chelitis is. This can range from oral thrush (yeast) to eczema, or viral causes like HSV to name a few. There are other sources of angular chelitis.   Without irritation or abnormal white buildup in the mouth, it's salt, folk.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":11474.0,"score_ratio":2.2424242424}
{"post_id":"vanbys","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old - what causes that white build up you get in the corners of your mouth when it\u2019s dry?","c_root_id_A":"ic3y47n","c_root_id_B":"ic45p60","created_at_utc_A":1655055484,"created_at_utc_B":1655058988,"score_A":34,"score_B":74,"human_ref_A":"i'm not a doctor but believe it's usually just dried saliva from dehydration and dry mouth.   but i guess it can be a symptom of a fungus infection","human_ref_B":"Saliva is composed of many things, but primarily, salts54032-9\/fulltext#:~:text=Saliva%20is%20composed%20of%20a,such%20as%20urea%20and%20ammonia.)  I would wager the mineral composition is likely what makes dried saliva white in color, as you are seeing the salts precipitate out of solution.   OP specifically asked about dryness, but many others have commented about infection or angular chelitis. Like other skin infections\/conditions, there are many causes of irritation, which is what angular chelitis is. This can range from oral thrush (yeast) to eczema, or viral causes like HSV to name a few. There are other sources of angular chelitis.   Without irritation or abnormal white buildup in the mouth, it's salt, folk.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":3504.0,"score_ratio":2.1764705882}
{"post_id":"vanbys","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old - what causes that white build up you get in the corners of your mouth when it\u2019s dry?","c_root_id_A":"ic45p60","c_root_id_B":"ic3zwt9","created_at_utc_A":1655058988,"created_at_utc_B":1655056311,"score_A":74,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"Saliva is composed of many things, but primarily, salts54032-9\/fulltext#:~:text=Saliva%20is%20composed%20of%20a,such%20as%20urea%20and%20ammonia.)  I would wager the mineral composition is likely what makes dried saliva white in color, as you are seeing the salts precipitate out of solution.   OP specifically asked about dryness, but many others have commented about infection or angular chelitis. Like other skin infections\/conditions, there are many causes of irritation, which is what angular chelitis is. This can range from oral thrush (yeast) to eczema, or viral causes like HSV to name a few. There are other sources of angular chelitis.   Without irritation or abnormal white buildup in the mouth, it's salt, folk.","human_ref_B":"I always have this problem. I\u2019m on meds that make my mouth dry. I drink sweet and sour beverages to help me","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2677.0,"score_ratio":37.0}
{"post_id":"vanbys","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old - what causes that white build up you get in the corners of your mouth when it\u2019s dry?","c_root_id_A":"ic3y47n","c_root_id_B":"ic3gxl9","created_at_utc_A":1655055484,"created_at_utc_B":1655047514,"score_A":34,"score_B":33,"human_ref_A":"i'm not a doctor but believe it's usually just dried saliva from dehydration and dry mouth.   but i guess it can be a symptom of a fungus infection","human_ref_B":"It\u2019s fungal bacteria from dried saliva.   I researched \u201cAngular cheilitis\u201d yesterday and that fungal bacteria is one of the causes.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":7970.0,"score_ratio":1.0303030303}
{"post_id":"vanbys","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old - what causes that white build up you get in the corners of your mouth when it\u2019s dry?","c_root_id_A":"ic3zwt9","c_root_id_B":"ic5b0av","created_at_utc_A":1655056311,"created_at_utc_B":1655078921,"score_A":2,"score_B":14,"human_ref_A":"I always have this problem. I\u2019m on meds that make my mouth dry. I drink sweet and sour beverages to help me","human_ref_B":"Dentist here. You have two types of saliva - mucoid saliva which is thick and ropey and serous saliva which is thin and watery. That sticky build up at the corners of your mouth is just an accumulation of mucoid saliva.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":22610.0,"score_ratio":7.0}
{"post_id":"1c8gt5","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: why is it that when I look to myself in the mirror I think \"damn I'm hot\" but when I see myself in pictures I seem to be comparatively uglier?","c_root_id_A":"c9e294p","c_root_id_B":"c9e44ys","created_at_utc_A":1365805966,"created_at_utc_B":1365811979,"score_A":147,"score_B":1118,"human_ref_A":"You're seeing, funny enough, a mirror image of yourself while at home. You're used to seeing your minor asymmetrical features on a certain side of your face in the mirror, so seeing them on the other side in a photo is unusual to you. Whereas everyone else in the world sees you the same way as a photograph, you have a \"backward\" view.","human_ref_B":"this comes up frequently around here and other parts of reddit.  Most cameras have a narrow focal length and it can distort the way your face looks, like so.  http:\/\/www.ontakingpictures.com\/postImages\/Mary_focallength1.jpg  http:\/\/stepheneastwood.com\/tutorials\/lensdistortion\/IMAGES\/strip1.jpg  When you look in a mirror you're seeing yourself as others see you, and not how a camera sees you.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":6013.0,"score_ratio":7.6054421769}
{"post_id":"1c8gt5","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: why is it that when I look to myself in the mirror I think \"damn I'm hot\" but when I see myself in pictures I seem to be comparatively uglier?","c_root_id_A":"c9e58er","c_root_id_B":"c9e294p","created_at_utc_A":1365815670,"created_at_utc_B":1365805966,"score_A":247,"score_B":147,"human_ref_A":"You're lucky. I see myself ugly in both.","human_ref_B":"You're seeing, funny enough, a mirror image of yourself while at home. You're used to seeing your minor asymmetrical features on a certain side of your face in the mirror, so seeing them on the other side in a photo is unusual to you. Whereas everyone else in the world sees you the same way as a photograph, you have a \"backward\" view.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":9704.0,"score_ratio":1.6802721088}
{"post_id":"1c8gt5","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: why is it that when I look to myself in the mirror I think \"damn I'm hot\" but when I see myself in pictures I seem to be comparatively uglier?","c_root_id_A":"c9e6iys","c_root_id_B":"c9e5wjy","created_at_utc_A":1365820082,"created_at_utc_B":1365817959,"score_A":80,"score_B":28,"human_ref_A":"\/u\/stoopdapoop has a really great answer, but I may be able to provide a reason from a different perspective.  I learned a while ago in my Intro Psych class that the more we see things, the more we tend to find them attractive.  With that being said, whenever you see yourself, it's almost always through a mirror.. And that's why you tend to find yourself more attractive when you look at your reflection in the mirror, as opposed to looking at yourself from a photo that's taken at an angle that you don't see yourself in.  Theoretically, even though you THINK you look ugly in photos, your friends might think you look attractive because they're more used to seeing you in that light.  I hope that made sense.. Unfortunately, I couldn't find any citations on this.. Hopefully somebody with an actual background in psychology can back this up\/debunk it.  Edit: \/u\/Nut_Cancer below found the wikipedia article referencing the thing I was talking about. It's called the [Mere-exposure effect](\/http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mere-exposure_effect).","human_ref_B":"Stoopdapoop has a great answer... but that's not the whole story.  The other part is that maybe you just don't know how to photograph well. Models, actors, and other camera personalities actually work to learn their angles. They figure out (usually with a coach) what body\/head positions and angles make them look the best on a camera. This is emphatically not the same thing as what makes you look good in day to day life. One of my best angles is one shoulder to the front, slightly down, with my head tilted a little bit down. In real life it looks (and feels) awkward. On camera I look like a badass.  There are some good general rules for this (standing side on with your arm pressed against your side makes your arm look fat. Duck face for better cheekbones. bend over a little to show some cleavage. That kind of stuff), but it is mostly individual. Best thing to do is to actually experiment with it... set your camera up on a tripod (or better yet, get a portrait photographer for a couple of hours!), and try to copy the face and body positions from a few magazine shoots of celebrities you think you look like, or just ones that you think look good. Most people manage to find 2 or 3 angles that just look great no matter what.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2123.0,"score_ratio":2.8571428571}
{"post_id":"1c8gt5","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: why is it that when I look to myself in the mirror I think \"damn I'm hot\" but when I see myself in pictures I seem to be comparatively uglier?","c_root_id_A":"c9e5wjy","c_root_id_B":"c9e7s1e","created_at_utc_A":1365817959,"created_at_utc_B":1365824433,"score_A":28,"score_B":45,"human_ref_A":"Stoopdapoop has a great answer... but that's not the whole story.  The other part is that maybe you just don't know how to photograph well. Models, actors, and other camera personalities actually work to learn their angles. They figure out (usually with a coach) what body\/head positions and angles make them look the best on a camera. This is emphatically not the same thing as what makes you look good in day to day life. One of my best angles is one shoulder to the front, slightly down, with my head tilted a little bit down. In real life it looks (and feels) awkward. On camera I look like a badass.  There are some good general rules for this (standing side on with your arm pressed against your side makes your arm look fat. Duck face for better cheekbones. bend over a little to show some cleavage. That kind of stuff), but it is mostly individual. Best thing to do is to actually experiment with it... set your camera up on a tripod (or better yet, get a portrait photographer for a couple of hours!), and try to copy the face and body positions from a few magazine shoots of celebrities you think you look like, or just ones that you think look good. Most people manage to find 2 or 3 angles that just look great no matter what.","human_ref_B":"The worst is when you think aw yeah lookin' good let's capture this shit and update the ol' profile pic.  And then you go into photobooth and it takes a picture and you just close the laptop.  fucking photobooth.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":6474.0,"score_ratio":1.6071428571}
{"post_id":"5mz8bg","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.71,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does coloring one spot on a piece of paper with many colors make it look black when black is the absence of color","c_root_id_A":"dc7fgf7","c_root_id_B":"dc7fdyw","created_at_utc_A":1483985810,"created_at_utc_B":1483985733,"score_A":32,"score_B":7,"human_ref_A":"when something looks like it has some colour, it is because it reflects visible light of that respective wavelength - and ABSORBS all the rest. It only reflects what it cant \"eat\". When you mix the different pigments, they just eat and eat and eat and dont end up reflecting anything, because everything was absorbed by something.   Its like if you had a dog and fed it hay and meat, the hay wouldnt disappear. If you had a cow and fed it hay and meat, the meat wouldnt disappear. Dog \"reflects\" hay and cow \"reflects\" meat. But if you had a dog and a cow together and would feed them hay and meat, both would disappear.  By combining them, you combine their \"absorption\", because thats what actually allows the \"reflection\" to occour, which is the result - lack of food or colour.","human_ref_B":"Black is not the absence of color. Black is the way we perceive the absence of light. If you saturate the paper with lots of different pigments that each absorb a certain range of light, then very little light will be reflected from that spot and we perceive it as black.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":77.0,"score_ratio":4.5714285714}
{"post_id":"q8q9y3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why is ancient Mesopotamia described as a lush land but (the most equivalent) modern Iraq is mostly desert? I've never been to Iraq and I know that the two regions don't exactly overlap, but still I'm surprised that a country that today is described as mostly desert in the past was the perfect area for agriculture and human wellbeing.","c_root_id_A":"hgr3q0h","c_root_id_B":"hgqxgk7","created_at_utc_A":1634313618,"created_at_utc_B":1634311054,"score_A":159,"score_B":15,"human_ref_A":"The stuff others have mentioned about Iraq having more farmland than you think and the rivers being lush and the climate changing are all true, but wanted to add two more things:   One, ancient irrigation systems led to a problem.  The water carried a minute amount of salt.  As the water in the irrigation canals baked under the sun and evaporated, that salt was deposited in the soil.  Over time, the soil and the water in the canals became saltier and less suitable for growing crops.  This led in part to the collapse of several mesopotamian civilizations.  Obviously the soil has had time to recover, but this also happens cyclically to a lesser extent into the middle ages.  And areas abandoned then sometimes were swallowed up by desert and never returned to agricultural use.  Secondly, some of the most fertile land in the region was destroyed by the administration of Saddam Hussein.  The incredibly lush wetlands in the south of Iraq near where the Sumerian civilization grew were drained by Hussein as part of an ethnic cleansing campaign against the people who lived in the marshes there.","human_ref_B":"The region around the river where most people lived is lush, while the region where less people lived is a desert. Just like in the US west coast you have desert and non desert part.  Marshes, Flood Plain, Mountain covered in plants, etc. Iraq today is a lush land if you don't go in the desertic parts.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2564.0,"score_ratio":10.6}
{"post_id":"q8q9y3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why is ancient Mesopotamia described as a lush land but (the most equivalent) modern Iraq is mostly desert? I've never been to Iraq and I know that the two regions don't exactly overlap, but still I'm surprised that a country that today is described as mostly desert in the past was the perfect area for agriculture and human wellbeing.","c_root_id_A":"hgqxixp","c_root_id_B":"hgr3q0h","created_at_utc_A":1634311082,"created_at_utc_B":1634313618,"score_A":10,"score_B":159,"human_ref_A":"Just to be clear, there is quite a bit of desert, but it's not all desert. There's still quite a bit of lush arable land along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.  A lot more of the land used to be lush wetlands, but has dried up within the last century. The reason for the change though is that in the 20th century, countries like Turkey, Syria, and Iraq starting building large numbers of dams for electricity and to divert water for agricultural use. This left the wetlands to dry up to a substantial degree.","human_ref_B":"The stuff others have mentioned about Iraq having more farmland than you think and the rivers being lush and the climate changing are all true, but wanted to add two more things:   One, ancient irrigation systems led to a problem.  The water carried a minute amount of salt.  As the water in the irrigation canals baked under the sun and evaporated, that salt was deposited in the soil.  Over time, the soil and the water in the canals became saltier and less suitable for growing crops.  This led in part to the collapse of several mesopotamian civilizations.  Obviously the soil has had time to recover, but this also happens cyclically to a lesser extent into the middle ages.  And areas abandoned then sometimes were swallowed up by desert and never returned to agricultural use.  Secondly, some of the most fertile land in the region was destroyed by the administration of Saddam Hussein.  The incredibly lush wetlands in the south of Iraq near where the Sumerian civilization grew were drained by Hussein as part of an ethnic cleansing campaign against the people who lived in the marshes there.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2536.0,"score_ratio":15.9}
{"post_id":"q8q9y3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why is ancient Mesopotamia described as a lush land but (the most equivalent) modern Iraq is mostly desert? I've never been to Iraq and I know that the two regions don't exactly overlap, but still I'm surprised that a country that today is described as mostly desert in the past was the perfect area for agriculture and human wellbeing.","c_root_id_A":"hgr3q0h","c_root_id_B":"hgqwkrz","created_at_utc_A":1634313618,"created_at_utc_B":1634310681,"score_A":159,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"The stuff others have mentioned about Iraq having more farmland than you think and the rivers being lush and the climate changing are all true, but wanted to add two more things:   One, ancient irrigation systems led to a problem.  The water carried a minute amount of salt.  As the water in the irrigation canals baked under the sun and evaporated, that salt was deposited in the soil.  Over time, the soil and the water in the canals became saltier and less suitable for growing crops.  This led in part to the collapse of several mesopotamian civilizations.  Obviously the soil has had time to recover, but this also happens cyclically to a lesser extent into the middle ages.  And areas abandoned then sometimes were swallowed up by desert and never returned to agricultural use.  Secondly, some of the most fertile land in the region was destroyed by the administration of Saddam Hussein.  The incredibly lush wetlands in the south of Iraq near where the Sumerian civilization grew were drained by Hussein as part of an ethnic cleansing campaign against the people who lived in the marshes there.","human_ref_B":"In one word: irrigation.   Ancient Mesopotamia was fertile (and later became barren) because of a system of irrigation canals leading water from their rivers - plural - to their fields.   Those irrigation canals later fell into disuse and weren't maintained.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2937.0,"score_ratio":53.0}
{"post_id":"q8q9y3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why is ancient Mesopotamia described as a lush land but (the most equivalent) modern Iraq is mostly desert? I've never been to Iraq and I know that the two regions don't exactly overlap, but still I'm surprised that a country that today is described as mostly desert in the past was the perfect area for agriculture and human wellbeing.","c_root_id_A":"hgqxgk7","c_root_id_B":"hgqwkrz","created_at_utc_A":1634311054,"created_at_utc_B":1634310681,"score_A":15,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"The region around the river where most people lived is lush, while the region where less people lived is a desert. Just like in the US west coast you have desert and non desert part.  Marshes, Flood Plain, Mountain covered in plants, etc. Iraq today is a lush land if you don't go in the desertic parts.","human_ref_B":"In one word: irrigation.   Ancient Mesopotamia was fertile (and later became barren) because of a system of irrigation canals leading water from their rivers - plural - to their fields.   Those irrigation canals later fell into disuse and weren't maintained.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":373.0,"score_ratio":5.0}
{"post_id":"q8q9y3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why is ancient Mesopotamia described as a lush land but (the most equivalent) modern Iraq is mostly desert? I've never been to Iraq and I know that the two regions don't exactly overlap, but still I'm surprised that a country that today is described as mostly desert in the past was the perfect area for agriculture and human wellbeing.","c_root_id_A":"hgqwkrz","c_root_id_B":"hgqxixp","created_at_utc_A":1634310681,"created_at_utc_B":1634311082,"score_A":3,"score_B":10,"human_ref_A":"In one word: irrigation.   Ancient Mesopotamia was fertile (and later became barren) because of a system of irrigation canals leading water from their rivers - plural - to their fields.   Those irrigation canals later fell into disuse and weren't maintained.","human_ref_B":"Just to be clear, there is quite a bit of desert, but it's not all desert. There's still quite a bit of lush arable land along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.  A lot more of the land used to be lush wetlands, but has dried up within the last century. The reason for the change though is that in the 20th century, countries like Turkey, Syria, and Iraq starting building large numbers of dams for electricity and to divert water for agricultural use. This left the wetlands to dry up to a substantial degree.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":401.0,"score_ratio":3.3333333333}
{"post_id":"q8q9y3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why is ancient Mesopotamia described as a lush land but (the most equivalent) modern Iraq is mostly desert? I've never been to Iraq and I know that the two regions don't exactly overlap, but still I'm surprised that a country that today is described as mostly desert in the past was the perfect area for agriculture and human wellbeing.","c_root_id_A":"hgriu36","c_root_id_B":"hgqwkrz","created_at_utc_A":1634319802,"created_at_utc_B":1634310681,"score_A":4,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"There\u2019s a huge difference in population.  At that time, there wasn\u2019t much people at all. So an area with 2 rivers with its fertile land was awesome. There was need for easy small crops that were naturally there, so a small group of people could prosper very well and support some engineering and arts population in the free time.  In areas with less easy crops, everyone was just farming\/hunting all day long just to survive with little time left to \u201ccivilise\u201d.  If you ever visit Rome you will notice the weather. It\u2019s like \u201coh look it rains regularly just enough to irrigate the land, it\u2019s hot enough to not freeze in the winter or have to stockpile firewood, wine-olives-wheat is everywhere, we can feed ourselves just by working half morning, we can build a navy before lunch and still have time to build a colosseum in the afternoon\u201d.","human_ref_B":"In one word: irrigation.   Ancient Mesopotamia was fertile (and later became barren) because of a system of irrigation canals leading water from their rivers - plural - to their fields.   Those irrigation canals later fell into disuse and weren't maintained.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":9121.0,"score_ratio":1.3333333333}
{"post_id":"q8q9y3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why is ancient Mesopotamia described as a lush land but (the most equivalent) modern Iraq is mostly desert? I've never been to Iraq and I know that the two regions don't exactly overlap, but still I'm surprised that a country that today is described as mostly desert in the past was the perfect area for agriculture and human wellbeing.","c_root_id_A":"hgsou8b","c_root_id_B":"hgry0ow","created_at_utc_A":1634338230,"created_at_utc_B":1634326070,"score_A":3,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"A minor point but also worth mentioning in addition to the others - goats.  Under human care way more of them ended up living in the area than would under nature. Goats have a habit of completely tearing up what they're eating root and all. They're big contributers to desertification.","human_ref_B":"There are some very good answers here already. So, in simplest terms, I'll just say that the  ancient world and the modern world are two different worlds.  Time changes everything.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":12160.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"q8q9y3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why is ancient Mesopotamia described as a lush land but (the most equivalent) modern Iraq is mostly desert? I've never been to Iraq and I know that the two regions don't exactly overlap, but still I'm surprised that a country that today is described as mostly desert in the past was the perfect area for agriculture and human wellbeing.","c_root_id_A":"hgsd5bv","c_root_id_B":"hgsou8b","created_at_utc_A":1634332665,"created_at_utc_B":1634338230,"score_A":2,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"Primarily deforestation by man. The types of trees in the area grow slow and the missing root system from the trees led to soil erosion.","human_ref_B":"A minor point but also worth mentioning in addition to the others - goats.  Under human care way more of them ended up living in the area than would under nature. Goats have a habit of completely tearing up what they're eating root and all. They're big contributers to desertification.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":5565.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"10zz07","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.65,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do the majority of Americans drive automatic cars as opposed to manual (stick shift) cars? I live in the UK, and most people here and in Europe drive manual cars, largely because they're generally cheaper and gives the driver more control over the car in many ways. They are not hard to learn how to drive either, you could easilly learn it in a day or two. The general impression I get from the media (since I have not been back to America since learning to drive) is that most Americans drive automatics and have never learned how to drive a manual, is there any particular reason(s) for this?","c_root_id_A":"c6i30qe","c_root_id_B":"c6i3umj","created_at_utc_A":1349455516,"created_at_utc_B":1349458565,"score_A":13,"score_B":24,"human_ref_A":"There simply is much longer distances to drive in the US, compared to Europe. So the impact of the higher fuel-consumption of ATs doesn't strike that hard. Manual transmission is said to be more economic in city-traffic.","human_ref_B":"European here. The question is, why does the majority of us still prefer  manual cars? I had a manual car, because it's the norm. But actually, it only adds an unnecessary task. The only reason there are still manual cars is because people want it out of habit, but there's no real reason nor does it make any sense, actually. There's no disadvantage in driving an automatic car.  We try to automate everything nowadays to make our lives less complicated everywhere else.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":3049.0,"score_ratio":1.8461538462}
{"post_id":"10zz07","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.65,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do the majority of Americans drive automatic cars as opposed to manual (stick shift) cars? I live in the UK, and most people here and in Europe drive manual cars, largely because they're generally cheaper and gives the driver more control over the car in many ways. They are not hard to learn how to drive either, you could easilly learn it in a day or two. The general impression I get from the media (since I have not been back to America since learning to drive) is that most Americans drive automatics and have never learned how to drive a manual, is there any particular reason(s) for this?","c_root_id_A":"c6i3umj","c_root_id_B":"c6i31rs","created_at_utc_A":1349458565,"created_at_utc_B":1349455621,"score_A":24,"score_B":12,"human_ref_A":"European here. The question is, why does the majority of us still prefer  manual cars? I had a manual car, because it's the norm. But actually, it only adds an unnecessary task. The only reason there are still manual cars is because people want it out of habit, but there's no real reason nor does it make any sense, actually. There's no disadvantage in driving an automatic car.  We try to automate everything nowadays to make our lives less complicated everywhere else.","human_ref_B":"Availability, especially for someone who is looking at used dealerships\/craigslist, 90% of the cars are automatic.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2944.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"10zz07","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.65,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do the majority of Americans drive automatic cars as opposed to manual (stick shift) cars? I live in the UK, and most people here and in Europe drive manual cars, largely because they're generally cheaper and gives the driver more control over the car in many ways. They are not hard to learn how to drive either, you could easilly learn it in a day or two. The general impression I get from the media (since I have not been back to America since learning to drive) is that most Americans drive automatics and have never learned how to drive a manual, is there any particular reason(s) for this?","c_root_id_A":"c6i3umj","c_root_id_B":"c6i3fg7","created_at_utc_A":1349458565,"created_at_utc_B":1349457001,"score_A":24,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"European here. The question is, why does the majority of us still prefer  manual cars? I had a manual car, because it's the norm. But actually, it only adds an unnecessary task. The only reason there are still manual cars is because people want it out of habit, but there's no real reason nor does it make any sense, actually. There's no disadvantage in driving an automatic car.  We try to automate everything nowadays to make our lives less complicated everywhere else.","human_ref_B":"With newer cars, automatic transmissions are actually faster shifting than their manual counterparts and get better gas mileage, especially with DCT's.   The 0-60 time in the new Mustang GT is actually lower with the automatic transmission and it gets better gas mileage.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1564.0,"score_ratio":3.0}
{"post_id":"10zz07","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.65,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do the majority of Americans drive automatic cars as opposed to manual (stick shift) cars? I live in the UK, and most people here and in Europe drive manual cars, largely because they're generally cheaper and gives the driver more control over the car in many ways. They are not hard to learn how to drive either, you could easilly learn it in a day or two. The general impression I get from the media (since I have not been back to America since learning to drive) is that most Americans drive automatics and have never learned how to drive a manual, is there any particular reason(s) for this?","c_root_id_A":"c6i8nij","c_root_id_B":"c6i8013","created_at_utc_A":1349477327,"created_at_utc_B":1349474422,"score_A":3,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"Most of it is about habits.  Manual transmition cars are more fun to drive and break better but damn in heavy traffic they are a pain.","human_ref_B":"In the UK there are 2 driving licenses - one for auto and one for manual. If you pass in an auto then you cant drive a manual so there is stigma there for people who only pass on autos. Plus I think its a lot harder to do doughnuts and outrageous wheel spins in an auto which therefore makes them a lot less cool.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2905.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"10zz07","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.65,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do the majority of Americans drive automatic cars as opposed to manual (stick shift) cars? I live in the UK, and most people here and in Europe drive manual cars, largely because they're generally cheaper and gives the driver more control over the car in many ways. They are not hard to learn how to drive either, you could easilly learn it in a day or two. The general impression I get from the media (since I have not been back to America since learning to drive) is that most Americans drive automatics and have never learned how to drive a manual, is there any particular reason(s) for this?","c_root_id_A":"c6i85qp","c_root_id_B":"c6i8nij","created_at_utc_A":1349475118,"created_at_utc_B":1349477327,"score_A":2,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"The older generations know how to. The younger generations don't. I don't how and I don't feel bad about it.  Explaining it to a Five Year Old: Automatics are easier to drive.","human_ref_B":"Most of it is about habits.  Manual transmition cars are more fun to drive and break better but damn in heavy traffic they are a pain.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2209.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"3379ls","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.84,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why is it that the 80s, 90s, and many other decades in the 20th century had such distinctive personalities, but the last 15 years seem to have been a blur that we don't refer to by any particular name?","c_root_id_A":"cqii78b","c_root_id_B":"cqijan2","created_at_utc_A":1429540525,"created_at_utc_B":1429542470,"score_A":2,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"Because you are too young to see the differences.  The current era that looks bland to you, is actually the ultra PC (political correct) digital era.  Electronic music has become more main stream, older era defining terms and imagery have become offensive to use or even see.  Personal devices have been combined.  No more carrying a discman, pager and organizer.. now you just have a phone.  Now stop asking questions and get ready for school.","human_ref_B":"You clearly don't listen to pop music radio stations; \"The best mix of the 80s, 90s, and now.\"  The last 15 years are known as \"now.\"","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1945.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"51j10r","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.74,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:The EM drive as spaceship propulsor; If they don't (exactly) know how it works and the force is produces is too small to measure on earth. How did they discover it?","c_root_id_A":"d7cdnoc","c_root_id_B":"d7ccy1m","created_at_utc_A":1473218326,"created_at_utc_B":1473217131,"score_A":11,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"The guy that invented it had a theory on how it worked. His theory is wrong, but when they tested it it really did apply thrust. Now no one knows why. It is more likely it's some interaction with the local environment than being some sci-fi tech though.","human_ref_B":"There most likely answer is that it doesn't work, and that any measured thrust is the result of either measurement errors or interactions with the environment.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1195.0,"score_ratio":3.6666666667}
{"post_id":"nr9inn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.96,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If a thundercloud contains over 1 million tons of water before it falls, how does this sheer amount of weight remain suspended in the air, seemingly defying gravity?","c_root_id_A":"h0f6ug9","c_root_id_B":"h0f5t0w","created_at_utc_A":1622714543,"created_at_utc_B":1622713628,"score_A":10059,"score_B":106,"human_ref_A":"At the scale of cloud droplets viscosity is a force vastly superior to gravity. Gravity is applied to mass, viscosity* is applied to surface area, and smaller things have more surface than they have mass. Imagine you drop a stone into water - it will sink to the bottom right away. Now if you grind this stone into sand and let this sand fall into water it wouldn\u2019t sink right away, despite being the same mass. It will take its time, and if you stir this sand just a little, it will make a swirling sand cloud in the water which can persist for a few minutes - precisely because sand particles have much more surface area than the original stone while having the same mass. The same thing happens with water droplets in the cloud. Very small water droplets just float on the upward air currents (note that thunderclouds form when there are strong upward currents to begin with). When this droplets become bigger by joining each other (reducing their overall surface area) they start falling to the ground making rain.  Edit: *viscous friction actually.","human_ref_B":"Floating has nothing to do with weight. It's all about density. 1 million tons of water vaper, which is less dense then air, will float. A single drop of water, which is more dense then air, will fall.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":915.0,"score_ratio":94.8962264151}
{"post_id":"nr9inn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.96,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If a thundercloud contains over 1 million tons of water before it falls, how does this sheer amount of weight remain suspended in the air, seemingly defying gravity?","c_root_id_A":"h0f5t0w","c_root_id_B":"h0hb6kb","created_at_utc_A":1622713628,"created_at_utc_B":1622750587,"score_A":106,"score_B":2978,"human_ref_A":"Floating has nothing to do with weight. It's all about density. 1 million tons of water vaper, which is less dense then air, will float. A single drop of water, which is more dense then air, will fall.","human_ref_B":"Imagine a plastic bag in a huge desert. If it's windy, it floats in the air. But that's obvious because a plastic bag is light enough...  Now... imagine a LOT of plastic bags. Like a million tons of it. Thats a lot...   If you were to crumple them into a big ball, no wind would move that. It weights a million ton.   However... if you DON'T crumple them together, and they can flow individually in the desert, they just float individually in the wind.  A cloud is (superficially) similar to that...  This is an OVERsimplification of the science, but I think it is simple enough for a 5 year old :D","labels":0,"seconds_difference":36959.0,"score_ratio":28.0943396226}
{"post_id":"438ytp","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How come other websites prevent you from watching videos when AdBlock is installed, but YouTube\/Google does nothing?","c_root_id_A":"czgdrbi","c_root_id_B":"czgdo5m","created_at_utc_A":1454077542,"created_at_utc_B":1454077380,"score_A":354,"score_B":83,"human_ref_A":"They calculate that it's better to let you watch the video and potentially share it with other people who do watch the ads, rather than stop you watching at all.  Other sites believe that their content is so compelling that you'll still watch if they force you to turn off ad blocking, or they just care less because their traffic is less dependent on their videos being shared and going viral.","human_ref_B":"Because Google realizes that the percentage of people who use AdBlock is minuscule compared to its overall userbase. These smaller websites depend on individual pageviews much more than Google does, so they bitch when AdBlock is enabled.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":162.0,"score_ratio":4.265060241}
{"post_id":"wjn2l7","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: What is the difference between a sound designer, sound editor, audio engineer, and mixing engineer?","c_root_id_A":"ijj1kxx","c_root_id_B":"ijiokp8","created_at_utc_A":1660012254,"created_at_utc_B":1660006693,"score_A":41,"score_B":17,"human_ref_A":"\"Audio engineer\" is pretty much a catchall term for the other three, and many more sub-disciplines. They're the people who handle the technical aspects of audio production in general.  For the other terms, let's look at this scene from Jurassic Park. How do you get it to sound the way it does?  They obviously didn't have a T-Rex at hand to make noises for them. What does she sound like? Her roars, her stomping around, everything. The job of the sound designer is to come up with this sort of thing and more. Some of this work can easily be done well ahead of time, before the filming starts, other parts might need to happen later when you need something bespoke for a particular bit.  Now you're done filming, and somebody's gotta build a timeline out of all the audio recordings. When Tim closes the car door, there won't have been one single T-Rex sound for the whole sequence of noises she makes when she reacts. Somebody needs to know the sound library for the T-Rex effects well enough to build that sequence out of the chunks you have. This scene has no music, but, if it did, somebody would need to line it up with the dialogue and sound effects. All these things are the job of the sound editor.  At long last, you now have a fully-assembled scene, but things are not quite right, still. Just before the T-Rex smashes the car roof, Lex and Time go from laboured breathing to screaming, and then you have the loud trumpeting that makes the kids covers their ears.  Somebody needs to make sure the relative volumes all work together. When the T-Rex flips the car over, you can distinctly hear some piece of metal rolling off to the left, and the tyre deflating panned to the right when she bites into it. Those sounds were obviously not recorded at a specific position (first, it's annoying to do it that way, second what happens when the editor decides to use the camera that was off to the other side?) This sort of positioning and volume adjustment is the job of the mixing engineer.","human_ref_B":"Sound designer: makes the desired sound with a synth and\/or other instrument.  Sound editor: arranges the recorded sounds.  Audio engineer: makes sure the sounds are recorded the right way.  Mixing engineer: makes sure all of the recorded sounds sound good together.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":5561.0,"score_ratio":2.4117647059}
{"post_id":"3a9tlh","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: what is the difference between being muscular like Bruce Lee\/ Christiano Ronaldo and being muscular like Vin Diesel\/Dwayne Johnson. Are there different workout regimes for the two end results?","c_root_id_A":"csauo6v","c_root_id_B":"csauxyl","created_at_utc_A":1434645623,"created_at_utc_B":1434646018,"score_A":2,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"Kinesiology major here. The stronger (for their size) men utilize the ATP-CP system or adenosine triphosphate-creatine phosphate system for their power and longer lasting exercises for their endurance. Working the atp-cp system is done with low reps (4-8) and max weight. This form of energy is only active for about 10 seconds before it burns out (recovers in about 2 minutes) and your body relies on anaerobic energy in the meantime. Short burst like exercises train the CNS as well to adapt to the stress being applied. Doing an exercise for more than these 10 seconds will cause greater muscular hypertrophy. Repeating the exercise 3-5 times for 8-12 reps is recommended. This is what causes people to gain more muscle size as cells litterally start growing to adapt to the stresses placed on them. That's how the rock works out, in addition to some steroids probably. Hope this helps!","human_ref_B":"Some posts are on point, some are way off. Its a combination of genetics, training, and diet. Bigger guys spend more time in calorie surplus, smaller guys spend more time in calorie deficit. What you eat is the most important part of your body composition, but you asked about training...  Very roughly, training is either volume based or intensity based. Sprints vs \"Jogging\". Sprinters are ripped to shreds because they demand max effort from their muscles for short periods., followed by enough time to (near) fully recovery. Those muscles adapt to become very good at squeezing hard.  \"Joggers\" (the bodybuilders doing pyramids and drop sets) demand max volume from their muscles. These muscles adapt to become very good at rapid recovery. One way they do this is to grow in size.  **TL;DR -- to get huge, train volume...to get shredded train intensity. Diet trumps all.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":395.0,"score_ratio":3.0}
{"post_id":"2zdtt5","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why are normal downloads of .exe files (e.g. adobe flash player) replaced with small, 1MB exe files that then start and initialise the download? Instead of letting me install the exe myself??","c_root_id_A":"cpi29kk","c_root_id_B":"cpi170s","created_at_utc_A":1426625453,"created_at_utc_B":1426623823,"score_A":15,"score_B":11,"human_ref_A":"Some companies also use the extra \"installer downloader\" to try and make you install spyware and the like by making you agree to things, or making you too uncomfortable to say no by marking the custom choice \"advanced\"","human_ref_B":"Another reason to the ones already stated, is that it can save bandwidth in some cases. Where there are multiple versions of a program and multiple requirements for it's installation, an installer can examine your computer and download only the components you need, thus saving bandwidth in the process.  For example, imagine a program is built using Java, comes in several different languages and can run on either 32 bit or 64 bit computers. Putting all its requirements in one big installer would make it much bigger than it needed to be and would cost additional bandwidth for the download. However if you use a seperate installer it could determine that perhaps you already have Java installed, your computer is 64bit so it doesn't need the 32 bit executables and you've indicated you only want the language english dictionary files, thus it only downloads just those exact things it needs and saves a ton of bandwidth. Particularly amongst thousands of installs.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1630.0,"score_ratio":1.3636363636}
{"post_id":"2zdtt5","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why are normal downloads of .exe files (e.g. adobe flash player) replaced with small, 1MB exe files that then start and initialise the download? Instead of letting me install the exe myself??","c_root_id_A":"cpi29kk","c_root_id_B":"cpi16pv","created_at_utc_A":1426625453,"created_at_utc_B":1426623809,"score_A":15,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"Some companies also use the extra \"installer downloader\" to try and make you install spyware and the like by making you agree to things, or making you too uncomfortable to say no by marking the custom choice \"advanced\"","human_ref_B":"In certain cases, the custom downloader is used for better success with Content Delivery Networks (like Akamai).","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1644.0,"score_ratio":7.5}
{"post_id":"2zdtt5","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why are normal downloads of .exe files (e.g. adobe flash player) replaced with small, 1MB exe files that then start and initialise the download? Instead of letting me install the exe myself??","c_root_id_A":"cpi16pv","c_root_id_B":"cpi170s","created_at_utc_A":1426623809,"created_at_utc_B":1426623823,"score_A":2,"score_B":11,"human_ref_A":"In certain cases, the custom downloader is used for better success with Content Delivery Networks (like Akamai).","human_ref_B":"Another reason to the ones already stated, is that it can save bandwidth in some cases. Where there are multiple versions of a program and multiple requirements for it's installation, an installer can examine your computer and download only the components you need, thus saving bandwidth in the process.  For example, imagine a program is built using Java, comes in several different languages and can run on either 32 bit or 64 bit computers. Putting all its requirements in one big installer would make it much bigger than it needed to be and would cost additional bandwidth for the download. However if you use a seperate installer it could determine that perhaps you already have Java installed, your computer is 64bit so it doesn't need the 32 bit executables and you've indicated you only want the language english dictionary files, thus it only downloads just those exact things it needs and saves a ton of bandwidth. Particularly amongst thousands of installs.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":14.0,"score_ratio":5.5}
{"post_id":"2zdtt5","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why are normal downloads of .exe files (e.g. adobe flash player) replaced with small, 1MB exe files that then start and initialise the download? Instead of letting me install the exe myself??","c_root_id_A":"cpi16pv","c_root_id_B":"cpiffgh","created_at_utc_A":1426623809,"created_at_utc_B":1426648792,"score_A":2,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"In certain cases, the custom downloader is used for better success with Content Delivery Networks (like Akamai).","human_ref_B":"There is a whole long list of reasons, only the actual software creator knows which applies to their usecase. The most common\/likely ones:  - Allows them to collect information about your computer (what sort of hardware you have, what you have installed etc.) - Allows for managing the download. Things like auto resume, connecting to certain mirrors, etc. - Allows them to validate that the file is not corrupted. They can download the program and then run an MD5 hash check on it to ensure nothing went wrong. - Legacy reasons. It wasn't too long ago that your average user had a dialup connection. If the download through the browser was interrupted, that could be another hour download after they reconnected. For some of these programs, that is likely still a noticeable chunk of their userbase. - Allows them to save bandwidth. It can check if the application is already installed and whether you actually even need to download the entire binary from them.  Ultimately, it is all likely having to do with legacy reasons. Why change away from the managed installer method if it still benefits 5% of your userbase and the other 95% doesn't really care?","labels":0,"seconds_difference":24983.0,"score_ratio":2.5}
{"post_id":"2zdtt5","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why are normal downloads of .exe files (e.g. adobe flash player) replaced with small, 1MB exe files that then start and initialise the download? Instead of letting me install the exe myself??","c_root_id_A":"cpi16pv","c_root_id_B":"cpi380o","created_at_utc_A":1426623809,"created_at_utc_B":1426626972,"score_A":2,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"In certain cases, the custom downloader is used for better success with Content Delivery Networks (like Akamai).","human_ref_B":"It also allows you to abstract out the downloading of the exe allowing things like http:\/\/www.ninite.com to be possible.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":3163.0,"score_ratio":3.0}
{"post_id":"2zdtt5","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why are normal downloads of .exe files (e.g. adobe flash player) replaced with small, 1MB exe files that then start and initialise the download? Instead of letting me install the exe myself??","c_root_id_A":"cpi16pv","c_root_id_B":"cpi4882","created_at_utc_A":1426623809,"created_at_utc_B":1426628601,"score_A":2,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"In certain cases, the custom downloader is used for better success with Content Delivery Networks (like Akamai).","human_ref_B":"The other points mentioned are all great, one thing that I noticed is that people are more patient when some thing is \"installing\" then when it is \"downloading\".  Often when I'm helping someone install a program on their computer and the download takes longer than a few minutes they get impatient, however the \"installation\" can take over 10 minutes if need be because we're making \"progress\", even though 3\/4 of the \"installation\" is actually downloading the program.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":4792.0,"score_ratio":2.5}
{"post_id":"twfqvd","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.81,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do we lose some memories even if they are long-term memories? If we can remember something like a name or number for months or even years, how can we eventually lose that memory after some period of time, however long it might be? What actually changes in the brain to make us forget?","c_root_id_A":"i3f4oxn","c_root_id_B":"i3fgp4e","created_at_utc_A":1649114790,"created_at_utc_B":1649119711,"score_A":3,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"What changes: neuron connections.  How that translates to gaining\/losing specific memories or abilities: we don't really understand. We don't even know how it works in *artificial* neural networks, let alone biological ones.","human_ref_B":"So we have these things called synapses in out brain and when a synapse merges with other synapses to create a link it's called a synaptic map. And we have a synaptic map for litterally every single thing including walking, you can almost imagine it looking like a spider web.   Every time we do an action like take a step, our brain bassically puts another \"thread\" to the spider web making it stronger. But over time these things will decay if not reinforced. Which is why we say you never forget how to ride a bike. It's because when we start we make a lot of major corrections and as we get more experience we learn to make the correction ahead of time and they become smaller corrections. And the reason you dont forget how to ride a bike is because every time you make a correction your brain is strengthening the synaptic map. So even if you dont ride for years on end, it's so reinforced that its extremly hard to break down.   Same with walking, the reason people struggle to walk after a stroke is because it's like a water hose that's been cut off randomly, so they have the first part of the goal but it's become subconscious and their brain tries to go where it has gone a million and a half times before and it just falls. The water inside doesnt keep going straight it just falls out. When we forget stuff it's because we havent strength and that synaptic map enough.   Hope that helps  Edit: I should also explain trauma can be different where it can create such a thick spider web string essentially with only one experience. Idky that is but I know that it doesnt have to be redone as much","labels":0,"seconds_difference":4921.0,"score_ratio":2.6666666667}
{"post_id":"2lixdk","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why do I still have to wait for weekends and business hours for online bank transfers? For example when we make bank transfers online on Friday we have to wait until Monday for the transfer to be processed. Also transfers after a certain time of day will only be processed the next day.  Sure you don't need people in bank branches to crunch the numbers. In this day and age of servers and global networks, having some computers add and subtract some numbers should be near instantaneous?","c_root_id_A":"clvb4ji","c_root_id_B":"clv9vjy","created_at_utc_A":1415324273,"created_at_utc_B":1415321763,"score_A":73,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"It's called the [clearing and settlement]((http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clearing_(finance)) process. Some clearing and settlement services are, in fact, in real time. Many are not.  There are a number of ways that banks exchange money. I won't delve into the complexities of the systems (as this is Explain like I'm five years old), but I'll try to give you a simple example.  You bank with bank A. You are using online banking to transfer to bank B.  Both Bank A and Bank B use a *clearing system* to transfer funds to one another that is not real time. It would not be efficient for their clearer to be constantly exchanging micro payments (micro from the bank's perspective). So **all** the payments take place at **one time of the day** (or days) depending on the schedule of the clearing system that is being used. This is called 'bundling.'  So you decide to transfer $150 to an account with bank B from your account with bank A.  At the end of the day, the total value of transfers made from bank A to bank B is $120m. Similarly, at the end of the same day, the number of transfers from bank B to bank A is $100m. Therefore, $20m will be transferred from bank A to bank B, being the difference in values. When this settlement finally occurs, the banks will then ensure that all of their customer accounts are credited and debited correctly.  The reason this doesn't occur on weekends is generally due to the clearing service, not the bank itself.","human_ref_B":"We have that, too here in Finland. It's instant if you transfer within the same bank but you have to wait until next day for transfers between other banks. I thought this was a universal thing?","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2510.0,"score_ratio":14.6}
{"post_id":"2lixdk","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why do I still have to wait for weekends and business hours for online bank transfers? For example when we make bank transfers online on Friday we have to wait until Monday for the transfer to be processed. Also transfers after a certain time of day will only be processed the next day.  Sure you don't need people in bank branches to crunch the numbers. In this day and age of servers and global networks, having some computers add and subtract some numbers should be near instantaneous?","c_root_id_A":"clv9rhe","c_root_id_B":"clvb4ji","created_at_utc_A":1415321540,"created_at_utc_B":1415324273,"score_A":3,"score_B":73,"human_ref_A":"It's because your bank has a shitty system. If it's causing you problems with your finances, consider calling other banks (or credit unions!) in the area and ask them how quickly online transfers go through.","human_ref_B":"It's called the [clearing and settlement]((http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clearing_(finance)) process. Some clearing and settlement services are, in fact, in real time. Many are not.  There are a number of ways that banks exchange money. I won't delve into the complexities of the systems (as this is Explain like I'm five years old), but I'll try to give you a simple example.  You bank with bank A. You are using online banking to transfer to bank B.  Both Bank A and Bank B use a *clearing system* to transfer funds to one another that is not real time. It would not be efficient for their clearer to be constantly exchanging micro payments (micro from the bank's perspective). So **all** the payments take place at **one time of the day** (or days) depending on the schedule of the clearing system that is being used. This is called 'bundling.'  So you decide to transfer $150 to an account with bank B from your account with bank A.  At the end of the day, the total value of transfers made from bank A to bank B is $120m. Similarly, at the end of the same day, the number of transfers from bank B to bank A is $100m. Therefore, $20m will be transferred from bank A to bank B, being the difference in values. When this settlement finally occurs, the banks will then ensure that all of their customer accounts are credited and debited correctly.  The reason this doesn't occur on weekends is generally due to the clearing service, not the bank itself.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2733.0,"score_ratio":24.3333333333}
{"post_id":"2lixdk","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why do I still have to wait for weekends and business hours for online bank transfers? For example when we make bank transfers online on Friday we have to wait until Monday for the transfer to be processed. Also transfers after a certain time of day will only be processed the next day.  Sure you don't need people in bank branches to crunch the numbers. In this day and age of servers and global networks, having some computers add and subtract some numbers should be near instantaneous?","c_root_id_A":"clveeuq","c_root_id_B":"clvk17z","created_at_utc_A":1415330721,"created_at_utc_B":1415345679,"score_A":6,"score_B":7,"human_ref_A":"NPR's Planet Money did a segment about this and explains why it takes so long to send money. If you have the time I would recommend giving it a listen.  http:\/\/www.npr.org\/blogs\/money\/2013\/10\/04\/229224964\/episode-489-the-invisible-plumbing-of-our-economy","human_ref_B":"In the UK it takes a matter of hours no matter what the day or time - http:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Faster_Payments_Service","labels":0,"seconds_difference":14958.0,"score_ratio":1.1666666667}
{"post_id":"2lixdk","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why do I still have to wait for weekends and business hours for online bank transfers? For example when we make bank transfers online on Friday we have to wait until Monday for the transfer to be processed. Also transfers after a certain time of day will only be processed the next day.  Sure you don't need people in bank branches to crunch the numbers. In this day and age of servers and global networks, having some computers add and subtract some numbers should be near instantaneous?","c_root_id_A":"clvk17z","c_root_id_B":"clv9vjy","created_at_utc_A":1415345679,"created_at_utc_B":1415321763,"score_A":7,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"In the UK it takes a matter of hours no matter what the day or time - http:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Faster_Payments_Service","human_ref_B":"We have that, too here in Finland. It's instant if you transfer within the same bank but you have to wait until next day for transfers between other banks. I thought this was a universal thing?","labels":1,"seconds_difference":23916.0,"score_ratio":1.4}
{"post_id":"2lixdk","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why do I still have to wait for weekends and business hours for online bank transfers? For example when we make bank transfers online on Friday we have to wait until Monday for the transfer to be processed. Also transfers after a certain time of day will only be processed the next day.  Sure you don't need people in bank branches to crunch the numbers. In this day and age of servers and global networks, having some computers add and subtract some numbers should be near instantaneous?","c_root_id_A":"clvk17z","c_root_id_B":"clv9rhe","created_at_utc_A":1415345679,"created_at_utc_B":1415321540,"score_A":7,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"In the UK it takes a matter of hours no matter what the day or time - http:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Faster_Payments_Service","human_ref_B":"It's because your bank has a shitty system. If it's causing you problems with your finances, consider calling other banks (or credit unions!) in the area and ask them how quickly online transfers go through.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":24139.0,"score_ratio":2.3333333333}
{"post_id":"2lixdk","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why do I still have to wait for weekends and business hours for online bank transfers? For example when we make bank transfers online on Friday we have to wait until Monday for the transfer to be processed. Also transfers after a certain time of day will only be processed the next day.  Sure you don't need people in bank branches to crunch the numbers. In this day and age of servers and global networks, having some computers add and subtract some numbers should be near instantaneous?","c_root_id_A":"clvk17z","c_root_id_B":"clvby6h","created_at_utc_A":1415345679,"created_at_utc_B":1415325855,"score_A":7,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"In the UK it takes a matter of hours no matter what the day or time - http:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Faster_Payments_Service","human_ref_B":"The Explain like I'm five years old answer is simply that the settlement for these transactions (between different accounts and\/or different banks) take a long time to be processed, thus can only be done once a day. So all the jobs that perform clearing and settlement has to run at a certain time. Some jobs depend on triggers from another banks. There are other issues that arise such as time zones\/weekdays\/holiday that are different all over the world that make the matter of settling these amount between parties a time consuming process.  Source: Software developer who used to work closely with core banking applications.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":19824.0,"score_ratio":2.3333333333}
{"post_id":"2lixdk","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why do I still have to wait for weekends and business hours for online bank transfers? For example when we make bank transfers online on Friday we have to wait until Monday for the transfer to be processed. Also transfers after a certain time of day will only be processed the next day.  Sure you don't need people in bank branches to crunch the numbers. In this day and age of servers and global networks, having some computers add and subtract some numbers should be near instantaneous?","c_root_id_A":"clvk17z","c_root_id_B":"clvhe5a","created_at_utc_A":1415345679,"created_at_utc_B":1415337232,"score_A":7,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"In the UK it takes a matter of hours no matter what the day or time - http:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Faster_Payments_Service","human_ref_B":"Check out bitcoin.  This is one of the problems it solves :)","labels":1,"seconds_difference":8447.0,"score_ratio":2.3333333333}
{"post_id":"2lixdk","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why do I still have to wait for weekends and business hours for online bank transfers? For example when we make bank transfers online on Friday we have to wait until Monday for the transfer to be processed. Also transfers after a certain time of day will only be processed the next day.  Sure you don't need people in bank branches to crunch the numbers. In this day and age of servers and global networks, having some computers add and subtract some numbers should be near instantaneous?","c_root_id_A":"clvk17z","c_root_id_B":"clvej0f","created_at_utc_A":1415345679,"created_at_utc_B":1415330946,"score_A":7,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"In the UK it takes a matter of hours no matter what the day or time - http:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Faster_Payments_Service","human_ref_B":"Good question. What I have never understood is why Interact automatic bank payments go through (e.g. by email) right away, but credit card payments out of my bank account take two or three days to get back to the provider? I had always chalked it up the bank wanting to make a few days extra interest prior to accepting the payment.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":14733.0,"score_ratio":3.5}
{"post_id":"2lixdk","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why do I still have to wait for weekends and business hours for online bank transfers? For example when we make bank transfers online on Friday we have to wait until Monday for the transfer to be processed. Also transfers after a certain time of day will only be processed the next day.  Sure you don't need people in bank branches to crunch the numbers. In this day and age of servers and global networks, having some computers add and subtract some numbers should be near instantaneous?","c_root_id_A":"clv9vjy","c_root_id_B":"clveeuq","created_at_utc_A":1415321763,"created_at_utc_B":1415330721,"score_A":5,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"We have that, too here in Finland. It's instant if you transfer within the same bank but you have to wait until next day for transfers between other banks. I thought this was a universal thing?","human_ref_B":"NPR's Planet Money did a segment about this and explains why it takes so long to send money. If you have the time I would recommend giving it a listen.  http:\/\/www.npr.org\/blogs\/money\/2013\/10\/04\/229224964\/episode-489-the-invisible-plumbing-of-our-economy","labels":0,"seconds_difference":8958.0,"score_ratio":1.2}
{"post_id":"2lixdk","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why do I still have to wait for weekends and business hours for online bank transfers? For example when we make bank transfers online on Friday we have to wait until Monday for the transfer to be processed. Also transfers after a certain time of day will only be processed the next day.  Sure you don't need people in bank branches to crunch the numbers. In this day and age of servers and global networks, having some computers add and subtract some numbers should be near instantaneous?","c_root_id_A":"clv9rhe","c_root_id_B":"clveeuq","created_at_utc_A":1415321540,"created_at_utc_B":1415330721,"score_A":3,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"It's because your bank has a shitty system. If it's causing you problems with your finances, consider calling other banks (or credit unions!) in the area and ask them how quickly online transfers go through.","human_ref_B":"NPR's Planet Money did a segment about this and explains why it takes so long to send money. If you have the time I would recommend giving it a listen.  http:\/\/www.npr.org\/blogs\/money\/2013\/10\/04\/229224964\/episode-489-the-invisible-plumbing-of-our-economy","labels":0,"seconds_difference":9181.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"2lixdk","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why do I still have to wait for weekends and business hours for online bank transfers? For example when we make bank transfers online on Friday we have to wait until Monday for the transfer to be processed. Also transfers after a certain time of day will only be processed the next day.  Sure you don't need people in bank branches to crunch the numbers. In this day and age of servers and global networks, having some computers add and subtract some numbers should be near instantaneous?","c_root_id_A":"clvby6h","c_root_id_B":"clveeuq","created_at_utc_A":1415325855,"created_at_utc_B":1415330721,"score_A":3,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"The Explain like I'm five years old answer is simply that the settlement for these transactions (between different accounts and\/or different banks) take a long time to be processed, thus can only be done once a day. So all the jobs that perform clearing and settlement has to run at a certain time. Some jobs depend on triggers from another banks. There are other issues that arise such as time zones\/weekdays\/holiday that are different all over the world that make the matter of settling these amount between parties a time consuming process.  Source: Software developer who used to work closely with core banking applications.","human_ref_B":"NPR's Planet Money did a segment about this and explains why it takes so long to send money. If you have the time I would recommend giving it a listen.  http:\/\/www.npr.org\/blogs\/money\/2013\/10\/04\/229224964\/episode-489-the-invisible-plumbing-of-our-economy","labels":0,"seconds_difference":4866.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"2lixdk","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why do I still have to wait for weekends and business hours for online bank transfers? For example when we make bank transfers online on Friday we have to wait until Monday for the transfer to be processed. Also transfers after a certain time of day will only be processed the next day.  Sure you don't need people in bank branches to crunch the numbers. In this day and age of servers and global networks, having some computers add and subtract some numbers should be near instantaneous?","c_root_id_A":"clv9rhe","c_root_id_B":"clv9vjy","created_at_utc_A":1415321540,"created_at_utc_B":1415321763,"score_A":3,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"It's because your bank has a shitty system. If it's causing you problems with your finances, consider calling other banks (or credit unions!) in the area and ask them how quickly online transfers go through.","human_ref_B":"We have that, too here in Finland. It's instant if you transfer within the same bank but you have to wait until next day for transfers between other banks. I thought this was a universal thing?","labels":0,"seconds_difference":223.0,"score_ratio":1.6666666667}
{"post_id":"2lixdk","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why do I still have to wait for weekends and business hours for online bank transfers? For example when we make bank transfers online on Friday we have to wait until Monday for the transfer to be processed. Also transfers after a certain time of day will only be processed the next day.  Sure you don't need people in bank branches to crunch the numbers. In this day and age of servers and global networks, having some computers add and subtract some numbers should be near instantaneous?","c_root_id_A":"clvhe5a","c_root_id_B":"clvej0f","created_at_utc_A":1415337232,"created_at_utc_B":1415330946,"score_A":3,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"Check out bitcoin.  This is one of the problems it solves :)","human_ref_B":"Good question. What I have never understood is why Interact automatic bank payments go through (e.g. by email) right away, but credit card payments out of my bank account take two or three days to get back to the provider? I had always chalked it up the bank wanting to make a few days extra interest prior to accepting the payment.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":6286.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"2lixdk","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why do I still have to wait for weekends and business hours for online bank transfers? For example when we make bank transfers online on Friday we have to wait until Monday for the transfer to be processed. Also transfers after a certain time of day will only be processed the next day.  Sure you don't need people in bank branches to crunch the numbers. In this day and age of servers and global networks, having some computers add and subtract some numbers should be near instantaneous?","c_root_id_A":"clvej0f","c_root_id_B":"clvqd9h","created_at_utc_A":1415330946,"created_at_utc_B":1415371692,"score_A":2,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"Good question. What I have never understood is why Interact automatic bank payments go through (e.g. by email) right away, but credit card payments out of my bank account take two or three days to get back to the provider? I had always chalked it up the bank wanting to make a few days extra interest prior to accepting the payment.","human_ref_B":"Because the current banking system use a pre-internet design with antiquated clearing houses, but there are more efficient ways to transfer money worldwide, here is a beer from france ! \/u\/changetip","labels":0,"seconds_difference":40746.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"2lixdk","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why do I still have to wait for weekends and business hours for online bank transfers? For example when we make bank transfers online on Friday we have to wait until Monday for the transfer to be processed. Also transfers after a certain time of day will only be processed the next day.  Sure you don't need people in bank branches to crunch the numbers. In this day and age of servers and global networks, having some computers add and subtract some numbers should be near instantaneous?","c_root_id_A":"clvnbwm","c_root_id_B":"clvqd9h","created_at_utc_A":1415362451,"created_at_utc_B":1415371692,"score_A":2,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"Get a capital One 360 account. You can always transfer money instantly","human_ref_B":"Because the current banking system use a pre-internet design with antiquated clearing houses, but there are more efficient ways to transfer money worldwide, here is a beer from france ! \/u\/changetip","labels":0,"seconds_difference":9241.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"2lixdk","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why do I still have to wait for weekends and business hours for online bank transfers? For example when we make bank transfers online on Friday we have to wait until Monday for the transfer to be processed. Also transfers after a certain time of day will only be processed the next day.  Sure you don't need people in bank branches to crunch the numbers. In this day and age of servers and global networks, having some computers add and subtract some numbers should be near instantaneous?","c_root_id_A":"clvpooa","c_root_id_B":"clvqd9h","created_at_utc_A":1415370090,"created_at_utc_B":1415371692,"score_A":2,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"In the UK we have the \"Faster Payments\"system. Almost instant inter-bank transfers. Takes usually a few seconds to send funds. I had a call a couple of weeks ago from my son, he was in London & needed some money, but his account was empty. Opened the mobile app on my phone & sent some to his account - with another bank. He was able to immediately withdraw it from an ATM - magic. Al this bull about settlements is just that, bull. Yes, banks need to settle up each day, but that is NOT an impermanent to instant payments. The banks just need to agree to do it & it could happen in the USA as well. They are not keen because they get to hold onto the cash for an extra day (or more) and the costs of changing their systems is high.","human_ref_B":"Because the current banking system use a pre-internet design with antiquated clearing houses, but there are more efficient ways to transfer money worldwide, here is a beer from france ! \/u\/changetip","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1602.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"y8vg30","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.78,"history":"eli5: Why do most racing vehicles (F1, IMSA etc) lose control immediately the second they touch grass where a 'passenger' car would retain some control?","c_root_id_A":"it2d7ib","c_root_id_B":"it214es","created_at_utc_A":1666271427,"created_at_utc_B":1666264950,"score_A":12,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"Racing cars can handle grass.  Here's a F1 car passing another on grass.  https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/shorts\/nzNZZiM8pjY  It seems like racing cars spin so easily on grass because they're often already operating near the limits of the vehicle on the road where there's more grip.  If they're turning as fast as possible, then suddenly lose half the grip by hitting grass, they are now going too fast to turn.  Acceleration and braking are challenging in the grass, because the car ends up with most the force on one side, making it want to spin.  Also, the grass can be very bumpy compared to a road, which makes it harder for tires to maintain good contact.  Typically, when someone takes a road car onto the grass, it doesn't happen unplanned while going as fast as possible.  Or with three times the power and half the weight of a normal car.     Road cars can lose control quite easily in the grass when speeds are high and aggressive maneuvers are taken. https:\/\/youtu.be\/pA7BASFqXIw Skip ahead to 2:15","human_ref_B":"Super slick tires with no treads are great for pavement but not grass. That and weight distribution plus the speed of tire rotation. The grass essential becomes like when you try to drive on ice or densley packed snow.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":6477.0,"score_ratio":2.4}
{"post_id":"y8vg30","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.78,"history":"eli5: Why do most racing vehicles (F1, IMSA etc) lose control immediately the second they touch grass where a 'passenger' car would retain some control?","c_root_id_A":"it2d7ib","c_root_id_B":"it214gm","created_at_utc_A":1666271427,"created_at_utc_B":1666264951,"score_A":12,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"Racing cars can handle grass.  Here's a F1 car passing another on grass.  https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/shorts\/nzNZZiM8pjY  It seems like racing cars spin so easily on grass because they're often already operating near the limits of the vehicle on the road where there's more grip.  If they're turning as fast as possible, then suddenly lose half the grip by hitting grass, they are now going too fast to turn.  Acceleration and braking are challenging in the grass, because the car ends up with most the force on one side, making it want to spin.  Also, the grass can be very bumpy compared to a road, which makes it harder for tires to maintain good contact.  Typically, when someone takes a road car onto the grass, it doesn't happen unplanned while going as fast as possible.  Or with three times the power and half the weight of a normal car.     Road cars can lose control quite easily in the grass when speeds are high and aggressive maneuvers are taken. https:\/\/youtu.be\/pA7BASFqXIw Skip ahead to 2:15","human_ref_B":"F1 tires are extremely smooth and the cars are designed through downforce and grip to drive on tarmac, whilst also carefully balancing the temperature of the tires in relation to the temperature of the track surface.  If they are on a slippery and uneven surface (such as grass) the balance of the car will be out of whack and the tires will have no grip. In wet races, F1 cars use much grippier tires (they look more like your standard car tire), to deal with the lack of grip, so it would be slightly easier to control on surfaces like grass.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":6476.0,"score_ratio":3.0}
{"post_id":"y8vg30","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.78,"history":"eli5: Why do most racing vehicles (F1, IMSA etc) lose control immediately the second they touch grass where a 'passenger' car would retain some control?","c_root_id_A":"it2d7ib","c_root_id_B":"it2bx0i","created_at_utc_A":1666271427,"created_at_utc_B":1666270828,"score_A":12,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"Racing cars can handle grass.  Here's a F1 car passing another on grass.  https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/shorts\/nzNZZiM8pjY  It seems like racing cars spin so easily on grass because they're often already operating near the limits of the vehicle on the road where there's more grip.  If they're turning as fast as possible, then suddenly lose half the grip by hitting grass, they are now going too fast to turn.  Acceleration and braking are challenging in the grass, because the car ends up with most the force on one side, making it want to spin.  Also, the grass can be very bumpy compared to a road, which makes it harder for tires to maintain good contact.  Typically, when someone takes a road car onto the grass, it doesn't happen unplanned while going as fast as possible.  Or with three times the power and half the weight of a normal car.     Road cars can lose control quite easily in the grass when speeds are high and aggressive maneuvers are taken. https:\/\/youtu.be\/pA7BASFqXIw Skip ahead to 2:15","human_ref_B":"Keep in mind race cars are going like 150+ mph.  The forces needed to turn the car at those speeds are immense, and the grass and soil will sheer off under load, which limits how much grip they can have. While some forces are imparted and the car will turn slightly, it won't be perceptible compared to the car going 150+ mph off line.  A race car driving at slower speeds will have plenty of grip, just like your car, and you will see cars rejoining the track through grass, like in NASCAR or F1.  If you want to see why race cars lose grip, drive your own car at 150 mph over grass and try to turn.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":599.0,"score_ratio":3.0}
{"post_id":"y8vg30","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.78,"history":"eli5: Why do most racing vehicles (F1, IMSA etc) lose control immediately the second they touch grass where a 'passenger' car would retain some control?","c_root_id_A":"it26sia","c_root_id_B":"it2d7ib","created_at_utc_A":1666268282,"created_at_utc_B":1666271427,"score_A":2,"score_B":12,"human_ref_A":"First, the more a car is designed for high performance, the less it handles uneven roads, bumps etc...     Second, the tires of a road car lose traction quite quickly which means there is a greater margin of error : you can regain control as soon as it slips or maybe even wait a little bit, let the car rotate or understeer (going straight instead of turning) and then regain control after a few tenths of a second or even a few seconds in some cases.         Third, a vehicle driven near the limits means your margin for error is narrower because all components are used at the very end of their optimal working range.   Like for a motorcycle, the pilot can lean only a little bit when going slow but has to lean a lot more when going fast : the slower you go the more freedom of movement yoi have.        Lastly, road asphalt and circuit asphalt can be VERY different in terms of grip. Some tracks are insanely grippy (ie Magny Cours F1) while some other are just meh (ie Korean F1 circuit).      Going off track when there is a lot of grip will be a lot snappier than going in the grass from a regular road.      All those points are going in the same direction : a smaller margin of error meaning less time and less maneuverability to recover and greater grip difference between on and off track conditions.      Most of the time drivers will anticipate a little bit before it happen so they are able to recover (typical for F1 drivers for example) but when caught off guard it usually ends in total lost of control.      Skill has something to do with it but the more you push the limits the less you will be able to recover : it is usually worth the risk for competitive driving (and totally dumb on open roads).","human_ref_B":"Racing cars can handle grass.  Here's a F1 car passing another on grass.  https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/shorts\/nzNZZiM8pjY  It seems like racing cars spin so easily on grass because they're often already operating near the limits of the vehicle on the road where there's more grip.  If they're turning as fast as possible, then suddenly lose half the grip by hitting grass, they are now going too fast to turn.  Acceleration and braking are challenging in the grass, because the car ends up with most the force on one side, making it want to spin.  Also, the grass can be very bumpy compared to a road, which makes it harder for tires to maintain good contact.  Typically, when someone takes a road car onto the grass, it doesn't happen unplanned while going as fast as possible.  Or with three times the power and half the weight of a normal car.     Road cars can lose control quite easily in the grass when speeds are high and aggressive maneuvers are taken. https:\/\/youtu.be\/pA7BASFqXIw Skip ahead to 2:15","labels":0,"seconds_difference":3145.0,"score_ratio":6.0}
{"post_id":"y8vg30","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.78,"history":"eli5: Why do most racing vehicles (F1, IMSA etc) lose control immediately the second they touch grass where a 'passenger' car would retain some control?","c_root_id_A":"it2bx0i","c_root_id_B":"it26sia","created_at_utc_A":1666270828,"created_at_utc_B":1666268282,"score_A":4,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"Keep in mind race cars are going like 150+ mph.  The forces needed to turn the car at those speeds are immense, and the grass and soil will sheer off under load, which limits how much grip they can have. While some forces are imparted and the car will turn slightly, it won't be perceptible compared to the car going 150+ mph off line.  A race car driving at slower speeds will have plenty of grip, just like your car, and you will see cars rejoining the track through grass, like in NASCAR or F1.  If you want to see why race cars lose grip, drive your own car at 150 mph over grass and try to turn.","human_ref_B":"First, the more a car is designed for high performance, the less it handles uneven roads, bumps etc...     Second, the tires of a road car lose traction quite quickly which means there is a greater margin of error : you can regain control as soon as it slips or maybe even wait a little bit, let the car rotate or understeer (going straight instead of turning) and then regain control after a few tenths of a second or even a few seconds in some cases.         Third, a vehicle driven near the limits means your margin for error is narrower because all components are used at the very end of their optimal working range.   Like for a motorcycle, the pilot can lean only a little bit when going slow but has to lean a lot more when going fast : the slower you go the more freedom of movement yoi have.        Lastly, road asphalt and circuit asphalt can be VERY different in terms of grip. Some tracks are insanely grippy (ie Magny Cours F1) while some other are just meh (ie Korean F1 circuit).      Going off track when there is a lot of grip will be a lot snappier than going in the grass from a regular road.      All those points are going in the same direction : a smaller margin of error meaning less time and less maneuverability to recover and greater grip difference between on and off track conditions.      Most of the time drivers will anticipate a little bit before it happen so they are able to recover (typical for F1 drivers for example) but when caught off guard it usually ends in total lost of control.      Skill has something to do with it but the more you push the limits the less you will be able to recover : it is usually worth the risk for competitive driving (and totally dumb on open roads).","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2546.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"x52j97","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.71,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Were our grandparents, and everyone before that like ancient civilizations such as Vikings and Egyptians, able to see the milkyway and all the stars in the nightsky? I live in a city where there's a lot of light pollution where you can practically no stars in the night sky. Having visited rural areas before with little to no light pollution, the difference in the view of the night sky is just indescribable. There's thousands and thousands of stars that I'm able to see. So were our grandparents (born early 1900s) and every person and civilization who was alive before the invention of lightbulb, electricity, modern cities, able to just walk out in the backyard and see the milkyway with their naked eye?","c_root_id_A":"imyvx0v","c_root_id_B":"imyx3dc","created_at_utc_A":1662236101,"created_at_utc_B":1662236579,"score_A":3,"score_B":9,"human_ref_A":"The 0-point of time zones, GMT, was named and chosen to pass through Greenwich Observatory which was built out in the countryside to make sure its away from all the light pollution from gas lamps in the city. But now Greenwich is pretty close to the centre of London, it's inside the inner ring road, it's in Zone 2 of the subway system, it's right next to some of the tallest buildings in Britain.   They accounted for light pollution when building the observatory away from the city but didn't account for urban sprawl.","human_ref_B":"Yeah, as long as the weather was good. They all saw a spectacular sight every night. This is why there is so much myth and legend around stars, in basically every culture.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":478.0,"score_ratio":3.0}
{"post_id":"x52j97","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.71,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Were our grandparents, and everyone before that like ancient civilizations such as Vikings and Egyptians, able to see the milkyway and all the stars in the nightsky? I live in a city where there's a lot of light pollution where you can practically no stars in the night sky. Having visited rural areas before with little to no light pollution, the difference in the view of the night sky is just indescribable. There's thousands and thousands of stars that I'm able to see. So were our grandparents (born early 1900s) and every person and civilization who was alive before the invention of lightbulb, electricity, modern cities, able to just walk out in the backyard and see the milkyway with their naked eye?","c_root_id_A":"imyvx0v","c_root_id_B":"imyzkjf","created_at_utc_A":1662236101,"created_at_utc_B":1662237582,"score_A":3,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"The 0-point of time zones, GMT, was named and chosen to pass through Greenwich Observatory which was built out in the countryside to make sure its away from all the light pollution from gas lamps in the city. But now Greenwich is pretty close to the centre of London, it's inside the inner ring road, it's in Zone 2 of the subway system, it's right next to some of the tallest buildings in Britain.   They accounted for light pollution when building the observatory away from the city but didn't account for urban sprawl.","human_ref_B":"Ligth emissin were significantly lower before electric illumination there was methane powered ligth but only in huge cities like Paris or London starting from 1800.  There was even in roman times a lot of smog because everyone back in the days used wooden \/ coal fires to heat and cook","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1481.0,"score_ratio":1.6666666667}
{"post_id":"uccuey","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How does pigeon letter courier work? How can they precisely know who they should send their letters to?","c_root_id_A":"i69kj1o","c_root_id_B":"i69kd34","created_at_utc_A":1650980968,"created_at_utc_B":1650980898,"score_A":8906,"score_B":1162,"human_ref_A":"They don\u2019t. They just go home.  That\u2019s how messenger pigeons, or homing pigeons, work. They are bred and trained to fly back home to their roost.  This is done by repeatedly taking them a bit further and further away each time.  But then after a while they can navigate back to their roost from anywhere from dozens to sometimes hundreds of miles away. Though it is also possible for them to get lost.  So they don\u2019t navigate to a new place, they just go home, we aren\u2019t really sure how they do it, but that\u2019s what they do.  Edit: for all the people saying \u201cthey have a built in compass, they can sense the magnetic field\u201d for how they find their way home. Yes, that is a leading theory, but it is not proven and it is still debated. And really that is only half of the theory, because while a compass can tell you north, south, east, and west, unless you know where you are on the map relative to where you want to go, knowing which was is north doesn\u2019t really help you. So the theory is really a Map and Compass theory, in which we really don\u2019t know what the \u201cmap\u201d part is or how the birds keep track of it.  So, messenger pigeons are only useful really for sending messages back home or back to base. So if you are a soldier back in WW1, you job may have been to carry cages of these pigeons so you could strap messages to them for them to fly back to base with, letting base know what was happening at the front.  For two place to communicate back and forth, they would both need pigeons that are from each other\u2019s \u201chome\u201d to be able to do that.","human_ref_B":"Pigeons are homing birds. They can find their way home.  1. you get some pigeons, take them from their owner and keep them at your house.  2. When you want to send something to the owner you let loose one of their pigeons and they find their way home.  You have to have your own pigeons if you want to receive letters and give them to the people you want to receive mail from.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":70.0,"score_ratio":7.6643717728}
{"post_id":"uccuey","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How does pigeon letter courier work? How can they precisely know who they should send their letters to?","c_root_id_A":"i69kj1o","c_root_id_B":"i69k8zt","created_at_utc_A":1650980968,"created_at_utc_B":1650980851,"score_A":8906,"score_B":335,"human_ref_A":"They don\u2019t. They just go home.  That\u2019s how messenger pigeons, or homing pigeons, work. They are bred and trained to fly back home to their roost.  This is done by repeatedly taking them a bit further and further away each time.  But then after a while they can navigate back to their roost from anywhere from dozens to sometimes hundreds of miles away. Though it is also possible for them to get lost.  So they don\u2019t navigate to a new place, they just go home, we aren\u2019t really sure how they do it, but that\u2019s what they do.  Edit: for all the people saying \u201cthey have a built in compass, they can sense the magnetic field\u201d for how they find their way home. Yes, that is a leading theory, but it is not proven and it is still debated. And really that is only half of the theory, because while a compass can tell you north, south, east, and west, unless you know where you are on the map relative to where you want to go, knowing which was is north doesn\u2019t really help you. So the theory is really a Map and Compass theory, in which we really don\u2019t know what the \u201cmap\u201d part is or how the birds keep track of it.  So, messenger pigeons are only useful really for sending messages back home or back to base. So if you are a soldier back in WW1, you job may have been to carry cages of these pigeons so you could strap messages to them for them to fly back to base with, letting base know what was happening at the front.  For two place to communicate back and forth, they would both need pigeons that are from each other\u2019s \u201chome\u201d to be able to do that.","human_ref_B":"A pigeon can find its way home from wherever, so to use a pigeon as a letter carrier you first have to take a pigeon from its home on a journey with you. Later, when you need to send a letter, you can let the pigeon go and it will fly home. So using this particular pigeon you can send a letter to the place that this bird thinks of as home. If you need to send letters to a variety of places, you need to have with you pigeons from each of those places.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":117.0,"score_ratio":26.5850746269}
{"post_id":"uccuey","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How does pigeon letter courier work? How can they precisely know who they should send their letters to?","c_root_id_A":"i69kd34","c_root_id_B":"i69k8zt","created_at_utc_A":1650980898,"created_at_utc_B":1650980851,"score_A":1162,"score_B":335,"human_ref_A":"Pigeons are homing birds. They can find their way home.  1. you get some pigeons, take them from their owner and keep them at your house.  2. When you want to send something to the owner you let loose one of their pigeons and they find their way home.  You have to have your own pigeons if you want to receive letters and give them to the people you want to receive mail from.","human_ref_B":"A pigeon can find its way home from wherever, so to use a pigeon as a letter carrier you first have to take a pigeon from its home on a journey with you. Later, when you need to send a letter, you can let the pigeon go and it will fly home. So using this particular pigeon you can send a letter to the place that this bird thinks of as home. If you need to send letters to a variety of places, you need to have with you pigeons from each of those places.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":47.0,"score_ratio":3.4686567164}
{"post_id":"uccuey","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How does pigeon letter courier work? How can they precisely know who they should send their letters to?","c_root_id_A":"i6a34j4","c_root_id_B":"i69y3f4","created_at_utc_A":1650988333,"created_at_utc_B":1650986397,"score_A":64,"score_B":38,"human_ref_A":"Pigeons prefer to be in their roost. They always know their way back to it.   The way courier pigeons actually work is less like a text message, and more like a one-way, one-use phone line.    So, say you have two castles. Castle A has a pigeon coup, where a bunch of pigeons call home  Say Castle A wants to send a massive party of knights to take over castle B. They send their group of knights with a pigeon they took from the coup.   When the group of knights wants to tell the king of castle A that they won the battle against castle B (or tell the king that they need reinforcements), they write a note, take their pigeon out of its cage, tie the note to the pigeon's foot, and let him fly home.   Pigeons are like homing missiles, and they have massive breast muscles. Professional racing pigeons can actually fly upwards of 60km\/hr, in a straight line, straight towards their roost  Pigeon comes in, squire checks the pigeon mail, sees your pigeon letter, snatches the pigeon, and reads it.","human_ref_B":"According to Wikipedia the \"one way communication\" thing is mostly but not entirely true.   \"Historically, pigeons carried messages only one way, to their home. They had to be transported manually before another flight. However, by placing their food at one location and their home at another location, pigeons have been trained to fly back and forth up to twice a day reliably, covering round-trip flights up to 160 km (100 mi).[13] Their reliability has lent itself to occasional use on mail routes, such as the Great Barrier Pigeongram Service established between the Auckland, New Zealand, suburb of Newton and Great Barrier Island in November 1897,[14] possibly the first regular air mail service in the world. The world's first 'airmail' stamps were issued for the Great Barrier Pigeon-Gram Service from 1898 to 1908.[15]\"","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1936.0,"score_ratio":1.6842105263}
{"post_id":"uneyo3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"ELi5: What happens in your brain when you forget something? and then how does the brain recall forgotten information? Bear with me. So for example you forget words in a foreign language or someone's name... what has happened to the information in your brain? Does it just...disappear after a certain amount of time? Does it get \"stored\" somewhere else and it just takes longer to retreieve the information after a while? Maybe a bit harder to answer...is there a reason that sometimes the information comes back on its own (you recall it independently) and sometimes you have to relearn things (for example, a foreign language you used to speak and have to learn again after not speaking it for months\/years)?","c_root_id_A":"i87oqtx","c_root_id_B":"i87vi8o","created_at_utc_A":1652291886,"created_at_utc_B":1652294572,"score_A":94,"score_B":1167,"human_ref_A":"The brain \u201cknows things\u201d by connections. A simple example is probably song lyrics - people generally know the verse lyrics in order, but it\u2019s hard to pull specific lines out of order for most. Similarly, the brain and those connections are like a muscle, where frequent and repeated use helps.  Forgetting something means the connection is weak for some reason and just straight up isn\u2019t happening. Remembering later means the connection happened differently. If I forgot to water the garden, maybe if I just slowed down I finally was able to remember it because my brain wasn\u2019t as busy\/stressed, or maybe I saw a flower garden on TV, or maybe I saw the hose at the gas pump.","human_ref_B":"BA in psychology with a focus in cognition. Memory isn't exactly my area but I have some insights I can offer. This is a really, REALLY interesting question; if you stick with me through this novel, you'll learn why. **TL;DR at the bottom though.**  The shortest and most honest answer to your question is that we don't know.  We do not know the exact mechanism of how (or, frankly, if) memories are stored in cells, especially long-term and short-term memory. \"Isn't that all memory?\" you ask. It's actually funny because no, and we do have a bit of an idea about medium-term memory on the scale of about three weeks. (I know the process is called \"long-term potentiation but that refers to a different arena of long- and short-term stuff.)  What we do know a bit about is the psychology of memories and the somewhat more macro-biology of memories, as opposed to the microbiology of memories.  Here's some of what we do know and how we know it.  **There is no one memory center of the brain when it comes to long-term storage.** Memories\u2014and I'm talking about individual memories here, not different discrete memories\u2014are stored all over the place. A given memory is broken into pieces essentially according to, believe it or not, the sensory modality. How your grandma's hug physically felt is stored near the sensorimotor cortex. How her perfume smelled is stored near the olfactory cortex. How that weird mole on her neck looked is stored near the visual cortex. Your concern for her mole and how you planned to call the doctor for her is stored near your prefrontal cortex, where higher-level reasoning is done.  **However, memories are \"administrated\" in the hippocampus**. The hippocampus is sometimes called the \"memory center\" of the brain, but that's misleading, since long-term memories aren't stored there (although it is where the long-term potentiation I mentioned above happens). The hippocampus is kind of like the switchboard when it comes to memories, distributing the various parts of it to the other areas where they're stored and recombining them when called to be re-experienced.  **Memories are not opened like a file on a computer. They are re-experienced.** When we call up an episodic memory, the neurons same neurons fire that also fired when we were experiencing the event for the first time. When you visualize that mole on your grandma's neck, your brain is literally rebuilding the experience in your visual cortex largely the same way as when you saw it for the first time.  **Memories tend to fade over time, but the act of remembering something re-writes it into memory.** The neurons in a given \"map\" firing when you remember the memory creates its own map of the same neurons firing, \"darkening the ink\" on the original map.  **This is true for explicit (episodic and semantic) and implicit (procedural, associative) memory.** Psychologists divide memory into several types. Explicit memory is made up of memories you would be able to \"say\" consciously, and is made up of episodic memory (\"remembering when\") and semantic memory (\"remembering that\"). Episodic memory is your memory of learning about cell structure in biology class; semantic memory is remembering that the mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. Implicit memory includes several types, but of interest here is procedural memory, which is memory for skills and behaviors that you wouldn't necessarily be able to verbalize. Last, and perhaps most interesting here, is associative memory. Associative memory, a kind of implicit memory, is where \"classical conditioning\" happens; it's essentially a map of which neuron maps often fired together before.  ***So now I can answer part of your question!***  While we don't understand the cellular mechanics of long-term memory storage, we can come up with an explanation of memory \"restoration\" or \"refreshing.\"  The hippocampus maps for explicit memories and for associative memories are not necessarily the same maps.  What's happening when a memory fades is that the map for your hippocampus to read to put a memory back together is faded really badly. Research suggests that the content of memories is lost very slowly, if at all, but the ability of your hippocampus to reassemble the memory is lost much quicker. It's almost analogous to losing the pointer file on a hard drive. The data is still there, we just forgot how to find it.  When a memory is recovered, a chain reaction takes place and is triggered by an event. Suppose you forgot about your grandma and the mole incident. The hippocampus map for that episodic memory was lost\u2014or, put better, the ink has faded such that your hippocampus can't read it anymore. But then one day you're in the doctor's office and you get a whiff of the cleaning compound that they used in the hospital where your grandma ended up passing away because of the skin cancer that the mole really was.  The hippocampus sees the activation of the \"Cleaning Spray\" pattern in the olfactory cortex. Via the associative memory and its neuron maps, it remembers the \"Grandma\" neurons also firing. The act of remembering Grandma causes your brain to look like you're experiencing her right now\u2014the same neurons are firing. The hippocampus sees the new pattern of neurons that are a combination of the \"Cleaning Spray\" and \"Grandma\" neurons firing, call it the \"Cleaning Grandma\" pattern, and looks for the map of neurons that fired with the \"Cleaning Grandma\" pattern last time. Well that's associated with the \"Grandma's Mole\" map. Fire those. What neurons fired with the Grandma's Mole map? The neurons for making a phone call, fire those too. What neurons fired with the \"Grandma's Mole + Phone Call\" map? The neurons for the sensory sensation for a hug, the look of the mole, the smell of her perfume, the \"I've got to call the doctor soon\" planning neurons, the emotions around the hug. FIRE ALL THOSE NEURONS TOO.  And what happens when the neurons fire when a memory is being recalled?  You literally re-experience it.  From adding these various other hippocampus maps together, you have reconstructed what the brain map for the hug looked like. And this compiled map's neurons are firing. And when a map's neurons are firing, you are literally re-experiencing the event.  Now you have a new sensory experience of the hug.  Which generates its own memory map that re-darkens the ink on the episodic memory map for the hug.  And the memory of the hug comes rushing back.  The map of the hug was reconstructed out of combining other maps together in a chain reaction.  And this isn't limited to episodic memory, of course. Procedural and semantic memories are subject to the same thing. Like how to speak a given language.  This process isn't perfect, though. Not every memory can be reconstructed in this way. Sometimes so many of the maps have faded that there's no way to rebuild the associations to get at the way the map looked by firing other maps together, or at least there's no available path to get you there. But it's almost guaranteed that some of the component maps are intact; you just need to cue them to fire together again\u2014which is why it'll be much quicker to learn the language again this time around.  Wow, that got intensely long. I may have gotten carried away.  **TL;DR: We don't know how long-term memories are mechanically stored in cells. However, memories are \"maps\" of which neurons fired together. Memories are re-experienced when remembered; during remembering, the neurons in the \"map\" all fire again just like they did when the thing was first experienced. Memories are lost when the \"maps\" fade over time, but the content of what the maps led to is usually still there. Through associations, remembering Memory A could trigger Memory B because the brain remembers B's neurons firing the last time A's fired. Then, the neurons for both A and B are firing, creating a distinct \"A + B\" pattern, which itself could be associated with Memory C. Eventually, it is possible for the right combination of other maps to re-build to look exactly like what the lost memory's map looked like, and the memory is recovered.**","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2686.0,"score_ratio":12.414893617}
{"post_id":"uneyo3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"ELi5: What happens in your brain when you forget something? and then how does the brain recall forgotten information? Bear with me. So for example you forget words in a foreign language or someone's name... what has happened to the information in your brain? Does it just...disappear after a certain amount of time? Does it get \"stored\" somewhere else and it just takes longer to retreieve the information after a while? Maybe a bit harder to answer...is there a reason that sometimes the information comes back on its own (you recall it independently) and sometimes you have to relearn things (for example, a foreign language you used to speak and have to learn again after not speaking it for months\/years)?","c_root_id_A":"i87vi8o","c_root_id_B":"i87qcmv","created_at_utc_A":1652294572,"created_at_utc_B":1652292524,"score_A":1167,"score_B":29,"human_ref_A":"BA in psychology with a focus in cognition. Memory isn't exactly my area but I have some insights I can offer. This is a really, REALLY interesting question; if you stick with me through this novel, you'll learn why. **TL;DR at the bottom though.**  The shortest and most honest answer to your question is that we don't know.  We do not know the exact mechanism of how (or, frankly, if) memories are stored in cells, especially long-term and short-term memory. \"Isn't that all memory?\" you ask. It's actually funny because no, and we do have a bit of an idea about medium-term memory on the scale of about three weeks. (I know the process is called \"long-term potentiation but that refers to a different arena of long- and short-term stuff.)  What we do know a bit about is the psychology of memories and the somewhat more macro-biology of memories, as opposed to the microbiology of memories.  Here's some of what we do know and how we know it.  **There is no one memory center of the brain when it comes to long-term storage.** Memories\u2014and I'm talking about individual memories here, not different discrete memories\u2014are stored all over the place. A given memory is broken into pieces essentially according to, believe it or not, the sensory modality. How your grandma's hug physically felt is stored near the sensorimotor cortex. How her perfume smelled is stored near the olfactory cortex. How that weird mole on her neck looked is stored near the visual cortex. Your concern for her mole and how you planned to call the doctor for her is stored near your prefrontal cortex, where higher-level reasoning is done.  **However, memories are \"administrated\" in the hippocampus**. The hippocampus is sometimes called the \"memory center\" of the brain, but that's misleading, since long-term memories aren't stored there (although it is where the long-term potentiation I mentioned above happens). The hippocampus is kind of like the switchboard when it comes to memories, distributing the various parts of it to the other areas where they're stored and recombining them when called to be re-experienced.  **Memories are not opened like a file on a computer. They are re-experienced.** When we call up an episodic memory, the neurons same neurons fire that also fired when we were experiencing the event for the first time. When you visualize that mole on your grandma's neck, your brain is literally rebuilding the experience in your visual cortex largely the same way as when you saw it for the first time.  **Memories tend to fade over time, but the act of remembering something re-writes it into memory.** The neurons in a given \"map\" firing when you remember the memory creates its own map of the same neurons firing, \"darkening the ink\" on the original map.  **This is true for explicit (episodic and semantic) and implicit (procedural, associative) memory.** Psychologists divide memory into several types. Explicit memory is made up of memories you would be able to \"say\" consciously, and is made up of episodic memory (\"remembering when\") and semantic memory (\"remembering that\"). Episodic memory is your memory of learning about cell structure in biology class; semantic memory is remembering that the mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. Implicit memory includes several types, but of interest here is procedural memory, which is memory for skills and behaviors that you wouldn't necessarily be able to verbalize. Last, and perhaps most interesting here, is associative memory. Associative memory, a kind of implicit memory, is where \"classical conditioning\" happens; it's essentially a map of which neuron maps often fired together before.  ***So now I can answer part of your question!***  While we don't understand the cellular mechanics of long-term memory storage, we can come up with an explanation of memory \"restoration\" or \"refreshing.\"  The hippocampus maps for explicit memories and for associative memories are not necessarily the same maps.  What's happening when a memory fades is that the map for your hippocampus to read to put a memory back together is faded really badly. Research suggests that the content of memories is lost very slowly, if at all, but the ability of your hippocampus to reassemble the memory is lost much quicker. It's almost analogous to losing the pointer file on a hard drive. The data is still there, we just forgot how to find it.  When a memory is recovered, a chain reaction takes place and is triggered by an event. Suppose you forgot about your grandma and the mole incident. The hippocampus map for that episodic memory was lost\u2014or, put better, the ink has faded such that your hippocampus can't read it anymore. But then one day you're in the doctor's office and you get a whiff of the cleaning compound that they used in the hospital where your grandma ended up passing away because of the skin cancer that the mole really was.  The hippocampus sees the activation of the \"Cleaning Spray\" pattern in the olfactory cortex. Via the associative memory and its neuron maps, it remembers the \"Grandma\" neurons also firing. The act of remembering Grandma causes your brain to look like you're experiencing her right now\u2014the same neurons are firing. The hippocampus sees the new pattern of neurons that are a combination of the \"Cleaning Spray\" and \"Grandma\" neurons firing, call it the \"Cleaning Grandma\" pattern, and looks for the map of neurons that fired with the \"Cleaning Grandma\" pattern last time. Well that's associated with the \"Grandma's Mole\" map. Fire those. What neurons fired with the Grandma's Mole map? The neurons for making a phone call, fire those too. What neurons fired with the \"Grandma's Mole + Phone Call\" map? The neurons for the sensory sensation for a hug, the look of the mole, the smell of her perfume, the \"I've got to call the doctor soon\" planning neurons, the emotions around the hug. FIRE ALL THOSE NEURONS TOO.  And what happens when the neurons fire when a memory is being recalled?  You literally re-experience it.  From adding these various other hippocampus maps together, you have reconstructed what the brain map for the hug looked like. And this compiled map's neurons are firing. And when a map's neurons are firing, you are literally re-experiencing the event.  Now you have a new sensory experience of the hug.  Which generates its own memory map that re-darkens the ink on the episodic memory map for the hug.  And the memory of the hug comes rushing back.  The map of the hug was reconstructed out of combining other maps together in a chain reaction.  And this isn't limited to episodic memory, of course. Procedural and semantic memories are subject to the same thing. Like how to speak a given language.  This process isn't perfect, though. Not every memory can be reconstructed in this way. Sometimes so many of the maps have faded that there's no way to rebuild the associations to get at the way the map looked by firing other maps together, or at least there's no available path to get you there. But it's almost guaranteed that some of the component maps are intact; you just need to cue them to fire together again\u2014which is why it'll be much quicker to learn the language again this time around.  Wow, that got intensely long. I may have gotten carried away.  **TL;DR: We don't know how long-term memories are mechanically stored in cells. However, memories are \"maps\" of which neurons fired together. Memories are re-experienced when remembered; during remembering, the neurons in the \"map\" all fire again just like they did when the thing was first experienced. Memories are lost when the \"maps\" fade over time, but the content of what the maps led to is usually still there. Through associations, remembering Memory A could trigger Memory B because the brain remembers B's neurons firing the last time A's fired. Then, the neurons for both A and B are firing, creating a distinct \"A + B\" pattern, which itself could be associated with Memory C. Eventually, it is possible for the right combination of other maps to re-build to look exactly like what the lost memory's map looked like, and the memory is recovered.**","human_ref_B":"Imagine your brain like a jungle with all these different pathways that you can walk through right? And everytime you do anything (litterally anything even walking) you are doing maitnence to the bridge and trimming leaves and stuff. When you dont keep check on a ceartin path it starts to get overrun and becomes unusable. Now imagine you have a bad habit that you're trying to break. When you're breaking the bad habit what youre doing is carving out a new entire path but if you had the choice between walking on a really rough path that barely has room to get through or a path that's really easy to walk but a bit longer. Which are you choosing? Probably the longer one because it's easier (that's the bad habit) so what you want to do is let the easy path get overrun with weeds and become unusable and have the new path get carved out and be a shorter path with better scenery.  Edit: with how long it takes to start forgetting stuff it takes longer for some things. For walking it takes years because every time you take a step you get a repetition that cleans the path polishes it does whatever. When you get a kink in your memory it's because just a ceartin part is harder to walk through as its overgrown. When you have to relearn a small part in the middle it's because the middle is overgrown so once it gets cleared out it becomes all available again the entire path","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2048.0,"score_ratio":40.2413793103}
{"post_id":"uneyo3","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"ELi5: What happens in your brain when you forget something? and then how does the brain recall forgotten information? Bear with me. So for example you forget words in a foreign language or someone's name... what has happened to the information in your brain? Does it just...disappear after a certain amount of time? Does it get \"stored\" somewhere else and it just takes longer to retreieve the information after a while? Maybe a bit harder to answer...is there a reason that sometimes the information comes back on its own (you recall it independently) and sometimes you have to relearn things (for example, a foreign language you used to speak and have to learn again after not speaking it for months\/years)?","c_root_id_A":"i890bx9","c_root_id_B":"i89csv5","created_at_utc_A":1652311309,"created_at_utc_B":1652317101,"score_A":2,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"Sometimes I can't think of something (usually a random fact that annoys my girlfriend) cause I'm full of useless information. But hours later when I'm not even thinking about it anymore, it will just pop into my head. It's weird how that works","human_ref_B":"Neuroscience PhD here! Definitely learned this at some point, but I can't recall at the moment sorry.  \\*Edit\\* Ok fine, short answer - we don't know. But I like to think of memories like fading tire tracks across our brains. Like tire tracks, memories aren't specific items so much as a pattern of information that's represented amid all the rest; your brain is covered over with tracks in all directions.  When you focus on one track in particular you can get into the groove and follow it easily, but as it fades over time you can lose your way.  Of course the brain isn't a static thing. Depending on the context and what you're thinking of, different tracks become more or less easy to pick out. That's why sometimes things will remind you of a lost memory, or it will seem to just pop into your head - some pattern across your brain has snapped back into focus.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":5792.0,"score_ratio":2.5}
{"post_id":"v3az0w","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do wetsuits have zippers up the back vs up the front which would make them easier to put on?","c_root_id_A":"iaxa5w3","c_root_id_B":"iaxbh3m","created_at_utc_A":1654184960,"created_at_utc_B":1654185520,"score_A":3,"score_B":21,"human_ref_A":"It definitely doesn't. You can lean forward to stretch out the back so the zipper can easily slide up. If it was infront of you, it would be a pain trying to get it zipped up when the wetsuit bunches up","human_ref_B":"Only Surf wetsuit have it behind. Because if it was in the front you would harm your chest while paddling, and potentially ruin the board too. Consider that even a proper suit with soft padding inside will burn your skin just by rubbing it while paddling. Imagine a zip, you will have scars by the end of the day.  Of course, it comes at the cost of having a hard time putting it on.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":560.0,"score_ratio":7.0}
{"post_id":"v3az0w","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do wetsuits have zippers up the back vs up the front which would make them easier to put on?","c_root_id_A":"iaxa5w3","c_root_id_B":"iaxduk8","created_at_utc_A":1654184960,"created_at_utc_B":1654186538,"score_A":3,"score_B":14,"human_ref_A":"It definitely doesn't. You can lean forward to stretch out the back so the zipper can easily slide up. If it was infront of you, it would be a pain trying to get it zipped up when the wetsuit bunches up","human_ref_B":"Surfing wetsuits put the zipper on the back because you lay down on the board on your stomach","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1578.0,"score_ratio":4.6666666667}
{"post_id":"7jkfx0","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.9,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why aren't noise cancelling headphones as effective in cancelling high pitch sounds as their in cancelling low pitch sounds?","c_root_id_A":"dr7ifya","c_root_id_B":"dr8cpbh","created_at_utc_A":1513200928,"created_at_utc_B":1513240480,"score_A":13,"score_B":29,"human_ref_A":"Low frequency sound waves are generally transmitted better than higher frequency sound waves due to several reasons:   (1) Better diffraction, since lower frequency sound means longer wavelengths and longer waves bend more easily around obstacles and have more ways to reach their destination,   (2) The human ear is most sensitive to frequencies around 2-2.5KHz, but when it comes to lower frequencies, the ear is not the only thing receiving the sound. Bones and organs can also feel the vibrations of a low freq sound (ultra heavy bass may even interfere with the working of the heart),   (3) majority of songs have bass frequencies boosted. Since the ear is most sensitive to 2-2.5KHz sound, the lower frequencies need extra energy (i.e. higher amplitude) for their bass to be perceived \"adequately\" (and what is perceived as adequate bass today is most definitely more powerful than adequate bass 50 years ago).","human_ref_B":"_Actual ELI5_  Have you ever tried clapping opposite to someone else? I mean clapping exactly when the other person has their hands apart, getting your hands apart when they clap? It's really hard to do.  You can usually only do it when the other person (or, worse, crowd) is clapping pretty slowly. When they're clapping very fast, or there's a lot of them clapping not-exactly-in-sync, it gets quite a bit harder.  Noise cancelling headphones try to do exactly this but with sound waves. Lower frequency sounds _clap_ slower and are easier to predict. Higher frequency sounds _clap_ faster and are harder to predict.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":39552.0,"score_ratio":2.2307692308}
{"post_id":"7jkfx0","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.9,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why aren't noise cancelling headphones as effective in cancelling high pitch sounds as their in cancelling low pitch sounds?","c_root_id_A":"dr7tspr","c_root_id_B":"dr8cpbh","created_at_utc_A":1513213113,"created_at_utc_B":1513240480,"score_A":8,"score_B":29,"human_ref_A":"Low frequencies are more spatially uniform due to their longer wavelength. They travel through most materials without reflection * * , and reflected waves interfere on a much larger scale than that of your head or ear * * *. If you ever listened to a pure high frequency sound, you know that moving your head even a few millimeters can change the intensity due to wave effects.  So using a microphone to pick up the sound, and then invert and send to your ear is much less useful. The sound at the microphone is not exactly the sound you hear inside the ear, and even the sound created by the headphone is not as predictable and will generate some noise instead of canceling it.   ** This is why low frequency sounds are so hard to remove, from the cabin of an airplane, for instance. It passes through the sound deadening materials.   *** This is why a subwofer can be anywhere in a room - your ear gets no directional information by moving around or reflections.","human_ref_B":"_Actual ELI5_  Have you ever tried clapping opposite to someone else? I mean clapping exactly when the other person has their hands apart, getting your hands apart when they clap? It's really hard to do.  You can usually only do it when the other person (or, worse, crowd) is clapping pretty slowly. When they're clapping very fast, or there's a lot of them clapping not-exactly-in-sync, it gets quite a bit harder.  Noise cancelling headphones try to do exactly this but with sound waves. Lower frequency sounds _clap_ slower and are easier to predict. Higher frequency sounds _clap_ faster and are harder to predict.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":27367.0,"score_ratio":3.625}
{"post_id":"7jkfx0","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.9,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why aren't noise cancelling headphones as effective in cancelling high pitch sounds as their in cancelling low pitch sounds?","c_root_id_A":"dr8cpbh","c_root_id_B":"dr7sj3u","created_at_utc_A":1513240480,"created_at_utc_B":1513211618,"score_A":29,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"_Actual ELI5_  Have you ever tried clapping opposite to someone else? I mean clapping exactly when the other person has their hands apart, getting your hands apart when they clap? It's really hard to do.  You can usually only do it when the other person (or, worse, crowd) is clapping pretty slowly. When they're clapping very fast, or there's a lot of them clapping not-exactly-in-sync, it gets quite a bit harder.  Noise cancelling headphones try to do exactly this but with sound waves. Lower frequency sounds _clap_ slower and are easier to predict. Higher frequency sounds _clap_ faster and are harder to predict.","human_ref_B":"The simple answer is because that's what they were originally invented for, engine noise. A better answer involves math.  Noise cancelling headphones work by adding \"negative sound\", sound that is 180\u00b0 out of phase. So let's assume that the noise cancelling headphones have only one microphone and it's located at the same place as the speaker, about a centimeter from your ear, and we'll ignore the passive effects of the headphones and your ears, just treat them both as points.  Ideally, the sound and \"negative sound\" reach your ear together, 180\u00b0 out of phase. 2cos(180\u00b0\/2) = 0 no sound.  First, let's ignore time and consider direction. If the sound wavefront comes in inline with the headphone a your ear, then there's a 1cm difference between the headphone and the ear. If it comes in at a 45\u00b0 angle, there's only a 0.7cm difference, but the \"negative sound\" still has to travel the whole 1 cm because it's coming from the headphone. At 200hz that 0.3cm difference is a 0.6\u00b0 difference, basically nothing, but at 2000Hz its a 6\u00b0 still tiny but 10 times less tiny.  Now assume there is a 0.1ms delay between the headphones hearing the sound and producing the \"negative sound\". At 200Hz this leads to a 7.2\u00b0 lag. 2cos(187.2\u00b0\/2) = -0.126   a 87.4% reduction, pretty quiet. At 2000Hz however, that 0.1ms is a 72\u00b0 lag. 2cos(252\u00b0\/2) = -1.175  the headphones are so far from their intended phase that they're actually making the sound 17% louder. That 10x difference in lag let to a more than 10x difference in noise reduction because the cosine function is non linear.  TLDR at higher frequencies, small errors make bigger differences.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":28862.0,"score_ratio":14.5}
{"post_id":"7jkfx0","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.9,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why aren't noise cancelling headphones as effective in cancelling high pitch sounds as their in cancelling low pitch sounds?","c_root_id_A":"dr7tspr","c_root_id_B":"dr7sj3u","created_at_utc_A":1513213113,"created_at_utc_B":1513211618,"score_A":8,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"Low frequencies are more spatially uniform due to their longer wavelength. They travel through most materials without reflection * * , and reflected waves interfere on a much larger scale than that of your head or ear * * *. If you ever listened to a pure high frequency sound, you know that moving your head even a few millimeters can change the intensity due to wave effects.  So using a microphone to pick up the sound, and then invert and send to your ear is much less useful. The sound at the microphone is not exactly the sound you hear inside the ear, and even the sound created by the headphone is not as predictable and will generate some noise instead of canceling it.   ** This is why low frequency sounds are so hard to remove, from the cabin of an airplane, for instance. It passes through the sound deadening materials.   *** This is why a subwofer can be anywhere in a room - your ear gets no directional information by moving around or reflections.","human_ref_B":"The simple answer is because that's what they were originally invented for, engine noise. A better answer involves math.  Noise cancelling headphones work by adding \"negative sound\", sound that is 180\u00b0 out of phase. So let's assume that the noise cancelling headphones have only one microphone and it's located at the same place as the speaker, about a centimeter from your ear, and we'll ignore the passive effects of the headphones and your ears, just treat them both as points.  Ideally, the sound and \"negative sound\" reach your ear together, 180\u00b0 out of phase. 2cos(180\u00b0\/2) = 0 no sound.  First, let's ignore time and consider direction. If the sound wavefront comes in inline with the headphone a your ear, then there's a 1cm difference between the headphone and the ear. If it comes in at a 45\u00b0 angle, there's only a 0.7cm difference, but the \"negative sound\" still has to travel the whole 1 cm because it's coming from the headphone. At 200hz that 0.3cm difference is a 0.6\u00b0 difference, basically nothing, but at 2000Hz its a 6\u00b0 still tiny but 10 times less tiny.  Now assume there is a 0.1ms delay between the headphones hearing the sound and producing the \"negative sound\". At 200Hz this leads to a 7.2\u00b0 lag. 2cos(187.2\u00b0\/2) = -0.126   a 87.4% reduction, pretty quiet. At 2000Hz however, that 0.1ms is a 72\u00b0 lag. 2cos(252\u00b0\/2) = -1.175  the headphones are so far from their intended phase that they're actually making the sound 17% louder. That 10x difference in lag let to a more than 10x difference in noise reduction because the cosine function is non linear.  TLDR at higher frequencies, small errors make bigger differences.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1495.0,"score_ratio":4.0}
{"post_id":"1se8qt","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.74,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:Why is string theory such a widely known (possibly believed) theory if there's no evidence for it?","c_root_id_A":"cdwr3hl","c_root_id_B":"cdwp1be","created_at_utc_A":1386530344,"created_at_utc_B":1386525867,"score_A":11,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"The math works.  Evidently, it has pretty math that works.  This math bridges the gap between quantum and general relatively. It's pretty much the only thing that does.  It is popular but I think most scientists have a wait and see attitude about its accuracy.","human_ref_B":"String theory is popular at princeton, princeton is prestigious so other people feel they need to discuss it.  But it's a lot less loved in the scientific community than the media would have you believe.   Now you could ask the serious question: well if it's not string theory what is it?  And the answer is that we don't know.  There aren't really a lot of theories are any better, so it gets press.  But as a best well educated guess, it's a long way from being accepted.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":4477.0,"score_ratio":1.8333333333}
{"post_id":"cit20n","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.9,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do we know that the sun was formed around 5 billion years ago?","c_root_id_A":"ev92maq","c_root_id_B":"ev96r0s","created_at_utc_A":1564302753,"created_at_utc_B":1564309152,"score_A":12,"score_B":31,"human_ref_A":"Sun and Jupiter formed from the same disk of matter.  Sun uses itself as fuel.  Differences between Jupiter and Sun show how long Sun has been burning.   ELI20: We can type composition variances between the Sun and objects made from the same interstellar disk.  Jupiter is a fair example as it is far enough away that solar radiation has not caused large variations, and what variations exist can be accounted for through parameterization.","human_ref_B":"Dating rocks, specifically Lead:    http:\/\/apps.usd.edu\/esci\/creation\/age\/content\/current\\_scientific\\_clocks\/lead\\_isotopes.html      Earth rocks tell us the age of the Earth, finding the oldest meteorites tells us the age of the Sun, as those meteorites were formed at the same time as the Sun. When using the scale of hundreds of millions or billions of years, knowing that this took place around 5 billion is possible to estimate by comparing what we observe elsewhere in the universe as well.   https:\/\/www.earthobservatory.sg\/faq-on-earth-sciences\/how-do-we-know-age-earth-what-about-age-solar-system","labels":0,"seconds_difference":6399.0,"score_ratio":2.5833333333}
{"post_id":"cit20n","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.9,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do we know that the sun was formed around 5 billion years ago?","c_root_id_A":"ev92maq","c_root_id_B":"ev9eigi","created_at_utc_A":1564302753,"created_at_utc_B":1564319030,"score_A":12,"score_B":13,"human_ref_A":"Sun and Jupiter formed from the same disk of matter.  Sun uses itself as fuel.  Differences between Jupiter and Sun show how long Sun has been burning.   ELI20: We can type composition variances between the Sun and objects made from the same interstellar disk.  Jupiter is a fair example as it is far enough away that solar radiation has not caused large variations, and what variations exist can be accounted for through parameterization.","human_ref_B":"We know the pattern of a stars make up as it ages, like wrinkles on a person, but much more accurately. The amounts of certain elements can be seen over time by observing the colour of a star. Our Sun has about half the amount of a chemical (sodium) in its outer layers than similar stars closer to death. We know that stars the size of our Sun last 10by, so know it must be about half way through its life.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":16277.0,"score_ratio":1.0833333333}
{"post_id":"t3cx52","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Can you explain to me how time is regarded as the 4th dimension? Does it mean that if we assume time as a dimension then an object traveling to different time period is possible?","c_root_id_A":"hyrk08u","c_root_id_B":"hyrjarl","created_at_utc_A":1646046517,"created_at_utc_B":1646045958,"score_A":1158,"score_B":743,"human_ref_A":"So, a \"dimension\" is (essentially) a measurable factor in determining an object's general description in terms that are easy to understand, without having to necessarily go into the minute dots and lines of it.  That is why being able to describe an object's width, height, and depth in 3 dimension is really useful: You are describing roughly how much space it takes on a desk, for instance.  Now, time still follows that, in determining whether the object is somewhere, was somewhere, will be somewhere, or is moving. Without time, we cannot know any of those factors, but they're still a basic characteristic of the object itself. If you are looking at a car moving on a road, at all times, it is moving, it was somewhere, it is somewhere, and it will be somewhere, and we can use the other 3 coordinates (called respectively x, y and z) along with time to describe that car's exact location in what is called the \"spacetime\".  If time wasn't a dimension in determining that, if you came to my house yesterday, I could say today \"u\/doflamingo13 is in my house\", despite you leaving after dinner, and it would be valid. Clearly, if you left, I would need to add time to describe this, and that is why it's an important basic descriptor.","human_ref_B":"You're travelling in time right now.  In fact, you can change how fast you are travelling through time.  Go near a massive object and time will run slower for you.  Go really fast and time will run slower for you.  So we know how to get to the future faster but we don't know of any ways to go backwards in time.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":559.0,"score_ratio":1.5585464334}
{"post_id":"t3cx52","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Can you explain to me how time is regarded as the 4th dimension? Does it mean that if we assume time as a dimension then an object traveling to different time period is possible?","c_root_id_A":"hyrk7s8","c_root_id_B":"hyrl01z","created_at_utc_A":1646046677,"created_at_utc_B":1646047273,"score_A":26,"score_B":54,"human_ref_A":"Okay so picture the future as being down, the past being up. But you are a 2 dimensional being so up and down are not directions you can perceive, you can only perceive the cross section of that up and down axis that intersects with you. Now imagine falling as that 2 dimensional being, and as you are falling, completely oblivious that it is even happening at all, you pass a balloon. From the perspective of the 2D being a dot would appear, grow into a ring, expand, shrink back into a dot and phase out of existence over time. In much the same way as that 2d being was moving through the 3rd dimension, and so experiencing something changing over time from it's perspective, we are moving\/falling through the 4th dimension. Instead of falling from up to down, we are falling from past to future and things appear, grow, shrink, and eventually seem to disappear in the same way as that balloon seemed to vanish for the 2D being even though it was still there just outside of it's perception.  Could we travel through time? We already are. Could we control the rate and direction we are moving through time? Maybe, but it will be extremely difficult to get our bearings. For instance point in the direction of the past right now. See my point?  I hope this explained things this is a really difficult concept to simplify","human_ref_B":"If you've ever drawn a distance-time graph then you've used time as a dimension. A dimension isn't fundamental to the fabric of the universe, it's just about describing movement. We can describe movement in three spacial dimensions normally, and also we can describe their movement through time. It mostly comes up in special relativity where one object might not be moving through time at the same rate as another. This isn't about time travel, it's about how someone travelling very close to the speed of light would perceive time as travelling slower.  And to be clear: time isn't *the* 4th dimension, it's *a* 4th dimension. When you see mathematicians talking about 4 dimensional shapes, the 4th dimension isn't time. It's a fourth dimension of space that we can't really understand visually but can still describe mathematically. 3 dimensions of space just means there's three directions you can move in, x y and z. Adding a fourth dimension means adding another possible direction. This can be time but doesn't have to be.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":596.0,"score_ratio":2.0769230769}
{"post_id":"t3cx52","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Can you explain to me how time is regarded as the 4th dimension? Does it mean that if we assume time as a dimension then an object traveling to different time period is possible?","c_root_id_A":"hysdve5","c_root_id_B":"hyrk7s8","created_at_utc_A":1646062601,"created_at_utc_B":1646046677,"score_A":27,"score_B":26,"human_ref_A":"This is probably way too late to get seen, but:  We think of dimensions in terms of shapes and space, but really a dimension should be thought about as some *independent* feature that can be changed. So you can think of a piece of clothing: say, a shirt. That shirt might have a dimension for material, a dimension for size, and a dimension for color. There would be more dimensions if size were broken into length, width, height, like we think of for more traditional geometric shapes, but we can assign any number of dimensions as long as we agree that the new dimension is *independent* from the others. In this case, it is true that we can change the color of the shirt without changing its size or fabric (at least when we are designing it).  Another way we can think of dimensions is with a circle. Traditionally we think of a circle as a 2D geometric shape with width and length (or height, whatever). However, a circle *really* only has one \"side,\" because its width and length are the same. This \"side\" is its radius. You change the radius, the size of the circle changes. We can completely control the size of the circle by changing the length of the radius. In this sense, it really only has one dimension.   Time is a dimension because it is a variable that can change independent of what we think of as the \"traditional\" dimensions of position (e.g. length, width, height, or x, y, and z coordinates). In classical Newtonian physics, the 3 dimensions of space are the most important and the ones we discuss and experience most readily. They are highly *visual* dimensions because they affect shapes and relative positions of objects and we are highly visual animals so this carries a lot of significance. As technology grew in the 80s and 90s we talked about \"3D\" graphics for computers, games, and movie effects, so this idea of \"3 dimensions\" is anchored strongly in our collective psyche, but these aren't the only dimensions.   Mathematics can describe any number of dimensions. Again, a \"dimension\" is really just a feature that can be changed independently of others. Time is the \"4th\" to the traditional 3 dimensions of space, but there are many more dimensions we can assign to objects and there are even advanced scientific concepts that observe and study more dimensions.","human_ref_B":"Okay so picture the future as being down, the past being up. But you are a 2 dimensional being so up and down are not directions you can perceive, you can only perceive the cross section of that up and down axis that intersects with you. Now imagine falling as that 2 dimensional being, and as you are falling, completely oblivious that it is even happening at all, you pass a balloon. From the perspective of the 2D being a dot would appear, grow into a ring, expand, shrink back into a dot and phase out of existence over time. In much the same way as that 2d being was moving through the 3rd dimension, and so experiencing something changing over time from it's perspective, we are moving\/falling through the 4th dimension. Instead of falling from up to down, we are falling from past to future and things appear, grow, shrink, and eventually seem to disappear in the same way as that balloon seemed to vanish for the 2D being even though it was still there just outside of it's perception.  Could we travel through time? We already are. Could we control the rate and direction we are moving through time? Maybe, but it will be extremely difficult to get our bearings. For instance point in the direction of the past right now. See my point?  I hope this explained things this is a really difficult concept to simplify","labels":1,"seconds_difference":15924.0,"score_ratio":1.0384615385}
{"post_id":"t3cx52","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Can you explain to me how time is regarded as the 4th dimension? Does it mean that if we assume time as a dimension then an object traveling to different time period is possible?","c_root_id_A":"hysdve5","c_root_id_B":"hyrph2q","created_at_utc_A":1646062601,"created_at_utc_B":1646050413,"score_A":27,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"This is probably way too late to get seen, but:  We think of dimensions in terms of shapes and space, but really a dimension should be thought about as some *independent* feature that can be changed. So you can think of a piece of clothing: say, a shirt. That shirt might have a dimension for material, a dimension for size, and a dimension for color. There would be more dimensions if size were broken into length, width, height, like we think of for more traditional geometric shapes, but we can assign any number of dimensions as long as we agree that the new dimension is *independent* from the others. In this case, it is true that we can change the color of the shirt without changing its size or fabric (at least when we are designing it).  Another way we can think of dimensions is with a circle. Traditionally we think of a circle as a 2D geometric shape with width and length (or height, whatever). However, a circle *really* only has one \"side,\" because its width and length are the same. This \"side\" is its radius. You change the radius, the size of the circle changes. We can completely control the size of the circle by changing the length of the radius. In this sense, it really only has one dimension.   Time is a dimension because it is a variable that can change independent of what we think of as the \"traditional\" dimensions of position (e.g. length, width, height, or x, y, and z coordinates). In classical Newtonian physics, the 3 dimensions of space are the most important and the ones we discuss and experience most readily. They are highly *visual* dimensions because they affect shapes and relative positions of objects and we are highly visual animals so this carries a lot of significance. As technology grew in the 80s and 90s we talked about \"3D\" graphics for computers, games, and movie effects, so this idea of \"3 dimensions\" is anchored strongly in our collective psyche, but these aren't the only dimensions.   Mathematics can describe any number of dimensions. Again, a \"dimension\" is really just a feature that can be changed independently of others. Time is the \"4th\" to the traditional 3 dimensions of space, but there are many more dimensions we can assign to objects and there are even advanced scientific concepts that observe and study more dimensions.","human_ref_B":"Spacial dimensions are not the same thing as time dimensions.  If you are talking in maths\/physics terms almost anything that can be represented as a continuous number could be called a dimension, but mostly that's a question about the definition of the word dimension not about the nature of the universe","labels":1,"seconds_difference":12188.0,"score_ratio":3.375}
{"post_id":"t3cx52","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Can you explain to me how time is regarded as the 4th dimension? Does it mean that if we assume time as a dimension then an object traveling to different time period is possible?","c_root_id_A":"hysdve5","c_root_id_B":"hys6t9w","created_at_utc_A":1646062601,"created_at_utc_B":1646059580,"score_A":27,"score_B":10,"human_ref_A":"This is probably way too late to get seen, but:  We think of dimensions in terms of shapes and space, but really a dimension should be thought about as some *independent* feature that can be changed. So you can think of a piece of clothing: say, a shirt. That shirt might have a dimension for material, a dimension for size, and a dimension for color. There would be more dimensions if size were broken into length, width, height, like we think of for more traditional geometric shapes, but we can assign any number of dimensions as long as we agree that the new dimension is *independent* from the others. In this case, it is true that we can change the color of the shirt without changing its size or fabric (at least when we are designing it).  Another way we can think of dimensions is with a circle. Traditionally we think of a circle as a 2D geometric shape with width and length (or height, whatever). However, a circle *really* only has one \"side,\" because its width and length are the same. This \"side\" is its radius. You change the radius, the size of the circle changes. We can completely control the size of the circle by changing the length of the radius. In this sense, it really only has one dimension.   Time is a dimension because it is a variable that can change independent of what we think of as the \"traditional\" dimensions of position (e.g. length, width, height, or x, y, and z coordinates). In classical Newtonian physics, the 3 dimensions of space are the most important and the ones we discuss and experience most readily. They are highly *visual* dimensions because they affect shapes and relative positions of objects and we are highly visual animals so this carries a lot of significance. As technology grew in the 80s and 90s we talked about \"3D\" graphics for computers, games, and movie effects, so this idea of \"3 dimensions\" is anchored strongly in our collective psyche, but these aren't the only dimensions.   Mathematics can describe any number of dimensions. Again, a \"dimension\" is really just a feature that can be changed independently of others. Time is the \"4th\" to the traditional 3 dimensions of space, but there are many more dimensions we can assign to objects and there are even advanced scientific concepts that observe and study more dimensions.","human_ref_B":"Time to share my favorite video  If 1 dimension is a point, 2 dimensions can have that point slide up-down \/ left-right. Then the 3rd dimension would be back and forth... So where else can you move? Those 3 axis describe all physical space as you need to know - in any given instant.  What about another instant? How do you describe the motion from one instant to the next? Time. Time is the line you can draw from any 3D location to the next. If you could see time as we normally see space you would be a long line with a Baby at one end and a elderly person at the other (basically)","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3021.0,"score_ratio":2.7}
{"post_id":"t3cx52","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Can you explain to me how time is regarded as the 4th dimension? Does it mean that if we assume time as a dimension then an object traveling to different time period is possible?","c_root_id_A":"hyrp00z","c_root_id_B":"hysdve5","created_at_utc_A":1646050102,"created_at_utc_B":1646062601,"score_A":8,"score_B":27,"human_ref_A":"Here's how I think of it:  Think of an empty room with just one chair. You or I can sit in that chair (location in space) just not at the same time. If you're sat in it, I can't. If I'm sat in it, you can't. We can both occupy the same chair (space), just not at the same time.","human_ref_B":"This is probably way too late to get seen, but:  We think of dimensions in terms of shapes and space, but really a dimension should be thought about as some *independent* feature that can be changed. So you can think of a piece of clothing: say, a shirt. That shirt might have a dimension for material, a dimension for size, and a dimension for color. There would be more dimensions if size were broken into length, width, height, like we think of for more traditional geometric shapes, but we can assign any number of dimensions as long as we agree that the new dimension is *independent* from the others. In this case, it is true that we can change the color of the shirt without changing its size or fabric (at least when we are designing it).  Another way we can think of dimensions is with a circle. Traditionally we think of a circle as a 2D geometric shape with width and length (or height, whatever). However, a circle *really* only has one \"side,\" because its width and length are the same. This \"side\" is its radius. You change the radius, the size of the circle changes. We can completely control the size of the circle by changing the length of the radius. In this sense, it really only has one dimension.   Time is a dimension because it is a variable that can change independent of what we think of as the \"traditional\" dimensions of position (e.g. length, width, height, or x, y, and z coordinates). In classical Newtonian physics, the 3 dimensions of space are the most important and the ones we discuss and experience most readily. They are highly *visual* dimensions because they affect shapes and relative positions of objects and we are highly visual animals so this carries a lot of significance. As technology grew in the 80s and 90s we talked about \"3D\" graphics for computers, games, and movie effects, so this idea of \"3 dimensions\" is anchored strongly in our collective psyche, but these aren't the only dimensions.   Mathematics can describe any number of dimensions. Again, a \"dimension\" is really just a feature that can be changed independently of others. Time is the \"4th\" to the traditional 3 dimensions of space, but there are many more dimensions we can assign to objects and there are even advanced scientific concepts that observe and study more dimensions.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":12499.0,"score_ratio":3.375}
{"post_id":"t3cx52","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Can you explain to me how time is regarded as the 4th dimension? Does it mean that if we assume time as a dimension then an object traveling to different time period is possible?","c_root_id_A":"hyrlqui","c_root_id_B":"hysdve5","created_at_utc_A":1646047825,"created_at_utc_B":1646062601,"score_A":5,"score_B":27,"human_ref_A":"When you have defined the location of an object. You then need to define the duration that it will be there.   We are meeting on the second floor of the restaraunt located on the corner of main st and 5th Avenue.   We have three axis x=main st, y=5th Ave, z= 2nd floor... but when do we meet?  Edit: it's also helpful to remember that spacetime is one thing. Two objects can't occupy the same spacetime... but two objects can occupy the same space... separated by time.","human_ref_B":"This is probably way too late to get seen, but:  We think of dimensions in terms of shapes and space, but really a dimension should be thought about as some *independent* feature that can be changed. So you can think of a piece of clothing: say, a shirt. That shirt might have a dimension for material, a dimension for size, and a dimension for color. There would be more dimensions if size were broken into length, width, height, like we think of for more traditional geometric shapes, but we can assign any number of dimensions as long as we agree that the new dimension is *independent* from the others. In this case, it is true that we can change the color of the shirt without changing its size or fabric (at least when we are designing it).  Another way we can think of dimensions is with a circle. Traditionally we think of a circle as a 2D geometric shape with width and length (or height, whatever). However, a circle *really* only has one \"side,\" because its width and length are the same. This \"side\" is its radius. You change the radius, the size of the circle changes. We can completely control the size of the circle by changing the length of the radius. In this sense, it really only has one dimension.   Time is a dimension because it is a variable that can change independent of what we think of as the \"traditional\" dimensions of position (e.g. length, width, height, or x, y, and z coordinates). In classical Newtonian physics, the 3 dimensions of space are the most important and the ones we discuss and experience most readily. They are highly *visual* dimensions because they affect shapes and relative positions of objects and we are highly visual animals so this carries a lot of significance. As technology grew in the 80s and 90s we talked about \"3D\" graphics for computers, games, and movie effects, so this idea of \"3 dimensions\" is anchored strongly in our collective psyche, but these aren't the only dimensions.   Mathematics can describe any number of dimensions. Again, a \"dimension\" is really just a feature that can be changed independently of others. Time is the \"4th\" to the traditional 3 dimensions of space, but there are many more dimensions we can assign to objects and there are even advanced scientific concepts that observe and study more dimensions.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":14776.0,"score_ratio":5.4}
{"post_id":"t3cx52","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Can you explain to me how time is regarded as the 4th dimension? Does it mean that if we assume time as a dimension then an object traveling to different time period is possible?","c_root_id_A":"hyruvuu","c_root_id_B":"hysdve5","created_at_utc_A":1646053661,"created_at_utc_B":1646062601,"score_A":5,"score_B":27,"human_ref_A":"As you walk down the street from your house to the store, the place and time you're at are both changing. You're traversing the four dimensions of space-time. The relative rate, at which you pass through time, is affected by your positional velocity, and by the gravitational field you're in.  But no\u2014just because time is a dimension you move through, even at variable rate, doesn't imply that you have freedom of movement through it. Think of passage through time like free-falling at a steady rate, where wind resistance balances the acceleration of gravity. Changing your wind resistance can change how fast you fall, but it can't reverse the fall\u2014never mind teleport you to some non-contiguous time.","human_ref_B":"This is probably way too late to get seen, but:  We think of dimensions in terms of shapes and space, but really a dimension should be thought about as some *independent* feature that can be changed. So you can think of a piece of clothing: say, a shirt. That shirt might have a dimension for material, a dimension for size, and a dimension for color. There would be more dimensions if size were broken into length, width, height, like we think of for more traditional geometric shapes, but we can assign any number of dimensions as long as we agree that the new dimension is *independent* from the others. In this case, it is true that we can change the color of the shirt without changing its size or fabric (at least when we are designing it).  Another way we can think of dimensions is with a circle. Traditionally we think of a circle as a 2D geometric shape with width and length (or height, whatever). However, a circle *really* only has one \"side,\" because its width and length are the same. This \"side\" is its radius. You change the radius, the size of the circle changes. We can completely control the size of the circle by changing the length of the radius. In this sense, it really only has one dimension.   Time is a dimension because it is a variable that can change independent of what we think of as the \"traditional\" dimensions of position (e.g. length, width, height, or x, y, and z coordinates). In classical Newtonian physics, the 3 dimensions of space are the most important and the ones we discuss and experience most readily. They are highly *visual* dimensions because they affect shapes and relative positions of objects and we are highly visual animals so this carries a lot of significance. As technology grew in the 80s and 90s we talked about \"3D\" graphics for computers, games, and movie effects, so this idea of \"3 dimensions\" is anchored strongly in our collective psyche, but these aren't the only dimensions.   Mathematics can describe any number of dimensions. Again, a \"dimension\" is really just a feature that can be changed independently of others. Time is the \"4th\" to the traditional 3 dimensions of space, but there are many more dimensions we can assign to objects and there are even advanced scientific concepts that observe and study more dimensions.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":8940.0,"score_ratio":5.4}
{"post_id":"t3cx52","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Can you explain to me how time is regarded as the 4th dimension? Does it mean that if we assume time as a dimension then an object traveling to different time period is possible?","c_root_id_A":"hys16vd","c_root_id_B":"hysdve5","created_at_utc_A":1646056951,"created_at_utc_B":1646062601,"score_A":5,"score_B":27,"human_ref_A":"Time is a \"dimension\" in the sense that it is a piece of information that is needed to locate something precisely. Here is an example:    Person A: \"I was standing on the corner of 1st and Main street\"    Person B: \"Impossible! I was standing on the corner of 1st and Main street and I didn't see you.\"     Person A: \"I was there on Sunday at 7pm\"     Person B:  \"Aha! That explains it. I was there at 8pm.\"  You cannot be accurate in this situation without giving location and time. Time is a dimension that is needed--just not a dimension in space. It is a time dimension.   The combination of the two types of dimensions is called \"the space-time continuum.\"   Using both space and time is an important way of being precise, especially when dealing with \"relativity\" in physics, where location and time get very complicated.","human_ref_B":"This is probably way too late to get seen, but:  We think of dimensions in terms of shapes and space, but really a dimension should be thought about as some *independent* feature that can be changed. So you can think of a piece of clothing: say, a shirt. That shirt might have a dimension for material, a dimension for size, and a dimension for color. There would be more dimensions if size were broken into length, width, height, like we think of for more traditional geometric shapes, but we can assign any number of dimensions as long as we agree that the new dimension is *independent* from the others. In this case, it is true that we can change the color of the shirt without changing its size or fabric (at least when we are designing it).  Another way we can think of dimensions is with a circle. Traditionally we think of a circle as a 2D geometric shape with width and length (or height, whatever). However, a circle *really* only has one \"side,\" because its width and length are the same. This \"side\" is its radius. You change the radius, the size of the circle changes. We can completely control the size of the circle by changing the length of the radius. In this sense, it really only has one dimension.   Time is a dimension because it is a variable that can change independent of what we think of as the \"traditional\" dimensions of position (e.g. length, width, height, or x, y, and z coordinates). In classical Newtonian physics, the 3 dimensions of space are the most important and the ones we discuss and experience most readily. They are highly *visual* dimensions because they affect shapes and relative positions of objects and we are highly visual animals so this carries a lot of significance. As technology grew in the 80s and 90s we talked about \"3D\" graphics for computers, games, and movie effects, so this idea of \"3 dimensions\" is anchored strongly in our collective psyche, but these aren't the only dimensions.   Mathematics can describe any number of dimensions. Again, a \"dimension\" is really just a feature that can be changed independently of others. Time is the \"4th\" to the traditional 3 dimensions of space, but there are many more dimensions we can assign to objects and there are even advanced scientific concepts that observe and study more dimensions.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":5650.0,"score_ratio":5.4}
{"post_id":"t3cx52","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Can you explain to me how time is regarded as the 4th dimension? Does it mean that if we assume time as a dimension then an object traveling to different time period is possible?","c_root_id_A":"hys6t9w","c_root_id_B":"hyrph2q","created_at_utc_A":1646059580,"created_at_utc_B":1646050413,"score_A":10,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"Time to share my favorite video  If 1 dimension is a point, 2 dimensions can have that point slide up-down \/ left-right. Then the 3rd dimension would be back and forth... So where else can you move? Those 3 axis describe all physical space as you need to know - in any given instant.  What about another instant? How do you describe the motion from one instant to the next? Time. Time is the line you can draw from any 3D location to the next. If you could see time as we normally see space you would be a long line with a Baby at one end and a elderly person at the other (basically)","human_ref_B":"Spacial dimensions are not the same thing as time dimensions.  If you are talking in maths\/physics terms almost anything that can be represented as a continuous number could be called a dimension, but mostly that's a question about the definition of the word dimension not about the nature of the universe","labels":1,"seconds_difference":9167.0,"score_ratio":1.25}
{"post_id":"t3cx52","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Can you explain to me how time is regarded as the 4th dimension? Does it mean that if we assume time as a dimension then an object traveling to different time period is possible?","c_root_id_A":"hyrlqui","c_root_id_B":"hyrph2q","created_at_utc_A":1646047825,"created_at_utc_B":1646050413,"score_A":5,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"When you have defined the location of an object. You then need to define the duration that it will be there.   We are meeting on the second floor of the restaraunt located on the corner of main st and 5th Avenue.   We have three axis x=main st, y=5th Ave, z= 2nd floor... but when do we meet?  Edit: it's also helpful to remember that spacetime is one thing. Two objects can't occupy the same spacetime... but two objects can occupy the same space... separated by time.","human_ref_B":"Spacial dimensions are not the same thing as time dimensions.  If you are talking in maths\/physics terms almost anything that can be represented as a continuous number could be called a dimension, but mostly that's a question about the definition of the word dimension not about the nature of the universe","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2588.0,"score_ratio":1.6}
{"post_id":"t3cx52","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Can you explain to me how time is regarded as the 4th dimension? Does it mean that if we assume time as a dimension then an object traveling to different time period is possible?","c_root_id_A":"hys6t9w","c_root_id_B":"hyrp00z","created_at_utc_A":1646059580,"created_at_utc_B":1646050102,"score_A":10,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"Time to share my favorite video  If 1 dimension is a point, 2 dimensions can have that point slide up-down \/ left-right. Then the 3rd dimension would be back and forth... So where else can you move? Those 3 axis describe all physical space as you need to know - in any given instant.  What about another instant? How do you describe the motion from one instant to the next? Time. Time is the line you can draw from any 3D location to the next. If you could see time as we normally see space you would be a long line with a Baby at one end and a elderly person at the other (basically)","human_ref_B":"Here's how I think of it:  Think of an empty room with just one chair. You or I can sit in that chair (location in space) just not at the same time. If you're sat in it, I can't. If I'm sat in it, you can't. We can both occupy the same chair (space), just not at the same time.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":9478.0,"score_ratio":1.25}
{"post_id":"t3cx52","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Can you explain to me how time is regarded as the 4th dimension? Does it mean that if we assume time as a dimension then an object traveling to different time period is possible?","c_root_id_A":"hyrlqui","c_root_id_B":"hys6t9w","created_at_utc_A":1646047825,"created_at_utc_B":1646059580,"score_A":5,"score_B":10,"human_ref_A":"When you have defined the location of an object. You then need to define the duration that it will be there.   We are meeting on the second floor of the restaraunt located on the corner of main st and 5th Avenue.   We have three axis x=main st, y=5th Ave, z= 2nd floor... but when do we meet?  Edit: it's also helpful to remember that spacetime is one thing. Two objects can't occupy the same spacetime... but two objects can occupy the same space... separated by time.","human_ref_B":"Time to share my favorite video  If 1 dimension is a point, 2 dimensions can have that point slide up-down \/ left-right. Then the 3rd dimension would be back and forth... So where else can you move? Those 3 axis describe all physical space as you need to know - in any given instant.  What about another instant? How do you describe the motion from one instant to the next? Time. Time is the line you can draw from any 3D location to the next. If you could see time as we normally see space you would be a long line with a Baby at one end and a elderly person at the other (basically)","labels":0,"seconds_difference":11755.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"t3cx52","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Can you explain to me how time is regarded as the 4th dimension? Does it mean that if we assume time as a dimension then an object traveling to different time period is possible?","c_root_id_A":"hys6t9w","c_root_id_B":"hyruvuu","created_at_utc_A":1646059580,"created_at_utc_B":1646053661,"score_A":10,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"Time to share my favorite video  If 1 dimension is a point, 2 dimensions can have that point slide up-down \/ left-right. Then the 3rd dimension would be back and forth... So where else can you move? Those 3 axis describe all physical space as you need to know - in any given instant.  What about another instant? How do you describe the motion from one instant to the next? Time. Time is the line you can draw from any 3D location to the next. If you could see time as we normally see space you would be a long line with a Baby at one end and a elderly person at the other (basically)","human_ref_B":"As you walk down the street from your house to the store, the place and time you're at are both changing. You're traversing the four dimensions of space-time. The relative rate, at which you pass through time, is affected by your positional velocity, and by the gravitational field you're in.  But no\u2014just because time is a dimension you move through, even at variable rate, doesn't imply that you have freedom of movement through it. Think of passage through time like free-falling at a steady rate, where wind resistance balances the acceleration of gravity. Changing your wind resistance can change how fast you fall, but it can't reverse the fall\u2014never mind teleport you to some non-contiguous time.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":5919.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"t3cx52","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Can you explain to me how time is regarded as the 4th dimension? Does it mean that if we assume time as a dimension then an object traveling to different time period is possible?","c_root_id_A":"hys16vd","c_root_id_B":"hys6t9w","created_at_utc_A":1646056951,"created_at_utc_B":1646059580,"score_A":5,"score_B":10,"human_ref_A":"Time is a \"dimension\" in the sense that it is a piece of information that is needed to locate something precisely. Here is an example:    Person A: \"I was standing on the corner of 1st and Main street\"    Person B: \"Impossible! I was standing on the corner of 1st and Main street and I didn't see you.\"     Person A: \"I was there on Sunday at 7pm\"     Person B:  \"Aha! That explains it. I was there at 8pm.\"  You cannot be accurate in this situation without giving location and time. Time is a dimension that is needed--just not a dimension in space. It is a time dimension.   The combination of the two types of dimensions is called \"the space-time continuum.\"   Using both space and time is an important way of being precise, especially when dealing with \"relativity\" in physics, where location and time get very complicated.","human_ref_B":"Time to share my favorite video  If 1 dimension is a point, 2 dimensions can have that point slide up-down \/ left-right. Then the 3rd dimension would be back and forth... So where else can you move? Those 3 axis describe all physical space as you need to know - in any given instant.  What about another instant? How do you describe the motion from one instant to the next? Time. Time is the line you can draw from any 3D location to the next. If you could see time as we normally see space you would be a long line with a Baby at one end and a elderly person at the other (basically)","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2629.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"t3cx52","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.92,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Can you explain to me how time is regarded as the 4th dimension? Does it mean that if we assume time as a dimension then an object traveling to different time period is possible?","c_root_id_A":"hyrp00z","c_root_id_B":"hyrlqui","created_at_utc_A":1646050102,"created_at_utc_B":1646047825,"score_A":8,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"Here's how I think of it:  Think of an empty room with just one chair. You or I can sit in that chair (location in space) just not at the same time. If you're sat in it, I can't. If I'm sat in it, you can't. We can both occupy the same chair (space), just not at the same time.","human_ref_B":"When you have defined the location of an object. You then need to define the duration that it will be there.   We are meeting on the second floor of the restaraunt located on the corner of main st and 5th Avenue.   We have three axis x=main st, y=5th Ave, z= 2nd floor... but when do we meet?  Edit: it's also helpful to remember that spacetime is one thing. Two objects can't occupy the same spacetime... but two objects can occupy the same space... separated by time.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2277.0,"score_ratio":1.6}
{"post_id":"r4uywv","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does the typical auto transmission have 4 gears whereas manual has 5?","c_root_id_A":"hmix124","c_root_id_B":"hmiyskd","created_at_utc_A":1638189802,"created_at_utc_B":1638190890,"score_A":132,"score_B":418,"human_ref_A":"20+ years ago sure but last 10 years and even longer most manuals have 6 gears and most autos have 5-10 gears. Manuals use to be the better choice for mpg and 0-60 but now automatics are superior in those departments now.","human_ref_B":"Because automatic transmissions have torque converters. The torque converter multiplies the engine\u2019s torque when there is a big difference between the engine\u2019s speed and the transmission\u2019s speed; this happens whenever you shift up a gear. A standard transmission vehicle with such widely spaced gears would risk stalling at each shift or need to excessively slip the clutch.   As other commenters have said your assumption is much less true today than 15 years ago. Modern automatics have more gears than standards. Maximum efficiency can be wrung from an engine at a very narrow RPM band. It is a lot (*a lot*) of work to keep a manual transmission in the correct gear as the gear count goes up. Automatic transmissions have gotten very good.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1088.0,"score_ratio":3.1666666667}
{"post_id":"r4uywv","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does the typical auto transmission have 4 gears whereas manual has 5?","c_root_id_A":"hmiyskd","c_root_id_B":"hmix0io","created_at_utc_A":1638190890,"created_at_utc_B":1638189792,"score_A":418,"score_B":68,"human_ref_A":"Because automatic transmissions have torque converters. The torque converter multiplies the engine\u2019s torque when there is a big difference between the engine\u2019s speed and the transmission\u2019s speed; this happens whenever you shift up a gear. A standard transmission vehicle with such widely spaced gears would risk stalling at each shift or need to excessively slip the clutch.   As other commenters have said your assumption is much less true today than 15 years ago. Modern automatics have more gears than standards. Maximum efficiency can be wrung from an engine at a very narrow RPM band. It is a lot (*a lot*) of work to keep a manual transmission in the correct gear as the gear count goes up. Automatic transmissions have gotten very good.","human_ref_B":"Not sure that typical auto transmissions have only 4 gears\u2026 probably been a decade or two since that was the case.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1098.0,"score_ratio":6.1470588235}
{"post_id":"r4uywv","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does the typical auto transmission have 4 gears whereas manual has 5?","c_root_id_A":"hmiyskd","c_root_id_B":"hmixw4c","created_at_utc_A":1638190890,"created_at_utc_B":1638190340,"score_A":418,"score_B":7,"human_ref_A":"Because automatic transmissions have torque converters. The torque converter multiplies the engine\u2019s torque when there is a big difference between the engine\u2019s speed and the transmission\u2019s speed; this happens whenever you shift up a gear. A standard transmission vehicle with such widely spaced gears would risk stalling at each shift or need to excessively slip the clutch.   As other commenters have said your assumption is much less true today than 15 years ago. Modern automatics have more gears than standards. Maximum efficiency can be wrung from an engine at a very narrow RPM band. It is a lot (*a lot*) of work to keep a manual transmission in the correct gear as the gear count goes up. Automatic transmissions have gotten very good.","human_ref_B":"A manual transmission doesn't have a torque converter, so the lowest gear can stall the engine. Having an extra gear lets you get the car moving more easily, and puts less wear on the clutch than getting the car moving in something closer to second gear.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":550.0,"score_ratio":59.7142857143}
{"post_id":"r4uywv","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does the typical auto transmission have 4 gears whereas manual has 5?","c_root_id_A":"hmiyskd","c_root_id_B":"hmiwpg8","created_at_utc_A":1638190890,"created_at_utc_B":1638189593,"score_A":418,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"Because automatic transmissions have torque converters. The torque converter multiplies the engine\u2019s torque when there is a big difference between the engine\u2019s speed and the transmission\u2019s speed; this happens whenever you shift up a gear. A standard transmission vehicle with such widely spaced gears would risk stalling at each shift or need to excessively slip the clutch.   As other commenters have said your assumption is much less true today than 15 years ago. Modern automatics have more gears than standards. Maximum efficiency can be wrung from an engine at a very narrow RPM band. It is a lot (*a lot*) of work to keep a manual transmission in the correct gear as the gear count goes up. Automatic transmissions have gotten very good.","human_ref_B":"Doesn't auto have like 8?","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1297.0,"score_ratio":83.6}
{"post_id":"r4uywv","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does the typical auto transmission have 4 gears whereas manual has 5?","c_root_id_A":"hmiyobo","c_root_id_B":"hmiyskd","created_at_utc_A":1638190822,"created_at_utc_B":1638190890,"score_A":4,"score_B":418,"human_ref_A":"Last 2 manuals I've owned were both 6 speed. My current automatics are 6, 8 and 10. Based on this your assumptions are not accurate.","human_ref_B":"Because automatic transmissions have torque converters. The torque converter multiplies the engine\u2019s torque when there is a big difference between the engine\u2019s speed and the transmission\u2019s speed; this happens whenever you shift up a gear. A standard transmission vehicle with such widely spaced gears would risk stalling at each shift or need to excessively slip the clutch.   As other commenters have said your assumption is much less true today than 15 years ago. Modern automatics have more gears than standards. Maximum efficiency can be wrung from an engine at a very narrow RPM band. It is a lot (*a lot*) of work to keep a manual transmission in the correct gear as the gear count goes up. Automatic transmissions have gotten very good.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":68.0,"score_ratio":104.5}
{"post_id":"r4uywv","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does the typical auto transmission have 4 gears whereas manual has 5?","c_root_id_A":"hmix0io","c_root_id_B":"hmix124","created_at_utc_A":1638189792,"created_at_utc_B":1638189802,"score_A":68,"score_B":132,"human_ref_A":"Not sure that typical auto transmissions have only 4 gears\u2026 probably been a decade or two since that was the case.","human_ref_B":"20+ years ago sure but last 10 years and even longer most manuals have 6 gears and most autos have 5-10 gears. Manuals use to be the better choice for mpg and 0-60 but now automatics are superior in those departments now.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":10.0,"score_ratio":1.9411764706}
{"post_id":"r4uywv","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does the typical auto transmission have 4 gears whereas manual has 5?","c_root_id_A":"hmix124","c_root_id_B":"hmiwpg8","created_at_utc_A":1638189802,"created_at_utc_B":1638189593,"score_A":132,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"20+ years ago sure but last 10 years and even longer most manuals have 6 gears and most autos have 5-10 gears. Manuals use to be the better choice for mpg and 0-60 but now automatics are superior in those departments now.","human_ref_B":"Doesn't auto have like 8?","labels":1,"seconds_difference":209.0,"score_ratio":26.4}
{"post_id":"r4uywv","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does the typical auto transmission have 4 gears whereas manual has 5?","c_root_id_A":"hmiwpg8","c_root_id_B":"hmix0io","created_at_utc_A":1638189593,"created_at_utc_B":1638189792,"score_A":5,"score_B":68,"human_ref_A":"Doesn't auto have like 8?","human_ref_B":"Not sure that typical auto transmissions have only 4 gears\u2026 probably been a decade or two since that was the case.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":199.0,"score_ratio":13.6}
{"post_id":"r4uywv","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does the typical auto transmission have 4 gears whereas manual has 5?","c_root_id_A":"hmiz8nb","c_root_id_B":"hmixw4c","created_at_utc_A":1638191161,"created_at_utc_B":1638190340,"score_A":20,"score_B":7,"human_ref_A":"A major difference between automatic transmissions and manual transmissions is that in an automatic transmission the stages are all in series with each other while in a manual transmission they are in parallel. That means that adding a gear in a manual transmission is relatively easy as it is just adding two more cogs while for an automatic transmission that may involve adding a completely new gearset after the existing one and is almost as expensive as adding two or three new gears. So for a long time most automatic transmissions came with four gears as this was an optimal arangement giving the most amount of gears for the lowest price. A five gear transmission was much more expensive and almost as expensive as the six gear transmissions. So while five gear manual transmissions became common automatic transmissions stuck with four gears. But of course this was twenty years ago and the current modern cars can aford the more expensive gear boxes, especially as it comes with better fuel economy. That means that current manual gearboxes are 6-8 gears and current automatic gearboxes can be as much as 12 gears. On the other hand the number of gears have become less of a selling point for cars so this is not advertised as much today.","human_ref_B":"A manual transmission doesn't have a torque converter, so the lowest gear can stall the engine. Having an extra gear lets you get the car moving more easily, and puts less wear on the clutch than getting the car moving in something closer to second gear.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":821.0,"score_ratio":2.8571428571}
{"post_id":"r4uywv","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does the typical auto transmission have 4 gears whereas manual has 5?","c_root_id_A":"hmiwpg8","c_root_id_B":"hmiz8nb","created_at_utc_A":1638189593,"created_at_utc_B":1638191161,"score_A":5,"score_B":20,"human_ref_A":"Doesn't auto have like 8?","human_ref_B":"A major difference between automatic transmissions and manual transmissions is that in an automatic transmission the stages are all in series with each other while in a manual transmission they are in parallel. That means that adding a gear in a manual transmission is relatively easy as it is just adding two more cogs while for an automatic transmission that may involve adding a completely new gearset after the existing one and is almost as expensive as adding two or three new gears. So for a long time most automatic transmissions came with four gears as this was an optimal arangement giving the most amount of gears for the lowest price. A five gear transmission was much more expensive and almost as expensive as the six gear transmissions. So while five gear manual transmissions became common automatic transmissions stuck with four gears. But of course this was twenty years ago and the current modern cars can aford the more expensive gear boxes, especially as it comes with better fuel economy. That means that current manual gearboxes are 6-8 gears and current automatic gearboxes can be as much as 12 gears. On the other hand the number of gears have become less of a selling point for cars so this is not advertised as much today.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1568.0,"score_ratio":4.0}
{"post_id":"r4uywv","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does the typical auto transmission have 4 gears whereas manual has 5?","c_root_id_A":"hmiyobo","c_root_id_B":"hmiz8nb","created_at_utc_A":1638190822,"created_at_utc_B":1638191161,"score_A":4,"score_B":20,"human_ref_A":"Last 2 manuals I've owned were both 6 speed. My current automatics are 6, 8 and 10. Based on this your assumptions are not accurate.","human_ref_B":"A major difference between automatic transmissions and manual transmissions is that in an automatic transmission the stages are all in series with each other while in a manual transmission they are in parallel. That means that adding a gear in a manual transmission is relatively easy as it is just adding two more cogs while for an automatic transmission that may involve adding a completely new gearset after the existing one and is almost as expensive as adding two or three new gears. So for a long time most automatic transmissions came with four gears as this was an optimal arangement giving the most amount of gears for the lowest price. A five gear transmission was much more expensive and almost as expensive as the six gear transmissions. So while five gear manual transmissions became common automatic transmissions stuck with four gears. But of course this was twenty years ago and the current modern cars can aford the more expensive gear boxes, especially as it comes with better fuel economy. That means that current manual gearboxes are 6-8 gears and current automatic gearboxes can be as much as 12 gears. On the other hand the number of gears have become less of a selling point for cars so this is not advertised as much today.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":339.0,"score_ratio":5.0}
{"post_id":"r4uywv","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does the typical auto transmission have 4 gears whereas manual has 5?","c_root_id_A":"hmj3vcl","c_root_id_B":"hmj2rpq","created_at_utc_A":1638193771,"created_at_utc_B":1638193172,"score_A":19,"score_B":12,"human_ref_A":"Way back (before electronics in transmissions) it was easier to make a 3 speed automatic transmission that was completely controlled by hydraulics and would shift relatively smoothly. The torque converter would provide the 1st gear and smooth the transitions between gears. Then an overdrive was added to reduce noise and fuel consumption at highway speeds and that became the 4 speed automatic (or 3 speed + overdrive as they are also called)  Manual transmissions did not have the control issue (the driver is the control system) and since they did not have the torque converter, they needed more ratios for performance and fuel economy.  Now that everything is electronically controlled, it is much easier to have more gear ratios, so 7 or 8 gear automatic transmissions are common and more fuel efficient.","human_ref_B":"OP why don't you just tell people what make and model and year car you have? Several responses already explained that more modern cars are having more gears for automatics and you have asked why it feels like you only have 4 gears.    We could figure out how many gears you have in your car if you tell us the make\/year.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":599.0,"score_ratio":1.5833333333}
{"post_id":"r4uywv","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does the typical auto transmission have 4 gears whereas manual has 5?","c_root_id_A":"hmj3vcl","c_root_id_B":"hmj1lbu","created_at_utc_A":1638193771,"created_at_utc_B":1638192509,"score_A":19,"score_B":11,"human_ref_A":"Way back (before electronics in transmissions) it was easier to make a 3 speed automatic transmission that was completely controlled by hydraulics and would shift relatively smoothly. The torque converter would provide the 1st gear and smooth the transitions between gears. Then an overdrive was added to reduce noise and fuel consumption at highway speeds and that became the 4 speed automatic (or 3 speed + overdrive as they are also called)  Manual transmissions did not have the control issue (the driver is the control system) and since they did not have the torque converter, they needed more ratios for performance and fuel economy.  Now that everything is electronically controlled, it is much easier to have more gear ratios, so 7 or 8 gear automatic transmissions are common and more fuel efficient.","human_ref_B":"Most modern ATs have more than 4 gears (usually 6+). You see a lot more CVT type transmissions today, which do not have discrete gearing ratios, and EVs don\u2019t generally have transmissions at all.  The decision on the number of gears in an AT is a matter of complexity, and cost. More gears means better efficiency and smoother operation at the expense of complexity and cost.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1262.0,"score_ratio":1.7272727273}
{"post_id":"r4uywv","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does the typical auto transmission have 4 gears whereas manual has 5?","c_root_id_A":"hmj3vcl","c_root_id_B":"hmixw4c","created_at_utc_A":1638193771,"created_at_utc_B":1638190340,"score_A":19,"score_B":7,"human_ref_A":"Way back (before electronics in transmissions) it was easier to make a 3 speed automatic transmission that was completely controlled by hydraulics and would shift relatively smoothly. The torque converter would provide the 1st gear and smooth the transitions between gears. Then an overdrive was added to reduce noise and fuel consumption at highway speeds and that became the 4 speed automatic (or 3 speed + overdrive as they are also called)  Manual transmissions did not have the control issue (the driver is the control system) and since they did not have the torque converter, they needed more ratios for performance and fuel economy.  Now that everything is electronically controlled, it is much easier to have more gear ratios, so 7 or 8 gear automatic transmissions are common and more fuel efficient.","human_ref_B":"A manual transmission doesn't have a torque converter, so the lowest gear can stall the engine. Having an extra gear lets you get the car moving more easily, and puts less wear on the clutch than getting the car moving in something closer to second gear.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3431.0,"score_ratio":2.7142857143}
{"post_id":"r4uywv","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does the typical auto transmission have 4 gears whereas manual has 5?","c_root_id_A":"hmj3vcl","c_root_id_B":"hmiwpg8","created_at_utc_A":1638193771,"created_at_utc_B":1638189593,"score_A":19,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"Way back (before electronics in transmissions) it was easier to make a 3 speed automatic transmission that was completely controlled by hydraulics and would shift relatively smoothly. The torque converter would provide the 1st gear and smooth the transitions between gears. Then an overdrive was added to reduce noise and fuel consumption at highway speeds and that became the 4 speed automatic (or 3 speed + overdrive as they are also called)  Manual transmissions did not have the control issue (the driver is the control system) and since they did not have the torque converter, they needed more ratios for performance and fuel economy.  Now that everything is electronically controlled, it is much easier to have more gear ratios, so 7 or 8 gear automatic transmissions are common and more fuel efficient.","human_ref_B":"Doesn't auto have like 8?","labels":1,"seconds_difference":4178.0,"score_ratio":3.8}
{"post_id":"r4uywv","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does the typical auto transmission have 4 gears whereas manual has 5?","c_root_id_A":"hmj3vcl","c_root_id_B":"hmiyobo","created_at_utc_A":1638193771,"created_at_utc_B":1638190822,"score_A":19,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"Way back (before electronics in transmissions) it was easier to make a 3 speed automatic transmission that was completely controlled by hydraulics and would shift relatively smoothly. The torque converter would provide the 1st gear and smooth the transitions between gears. Then an overdrive was added to reduce noise and fuel consumption at highway speeds and that became the 4 speed automatic (or 3 speed + overdrive as they are also called)  Manual transmissions did not have the control issue (the driver is the control system) and since they did not have the torque converter, they needed more ratios for performance and fuel economy.  Now that everything is electronically controlled, it is much easier to have more gear ratios, so 7 or 8 gear automatic transmissions are common and more fuel efficient.","human_ref_B":"Last 2 manuals I've owned were both 6 speed. My current automatics are 6, 8 and 10. Based on this your assumptions are not accurate.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2949.0,"score_ratio":4.75}
{"post_id":"r4uywv","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does the typical auto transmission have 4 gears whereas manual has 5?","c_root_id_A":"hmj1lbu","c_root_id_B":"hmj2rpq","created_at_utc_A":1638192509,"created_at_utc_B":1638193172,"score_A":11,"score_B":12,"human_ref_A":"Most modern ATs have more than 4 gears (usually 6+). You see a lot more CVT type transmissions today, which do not have discrete gearing ratios, and EVs don\u2019t generally have transmissions at all.  The decision on the number of gears in an AT is a matter of complexity, and cost. More gears means better efficiency and smoother operation at the expense of complexity and cost.","human_ref_B":"OP why don't you just tell people what make and model and year car you have? Several responses already explained that more modern cars are having more gears for automatics and you have asked why it feels like you only have 4 gears.    We could figure out how many gears you have in your car if you tell us the make\/year.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":663.0,"score_ratio":1.0909090909}
{"post_id":"r4uywv","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does the typical auto transmission have 4 gears whereas manual has 5?","c_root_id_A":"hmixw4c","c_root_id_B":"hmj2rpq","created_at_utc_A":1638190340,"created_at_utc_B":1638193172,"score_A":7,"score_B":12,"human_ref_A":"A manual transmission doesn't have a torque converter, so the lowest gear can stall the engine. Having an extra gear lets you get the car moving more easily, and puts less wear on the clutch than getting the car moving in something closer to second gear.","human_ref_B":"OP why don't you just tell people what make and model and year car you have? Several responses already explained that more modern cars are having more gears for automatics and you have asked why it feels like you only have 4 gears.    We could figure out how many gears you have in your car if you tell us the make\/year.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2832.0,"score_ratio":1.7142857143}
{"post_id":"r4uywv","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does the typical auto transmission have 4 gears whereas manual has 5?","c_root_id_A":"hmj2rpq","c_root_id_B":"hmiwpg8","created_at_utc_A":1638193172,"created_at_utc_B":1638189593,"score_A":12,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"OP why don't you just tell people what make and model and year car you have? Several responses already explained that more modern cars are having more gears for automatics and you have asked why it feels like you only have 4 gears.    We could figure out how many gears you have in your car if you tell us the make\/year.","human_ref_B":"Doesn't auto have like 8?","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3579.0,"score_ratio":2.4}
{"post_id":"r4uywv","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does the typical auto transmission have 4 gears whereas manual has 5?","c_root_id_A":"hmj2rpq","c_root_id_B":"hmiyobo","created_at_utc_A":1638193172,"created_at_utc_B":1638190822,"score_A":12,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"OP why don't you just tell people what make and model and year car you have? Several responses already explained that more modern cars are having more gears for automatics and you have asked why it feels like you only have 4 gears.    We could figure out how many gears you have in your car if you tell us the make\/year.","human_ref_B":"Last 2 manuals I've owned were both 6 speed. My current automatics are 6, 8 and 10. Based on this your assumptions are not accurate.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2350.0,"score_ratio":3.0}
{"post_id":"r4uywv","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does the typical auto transmission have 4 gears whereas manual has 5?","c_root_id_A":"hmj1lbu","c_root_id_B":"hmixw4c","created_at_utc_A":1638192509,"created_at_utc_B":1638190340,"score_A":11,"score_B":7,"human_ref_A":"Most modern ATs have more than 4 gears (usually 6+). You see a lot more CVT type transmissions today, which do not have discrete gearing ratios, and EVs don\u2019t generally have transmissions at all.  The decision on the number of gears in an AT is a matter of complexity, and cost. More gears means better efficiency and smoother operation at the expense of complexity and cost.","human_ref_B":"A manual transmission doesn't have a torque converter, so the lowest gear can stall the engine. Having an extra gear lets you get the car moving more easily, and puts less wear on the clutch than getting the car moving in something closer to second gear.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2169.0,"score_ratio":1.5714285714}
{"post_id":"r4uywv","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does the typical auto transmission have 4 gears whereas manual has 5?","c_root_id_A":"hmj1lbu","c_root_id_B":"hmiwpg8","created_at_utc_A":1638192509,"created_at_utc_B":1638189593,"score_A":11,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"Most modern ATs have more than 4 gears (usually 6+). You see a lot more CVT type transmissions today, which do not have discrete gearing ratios, and EVs don\u2019t generally have transmissions at all.  The decision on the number of gears in an AT is a matter of complexity, and cost. More gears means better efficiency and smoother operation at the expense of complexity and cost.","human_ref_B":"Doesn't auto have like 8?","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2916.0,"score_ratio":2.2}
{"post_id":"r4uywv","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does the typical auto transmission have 4 gears whereas manual has 5?","c_root_id_A":"hmj1lbu","c_root_id_B":"hmiyobo","created_at_utc_A":1638192509,"created_at_utc_B":1638190822,"score_A":11,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"Most modern ATs have more than 4 gears (usually 6+). You see a lot more CVT type transmissions today, which do not have discrete gearing ratios, and EVs don\u2019t generally have transmissions at all.  The decision on the number of gears in an AT is a matter of complexity, and cost. More gears means better efficiency and smoother operation at the expense of complexity and cost.","human_ref_B":"Last 2 manuals I've owned were both 6 speed. My current automatics are 6, 8 and 10. Based on this your assumptions are not accurate.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1687.0,"score_ratio":2.75}
{"post_id":"r4uywv","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does the typical auto transmission have 4 gears whereas manual has 5?","c_root_id_A":"hmiwpg8","c_root_id_B":"hmixw4c","created_at_utc_A":1638189593,"created_at_utc_B":1638190340,"score_A":5,"score_B":7,"human_ref_A":"Doesn't auto have like 8?","human_ref_B":"A manual transmission doesn't have a torque converter, so the lowest gear can stall the engine. Having an extra gear lets you get the car moving more easily, and puts less wear on the clutch than getting the car moving in something closer to second gear.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":747.0,"score_ratio":1.4}
{"post_id":"r4uywv","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does the typical auto transmission have 4 gears whereas manual has 5?","c_root_id_A":"hmiwpg8","c_root_id_B":"hmkjjjn","created_at_utc_A":1638189593,"created_at_utc_B":1638215744,"score_A":5,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"Doesn't auto have like 8?","human_ref_B":"There is at least one good answer here but I think I can take a stab at true Explain like I'm five years old. Others are right this is a great question 20 years ago before 5, 6, 7...10 speed automatics. But still totally worthwhile for the knowledge!  The answer is the **magical** **torque convertor**. It's the secret of the automatic transmission. The torque convertor is why you can stop at a light with the brake, in 1st gear, and the engine doesn't stall. The super Explain like I'm five years old is: *The automatic transmission basically covers in 1st gear what a manual needs 1st and 2nd gear to do.*  For more insight a little more: classically the automatic transmission with torque convertor or \"fluid coupling\" it was also once known as, the engine was **never** connected to the wheels mechanically. Think of two fans spinning inside a donut filled with transmission fluid. Engine spins it's fan, and the fan connected to the wheels will spin too. When the engine is idling, \"fan\" not spinning too fast, you can hold the car with the brakes, the wheel side of the \"fan\" stopped. This lets you also do the \"creep\" to move just using the brake pedal, which is a very useful feature of the fluid coupling. No working a clutch, no rolling backwards starting on a hill etc.  So anyways the fluid coupling also has the characteristic of \"multiplying torque\" which actually is exactly what a gear in any transmission does. While a gear ratio is static, like the 4 \"speeds\" of an automatic, or the 5 of a manual in our example, its a math problem to figure out the gear ratio, using the number of teeth on gears, and it can never change! But the fluid coupling is dynamic, when it pushes against the heavy car as you lay on the gas pedal from a stop, the big speed difference in the those \"fans\" by design mimics a lower gear in practical terms, it's turning 1st gear in that automatic into a lower gear than it actually is. When the car \"catches up\" as you accelerate and the engine fan and wheel fan are close in speed, the ratio reverts to close enough to the actual 1st gear. Manual transmission needs 2 gears to do this, a 1st that is very \"low\" to get the car moving, and 2nd gear for low speed driving. So in this way, the automatic basically covers 1st and 2nd gear of a manual transmission, and so for years the fashion with automatics is they were a usually a gear \"down\" to a manual transmission.  This is all way oversimilified, AND it's been decades since things have been so simple: the designs have been refined in about a million ways, the first big one being the \"lock-up torque convertor\" clutch that *can* mechanically connect the engine to the wheels. Then electronic computer control, more gears, everything gets more complicated from there!  There are more types of transmissions today, not all automatics are the classic torque convertor type. There are automated manual transmissions with automatic shifting and clutch, the popular \"dual clutch\" type, which is basically two manual transmissions and two clutches all controlled by computer. CVTs with no gears, or infinite gears depending on how you look at it ;-)  I think you mentioned a Honda Ridgeline, what you have there specifically is an electronically controlled traditional torque converted automatic with lock-up clutch.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":26151.0,"score_ratio":1.2}
{"post_id":"r4uywv","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does the typical auto transmission have 4 gears whereas manual has 5?","c_root_id_A":"hmiyobo","c_root_id_B":"hmkjjjn","created_at_utc_A":1638190822,"created_at_utc_B":1638215744,"score_A":4,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"Last 2 manuals I've owned were both 6 speed. My current automatics are 6, 8 and 10. Based on this your assumptions are not accurate.","human_ref_B":"There is at least one good answer here but I think I can take a stab at true Explain like I'm five years old. Others are right this is a great question 20 years ago before 5, 6, 7...10 speed automatics. But still totally worthwhile for the knowledge!  The answer is the **magical** **torque convertor**. It's the secret of the automatic transmission. The torque convertor is why you can stop at a light with the brake, in 1st gear, and the engine doesn't stall. The super Explain like I'm five years old is: *The automatic transmission basically covers in 1st gear what a manual needs 1st and 2nd gear to do.*  For more insight a little more: classically the automatic transmission with torque convertor or \"fluid coupling\" it was also once known as, the engine was **never** connected to the wheels mechanically. Think of two fans spinning inside a donut filled with transmission fluid. Engine spins it's fan, and the fan connected to the wheels will spin too. When the engine is idling, \"fan\" not spinning too fast, you can hold the car with the brakes, the wheel side of the \"fan\" stopped. This lets you also do the \"creep\" to move just using the brake pedal, which is a very useful feature of the fluid coupling. No working a clutch, no rolling backwards starting on a hill etc.  So anyways the fluid coupling also has the characteristic of \"multiplying torque\" which actually is exactly what a gear in any transmission does. While a gear ratio is static, like the 4 \"speeds\" of an automatic, or the 5 of a manual in our example, its a math problem to figure out the gear ratio, using the number of teeth on gears, and it can never change! But the fluid coupling is dynamic, when it pushes against the heavy car as you lay on the gas pedal from a stop, the big speed difference in the those \"fans\" by design mimics a lower gear in practical terms, it's turning 1st gear in that automatic into a lower gear than it actually is. When the car \"catches up\" as you accelerate and the engine fan and wheel fan are close in speed, the ratio reverts to close enough to the actual 1st gear. Manual transmission needs 2 gears to do this, a 1st that is very \"low\" to get the car moving, and 2nd gear for low speed driving. So in this way, the automatic basically covers 1st and 2nd gear of a manual transmission, and so for years the fashion with automatics is they were a usually a gear \"down\" to a manual transmission.  This is all way oversimilified, AND it's been decades since things have been so simple: the designs have been refined in about a million ways, the first big one being the \"lock-up torque convertor\" clutch that *can* mechanically connect the engine to the wheels. Then electronic computer control, more gears, everything gets more complicated from there!  There are more types of transmissions today, not all automatics are the classic torque convertor type. There are automated manual transmissions with automatic shifting and clutch, the popular \"dual clutch\" type, which is basically two manual transmissions and two clutches all controlled by computer. CVTs with no gears, or infinite gears depending on how you look at it ;-)  I think you mentioned a Honda Ridgeline, what you have there specifically is an electronically controlled traditional torque converted automatic with lock-up clutch.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":24922.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"28w72u","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.77,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How can some people understand a language but not be able speak it? My friend has Portuguese speaking family, he can't speak Portuguese but he can understand them or at least pick out enough words to know what they're saying.","c_root_id_A":"cif1ncy","c_root_id_B":"cif1r47","created_at_utc_A":1403548982,"created_at_utc_B":1403549175,"score_A":3,"score_B":34,"human_ref_A":"It doesnt take as much command of a language to understand the general meaning of words used as it does to conjugate or recall specific vocabulary when trying to speak. To speak grammatically correct spanish, for example, one must know the vocabulary, the noun genders, the tense, and the proper conjugation (which differs between peers and elders) and use them properly.   **Tl;dr: Its easier to understand phrases\/choice words than to form sentences.**","human_ref_B":"It's one thing to be able to pick out some words and figure out what somebody is saying. Quite another to be able to put together a sentence yourself.  Allow me to demonstrate. Here's some German:  Das ist meine Hand. Meine Hand hat 5 Finger. Das ist meine Zigarette. Meine Zigarette ist lang. Das ist mein Baby und das ist mein Pony.  Did you understand that?  Okay. Now say in German: \"My baby has 2 arms and blond hair.\"","labels":0,"seconds_difference":193.0,"score_ratio":11.3333333333}
{"post_id":"3167h9","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: What would happen to a person who has cancer but doesn't treat it? Would they feel it slowly killing them or would they drop dead one day?","c_root_id_A":"cpyqhw8","c_root_id_B":"cpypkhu","created_at_utc_A":1427969420,"created_at_utc_B":1427964465,"score_A":70,"score_B":13,"human_ref_A":"Basically, there are only a few ways to actually die of cancer:  * Pure volume: That is, it blocks\/destroys surrounding tissue, if that tissue happens to be important, it runs down to slowly losing this tissues function ( liver stops working, lung can't expand enough, certain brain regions stop working, etc)  * Nutrition: If a tumor consumes more energy for growth\/subsistence than the body can provide, the patient starves  * Blood loss: Some cancers ( breast cancer, for example ) become a huge, bloody mess after a while and lead to profuse bleeding, which sooner or later kills the patient.  * EDIT: Secondary infections: As Clovin69 mentioned \" secondary infections (especially pneumonia) from reduced white blood cell levels\", Explain like I'm five years old this means, you get sick because the cancer weakens the immune system  Keep in mind, that many cancers are not \"directly deadly\", prostate cancer for example is pretty harmless as long as it doesn't spread. But if it does, the metastases will do the actual killing.","human_ref_B":"I think there might be too many variables to give a sound answer. But I'd love to see somebody with real  expertise answer it. My father died 6 months to the day of his diagnosis. We don't know how long he actually had it though. He had a type called multiple myloma(essentially bone marrow cancer), and it was unusually aggressive. He quickly lost his ability to walk due to the first tumors position on his spine, it eventually spread to his brain and he didn't even know who he was for the last month of his life. That was with the best available treatment we could get for him.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":4955.0,"score_ratio":5.3846153846}
{"post_id":"3167h9","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: What would happen to a person who has cancer but doesn't treat it? Would they feel it slowly killing them or would they drop dead one day?","c_root_id_A":"cpyphk1","c_root_id_B":"cpyqhw8","created_at_utc_A":1427964054,"created_at_utc_B":1427969420,"score_A":6,"score_B":70,"human_ref_A":"It depends. The ever-multiplying cells use up too much resources and you die slowly. Or the clump of cancer cells can detach and block an important vein and you die quickly. Those are just two examples, not exhaustive in any way.","human_ref_B":"Basically, there are only a few ways to actually die of cancer:  * Pure volume: That is, it blocks\/destroys surrounding tissue, if that tissue happens to be important, it runs down to slowly losing this tissues function ( liver stops working, lung can't expand enough, certain brain regions stop working, etc)  * Nutrition: If a tumor consumes more energy for growth\/subsistence than the body can provide, the patient starves  * Blood loss: Some cancers ( breast cancer, for example ) become a huge, bloody mess after a while and lead to profuse bleeding, which sooner or later kills the patient.  * EDIT: Secondary infections: As Clovin69 mentioned \" secondary infections (especially pneumonia) from reduced white blood cell levels\", Explain like I'm five years old this means, you get sick because the cancer weakens the immune system  Keep in mind, that many cancers are not \"directly deadly\", prostate cancer for example is pretty harmless as long as it doesn't spread. But if it does, the metastases will do the actual killing.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":5366.0,"score_ratio":11.6666666667}
{"post_id":"3167h9","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: What would happen to a person who has cancer but doesn't treat it? Would they feel it slowly killing them or would they drop dead one day?","c_root_id_A":"cpyphk1","c_root_id_B":"cpypkhu","created_at_utc_A":1427964054,"created_at_utc_B":1427964465,"score_A":6,"score_B":13,"human_ref_A":"It depends. The ever-multiplying cells use up too much resources and you die slowly. Or the clump of cancer cells can detach and block an important vein and you die quickly. Those are just two examples, not exhaustive in any way.","human_ref_B":"I think there might be too many variables to give a sound answer. But I'd love to see somebody with real  expertise answer it. My father died 6 months to the day of his diagnosis. We don't know how long he actually had it though. He had a type called multiple myloma(essentially bone marrow cancer), and it was unusually aggressive. He quickly lost his ability to walk due to the first tumors position on his spine, it eventually spread to his brain and he didn't even know who he was for the last month of his life. That was with the best available treatment we could get for him.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":411.0,"score_ratio":2.1666666667}
{"post_id":"3167h9","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: What would happen to a person who has cancer but doesn't treat it? Would they feel it slowly killing them or would they drop dead one day?","c_root_id_A":"cpyphk1","c_root_id_B":"cpyzfpw","created_at_utc_A":1427964054,"created_at_utc_B":1427991068,"score_A":6,"score_B":7,"human_ref_A":"It depends. The ever-multiplying cells use up too much resources and you die slowly. Or the clump of cancer cells can detach and block an important vein and you die quickly. Those are just two examples, not exhaustive in any way.","human_ref_B":"My uncle had lung cancer. He opted out of chemo, etc. Long story short, he spent the last few weeks of his life writhing in pain 24\/7 and eventually died of nervous shock. It was horrible to watch. I'm pretty sure he would have taken doctor-assisted suicide in a heartbeat if he'd been given the option.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":27014.0,"score_ratio":1.1666666667}
{"post_id":"3167h9","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: What would happen to a person who has cancer but doesn't treat it? Would they feel it slowly killing them or would they drop dead one day?","c_root_id_A":"cpyzfpw","c_root_id_B":"cpyx9gf","created_at_utc_A":1427991068,"created_at_utc_B":1427987596,"score_A":7,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"My uncle had lung cancer. He opted out of chemo, etc. Long story short, he spent the last few weeks of his life writhing in pain 24\/7 and eventually died of nervous shock. It was horrible to watch. I'm pretty sure he would have taken doctor-assisted suicide in a heartbeat if he'd been given the option.","human_ref_B":"I can't really answer to \"do they feel it\" but we didn't know my dog had cancer until she died one day. It was brain cancer that had spread to her upper body. It was a lot, so she'd had it for years. Looking back, we could say \"oh that's why she didn't walk as fast as her brother during walks\" and \"oh that's why she always breathed with her mouth open\" but she still has a happy girl. A month or so before she died she had bronchitis, and even after antibiotics she never seemed completely better. I thought maybe it was just residual effects. But of course it was the cancer. So, if she was a human she probably would have expressed discomfort earlier on and we would have been able to know and treat her maybe. Instead we unknowingly witnessed a doggy dying of cancer.  Not trying to give a sob story about my dog. Obviously people having cancer is worse. But I thought maybe my answer could be helpful since she was never treated.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3472.0,"score_ratio":1.4}
{"post_id":"3167h9","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: What would happen to a person who has cancer but doesn't treat it? Would they feel it slowly killing them or would they drop dead one day?","c_root_id_A":"cpyqxgo","c_root_id_B":"cpyzfpw","created_at_utc_A":1427971682,"created_at_utc_B":1427991068,"score_A":2,"score_B":7,"human_ref_A":"Usually an untreated cancer patient will suffer from various health problems for some period of time before they die.  Rare is the person who seems healthy until they drop dead. The progression may be slow or fast. With something like liver cancer, the liver can be mostly destroyed before you have any symptoms. So by the time of diagnosis, your liver functioning is down a lot and you will die of liver failure quickly but have a short period of sickness of a few weeks to months before death. I know people who thought they were in good health, who died a week later after the first onset of cancer symptoms.","human_ref_B":"My uncle had lung cancer. He opted out of chemo, etc. Long story short, he spent the last few weeks of his life writhing in pain 24\/7 and eventually died of nervous shock. It was horrible to watch. I'm pretty sure he would have taken doctor-assisted suicide in a heartbeat if he'd been given the option.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":19386.0,"score_ratio":3.5}
{"post_id":"3167h9","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: What would happen to a person who has cancer but doesn't treat it? Would they feel it slowly killing them or would they drop dead one day?","c_root_id_A":"cpyqxgo","c_root_id_B":"cpyx9gf","created_at_utc_A":1427971682,"created_at_utc_B":1427987596,"score_A":2,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"Usually an untreated cancer patient will suffer from various health problems for some period of time before they die.  Rare is the person who seems healthy until they drop dead. The progression may be slow or fast. With something like liver cancer, the liver can be mostly destroyed before you have any symptoms. So by the time of diagnosis, your liver functioning is down a lot and you will die of liver failure quickly but have a short period of sickness of a few weeks to months before death. I know people who thought they were in good health, who died a week later after the first onset of cancer symptoms.","human_ref_B":"I can't really answer to \"do they feel it\" but we didn't know my dog had cancer until she died one day. It was brain cancer that had spread to her upper body. It was a lot, so she'd had it for years. Looking back, we could say \"oh that's why she didn't walk as fast as her brother during walks\" and \"oh that's why she always breathed with her mouth open\" but she still has a happy girl. A month or so before she died she had bronchitis, and even after antibiotics she never seemed completely better. I thought maybe it was just residual effects. But of course it was the cancer. So, if she was a human she probably would have expressed discomfort earlier on and we would have been able to know and treat her maybe. Instead we unknowingly witnessed a doggy dying of cancer.  Not trying to give a sob story about my dog. Obviously people having cancer is worse. But I thought maybe my answer could be helpful since she was never treated.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":15914.0,"score_ratio":2.5}
{"post_id":"6zys4k","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.74,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: what are medicaly induced comas, why and when are they used and how does patients wake up after that? A famous person had an accident while skiing, he hit his head with a rock and had severe damge to his head.and even reported he was in the risk of death , doctors said he was put in a medicaly induced  coma . Then various sources said he woke up from it ,but still has high amount of damage done to his brain and can barly recognize people or speak a word and cant talk. Why is such a decision taken and what does it do for the patient in such a state,  how does he wake up after that. ?","c_root_id_A":"dmzfo8a","c_root_id_B":"dmz6jag","created_at_utc_A":1505369276,"created_at_utc_B":1505354278,"score_A":6,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"Is this famous person you are referring to Michael Schumacher ?","human_ref_B":"Medically induced comas are just like it says. Comas that are induced with medicines. A frequent drug used is called propofol. It's great for knocking someone out and is quickly metabolized. So when you stop it the person wakes up fairly quickly. This is a great drug to use for patients with neuro problems bc you can wake them up frequently for assessments.   Now why are medically induced comas used? They are used for a variety of things and not just head trauma. Respiratory failure is probably a more common use. When someone is in respiratory failure or their airway is at risk of being compromised the patient is intubated. In order to be intubated you have to be sedated or essentially in a medically induced coma. Other uses would be for someone who is having seizures or in status epilepticus.   Now for head trauma the biggest fear is an increase in intercranial pressure which can lead to neuro deficits and death. Putting someone in a coma can decrease that. This is essentially bc you are decreasing their exertion and stress levels. However it is important to note that when in an induced coma they need to be mechanically ventilated. Mechanical ventilation can increase intercranial pressure. This is through PEEP or positive end expiratory pressure. In vent settings this can help improve oxygenation but will impede venous flow and lead to an increase in intercranial pressure. So its fairly complicated to manage without a strong understanding of the physiology.    As far as waking up that depends on what drug was used and the strength of the patient. Some patients may have weak lungs to begin with and weaning them off of vent support is very difficult. The longer someone is in the hospital bed the weaker they are and the harder it is to take them off support.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":14998.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"t1sp9m","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old what does a mathematician actually DO? Im not at all math savvy. In fact the opposite. I was having a conversation about math with a colleague and I realized that other than teaching i have no idea what someone with a math degree or a \u201cMathematician\u201d actually does? Im curious now. Whats their day like? Who employs them?","c_root_id_A":"hyi2i09","c_root_id_B":"hyinoht","created_at_utc_A":1645872606,"created_at_utc_B":1645886269,"score_A":7,"score_B":9,"human_ref_A":"Sometimes mathematicians are also useful in the industry because if the way learned to reason and solve problems. Math studies require the ability to focus on one problem and find the most efficient solution for this, it requires rational thinking (als logic is also a great part of mathematics) and mathematicians are used to not being able to solve a problem on first sight but to think and riddle about it to get it done. These qualities are useful in a lot of fields, e.g. I know a lot of Managers and Consultants who a mathematicians but obviously mainly use their soft skills instead of the math part they have learned.","human_ref_B":"A programmer once told me that as you get more and more complicated with what your code is trying to do, programming and mathematics converge.  A big part of it is that for a lot of things, making a rudimentary algorithm to solve a problem is pretty easy.  But this rudimentary algorithm will require a lot of steps and computations.  And each step costs money in hardware (computer parts don't last forever), energy (electricity ain't cheap, and time (you actually need a solution).  Mathematics can be used to improve algorithms and make things faster, easier, and cheaper.  And depending on time constraints, usable.  The Alan Turing film about code breaking shows all of this.  In the film Turing makes a machine and has a rudimentary calculation for breaking the enigma cod le relatively early in the story.  But the algorithm is rudimentary and after computing for a week it's still not done; and since the code changes every day this is useless.  So they spend all day every day improving the algorithm to the point where the computer can perform all the calculations in minutes.  Lots of real world problems are like this.  Logistics systems change in scope and what products and locations are involved constantly, so you also want your calculations done ASAP.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":13663.0,"score_ratio":1.2857142857}
{"post_id":"t1sp9m","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old what does a mathematician actually DO? Im not at all math savvy. In fact the opposite. I was having a conversation about math with a colleague and I realized that other than teaching i have no idea what someone with a math degree or a \u201cMathematician\u201d actually does? Im curious now. Whats their day like? Who employs them?","c_root_id_A":"hyinoht","c_root_id_B":"hyiio91","created_at_utc_A":1645886269,"created_at_utc_B":1645883713,"score_A":9,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"A programmer once told me that as you get more and more complicated with what your code is trying to do, programming and mathematics converge.  A big part of it is that for a lot of things, making a rudimentary algorithm to solve a problem is pretty easy.  But this rudimentary algorithm will require a lot of steps and computations.  And each step costs money in hardware (computer parts don't last forever), energy (electricity ain't cheap, and time (you actually need a solution).  Mathematics can be used to improve algorithms and make things faster, easier, and cheaper.  And depending on time constraints, usable.  The Alan Turing film about code breaking shows all of this.  In the film Turing makes a machine and has a rudimentary calculation for breaking the enigma cod le relatively early in the story.  But the algorithm is rudimentary and after computing for a week it's still not done; and since the code changes every day this is useless.  So they spend all day every day improving the algorithm to the point where the computer can perform all the calculations in minutes.  Lots of real world problems are like this.  Logistics systems change in scope and what products and locations are involved constantly, so you also want your calculations done ASAP.","human_ref_B":"Mathematician here. My regular job is as an analyst. Analyzing large data sets to identify trends, writing formulas, and yes debating the proper way to calculate metrics with my colleagues.  I do a lot of work related to Lean Six Sigma, which is optimization and problem solving. Mathematicians are excellent problem solvers! We use logical thinking and break down problems into smaller components to identify root causes.  Also, some statistics is involved with creating control charts and calculating the confidence intervals of the analyses.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2556.0,"score_ratio":2.25}
{"post_id":"t1sp9m","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old what does a mathematician actually DO? Im not at all math savvy. In fact the opposite. I was having a conversation about math with a colleague and I realized that other than teaching i have no idea what someone with a math degree or a \u201cMathematician\u201d actually does? Im curious now. Whats their day like? Who employs them?","c_root_id_A":"hyjco6j","c_root_id_B":"hyis7kq","created_at_utc_A":1645897003,"created_at_utc_B":1645888404,"score_A":3,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"I interviewed a pure mathematician for a course in university. Very interesting gent.  He said most of what he does has no real application. He said he spent a lot of time thinking about the foil knot at the time. His average work process was to think about different problems and things that interested him for 2-3 months, then he'd lock himself in a room and write a paper on 1 or 2 days. Rinse and repeat.  But some of solution will have an application. Not Explain like I'm five years old but pathway finding solutions Google maps uses has relations to geometric shapes (paths and nodes) i believe. So all that work thinking about 2000 sided shapes does make sense when you try to map out all the possible houses in a city.","human_ref_B":"Everyone here is talking about applied fields in industry, but there's also plenty of research mathematicians who don't work in any of these fields, who simply further the study of mathematics in universities or research centers.  At the core, mathematicians prove conjectures and develop theories. I know that sounds vague, but mathematics is such a massive subject that you really can't narrow it down much further.  For reference, here's a (far from complete) list of unsolved problems in mathematics. Here's the Millennium Prize problems, which will net you a million dollars if you manage to resolve one of them. Mathematicians will explore techniques and directions of research in problems like these, making incremental progress, proving weaker versions, noticing connections with other parts of math, and occasionally having breakthroughs that result in a proof.  This may seem unmotivated and pointlessly academic, but actually as fields like physics and computer science grow, they continue to take advantage of more and more recent mathematical theories and fields. Not that the mathematicians working on new theories necessarily care about its applications, but today's mathematics could easily be essential for tomorrow's physics.   Other than this, research mathematicians will likely teach at least some courses, give some talks, and a few will author textbooks.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":8599.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"x7c1v7","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.78,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old - When and how is the energy that we take from food transformed into fat? There is energy from the food that we just ate, and then there is energy from the fat reserves. I was wondering, how much time would I have left to get rid of the calories of a meal I just ate, before it becomes fat. I'm guessing that this transition most probably isn't as simple as that, but I believe I have made the idea clear. Also, how is this transformation done?","c_root_id_A":"inbpr54","c_root_id_B":"inc1oj7","created_at_utc_A":1662478467,"created_at_utc_B":1662483137,"score_A":9,"score_B":10,"human_ref_A":"Your food needs to be digested before it turns to fat. Once its digested the nutrients are sent into your bloodstream from your gut. What is not immediately used for energy and construction is sent to the liver to be converted to fat.   Regular fat in your food can be turned into stored fat in about 4 hours (https:\/\/www.sciencefocus.com\/science\/how-long-before-extra-calories-show-on-the-scales\/)  Others such as proteins need to be processed for longer.   By burning off food people mean burning calories so that it's s net positive. Say you eat 300 calories. You want to burn off those 300 but you are not burning the cheeseburger you just ate but perhaps the one you ate 2 days ago that is now stored fat.","human_ref_B":"Not gaining fat is actually very simple.   We gain energy from the food we eat during the day, measured in calories. (If you want to get picky about it, it\u2019s kilocalories, technically written as Calories or kcal, but in everyday use we just say \u201ccalorie\u201d.)  We use energy during that same day in order to stay alive, which can also be measured in calories.   Extra calories consumed and not used (calories eaten > calories used) get stored as fat as a survival mechanism, to protect against times when we don\u2019t get enough food (calories eaten < calories used). Then our body breaks down fat to get energy to make up the difference needed to stay alive and keep doing what you need to do.  If they are equal (calories eaten = calories used) then you are not creating new fat or using up existing fat; you are in balance.  If you want to stay in balance, then you match your food intake to activity level to balance it out. If you like to eat more or higher calorie foods, then you would need to increase your physical activity to burn more calories off. Professional athletes eat a LOT of calories to fuel their intense workouts and competitions.  On the flip side, if you are a couch potato and dislike exercise (it\u2019s good for you!) then you would balance by eating fewer calories \u2014 less food in general and lower calorie of what you do eat. Or, compromise so you can eat a bit more sweets and go for a brisk walk every day to burn it off.    You still burn quite a lot of calories just by existing \u2014 it takes energy to keep your heart beating, your brain thinking, your muscles moving (even if it\u2019s just to keep you standing or sitting upright!) and even to digest what you eat; so you have to eat to stay alive.   Cutting your calories to zero starves your brain and muscles, making you irritable, irrational, and weak while your body cannibalizes itself for energy. Then eventually you would die once your body had nothing left to give (or you have other issues, like electrolyte imbalances that give you heart arrhythmia or a heart attack). *Reduce* calories (or increase exercise) so that you run at a caloric deficit, while still eating enough to support your basic functions without crashing.  Why it\u2019s so difficult to actually do this is related to our survival instincts, habits, and culture. For millions of years we hunted and gathered, where our diet heavily depended on what we could find, kill, or scavenge.   The early humans who put on some fat in good times had more energy to stay warm and do more energy-intensive activities like hunting for food in lean times like winter or drought, so we developed a taste for high calorie foods with more sugar and fat.  Now, though, when most of humanity lives in an abundance of food, and companies selling us food put in more fat and sugar to make it more appealing (liking high calorie fat and sugar are survival traits for living off the land!) then we develop the opposite problem of gaining too much weight while being too sedentary, which our bodies are not designed to handle well.   And of course now our culture is much more sedentary: we largely sit to work in offices, or sit and watch TV, and sit to drive where we want to go, instead of walking or running for miles to find food. And our always-on work culture (at least in the US) tends to leave us stressed and short of time, so we eat to soothe our emotions \u2014 often fatty or sugary foods, to soothe our old survival instincts \u2014 or grab fast and convenience foods that have excess fats and sugars to entice us to buy them.  But the balance still is the same: to lose weight, eat less and exercise more. To stay the same weight, balance calories in and out. To gain weight, eat more and exercise less (though exercising for health or to gain muscle is a good thing; but then you need to eat even more to support that).  Of course this is also ignoring the question of nutrients, which are vital too. You can still lose weight by eating only doughnuts, just fewer of them \u2014 but that\u2019s still not healthy. You need protein, fiber, some fats (if only to use fat-soluble vitamins, since you need fat to dissolve them in!), vitamins, minerals, and micronutrients. So paying attention to the balance of what you eat is just as important as the caloric level of your diet.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":4670.0,"score_ratio":1.1111111111}
{"post_id":"2oi15z","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.76,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are we so eager to go to and colonize Mars when we haven't been to the moon in over 40 years? I just seems like we're jumping the gun. Why are we going to colonize Mars when we haven't even mastered the moon?","c_root_id_A":"cmnao1p","c_root_id_B":"cmnahr8","created_at_utc_A":1417908529,"created_at_utc_B":1417908152,"score_A":57,"score_B":20,"human_ref_A":"Sending a manned mission to the moon again would involve a huge investment of resources and time, without much gain in terms of scientific knowledge. Not to mention, we have been to the moon in the past 40 years (the Chinese did it just last year), just not with manned missions, and even then, that's been done six times already. If we're going to put in the effort, it might as well push things into a realm that hasn't been accomplished before.","human_ref_B":"Mars has known resources, and potential resources that make colonization (and potentially terraforming) possible. The moon does not have those resources and would have to continuously be resupplied.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":377.0,"score_ratio":2.85}
{"post_id":"xd7jed","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.84,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Does raking leaves from the ground damage the wildlife due to nutritions in the leaves being thrown away?","c_root_id_A":"io9xkqw","c_root_id_B":"io9aihh","created_at_utc_A":1663085976,"created_at_utc_B":1663077227,"score_A":55,"score_B":27,"human_ref_A":"Be honest. Are you just trying to get out of raking a front yard? Because this is absolutely something I would pull to not have to rake.","human_ref_B":"A bit of a complicated answer. Assuming you're raking leaves from a grass lawn, the lawn is the artificial ecosystem in the first place. The wildlife has already \"been damaged\". The chemistry of the soil has been changed by chemicals, grass provides little to no shelter or sustenance for bugs\/animals etc. So if you just left all the leaves there they would act to restore the natural habitat. They would smother the grass and change the soil chemistry and basically turn your lawn back into a forest floor. They do eventually some slight nutrition through the actions of decomposers but mostly they will provide a habitat for wildlife to occupy. Leaves provide shelter for bugs and small animals, create a zone of moisture for things like slugs, worms, and amphibians and can also block frost\/snow\/ice and provide a place to overwinter for things like bees and other animals.  So honestly, raking leaves staves off the natural restoration of an artificial lawn back into a forest floor. If you really needed an important excuse to change your raking habits, it would be most important to leave them, or at least a large patch for them, to provide an overwintering habitat for the actual animals and wildlife that can't survive in exposed grass.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":8749.0,"score_ratio":2.037037037}
{"post_id":"xd7jed","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.84,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Does raking leaves from the ground damage the wildlife due to nutritions in the leaves being thrown away?","c_root_id_A":"io9xkqw","c_root_id_B":"io9a1e7","created_at_utc_A":1663085976,"created_at_utc_B":1663077038,"score_A":55,"score_B":12,"human_ref_A":"Be honest. Are you just trying to get out of raking a front yard? Because this is absolutely something I would pull to not have to rake.","human_ref_B":"It mostly damages wildlife because insects hide in it and survive the frost there.  Those that do not survive have contributed to the scarce amount of available food for birds and rodents, helping their survival.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":8938.0,"score_ratio":4.5833333333}
{"post_id":"xd7jed","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.84,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Does raking leaves from the ground damage the wildlife due to nutritions in the leaves being thrown away?","c_root_id_A":"io9tcoc","c_root_id_B":"io9xkqw","created_at_utc_A":1663084418,"created_at_utc_B":1663085976,"score_A":5,"score_B":55,"human_ref_A":"A good farmer grows good crops. A great farmer grows good soil.  Some leaf litter is good for soil.  Good soil has more biodiversity.    However, grass yards are never good ecosystems. They started as displays of wealth, and we would be better off without them.","human_ref_B":"Be honest. Are you just trying to get out of raking a front yard? Because this is absolutely something I would pull to not have to rake.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1558.0,"score_ratio":11.0}
{"post_id":"xd7jed","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.84,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Does raking leaves from the ground damage the wildlife due to nutritions in the leaves being thrown away?","c_root_id_A":"io9a1e7","c_root_id_B":"io9aihh","created_at_utc_A":1663077038,"created_at_utc_B":1663077227,"score_A":12,"score_B":27,"human_ref_A":"It mostly damages wildlife because insects hide in it and survive the frost there.  Those that do not survive have contributed to the scarce amount of available food for birds and rodents, helping their survival.","human_ref_B":"A bit of a complicated answer. Assuming you're raking leaves from a grass lawn, the lawn is the artificial ecosystem in the first place. The wildlife has already \"been damaged\". The chemistry of the soil has been changed by chemicals, grass provides little to no shelter or sustenance for bugs\/animals etc. So if you just left all the leaves there they would act to restore the natural habitat. They would smother the grass and change the soil chemistry and basically turn your lawn back into a forest floor. They do eventually some slight nutrition through the actions of decomposers but mostly they will provide a habitat for wildlife to occupy. Leaves provide shelter for bugs and small animals, create a zone of moisture for things like slugs, worms, and amphibians and can also block frost\/snow\/ice and provide a place to overwinter for things like bees and other animals.  So honestly, raking leaves staves off the natural restoration of an artificial lawn back into a forest floor. If you really needed an important excuse to change your raking habits, it would be most important to leave them, or at least a large patch for them, to provide an overwintering habitat for the actual animals and wildlife that can't survive in exposed grass.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":189.0,"score_ratio":2.25}
{"post_id":"xd7jed","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.84,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Does raking leaves from the ground damage the wildlife due to nutritions in the leaves being thrown away?","c_root_id_A":"io9tcoc","c_root_id_B":"ioasooo","created_at_utc_A":1663084418,"created_at_utc_B":1663098520,"score_A":5,"score_B":7,"human_ref_A":"A good farmer grows good crops. A great farmer grows good soil.  Some leaf litter is good for soil.  Good soil has more biodiversity.    However, grass yards are never good ecosystems. They started as displays of wealth, and we would be better off without them.","human_ref_B":"yes,   best to run the leaves over with a lawn mower, using a bagless mulching method.  then all the natural nutrients are returned to the biomass.    trees have roots that go way down and pull up minerals and the expendible nutrients like nitrogen phosphorus and potash, the stuff that already passed by the surface grass and landscape scrubs.   surface\/sheet composting returns most of it, benefits the microbes that feast on it and turn it into micro fertilizer.  you'll have a thicker fuller and softer lawn, grass that is only fed chemical pellets get a hard packed tarmac that soon gets thatchy as the roots crawl across the surface (you see that with trees too where the roots rise to the surface.)","labels":0,"seconds_difference":14102.0,"score_ratio":1.4}
{"post_id":"yellkm","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.77,"history":"Eli5 how do micro-plastics end up in our bodies from things like bottles and plastic packaging I have been googling how micro plastics get into our bodies and I get a lot of articles saying it\u2019s from drinking and eating from plastic but nothing explains HOW the micro plastics are actually leaving the containers and getting into us. I specifically want to understand how drinking out of a plastic bottle transfers plastic to our body? I understand microwaving plastic leaches chemicals into food but I don\u2019t get how drinking cold water from plastic could transfer the micro plastic to our bodies.","c_root_id_A":"ityse4l","c_root_id_B":"ityou33","created_at_utc_A":1666860327,"created_at_utc_B":1666857197,"score_A":24,"score_B":9,"human_ref_A":"Ever wonder where the synthetic rubber from your tires go as they wear?  that's a microplastic. In this case it's washed from our roads into the water and ecosystem. That water is used and consumed by people and voila.   basically things get worn down into smaller and smaller parts and we end up with small particles. Sometimes the items start out small like those microbeads in a lot of scrubbing body washes.  They flow into the ecosystem and we eat or drink the items containing these micro plastics.","human_ref_B":"Micro-plastics can be released into the environment when we use and dispose of plastic products. They can also enter the food chain when animals mistake them for food and ingest them.   Also they can be inhaled when they are airborne through the use of plastics in manufacturing or through the breakdown of larger pieces of plastic waste.   Once airborne, micro-plastics can be transported long distances by wind and other atmospheric processes, potentially causing them to end up in remote areas where they can be inhaled by humans and other animals.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3130.0,"score_ratio":2.6666666667}
{"post_id":"yellkm","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.77,"history":"Eli5 how do micro-plastics end up in our bodies from things like bottles and plastic packaging I have been googling how micro plastics get into our bodies and I get a lot of articles saying it\u2019s from drinking and eating from plastic but nothing explains HOW the micro plastics are actually leaving the containers and getting into us. I specifically want to understand how drinking out of a plastic bottle transfers plastic to our body? I understand microwaving plastic leaches chemicals into food but I don\u2019t get how drinking cold water from plastic could transfer the micro plastic to our bodies.","c_root_id_A":"ityq53t","c_root_id_B":"ityse4l","created_at_utc_A":1666858331,"created_at_utc_B":1666860327,"score_A":4,"score_B":24,"human_ref_A":"Plastic bottles and other objects break down into tiny particles over time like many other materials it just takes longer than things made out of paper. Additionally when bottles etc get squeezed or shaken it breaks off little bits due to friction I think. Imagine a car Tyre. You never see chunks flying off normally (except in crashes) but over the years the profile gets less and less thick (exception 2: you make burnouts. then you can actually see a cloud of those particles). And due to the amount of artificial materials like rubber, PP, PPE etc. in the world you have billions and trillions of microplastic particles flying around everywhere. They get inhaled by you or eaten off plants by small animals and insects until they reach your stomach through climbing the foodchain and end in cows, chicken etc. or even veggies.  Hope my English is understandable in some terms. :)","human_ref_B":"Ever wonder where the synthetic rubber from your tires go as they wear?  that's a microplastic. In this case it's washed from our roads into the water and ecosystem. That water is used and consumed by people and voila.   basically things get worn down into smaller and smaller parts and we end up with small particles. Sometimes the items start out small like those microbeads in a lot of scrubbing body washes.  They flow into the ecosystem and we eat or drink the items containing these micro plastics.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1996.0,"score_ratio":6.0}
{"post_id":"yellkm","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.77,"history":"Eli5 how do micro-plastics end up in our bodies from things like bottles and plastic packaging I have been googling how micro plastics get into our bodies and I get a lot of articles saying it\u2019s from drinking and eating from plastic but nothing explains HOW the micro plastics are actually leaving the containers and getting into us. I specifically want to understand how drinking out of a plastic bottle transfers plastic to our body? I understand microwaving plastic leaches chemicals into food but I don\u2019t get how drinking cold water from plastic could transfer the micro plastic to our bodies.","c_root_id_A":"ityse4l","c_root_id_B":"itypgko","created_at_utc_A":1666860327,"created_at_utc_B":1666857743,"score_A":24,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"Ever wonder where the synthetic rubber from your tires go as they wear?  that's a microplastic. In this case it's washed from our roads into the water and ecosystem. That water is used and consumed by people and voila.   basically things get worn down into smaller and smaller parts and we end up with small particles. Sometimes the items start out small like those microbeads in a lot of scrubbing body washes.  They flow into the ecosystem and we eat or drink the items containing these micro plastics.","human_ref_B":"Drinking water from a plastic bottle does exposed you to microplastics. It's not a huge amount, but is you for whatever reason only drink bottled water, plus combined with other sources u\/daysofbreeze mentioned, it can be significant.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2584.0,"score_ratio":12.0}
{"post_id":"yellkm","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.77,"history":"Eli5 how do micro-plastics end up in our bodies from things like bottles and plastic packaging I have been googling how micro plastics get into our bodies and I get a lot of articles saying it\u2019s from drinking and eating from plastic but nothing explains HOW the micro plastics are actually leaving the containers and getting into us. I specifically want to understand how drinking out of a plastic bottle transfers plastic to our body? I understand microwaving plastic leaches chemicals into food but I don\u2019t get how drinking cold water from plastic could transfer the micro plastic to our bodies.","c_root_id_A":"ityou33","c_root_id_B":"itzabys","created_at_utc_A":1666857197,"created_at_utc_B":1666873214,"score_A":9,"score_B":12,"human_ref_A":"Micro-plastics can be released into the environment when we use and dispose of plastic products. They can also enter the food chain when animals mistake them for food and ingest them.   Also they can be inhaled when they are airborne through the use of plastics in manufacturing or through the breakdown of larger pieces of plastic waste.   Once airborne, micro-plastics can be transported long distances by wind and other atmospheric processes, potentially causing them to end up in remote areas where they can be inhaled by humans and other animals.","human_ref_B":"You coming at this problem from the wrong angle. You thinking about whole, large pieces of plastic instantaneously breaking down and entering your body e.g. drinking from a water bottle. While this can happen on a very microscopic scale, this isn't the main problem. The issue comes from the fact that plastic does not degrade over human life times, it only breaks down into smaller and smaller particles. Once smaller enough microplastics can become airborne, you can breath them in, they can settle on food crops that we consume, they might even be in your drinking water.      Now scale this problem up into the marine food web. Small marine organisms (e.g. krill) might consume microplastics. These smaller organisms get eaten by bigger ones (fish). The fish end up having many times more microplastics in them because they consume a lot of krill. Then a larger fish will eat that fish ending up with even more microplastics in it's system. This is called bioaccumulation and it's a major factor in why humans should avoid eating too much large, fatty fish because they contain high amounts of mercury. It's the exact same process but with plastics.      It's not that we are directly consuming plastic, it's the fact that what we eat and drink contains potentially thousands of small plastic particles that have built up over time in our food\/water sources","labels":0,"seconds_difference":16017.0,"score_ratio":1.3333333333}
{"post_id":"yellkm","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.77,"history":"Eli5 how do micro-plastics end up in our bodies from things like bottles and plastic packaging I have been googling how micro plastics get into our bodies and I get a lot of articles saying it\u2019s from drinking and eating from plastic but nothing explains HOW the micro plastics are actually leaving the containers and getting into us. I specifically want to understand how drinking out of a plastic bottle transfers plastic to our body? I understand microwaving plastic leaches chemicals into food but I don\u2019t get how drinking cold water from plastic could transfer the micro plastic to our bodies.","c_root_id_A":"ityq53t","c_root_id_B":"itzabys","created_at_utc_A":1666858331,"created_at_utc_B":1666873214,"score_A":4,"score_B":12,"human_ref_A":"Plastic bottles and other objects break down into tiny particles over time like many other materials it just takes longer than things made out of paper. Additionally when bottles etc get squeezed or shaken it breaks off little bits due to friction I think. Imagine a car Tyre. You never see chunks flying off normally (except in crashes) but over the years the profile gets less and less thick (exception 2: you make burnouts. then you can actually see a cloud of those particles). And due to the amount of artificial materials like rubber, PP, PPE etc. in the world you have billions and trillions of microplastic particles flying around everywhere. They get inhaled by you or eaten off plants by small animals and insects until they reach your stomach through climbing the foodchain and end in cows, chicken etc. or even veggies.  Hope my English is understandable in some terms. :)","human_ref_B":"You coming at this problem from the wrong angle. You thinking about whole, large pieces of plastic instantaneously breaking down and entering your body e.g. drinking from a water bottle. While this can happen on a very microscopic scale, this isn't the main problem. The issue comes from the fact that plastic does not degrade over human life times, it only breaks down into smaller and smaller particles. Once smaller enough microplastics can become airborne, you can breath them in, they can settle on food crops that we consume, they might even be in your drinking water.      Now scale this problem up into the marine food web. Small marine organisms (e.g. krill) might consume microplastics. These smaller organisms get eaten by bigger ones (fish). The fish end up having many times more microplastics in them because they consume a lot of krill. Then a larger fish will eat that fish ending up with even more microplastics in it's system. This is called bioaccumulation and it's a major factor in why humans should avoid eating too much large, fatty fish because they contain high amounts of mercury. It's the exact same process but with plastics.      It's not that we are directly consuming plastic, it's the fact that what we eat and drink contains potentially thousands of small plastic particles that have built up over time in our food\/water sources","labels":0,"seconds_difference":14883.0,"score_ratio":3.0}
{"post_id":"yellkm","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.77,"history":"Eli5 how do micro-plastics end up in our bodies from things like bottles and plastic packaging I have been googling how micro plastics get into our bodies and I get a lot of articles saying it\u2019s from drinking and eating from plastic but nothing explains HOW the micro plastics are actually leaving the containers and getting into us. I specifically want to understand how drinking out of a plastic bottle transfers plastic to our body? I understand microwaving plastic leaches chemicals into food but I don\u2019t get how drinking cold water from plastic could transfer the micro plastic to our bodies.","c_root_id_A":"itz4rct","c_root_id_B":"itzabys","created_at_utc_A":1666869928,"created_at_utc_B":1666873214,"score_A":3,"score_B":12,"human_ref_A":"Everything breaks down.  Your body is like a cup in that when you breath in or consume something it enters you.  When tiny little bits of plastic break off a larger bit if plastic sometimes it floats in the air, floats in the water, is eaten or breathed in by other animals.  You either eat an animal with small bits of plastic in it, breathe it in, or drink water with bits of plastic.  Literally it's no difference to anything else. You are constantly in taking little bits of shit you know nothing about and your body is either incorporating it in you or trying to Remove it.  Plastic is only different because it's completely a man made molecule that your body dosnt know what to do with.","human_ref_B":"You coming at this problem from the wrong angle. You thinking about whole, large pieces of plastic instantaneously breaking down and entering your body e.g. drinking from a water bottle. While this can happen on a very microscopic scale, this isn't the main problem. The issue comes from the fact that plastic does not degrade over human life times, it only breaks down into smaller and smaller particles. Once smaller enough microplastics can become airborne, you can breath them in, they can settle on food crops that we consume, they might even be in your drinking water.      Now scale this problem up into the marine food web. Small marine organisms (e.g. krill) might consume microplastics. These smaller organisms get eaten by bigger ones (fish). The fish end up having many times more microplastics in them because they consume a lot of krill. Then a larger fish will eat that fish ending up with even more microplastics in it's system. This is called bioaccumulation and it's a major factor in why humans should avoid eating too much large, fatty fish because they contain high amounts of mercury. It's the exact same process but with plastics.      It's not that we are directly consuming plastic, it's the fact that what we eat and drink contains potentially thousands of small plastic particles that have built up over time in our food\/water sources","labels":0,"seconds_difference":3286.0,"score_ratio":4.0}
{"post_id":"yellkm","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.77,"history":"Eli5 how do micro-plastics end up in our bodies from things like bottles and plastic packaging I have been googling how micro plastics get into our bodies and I get a lot of articles saying it\u2019s from drinking and eating from plastic but nothing explains HOW the micro plastics are actually leaving the containers and getting into us. I specifically want to understand how drinking out of a plastic bottle transfers plastic to our body? I understand microwaving plastic leaches chemicals into food but I don\u2019t get how drinking cold water from plastic could transfer the micro plastic to our bodies.","c_root_id_A":"itypgko","c_root_id_B":"itzabys","created_at_utc_A":1666857743,"created_at_utc_B":1666873214,"score_A":2,"score_B":12,"human_ref_A":"Drinking water from a plastic bottle does exposed you to microplastics. It's not a huge amount, but is you for whatever reason only drink bottled water, plus combined with other sources u\/daysofbreeze mentioned, it can be significant.","human_ref_B":"You coming at this problem from the wrong angle. You thinking about whole, large pieces of plastic instantaneously breaking down and entering your body e.g. drinking from a water bottle. While this can happen on a very microscopic scale, this isn't the main problem. The issue comes from the fact that plastic does not degrade over human life times, it only breaks down into smaller and smaller particles. Once smaller enough microplastics can become airborne, you can breath them in, they can settle on food crops that we consume, they might even be in your drinking water.      Now scale this problem up into the marine food web. Small marine organisms (e.g. krill) might consume microplastics. These smaller organisms get eaten by bigger ones (fish). The fish end up having many times more microplastics in them because they consume a lot of krill. Then a larger fish will eat that fish ending up with even more microplastics in it's system. This is called bioaccumulation and it's a major factor in why humans should avoid eating too much large, fatty fish because they contain high amounts of mercury. It's the exact same process but with plastics.      It's not that we are directly consuming plastic, it's the fact that what we eat and drink contains potentially thousands of small plastic particles that have built up over time in our food\/water sources","labels":0,"seconds_difference":15471.0,"score_ratio":6.0}
{"post_id":"yellkm","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.77,"history":"Eli5 how do micro-plastics end up in our bodies from things like bottles and plastic packaging I have been googling how micro plastics get into our bodies and I get a lot of articles saying it\u2019s from drinking and eating from plastic but nothing explains HOW the micro plastics are actually leaving the containers and getting into us. I specifically want to understand how drinking out of a plastic bottle transfers plastic to our body? I understand microwaving plastic leaches chemicals into food but I don\u2019t get how drinking cold water from plastic could transfer the micro plastic to our bodies.","c_root_id_A":"ityq53t","c_root_id_B":"itypgko","created_at_utc_A":1666858331,"created_at_utc_B":1666857743,"score_A":4,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"Plastic bottles and other objects break down into tiny particles over time like many other materials it just takes longer than things made out of paper. Additionally when bottles etc get squeezed or shaken it breaks off little bits due to friction I think. Imagine a car Tyre. You never see chunks flying off normally (except in crashes) but over the years the profile gets less and less thick (exception 2: you make burnouts. then you can actually see a cloud of those particles). And due to the amount of artificial materials like rubber, PP, PPE etc. in the world you have billions and trillions of microplastic particles flying around everywhere. They get inhaled by you or eaten off plants by small animals and insects until they reach your stomach through climbing the foodchain and end in cows, chicken etc. or even veggies.  Hope my English is understandable in some terms. :)","human_ref_B":"Drinking water from a plastic bottle does exposed you to microplastics. It's not a huge amount, but is you for whatever reason only drink bottled water, plus combined with other sources u\/daysofbreeze mentioned, it can be significant.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":588.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"yellkm","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.77,"history":"Eli5 how do micro-plastics end up in our bodies from things like bottles and plastic packaging I have been googling how micro plastics get into our bodies and I get a lot of articles saying it\u2019s from drinking and eating from plastic but nothing explains HOW the micro plastics are actually leaving the containers and getting into us. I specifically want to understand how drinking out of a plastic bottle transfers plastic to our body? I understand microwaving plastic leaches chemicals into food but I don\u2019t get how drinking cold water from plastic could transfer the micro plastic to our bodies.","c_root_id_A":"itypgko","c_root_id_B":"itz4rct","created_at_utc_A":1666857743,"created_at_utc_B":1666869928,"score_A":2,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"Drinking water from a plastic bottle does exposed you to microplastics. It's not a huge amount, but is you for whatever reason only drink bottled water, plus combined with other sources u\/daysofbreeze mentioned, it can be significant.","human_ref_B":"Everything breaks down.  Your body is like a cup in that when you breath in or consume something it enters you.  When tiny little bits of plastic break off a larger bit if plastic sometimes it floats in the air, floats in the water, is eaten or breathed in by other animals.  You either eat an animal with small bits of plastic in it, breathe it in, or drink water with bits of plastic.  Literally it's no difference to anything else. You are constantly in taking little bits of shit you know nothing about and your body is either incorporating it in you or trying to Remove it.  Plastic is only different because it's completely a man made molecule that your body dosnt know what to do with.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":12185.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"v769v0","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How did the German V1 Flying Bomb find its target? I have read an explanation ( here ) on how the guidance system worked but it went over my head","c_root_id_A":"ibj34dg","c_root_id_B":"ibjktfg","created_at_utc_A":1654633949,"created_at_utc_B":1654642544,"score_A":2,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"The V1 found it starger by flying at a constant direction for a fixed fixed distance and then it dove down to the ground.  So you aimed it by setting the direction it should fly at the distance is should fly before launch.  &#x200B;  In practice the system hand gyroscopes to yaw and pitch to keep it flying straight. The azimuth used a magnetic compass. You set up what azimut according to the magnetic compass is should fly at.  The distans worked by having a small vane anemometers that the airstream around the V1 turned.  The distance setting was the number of turns of the Vane anemometers until it should drive. So it measured the speed of the V1 relative to the surrounding air, this is just like if you have a have a device on the ground that measure the speed of the wind.  The accuracy was quite low in part because the distance is relative to the air and wind will have a result of what that distance is relative to the ground. So some V1 had radio transmitters that send a signal that could be triangulated  and you use the information of where it end up to change the setting for later launches.","human_ref_B":"Slightly expanding the question, there is an interesting account in RV Jones' memoirs about the V1 range finding.  By 1944 the Germans had no capability to do aerial reconnaissance over London, and had not some some years.  So any damage reports were going to be reliant on agents.  All the \"agents\" were in control of the XX committee.  The V1s were falling short anyway: the aim point was supposedly Charing Cross, but they were falling more in south London.  It was determined that by carefully reporting fake impact points, or more precisely reporting as falling in north London V1s which actually fell in south London, the aim point could be crept back into much less populated Kent.  The \"agents\" were so trusted that the Germans believed them even when they conflicted with radio tracking.  The civilian government was outraged by this: although it would kill fewer people, it would do so by killing people who would not otherwise have died.  A moral conundrum raised by Herbert Morrison, and solved by Jones by doing it anyway.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":8595.0,"score_ratio":2.5}
{"post_id":"v769v0","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How did the German V1 Flying Bomb find its target? I have read an explanation ( here ) on how the guidance system worked but it went over my head","c_root_id_A":"ibj34dg","c_root_id_B":"ibjlfal","created_at_utc_A":1654633949,"created_at_utc_B":1654642851,"score_A":2,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"The V1 found it starger by flying at a constant direction for a fixed fixed distance and then it dove down to the ground.  So you aimed it by setting the direction it should fly at the distance is should fly before launch.  &#x200B;  In practice the system hand gyroscopes to yaw and pitch to keep it flying straight. The azimuth used a magnetic compass. You set up what azimut according to the magnetic compass is should fly at.  The distans worked by having a small vane anemometers that the airstream around the V1 turned.  The distance setting was the number of turns of the Vane anemometers until it should drive. So it measured the speed of the V1 relative to the surrounding air, this is just like if you have a have a device on the ground that measure the speed of the wind.  The accuracy was quite low in part because the distance is relative to the air and wind will have a result of what that distance is relative to the ground. So some V1 had radio transmitters that send a signal that could be triangulated  and you use the information of where it end up to change the setting for later launches.","human_ref_B":"Poorly.  The V1 was a terror weapon, all it had to do was land close enough that people became afraid of it.  That doesn't require a lot of precision.  It was \"good enough\" for the era, but it's not comparable to what we call a \"precision weapon\" today.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":8902.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"8svpoe","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.69,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How are computer or phone components increasing their processing power so much almost every two three years? How close are we to reaching the peak or seeing a massive improvement?","c_root_id_A":"e13ejbg","c_root_id_B":"e13d25e","created_at_utc_A":1529646758,"created_at_utc_B":1529644485,"score_A":3,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"The main ways speed are \/ have been increasing are through speed, core count, size, and efficiency for the most. Clock speed used to be a big way to increase speed but we hit limits for that on silicon a long time ago (around 4 to 5 ghz is where most processors tap out). Increasing core count can only help so much because not all work loads can be done in a parallel fashion. It's mainly been shrinking the manufacturing process so that they can literally fit more stuff into the same size area and or creating more efficient architecture designs that can do more work with less clock cycles like a car getting better gas mileage.  It's currently a big debate on if we are approaching a peak. You can only make the manufacturing process so small before you start to run into issues with the physics of how a cpu works (namely quantum tunneling). So in the somewhat near future there's gonna have to be some big changes on how processors are made in order to continue the constant march of progress we have enjoyed for so many years.","human_ref_B":"It depends on what you mean by peak or improvement. There are improvements all around. Faster modems, faster connections between parts of the computer, faster graphics processing, faster general chips. For instance, your phone's CPU is pretty fast, but the modem is not that fast. 5G modems are going to make your phone feel a lot faster for some things.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2273.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"xyujeu","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.71,"history":"eli5 i know that the navy created onion for encrypted communication but how did it get approved,used and publicly released","c_root_id_A":"iriu0f4","c_root_id_B":"irivdbz","created_at_utc_A":1665242226,"created_at_utc_B":1665242915,"score_A":6,"score_B":29,"human_ref_A":"Can someone Explain like I'm five years old the question first?","human_ref_B":"The Naval Research academy originally released the code under a free license.  They released it because they wanted US agents to be able to use it, and TOR is nearly worthless for helping government agents transmit data secretly if they are the only people using it.  By releasing TOR, they made sure it was widespread enough to be useful to them.  As a side benefit, it also makes secure communication available to a variety of other groups, like pro-democracy groups in various countries.  If I had to speculate, I'd say the US government is also pretty confident in its intelligence gathering capabilities relative to the rest of the world (and was even more so in 2002).  Releasing something like TOR of course makes it easier for adversaries to hide  their data too.  But I suspect the US govt is more confident that they can get around this and still spy on their enemies better than their enemies could get around it to spy on _them_.  To make an analogy, if you are playing paintball in the woods, and you have infrared goggles while the other people don't, you might want to hand out camoflaged clothes to everybody, since you can see through the camo much better than they can.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":689.0,"score_ratio":4.8333333333}
{"post_id":"e7hpfs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.76,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old Why can\u2019t you split an atom using a knife or a hammer, if you basically hit anywhere","c_root_id_A":"f9zt053","c_root_id_B":"f9zlngj","created_at_utc_A":1575745141,"created_at_utc_B":1575742934,"score_A":163,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"Imagine you are on a sandy beach. Now try to crush a grain of sand using a hammer. You will never be able to do it, since the grains of sand will just disperse rather than break.  Of course if you could concentrate the force of the hammer onto a single grain of sand you could break it without breaking a sweat, but that's simply not possible from a practical point of view. We are not allowed to \"cheat\" either by placing the grain on a hard surface.  So the only thing we can really do is to strike with the hammer *so hard* that the grains of sand will get crushed *anyway*. So you gotta swing *fucking fast*. Atoms are like grains of sand in this sense, but the situation is much much worse since the forces keeping the atom together is a billion times stronger than the forces keeping a grain of sand together. You would need to swing the hammer at almost the speed of light to break an atom this way. This is sort of what we do in particle accelerators to split atoms. But we don't use hammers, we use other particles. They are much easier to accelerate to such crazy speeds.","human_ref_B":"The amount of energy needed to split an atom is extremely high. It's impossible for you or anyone to stab a table and split an atom, they will just move out of the way.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2207.0,"score_ratio":20.375}
{"post_id":"e7hpfs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.76,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old Why can\u2019t you split an atom using a knife or a hammer, if you basically hit anywhere","c_root_id_A":"f9zt053","c_root_id_B":"f9zlw05","created_at_utc_A":1575745141,"created_at_utc_B":1575743017,"score_A":163,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"Imagine you are on a sandy beach. Now try to crush a grain of sand using a hammer. You will never be able to do it, since the grains of sand will just disperse rather than break.  Of course if you could concentrate the force of the hammer onto a single grain of sand you could break it without breaking a sweat, but that's simply not possible from a practical point of view. We are not allowed to \"cheat\" either by placing the grain on a hard surface.  So the only thing we can really do is to strike with the hammer *so hard* that the grains of sand will get crushed *anyway*. So you gotta swing *fucking fast*. Atoms are like grains of sand in this sense, but the situation is much much worse since the forces keeping the atom together is a billion times stronger than the forces keeping a grain of sand together. You would need to swing the hammer at almost the speed of light to break an atom this way. This is sort of what we do in particle accelerators to split atoms. But we don't use hammers, we use other particles. They are much easier to accelerate to such crazy speeds.","human_ref_B":"You can, if you hit hard enough.  We're talking close to the speed of light hard enough. Because otherwise you can't get the atoms to actually hit each other because they all have positive charge and they repel each other very strongly.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2124.0,"score_ratio":27.1666666667}
{"post_id":"e7hpfs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.76,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old Why can\u2019t you split an atom using a knife or a hammer, if you basically hit anywhere","c_root_id_A":"f9zlem9","c_root_id_B":"f9zt053","created_at_utc_A":1575742847,"created_at_utc_B":1575745141,"score_A":3,"score_B":163,"human_ref_A":"Because atom are so small the just move one way or the other. You cant easily cut a plastic microbeads for the same reason, Atoms are something like 10^32 times smaller than microbeads.","human_ref_B":"Imagine you are on a sandy beach. Now try to crush a grain of sand using a hammer. You will never be able to do it, since the grains of sand will just disperse rather than break.  Of course if you could concentrate the force of the hammer onto a single grain of sand you could break it without breaking a sweat, but that's simply not possible from a practical point of view. We are not allowed to \"cheat\" either by placing the grain on a hard surface.  So the only thing we can really do is to strike with the hammer *so hard* that the grains of sand will get crushed *anyway*. So you gotta swing *fucking fast*. Atoms are like grains of sand in this sense, but the situation is much much worse since the forces keeping the atom together is a billion times stronger than the forces keeping a grain of sand together. You would need to swing the hammer at almost the speed of light to break an atom this way. This is sort of what we do in particle accelerators to split atoms. But we don't use hammers, we use other particles. They are much easier to accelerate to such crazy speeds.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2294.0,"score_ratio":54.3333333333}
{"post_id":"e7hpfs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.76,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old Why can\u2019t you split an atom using a knife or a hammer, if you basically hit anywhere","c_root_id_A":"f9zlngj","c_root_id_B":"f9zlem9","created_at_utc_A":1575742934,"created_at_utc_B":1575742847,"score_A":8,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"The amount of energy needed to split an atom is extremely high. It's impossible for you or anyone to stab a table and split an atom, they will just move out of the way.","human_ref_B":"Because atom are so small the just move one way or the other. You cant easily cut a plastic microbeads for the same reason, Atoms are something like 10^32 times smaller than microbeads.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":87.0,"score_ratio":2.6666666667}
{"post_id":"e7hpfs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.76,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old Why can\u2019t you split an atom using a knife or a hammer, if you basically hit anywhere","c_root_id_A":"f9zlem9","c_root_id_B":"f9zlw05","created_at_utc_A":1575742847,"created_at_utc_B":1575743017,"score_A":3,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"Because atom are so small the just move one way or the other. You cant easily cut a plastic microbeads for the same reason, Atoms are something like 10^32 times smaller than microbeads.","human_ref_B":"You can, if you hit hard enough.  We're talking close to the speed of light hard enough. Because otherwise you can't get the atoms to actually hit each other because they all have positive charge and they repel each other very strongly.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":170.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"e7hpfs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.76,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old Why can\u2019t you split an atom using a knife or a hammer, if you basically hit anywhere","c_root_id_A":"fa04zea","c_root_id_B":"f9zlem9","created_at_utc_A":1575748950,"created_at_utc_B":1575742847,"score_A":4,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"You can. I mean all the comments are saying you can't. Yes you absolutely can. As many pointed out the Strong Nuclear Force > Electromagnetism > Weak Nuclear Force >  Gravity in terms of strength.  >Sounds like we are right back to the start of this lesson again. Let's put some real numbers on this. The \"weak\" nuclear force is 10 to the 25th power stronger than Gravity. That's 100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 times stronger! Electromagnetism - the force we know best - is 10 to the 36th power stronger than Gravity. That's 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 times stronger! The \"strong\" nuclear force is 10 to the 38th power stronger than Gravity. That's 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 times stronger!   You can split any atom with a knife. If you have enough kinetic force.   The forces involved here would be about...  Probably from 1\/10th the speed of light to some where up to 90% of it.  If you're really curious here is a old comic.  https:\/\/what-if.xkcd.com\/1\/  Basically you won't be spiting atoms with any normal actions you do in your daily life.  But if your knife flew probably 1\/10th the speed of light into anything you'd be doing nuclear fusion and there by fission.","human_ref_B":"Because atom are so small the just move one way or the other. You cant easily cut a plastic microbeads for the same reason, Atoms are something like 10^32 times smaller than microbeads.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":6103.0,"score_ratio":1.3333333333}
{"post_id":"e7hpfs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.76,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old Why can\u2019t you split an atom using a knife or a hammer, if you basically hit anywhere","c_root_id_A":"fa0ei8i","c_root_id_B":"fa1fbkm","created_at_utc_A":1575753854,"created_at_utc_B":1575769093,"score_A":2,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"The forces that hold individual atoms together internally are much stronger than the forces that hold multiple atoms together. So when you cut or break something, it'll break the external bonds between atoms instead of the internal bonds inside the atoms.","human_ref_B":"It's super simple really. Take bunch of steel ball bearings, and glue them together. Now push this glued bearing thing against a single ball bearing.  Much before the bearing gets crushed, the glue holding the bearings together will fail, and thus releases the pressure from the ball bearing you're trying to split.  Atoms work the same way, atom is held together much more tightly than two atoms are held together. So that bind between atoms will always give in way before atoms start to break apart.   If you happened to have a vice that kept a single atom still, and a guillotine device made of some material that's kept together stronger than atoms are held together, then sure, you could easily split at atom. But for real world materials, trying to cut atom with a knife is like taking wet sand, shaping it to a knife shape, and trying to cut other grains of sand with it. Your knife just crumbles way too easy.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":15239.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"ch2mij","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: What part of the brain is responsible for the 'internal monologue\/dialogue' we hear in our minds? Unlike images and visual memories our 'voice' in our heads is so clear and I don't understand how it works or where it comes from.","c_root_id_A":"euqg7wz","c_root_id_B":"euqjh0k","created_at_utc_A":1563977824,"created_at_utc_B":1563979712,"score_A":4,"score_B":7,"human_ref_A":"Wait a minute, what voices?","human_ref_B":"When that voice is totally negative all the time, it feels like depression. My therapist says it can actually cause depression. She calls it \"The shitty committee.\"","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1888.0,"score_ratio":1.75}
{"post_id":"ch2mij","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: What part of the brain is responsible for the 'internal monologue\/dialogue' we hear in our minds? Unlike images and visual memories our 'voice' in our heads is so clear and I don't understand how it works or where it comes from.","c_root_id_A":"euqgecb","c_root_id_B":"euqjh0k","created_at_utc_A":1563977930,"created_at_utc_B":1563979712,"score_A":4,"score_B":7,"human_ref_A":"It is just like your eyes. Your eyes always \"see\", no matter what. Always turned on. They also \"see\" when you close your lids. Then they see darkness, but still they are looking. The same with your mind. As a long time practitioner of meditation I can tell you, the thinking never stops. You just have to get along with it. You cannot force your thoughts to stop (the good thing is, one always can think one thought after the other and there is a gap between the consecutive flow of thoughts).  I am no scientist, but in Buddhism we say, thinking is the function of the brain as seeing is the function of the eye.  Edit: typo","human_ref_B":"When that voice is totally negative all the time, it feels like depression. My therapist says it can actually cause depression. She calls it \"The shitty committee.\"","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1782.0,"score_ratio":1.75}
{"post_id":"ch2mij","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: What part of the brain is responsible for the 'internal monologue\/dialogue' we hear in our minds? Unlike images and visual memories our 'voice' in our heads is so clear and I don't understand how it works or where it comes from.","c_root_id_A":"euqjh0k","c_root_id_B":"euqgae8","created_at_utc_A":1563979712,"created_at_utc_B":1563977865,"score_A":7,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"When that voice is totally negative all the time, it feels like depression. My therapist says it can actually cause depression. She calls it \"The shitty committee.\"","human_ref_B":"Although every part of the central nervous system contributes to your \"Self\" by how it affects you on a neuroligical level it is likely the pre-frontal cortex that contributes the most by putting it all together.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1847.0,"score_ratio":2.3333333333}
{"post_id":"ch2mij","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: What part of the brain is responsible for the 'internal monologue\/dialogue' we hear in our minds? Unlike images and visual memories our 'voice' in our heads is so clear and I don't understand how it works or where it comes from.","c_root_id_A":"euqgecb","c_root_id_B":"euqgae8","created_at_utc_A":1563977930,"created_at_utc_B":1563977865,"score_A":4,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"It is just like your eyes. Your eyes always \"see\", no matter what. Always turned on. They also \"see\" when you close your lids. Then they see darkness, but still they are looking. The same with your mind. As a long time practitioner of meditation I can tell you, the thinking never stops. You just have to get along with it. You cannot force your thoughts to stop (the good thing is, one always can think one thought after the other and there is a gap between the consecutive flow of thoughts).  I am no scientist, but in Buddhism we say, thinking is the function of the brain as seeing is the function of the eye.  Edit: typo","human_ref_B":"Although every part of the central nervous system contributes to your \"Self\" by how it affects you on a neuroligical level it is likely the pre-frontal cortex that contributes the most by putting it all together.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":65.0,"score_ratio":1.3333333333}
{"post_id":"mnnl2p","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.81,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: What exactly is phlegm and why\/how does the human body produce so much of it?","c_root_id_A":"gtz0559","c_root_id_B":"gtysocx","created_at_utc_A":1618000444,"created_at_utc_B":1617996967,"score_A":5,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"**Random fact I learned about phlegm : So, if you have problems with phlegm, the best treatment on the market is called Maalox. The active ingredient being an enzyme called Amylase. BUT, the humble pineapple has 1000% more amylase. So instead of buying Maalox for 40\u20ac\/ltr, just buy pineapple juice for 2\u20ac\/ltr... it tastes better and is 1000 times more powerful. (Do your own research, I heard this a long long time ago so dont quote me on anything)","human_ref_B":"Doesn\u2019t it also protect and line the stomach so it doesn\u2019t digest itself?","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3477.0,"score_ratio":1.6666666667}
{"post_id":"mnnl2p","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.81,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: What exactly is phlegm and why\/how does the human body produce so much of it?","c_root_id_A":"gu065rv","c_root_id_B":"gtysocx","created_at_utc_A":1618022685,"created_at_utc_B":1617996967,"score_A":5,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"Mucous is mostly made up of water, and is given its properties by long, grippy protein strands. The protein acts like a mop, but much better. I can hold on to itself very well, along with water, and even more water between the strands. Your body has lots of water, and it takes a very small amount of protein to make mucus. So unless you're severely dehydrated, or on the verge of death by malnutrition, you have an endless supply of phlegm.","human_ref_B":"Doesn\u2019t it also protect and line the stomach so it doesn\u2019t digest itself?","labels":1,"seconds_difference":25718.0,"score_ratio":1.6666666667}
{"post_id":"mnnl2p","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.81,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: What exactly is phlegm and why\/how does the human body produce so much of it?","c_root_id_A":"gu065rv","c_root_id_B":"gtzwali","created_at_utc_A":1618022685,"created_at_utc_B":1618017154,"score_A":5,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"Mucous is mostly made up of water, and is given its properties by long, grippy protein strands. The protein acts like a mop, but much better. I can hold on to itself very well, along with water, and even more water between the strands. Your body has lots of water, and it takes a very small amount of protein to make mucus. So unless you're severely dehydrated, or on the verge of death by malnutrition, you have an endless supply of phlegm.","human_ref_B":"Phlegm aka mucus of the respiratory tract is a very useful substance.    First lungs need to be wet so that oxygen can go into the body and carbon dioxide can go out.  Mucus is good for this because it is thick like mayonnaise and won't immediately run down and pool in the bottom of your lungs.  But even a jar of mayonnaise that you have shaken will eventually run down to the bottom of the jar.   So secondly, to avoid this, our respiratory tract is lined with little hairs that can move and paddle the mucus upwards.  This is great because in addition to preventing the mucus from pooling at the bottom of your lungs, it actually paddles the mucus up from your lungs and into your throat where it goes into your stomach.  This leads to the third great thing about mucus because it helps to keep our lungs clean.  All that dust in the air will collect in your lungs much like it collects in your house.  That mucus traps the dust and it is pushed out of your lungs and into your stomach where you can eventually get rid of it by pooping.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":5531.0,"score_ratio":2.5}
{"post_id":"exghji","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How did the Chinese succeed in reaching a higher population BCE and continued thriving for such a longer period than Mesopotamia? were there any factors like food or cultural organization, which led to them having a sustained increase in population?","c_root_id_A":"fg877tj","c_root_id_B":"fga0tgg","created_at_utc_A":1580611358,"created_at_utc_B":1580645442,"score_A":73,"score_B":136,"human_ref_A":"It's not an apt comparison.  In terms of geographical size and and the variety of regions and cultures, it's better to compare ancient China with the whole Mediterranean region and Mesopotamia.  The region now covered by China has had multiple empires, often competing empires, just like Western civilization.  China now has over 200 living languages, and probably a similar number of cultures.  So of course the \"Chinese\" (not really Chinese) thrived a long time.  There was always someone nearby to carry on the torch. The same thing happened in the West, but the whole region of early western civilization isn't covered by a single country, hence the confusion.","human_ref_B":"Not only did the Chinese have one of the most fertile rivers in the world along with a tributary network rivaling the Mississippi River but they were *really* into organization and public works. Organized networks of canals, mills, terraces and other vital infrastructure like no where else at the time. Massive legions if government officials also kept track of yield and distributions to make sure the population was fed. China also had rice, which has an extremely good yield along with a ton if land to grow it on.  That said it wasnt fool proof. China declined and collapsed several times over, they just never had a big enough foreign invader to supplant them and wipe out their general way of life. If anything foreign invaders just went with it and found the Chinese systems superior like with the Mongol Yuan dynasty.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":34084.0,"score_ratio":1.8630136986}
{"post_id":"exghji","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How did the Chinese succeed in reaching a higher population BCE and continued thriving for such a longer period than Mesopotamia? were there any factors like food or cultural organization, which led to them having a sustained increase in population?","c_root_id_A":"fga0tgg","c_root_id_B":"fg8vtyv","created_at_utc_A":1580645442,"created_at_utc_B":1580630422,"score_A":136,"score_B":31,"human_ref_A":"Not only did the Chinese have one of the most fertile rivers in the world along with a tributary network rivaling the Mississippi River but they were *really* into organization and public works. Organized networks of canals, mills, terraces and other vital infrastructure like no where else at the time. Massive legions if government officials also kept track of yield and distributions to make sure the population was fed. China also had rice, which has an extremely good yield along with a ton if land to grow it on.  That said it wasnt fool proof. China declined and collapsed several times over, they just never had a big enough foreign invader to supplant them and wipe out their general way of life. If anything foreign invaders just went with it and found the Chinese systems superior like with the Mongol Yuan dynasty.","human_ref_B":"In addition to what everyone has commented.  Chinese healthcare and sanitation has always been more advance than the rest of the world.  Chinese  medicine started over 2,200 years ago, in fact anesthesia was already used in 140 AC.  Chinese sanitation culture is also very different - Chinese always boil their water and food had used lots of curing, smoking, and fermentation.  Additionally public sewage and disposal existed in large cities, which helped reduce diseases.  China also pioneered vaccination by using the scabs of smallpox patient to inoculate others.       These are probably smaller contributions to their large population but over thousands of years, it can add up","labels":1,"seconds_difference":15020.0,"score_ratio":4.3870967742}
{"post_id":"38j2w0","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do big military aircraft like the C130 and the A440 use propellors instead of jet engines like commercial aircraft? Am I even asking the right question? It just seems...weird to me. Makes them look ancient even though the A440 launched just two years ago!","c_root_id_A":"crvndfm","c_root_id_B":"crvgpiu","created_at_utc_A":1433446683,"created_at_utc_B":1433436475,"score_A":11,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"Turboprop aircraft like the C-130 and A440 are designed as *tactical* transports that can utilize very short and primitive runways.  Jet aircraft like the C-5 and C-17 - while some have the capability for short takeoffs and landings - are nowhere near the same realm as what the C-130 is capable of. Likewise, the jet engines on those aircraft do not do well in primitive runways (like dirt) where rocks and debris can easily be sucked into intakes.","human_ref_B":"**From some dude on the internet:**  Jet engines are more expensive than piston or turboprop engines. Since jets turn faster and experience much higher temperatures, their components must be machined to a higher level of precision using stronger metals.  In addition, piston and turboprop aircraft can take off from and land on shorter airstrips. This is the reason the C-130 is a turboprop; it can deliver supplies to less improved airbases closer to the front.  **And some other dude:**  Bear in mind that what you see as a jet engine in reality is also a propeller, as in a modern (high-bypass) turbofan is overwhelmingly getting its thrust from the fan, not by the jet itself. In fact the big propeller-drive aircraft you refer to are driven by a gas turbine, just like a jet engine, with a propeller connected to the gas turbine instead of a fan.  In other words, the only difference between the aircraft you refer to and \"jet engines\" is that jet engines are 'enclosed' propellers, whereas propeller aircraft use 'non-enclosed' propellers.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":10208.0,"score_ratio":3.6666666667}
{"post_id":"24c3aw","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How can the furthest edges of the observable universe be 45 billion light years away if the universe is only 13 billion years old?","c_root_id_A":"ch5p6ch","c_root_id_B":"ch5q1es","created_at_utc_A":1398830082,"created_at_utc_B":1398832113,"score_A":36,"score_B":744,"human_ref_A":"How the fuck do scientists figure out the age of the universe?","human_ref_B":"We can see things that are currently 45 billion light years away because when their light was emitted, they were much closer to us. While the distant object is 45 billion light years away now, the light that we see has been traveling for far less time.  It's like someone with a really good arm threw you a baseball, then promptly got in a car and drove away. By the time you catch the baseball, they're long gone - you could never throw it back to them, and they could never throw another one to you.  For a pretty diagram of the process see here  Edit: Some people are getting confused because they're thinking of the big bang like an explosion in space, not an explosion of space itself. It's correct to say distant objects are moving away from us, but they're not moving through space at that speed. That's the speed at which space is carrying them away from us.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2031.0,"score_ratio":20.6666666667}
{"post_id":"qetza1","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are boiled eggs easier to peel when shocked with cold water right after boiling them?","c_root_id_A":"hhvabji","c_root_id_B":"hhvag3o","created_at_utc_A":1635088126,"created_at_utc_B":1635088185,"score_A":71,"score_B":854,"human_ref_A":"The cold water makes the egg inside the shell shrink a little, enough to make peeling then easier.","human_ref_B":"The cooling of the egg firms and contracts the egg's white pulling the membrane away from the shell of the egg.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":59.0,"score_ratio":12.0281690141}
{"post_id":"qetza1","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are boiled eggs easier to peel when shocked with cold water right after boiling them?","c_root_id_A":"hhvabji","c_root_id_B":"hhwfkbg","created_at_utc_A":1635088126,"created_at_utc_B":1635104971,"score_A":71,"score_B":75,"human_ref_A":"The cold water makes the egg inside the shell shrink a little, enough to make peeling then easier.","human_ref_B":"They are not. Just a matter of how old the eggs are. Fresh eggs are difficult to peel because there is less air between egg & shell.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":16845.0,"score_ratio":1.0563380282}
{"post_id":"qetza1","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are boiled eggs easier to peel when shocked with cold water right after boiling them?","c_root_id_A":"hhw70d2","c_root_id_B":"hhwfkbg","created_at_utc_A":1635101524,"created_at_utc_B":1635104971,"score_A":63,"score_B":75,"human_ref_A":"I find shocking the eggs in cold water doesn\u2019t really do anything. I find eggs are easier to peel if you put the eggs in already boiling water, doesn\u2019t need to completely submerge the eggs. Cover then let boil\/steam for 9-10 minutes. Let cool down for a few minutes, or put them in cold water if your in a hurry. Lightly tap the bottom and the top to crack the shells then gently roll the sides. J Kenji L\u00f3pez-Alt has an excellent video about this!  Edit: I missed an opportunity to make an egg pun. I am ashamed and my day is ruined.","human_ref_B":"They are not. Just a matter of how old the eggs are. Fresh eggs are difficult to peel because there is less air between egg & shell.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":3447.0,"score_ratio":1.1904761905}
{"post_id":"qetza1","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are boiled eggs easier to peel when shocked with cold water right after boiling them?","c_root_id_A":"hhw7ty8","c_root_id_B":"hhwfkbg","created_at_utc_A":1635101854,"created_at_utc_B":1635104971,"score_A":41,"score_B":75,"human_ref_A":"I was under the impression that you cool them to stop the cooking process, because overcooked eggs get that unpleasant green color around the yolk","human_ref_B":"They are not. Just a matter of how old the eggs are. Fresh eggs are difficult to peel because there is less air between egg & shell.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":3117.0,"score_ratio":1.8292682927}
{"post_id":"qetza1","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are boiled eggs easier to peel when shocked with cold water right after boiling them?","c_root_id_A":"hhvqgpv","c_root_id_B":"hhwfkbg","created_at_utc_A":1635094923,"created_at_utc_B":1635104971,"score_A":15,"score_B":75,"human_ref_A":"Actually contrary do the answers given, you *don't* have to shock an egg in order to make it easier to peel! It's a common urban myth.  > \"Egg peeling ease is almost 100% a product of how old the egg is. The older it is, the easier to peel. Eggs less than 10 days old are always a pain to peel\"   Source (but there are probably better ones out there): https:\/\/hencam.com\/henblog\/2011\/03\/hard-boiled-egg-myths\/  I also read about this thing when I was in school and never shocked eggs since then. Still peels fine, unless you get very fresh eggs (mainly during Eastern).  Edit:  this is also a nice thing to \"research\" at home: cook 20 eggs, 10 with and 10 without shocking. Or pump up those numbers for more statistical significance.  Edit 2: why the downvote without a message? Prove me wrong!","human_ref_B":"They are not. Just a matter of how old the eggs are. Fresh eggs are difficult to peel because there is less air between egg & shell.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":10048.0,"score_ratio":5.0}
{"post_id":"qetza1","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are boiled eggs easier to peel when shocked with cold water right after boiling them?","c_root_id_A":"hhw70d2","c_root_id_B":"hhvqgpv","created_at_utc_A":1635101524,"created_at_utc_B":1635094923,"score_A":63,"score_B":15,"human_ref_A":"I find shocking the eggs in cold water doesn\u2019t really do anything. I find eggs are easier to peel if you put the eggs in already boiling water, doesn\u2019t need to completely submerge the eggs. Cover then let boil\/steam for 9-10 minutes. Let cool down for a few minutes, or put them in cold water if your in a hurry. Lightly tap the bottom and the top to crack the shells then gently roll the sides. J Kenji L\u00f3pez-Alt has an excellent video about this!  Edit: I missed an opportunity to make an egg pun. I am ashamed and my day is ruined.","human_ref_B":"Actually contrary do the answers given, you *don't* have to shock an egg in order to make it easier to peel! It's a common urban myth.  > \"Egg peeling ease is almost 100% a product of how old the egg is. The older it is, the easier to peel. Eggs less than 10 days old are always a pain to peel\"   Source (but there are probably better ones out there): https:\/\/hencam.com\/henblog\/2011\/03\/hard-boiled-egg-myths\/  I also read about this thing when I was in school and never shocked eggs since then. Still peels fine, unless you get very fresh eggs (mainly during Eastern).  Edit:  this is also a nice thing to \"research\" at home: cook 20 eggs, 10 with and 10 without shocking. Or pump up those numbers for more statistical significance.  Edit 2: why the downvote without a message? Prove me wrong!","labels":1,"seconds_difference":6601.0,"score_ratio":4.2}
{"post_id":"qetza1","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are boiled eggs easier to peel when shocked with cold water right after boiling them?","c_root_id_A":"hhvqgpv","c_root_id_B":"hhw7ty8","created_at_utc_A":1635094923,"created_at_utc_B":1635101854,"score_A":15,"score_B":41,"human_ref_A":"Actually contrary do the answers given, you *don't* have to shock an egg in order to make it easier to peel! It's a common urban myth.  > \"Egg peeling ease is almost 100% a product of how old the egg is. The older it is, the easier to peel. Eggs less than 10 days old are always a pain to peel\"   Source (but there are probably better ones out there): https:\/\/hencam.com\/henblog\/2011\/03\/hard-boiled-egg-myths\/  I also read about this thing when I was in school and never shocked eggs since then. Still peels fine, unless you get very fresh eggs (mainly during Eastern).  Edit:  this is also a nice thing to \"research\" at home: cook 20 eggs, 10 with and 10 without shocking. Or pump up those numbers for more statistical significance.  Edit 2: why the downvote without a message? Prove me wrong!","human_ref_B":"I was under the impression that you cool them to stop the cooking process, because overcooked eggs get that unpleasant green color around the yolk","labels":0,"seconds_difference":6931.0,"score_ratio":2.7333333333}
{"post_id":"zwm0hr","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How is that Pantone colors don't have direct RGB counterparts? I read recently that Photoshop had Pantone colors, but recently Adobe's Pantone license expired, so images created using Pantone colors simply lost that part of the image.  I'm not an expert on color, but isn't almost anything represented by RGB? Why aren't those colors just ... colors? With specific number values that are encoded? Can these colors not be understood through regular web hex codes?","c_root_id_A":"j1vmmri","c_root_id_B":"j1vqygw","created_at_utc_A":1672167991,"created_at_utc_B":1672169735,"score_A":33,"score_B":376,"human_ref_A":"Color consistency on most systems is barely a priority.  Home screens and printers vary *wildly*  RGB is only for illuminated displays and even that has some pretty wild variations as most screens are not calibrated and don't even try for perfect color consistency.  Your average LED\/LCD screen is TFT and color accuracy isn't even a priority.  Higher end screens are IPS which is at least consistent with colors across itself, you can then get ones that are calibrated to get a consistent view of the colors between computer screens  Pantone isn't for display colors, its for print colors.  Most printers are CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black) but again there are calibration differences.  For general use the CMYK values are close enough.  If you want to make 50,000,000 of something at 8 different vendors and have them all look the same you'd need to have some way to specify colors and calibrations beyond just CMYK because that doesn't adjust for if printer A is inherently a bit Cyan heavy in its prints  That's where Pantone comes in.  If you specify Pantone Red 032 and everyone has a Pantone calibrated printer and their booklet of reference swatches then all of them will come out looking *exactly* the same despite using different equipment","human_ref_B":"RGB doesn\u2019t translate well to print media because print inks are ether Standard CMYK or Pantone. Commercial printer inks can reproduce a range of colors which can\u2019t be 100% reproduced with RGB because RGB is more restricted. Look up \u201ccolor spaces\u201d.  I did a logo in Pantone coated ink and the client slashed the budget which required pivoting to standard CMYK inks. The brick red I chose came out as cherry red because those two reds don\u2019t translate. The deep teal I picked came out as navy. This is the challenge of dealing with incompatible color spaces.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1744.0,"score_ratio":11.3939393939}
{"post_id":"zwm0hr","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How is that Pantone colors don't have direct RGB counterparts? I read recently that Photoshop had Pantone colors, but recently Adobe's Pantone license expired, so images created using Pantone colors simply lost that part of the image.  I'm not an expert on color, but isn't almost anything represented by RGB? Why aren't those colors just ... colors? With specific number values that are encoded? Can these colors not be understood through regular web hex codes?","c_root_id_A":"j1vqygw","c_root_id_B":"j1vjssa","created_at_utc_A":1672169735,"created_at_utc_B":1672166869,"score_A":376,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"RGB doesn\u2019t translate well to print media because print inks are ether Standard CMYK or Pantone. Commercial printer inks can reproduce a range of colors which can\u2019t be 100% reproduced with RGB because RGB is more restricted. Look up \u201ccolor spaces\u201d.  I did a logo in Pantone coated ink and the client slashed the budget which required pivoting to standard CMYK inks. The brick red I chose came out as cherry red because those two reds don\u2019t translate. The deep teal I picked came out as navy. This is the challenge of dealing with incompatible color spaces.","human_ref_B":"Pantone colors are one level removed from the RGB representation of those colors which allows the application to adjust the RGB values to best represent the correct shade to compensate for differences in specific computer monitors.   To get the most accurate representations the monitor will need to be calibrated using a feedback loop (a camera) that feeds back the color produced for a specific input value to get the closest representable version of each Pantone color.  When fully calibrated a print that uses Pantone should look as nearly as possible like a faithful copy of the image as presented in Photoshop.   Colors that are represented in RGB will have some reciprocity errors in the translation to CMYK (or whatever standard the chosen printer uses)","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2866.0,"score_ratio":62.6666666667}
{"post_id":"zwm0hr","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How is that Pantone colors don't have direct RGB counterparts? I read recently that Photoshop had Pantone colors, but recently Adobe's Pantone license expired, so images created using Pantone colors simply lost that part of the image.  I'm not an expert on color, but isn't almost anything represented by RGB? Why aren't those colors just ... colors? With specific number values that are encoded? Can these colors not be understood through regular web hex codes?","c_root_id_A":"j1w3vq3","c_root_id_B":"j1vmmri","created_at_utc_A":1672174929,"created_at_utc_B":1672167991,"score_A":59,"score_B":33,"human_ref_A":"So the science of color is actually pretty weird. It doesn't behave as simply as you think.  Color behaves differently depending on how it's made. For instance, mixing all the paint (pigment, subtractive) together will make black, but mixing all the light together (light, additive) will make white. Pantone deals with pigments, and RGB deals with light. They're so different that there some colors are only available in light (RGB) that don't exist in pigments (Pantone).   (Without getting too into it, that's actually why cartoons nowadays are so much more vibrant and brighter. Everything is now made with RGB tools for RGB screens, and we skip the pigment stage from when things were painted on paper.)  Think of it like asking why there isn't a direct conversion between gallons and pounds. They both seem to measure the same thing at a glance, but they're actually different.","human_ref_B":"Color consistency on most systems is barely a priority.  Home screens and printers vary *wildly*  RGB is only for illuminated displays and even that has some pretty wild variations as most screens are not calibrated and don't even try for perfect color consistency.  Your average LED\/LCD screen is TFT and color accuracy isn't even a priority.  Higher end screens are IPS which is at least consistent with colors across itself, you can then get ones that are calibrated to get a consistent view of the colors between computer screens  Pantone isn't for display colors, its for print colors.  Most printers are CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black) but again there are calibration differences.  For general use the CMYK values are close enough.  If you want to make 50,000,000 of something at 8 different vendors and have them all look the same you'd need to have some way to specify colors and calibrations beyond just CMYK because that doesn't adjust for if printer A is inherently a bit Cyan heavy in its prints  That's where Pantone comes in.  If you specify Pantone Red 032 and everyone has a Pantone calibrated printer and their booklet of reference swatches then all of them will come out looking *exactly* the same despite using different equipment","labels":1,"seconds_difference":6938.0,"score_ratio":1.7878787879}
{"post_id":"zwm0hr","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How is that Pantone colors don't have direct RGB counterparts? I read recently that Photoshop had Pantone colors, but recently Adobe's Pantone license expired, so images created using Pantone colors simply lost that part of the image.  I'm not an expert on color, but isn't almost anything represented by RGB? Why aren't those colors just ... colors? With specific number values that are encoded? Can these colors not be understood through regular web hex codes?","c_root_id_A":"j1w3vq3","c_root_id_B":"j1vjssa","created_at_utc_A":1672174929,"created_at_utc_B":1672166869,"score_A":59,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"So the science of color is actually pretty weird. It doesn't behave as simply as you think.  Color behaves differently depending on how it's made. For instance, mixing all the paint (pigment, subtractive) together will make black, but mixing all the light together (light, additive) will make white. Pantone deals with pigments, and RGB deals with light. They're so different that there some colors are only available in light (RGB) that don't exist in pigments (Pantone).   (Without getting too into it, that's actually why cartoons nowadays are so much more vibrant and brighter. Everything is now made with RGB tools for RGB screens, and we skip the pigment stage from when things were painted on paper.)  Think of it like asking why there isn't a direct conversion between gallons and pounds. They both seem to measure the same thing at a glance, but they're actually different.","human_ref_B":"Pantone colors are one level removed from the RGB representation of those colors which allows the application to adjust the RGB values to best represent the correct shade to compensate for differences in specific computer monitors.   To get the most accurate representations the monitor will need to be calibrated using a feedback loop (a camera) that feeds back the color produced for a specific input value to get the closest representable version of each Pantone color.  When fully calibrated a print that uses Pantone should look as nearly as possible like a faithful copy of the image as presented in Photoshop.   Colors that are represented in RGB will have some reciprocity errors in the translation to CMYK (or whatever standard the chosen printer uses)","labels":1,"seconds_difference":8060.0,"score_ratio":9.8333333333}
{"post_id":"zwm0hr","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How is that Pantone colors don't have direct RGB counterparts? I read recently that Photoshop had Pantone colors, but recently Adobe's Pantone license expired, so images created using Pantone colors simply lost that part of the image.  I'm not an expert on color, but isn't almost anything represented by RGB? Why aren't those colors just ... colors? With specific number values that are encoded? Can these colors not be understood through regular web hex codes?","c_root_id_A":"j1w3vq3","c_root_id_B":"j1vwys3","created_at_utc_A":1672174929,"created_at_utc_B":1672172157,"score_A":59,"score_B":7,"human_ref_A":"So the science of color is actually pretty weird. It doesn't behave as simply as you think.  Color behaves differently depending on how it's made. For instance, mixing all the paint (pigment, subtractive) together will make black, but mixing all the light together (light, additive) will make white. Pantone deals with pigments, and RGB deals with light. They're so different that there some colors are only available in light (RGB) that don't exist in pigments (Pantone).   (Without getting too into it, that's actually why cartoons nowadays are so much more vibrant and brighter. Everything is now made with RGB tools for RGB screens, and we skip the pigment stage from when things were painted on paper.)  Think of it like asking why there isn't a direct conversion between gallons and pounds. They both seem to measure the same thing at a glance, but they're actually different.","human_ref_B":"Fun fact:  in the biz NTSC (US television, 24 fps, as opposed to  PAL) is referred to as \"Never The Same Color\".  It's a nightmare","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2772.0,"score_ratio":8.4285714286}
{"post_id":"zwm0hr","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How is that Pantone colors don't have direct RGB counterparts? I read recently that Photoshop had Pantone colors, but recently Adobe's Pantone license expired, so images created using Pantone colors simply lost that part of the image.  I'm not an expert on color, but isn't almost anything represented by RGB? Why aren't those colors just ... colors? With specific number values that are encoded? Can these colors not be understood through regular web hex codes?","c_root_id_A":"j1w3fno","c_root_id_B":"j1w3vq3","created_at_utc_A":1672174749,"created_at_utc_B":1672174929,"score_A":5,"score_B":59,"human_ref_A":"Pantones are for print, they are specific mixed ink that creates a standard color that can be replicated on printed materials. Think the red in Coca Cola, or the blue from Tiffany. Those logos look the same when printed on any material, because a Pantone can be matched pretty much exactly. A Pantone is solid, where as CMYK is a mix of dots used to create continuous tone in print (if you look through a loop you can see the difference). Pantone is also a business, and has now hopped on the subscription train.","human_ref_B":"So the science of color is actually pretty weird. It doesn't behave as simply as you think.  Color behaves differently depending on how it's made. For instance, mixing all the paint (pigment, subtractive) together will make black, but mixing all the light together (light, additive) will make white. Pantone deals with pigments, and RGB deals with light. They're so different that there some colors are only available in light (RGB) that don't exist in pigments (Pantone).   (Without getting too into it, that's actually why cartoons nowadays are so much more vibrant and brighter. Everything is now made with RGB tools for RGB screens, and we skip the pigment stage from when things were painted on paper.)  Think of it like asking why there isn't a direct conversion between gallons and pounds. They both seem to measure the same thing at a glance, but they're actually different.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":180.0,"score_ratio":11.8}
{"post_id":"zwm0hr","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How is that Pantone colors don't have direct RGB counterparts? I read recently that Photoshop had Pantone colors, but recently Adobe's Pantone license expired, so images created using Pantone colors simply lost that part of the image.  I'm not an expert on color, but isn't almost anything represented by RGB? Why aren't those colors just ... colors? With specific number values that are encoded? Can these colors not be understood through regular web hex codes?","c_root_id_A":"j1vmmri","c_root_id_B":"j1vjssa","created_at_utc_A":1672167991,"created_at_utc_B":1672166869,"score_A":33,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"Color consistency on most systems is barely a priority.  Home screens and printers vary *wildly*  RGB is only for illuminated displays and even that has some pretty wild variations as most screens are not calibrated and don't even try for perfect color consistency.  Your average LED\/LCD screen is TFT and color accuracy isn't even a priority.  Higher end screens are IPS which is at least consistent with colors across itself, you can then get ones that are calibrated to get a consistent view of the colors between computer screens  Pantone isn't for display colors, its for print colors.  Most printers are CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black) but again there are calibration differences.  For general use the CMYK values are close enough.  If you want to make 50,000,000 of something at 8 different vendors and have them all look the same you'd need to have some way to specify colors and calibrations beyond just CMYK because that doesn't adjust for if printer A is inherently a bit Cyan heavy in its prints  That's where Pantone comes in.  If you specify Pantone Red 032 and everyone has a Pantone calibrated printer and their booklet of reference swatches then all of them will come out looking *exactly* the same despite using different equipment","human_ref_B":"Pantone colors are one level removed from the RGB representation of those colors which allows the application to adjust the RGB values to best represent the correct shade to compensate for differences in specific computer monitors.   To get the most accurate representations the monitor will need to be calibrated using a feedback loop (a camera) that feeds back the color produced for a specific input value to get the closest representable version of each Pantone color.  When fully calibrated a print that uses Pantone should look as nearly as possible like a faithful copy of the image as presented in Photoshop.   Colors that are represented in RGB will have some reciprocity errors in the translation to CMYK (or whatever standard the chosen printer uses)","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1122.0,"score_ratio":5.5}
{"post_id":"zwm0hr","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How is that Pantone colors don't have direct RGB counterparts? I read recently that Photoshop had Pantone colors, but recently Adobe's Pantone license expired, so images created using Pantone colors simply lost that part of the image.  I'm not an expert on color, but isn't almost anything represented by RGB? Why aren't those colors just ... colors? With specific number values that are encoded? Can these colors not be understood through regular web hex codes?","c_root_id_A":"j1w5qks","c_root_id_B":"j1vjssa","created_at_utc_A":1672175679,"created_at_utc_B":1672166869,"score_A":30,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"Quick thought experiment.  If the all the rulers in the world were gone, how would we know how long 1cm is?  Now honestly in our day to day lives, we could probably estimate it and each person might have a slightly different measurement off by a mm or two, but not a big deal.   But if you need to be really exact, like for engineering, you all need to agree on what exactly is that length down to the nano-meter or whatever.   Same with color. RGB is like everyone estimating colors and it may be a little (or a lot) off from one monitor to the next. But Pantone makes and licences out THE rulers for color, makes sure they all match, etc.   Sure, someone else could make their own \"rulers for color\" standard (with blackjack and hookers), but then you need a huge mass of people to all agree to change over to the new standard for it to be useful.  For most people in their day to day, hex codes and rgb (or equivalent cmyks) are just fine. But pantone is extra granular to make sure you are all using the SAME reference.  Edit: Also, I find this really interesting. There's an object that was for a long time used as THE ideal 1kg. [The International Prototype of the Kilogram] (https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Prototype_of_the_Kilogram).","human_ref_B":"Pantone colors are one level removed from the RGB representation of those colors which allows the application to adjust the RGB values to best represent the correct shade to compensate for differences in specific computer monitors.   To get the most accurate representations the monitor will need to be calibrated using a feedback loop (a camera) that feeds back the color produced for a specific input value to get the closest representable version of each Pantone color.  When fully calibrated a print that uses Pantone should look as nearly as possible like a faithful copy of the image as presented in Photoshop.   Colors that are represented in RGB will have some reciprocity errors in the translation to CMYK (or whatever standard the chosen printer uses)","labels":1,"seconds_difference":8810.0,"score_ratio":5.0}
{"post_id":"zwm0hr","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How is that Pantone colors don't have direct RGB counterparts? I read recently that Photoshop had Pantone colors, but recently Adobe's Pantone license expired, so images created using Pantone colors simply lost that part of the image.  I'm not an expert on color, but isn't almost anything represented by RGB? Why aren't those colors just ... colors? With specific number values that are encoded? Can these colors not be understood through regular web hex codes?","c_root_id_A":"j1w5qks","c_root_id_B":"j1vwys3","created_at_utc_A":1672175679,"created_at_utc_B":1672172157,"score_A":30,"score_B":7,"human_ref_A":"Quick thought experiment.  If the all the rulers in the world were gone, how would we know how long 1cm is?  Now honestly in our day to day lives, we could probably estimate it and each person might have a slightly different measurement off by a mm or two, but not a big deal.   But if you need to be really exact, like for engineering, you all need to agree on what exactly is that length down to the nano-meter or whatever.   Same with color. RGB is like everyone estimating colors and it may be a little (or a lot) off from one monitor to the next. But Pantone makes and licences out THE rulers for color, makes sure they all match, etc.   Sure, someone else could make their own \"rulers for color\" standard (with blackjack and hookers), but then you need a huge mass of people to all agree to change over to the new standard for it to be useful.  For most people in their day to day, hex codes and rgb (or equivalent cmyks) are just fine. But pantone is extra granular to make sure you are all using the SAME reference.  Edit: Also, I find this really interesting. There's an object that was for a long time used as THE ideal 1kg. [The International Prototype of the Kilogram] (https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Prototype_of_the_Kilogram).","human_ref_B":"Fun fact:  in the biz NTSC (US television, 24 fps, as opposed to  PAL) is referred to as \"Never The Same Color\".  It's a nightmare","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3522.0,"score_ratio":4.2857142857}
{"post_id":"zwm0hr","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How is that Pantone colors don't have direct RGB counterparts? I read recently that Photoshop had Pantone colors, but recently Adobe's Pantone license expired, so images created using Pantone colors simply lost that part of the image.  I'm not an expert on color, but isn't almost anything represented by RGB? Why aren't those colors just ... colors? With specific number values that are encoded? Can these colors not be understood through regular web hex codes?","c_root_id_A":"j1w5qks","c_root_id_B":"j1w3fno","created_at_utc_A":1672175679,"created_at_utc_B":1672174749,"score_A":30,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"Quick thought experiment.  If the all the rulers in the world were gone, how would we know how long 1cm is?  Now honestly in our day to day lives, we could probably estimate it and each person might have a slightly different measurement off by a mm or two, but not a big deal.   But if you need to be really exact, like for engineering, you all need to agree on what exactly is that length down to the nano-meter or whatever.   Same with color. RGB is like everyone estimating colors and it may be a little (or a lot) off from one monitor to the next. But Pantone makes and licences out THE rulers for color, makes sure they all match, etc.   Sure, someone else could make their own \"rulers for color\" standard (with blackjack and hookers), but then you need a huge mass of people to all agree to change over to the new standard for it to be useful.  For most people in their day to day, hex codes and rgb (or equivalent cmyks) are just fine. But pantone is extra granular to make sure you are all using the SAME reference.  Edit: Also, I find this really interesting. There's an object that was for a long time used as THE ideal 1kg. [The International Prototype of the Kilogram] (https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Prototype_of_the_Kilogram).","human_ref_B":"Pantones are for print, they are specific mixed ink that creates a standard color that can be replicated on printed materials. Think the red in Coca Cola, or the blue from Tiffany. Those logos look the same when printed on any material, because a Pantone can be matched pretty much exactly. A Pantone is solid, where as CMYK is a mix of dots used to create continuous tone in print (if you look through a loop you can see the difference). Pantone is also a business, and has now hopped on the subscription train.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":930.0,"score_ratio":6.0}
{"post_id":"zwm0hr","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How is that Pantone colors don't have direct RGB counterparts? I read recently that Photoshop had Pantone colors, but recently Adobe's Pantone license expired, so images created using Pantone colors simply lost that part of the image.  I'm not an expert on color, but isn't almost anything represented by RGB? Why aren't those colors just ... colors? With specific number values that are encoded? Can these colors not be understood through regular web hex codes?","c_root_id_A":"j1vwys3","c_root_id_B":"j1vjssa","created_at_utc_A":1672172157,"created_at_utc_B":1672166869,"score_A":7,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"Fun fact:  in the biz NTSC (US television, 24 fps, as opposed to  PAL) is referred to as \"Never The Same Color\".  It's a nightmare","human_ref_B":"Pantone colors are one level removed from the RGB representation of those colors which allows the application to adjust the RGB values to best represent the correct shade to compensate for differences in specific computer monitors.   To get the most accurate representations the monitor will need to be calibrated using a feedback loop (a camera) that feeds back the color produced for a specific input value to get the closest representable version of each Pantone color.  When fully calibrated a print that uses Pantone should look as nearly as possible like a faithful copy of the image as presented in Photoshop.   Colors that are represented in RGB will have some reciprocity errors in the translation to CMYK (or whatever standard the chosen printer uses)","labels":1,"seconds_difference":5288.0,"score_ratio":1.1666666667}
{"post_id":"zwm0hr","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How is that Pantone colors don't have direct RGB counterparts? I read recently that Photoshop had Pantone colors, but recently Adobe's Pantone license expired, so images created using Pantone colors simply lost that part of the image.  I'm not an expert on color, but isn't almost anything represented by RGB? Why aren't those colors just ... colors? With specific number values that are encoded? Can these colors not be understood through regular web hex codes?","c_root_id_A":"j1wu5z2","c_root_id_B":"j1wgwvj","created_at_utc_A":1672185909,"created_at_utc_B":1672180243,"score_A":4,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"the images on the computer could, but that was never the value of pantone.  pantone is both a system of representing color and a standard with reference samples FOR those colors on or in various materials and processes.  when your #34a29c isn't as #34a29c as it is supposed to be you end up with a finger pointing game and likely no real resolution.  when your \"Viva Magenta 18-1750\" isn't right you bust out your $10k sample set from pantone and tell the vendor to get f'ed and remake the product.","human_ref_B":"RGB and CMYK are like recipes. With each value an ingredient to make a colour.   Just like in the food world, the problem with recipes is that if two different people source their ingredients (a metaphor for ink and screen pixels) from different places, they may be trying to make the same food but the end result will probably taste slightly different.. sometimes it can taste completely different.  Pantone isn't really like a recipe. It's more of a definition. In our metaphor, it's like ordering your favourite brands version of the food, its made in the same way, in very controlled conditions and is likely to taste and look the same every time you use it.  Pantone colours within Adobe software are referred to as \"spot colours\" and when you save these properly into a print file (like pdf), they tell the printer to use specifically loaded inks into a printer.  An approximate value can be used, but because the printer instruction is lost without the license it makes sense to completely ruin what the image looks like, as if you just save this and sent it to the printer, they would use a CYMK value instead.. and this is usually never preferred if you are using spot colours in the first place.  TL;DR RGB and CMYK are ingredients, pantone is a definition. You can't always get to the result by using similar ingredients.. to be safe and consistent removing the colour is better than changing it, as it's more obvious something has changed from when you last printed that document.  (Edited for clarity and formatting)","labels":1,"seconds_difference":5666.0,"score_ratio":1.3333333333}
{"post_id":"vq4l15","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why does your skin 'dent in' when wearing e.g. a too tight wrist band or bra strap or rubber band? What happens to the cells? What process allows them to bound back in place and is there any damages? Why does it get reddish?","c_root_id_A":"ien6d5s","c_root_id_B":"ienbws0","created_at_utc_A":1656809771,"created_at_utc_B":1656812713,"score_A":38,"score_B":227,"human_ref_A":"The outside of your skin is dead skin cells known as keratin. Beneath them are skin cells, fascia, muscle, and fat. All human cells are enveloped by a membrane, essentially, the skin of the cell. Each cell is mostly water. The cell membrane is flexible, so it conforms to the pressure around it. When outside influence is present, you might see your body temporarily change shape, because thousands if not millions of cell ~~walls~~ membranes have adapted to the pressure instead of rupturing all over the place","human_ref_B":"There is water in three places in your body: in your blood, in your cells, and between your cells. There is an equilibrium between these three, and one of the large determinants of where that equilibrium sits is physical (\"hydrostatic\") pressure. When you compress the tissue for a while, you increase the pressure and force some of the cellular and tissue fluids into the blood to be carried off, leaving a dent. When you take the pressure away, the fluid comes back to restore the normal balance.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2942.0,"score_ratio":5.9736842105}
{"post_id":"sqnmxj","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: What is different with the plastic on knock off products that makes it feel 'cheap' I. E. 3rd party game controllers? Is it lighter? Thinner? A worse quality type of plastic? Less smooth? How difficult is it to make 'good' plastic?","c_root_id_A":"hwn2oa6","c_root_id_B":"hwniewq","created_at_utc_A":1644670938,"created_at_utc_B":1644678580,"score_A":69,"score_B":132,"human_ref_A":"Some first-party peripherals also contain small metal weights in places to make them feel more solid in your grip, which requires making the weights themselves and moulding the housing to keep them in so they don't rattle and shift about. Knock-offs will usually leave these out, making them feel light and flimsy as a result.  EDIT: Actually MOST peripherals will have them, because the majority of things like controllers are just an empty shell. A controller is little more than a small circuit board only a little heavier than a credit card, so weights really are needed to give a controller that hefty \"quality\" feel when you pick them up.","human_ref_B":"First parties do actually put in a LOT of work in feel. Source - work on a game platform, brought up a new controller right from the proto phase. Our industrial design team spent a significant amount of time just on plastic finish. Even more on rumbler weight distribution at movement and rest. Our early protos felt significantly worse. With most 1p products, there's probably a lot more time and people working on it than you might think. Even for really small, seemingly insignificant details.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":7642.0,"score_ratio":1.9130434783}
{"post_id":"sqnmxj","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: What is different with the plastic on knock off products that makes it feel 'cheap' I. E. 3rd party game controllers? Is it lighter? Thinner? A worse quality type of plastic? Less smooth? How difficult is it to make 'good' plastic?","c_root_id_A":"hwmosj6","c_root_id_B":"hwniewq","created_at_utc_A":1644661979,"created_at_utc_B":1644678580,"score_A":22,"score_B":132,"human_ref_A":"It\u2019s a combination of material and finishing. There are many different plastics and they are produced at different strengths (schedule 40 or schedule 80 PVC) and densities (High density polyethylene and low density polyethylene). Was the final product finished with high quality paint or just buffed smooth. All that effects the \u201cfeel\u201d.","human_ref_B":"First parties do actually put in a LOT of work in feel. Source - work on a game platform, brought up a new controller right from the proto phase. Our industrial design team spent a significant amount of time just on plastic finish. Even more on rumbler weight distribution at movement and rest. Our early protos felt significantly worse. With most 1p products, there's probably a lot more time and people working on it than you might think. Even for really small, seemingly insignificant details.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":16601.0,"score_ratio":6.0}
{"post_id":"sqnmxj","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: What is different with the plastic on knock off products that makes it feel 'cheap' I. E. 3rd party game controllers? Is it lighter? Thinner? A worse quality type of plastic? Less smooth? How difficult is it to make 'good' plastic?","c_root_id_A":"hwmosj6","c_root_id_B":"hwn2oa6","created_at_utc_A":1644661979,"created_at_utc_B":1644670938,"score_A":22,"score_B":69,"human_ref_A":"It\u2019s a combination of material and finishing. There are many different plastics and they are produced at different strengths (schedule 40 or schedule 80 PVC) and densities (High density polyethylene and low density polyethylene). Was the final product finished with high quality paint or just buffed smooth. All that effects the \u201cfeel\u201d.","human_ref_B":"Some first-party peripherals also contain small metal weights in places to make them feel more solid in your grip, which requires making the weights themselves and moulding the housing to keep them in so they don't rattle and shift about. Knock-offs will usually leave these out, making them feel light and flimsy as a result.  EDIT: Actually MOST peripherals will have them, because the majority of things like controllers are just an empty shell. A controller is little more than a small circuit board only a little heavier than a credit card, so weights really are needed to give a controller that hefty \"quality\" feel when you pick them up.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":8959.0,"score_ratio":3.1363636364}
{"post_id":"um1wi8","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"eli5: how is there only enough gold in the world to fit a cube under the Eiffel tower, when countries have gold reserves, gold jewellery is common and gold is frequently used in industrial appliances?","c_root_id_A":"i7z11dq","c_root_id_B":"i7zaufz","created_at_utc_A":1652132685,"created_at_utc_B":1652137044,"score_A":27,"score_B":59,"human_ref_A":"Someone years ago posted a handy infographic that I've seen linked a few times since - it's helpful to see exactly how valuable and dense gold is.  Countries do have gold reserves, but these are maintained in bars or coins, which naturally leave a lot of space between each other.  I'm not sure if the cube at the bottom of that infographic would fit neatly under the Eiffel Tower, but it very well could - if you haven't been, the tower is freaking huge and the space below is a lot to take in.  You could fit a surprisingly huge cube in that span.  Keep in mind that while lots of people own gold jewelry and gold is used in electronics and stuff, it's only a tiny amount, often less than an ounce, used in each case, and it's often mixed with other metals (meaning it's less that 24 karat or pure gold), taking down the amount in total.  I'd be willing to bet that if you took all of the gold present (jewelry, appliances, etc) in the houses of a few city blocks and melted them, keeping just the pure gold, that amount would fit comfortably into your palm.  That's how little is actually used in everything but *really* extravagant jewelry, or actual coins and bars that are either kept in reserve or valued as investments or collectors' pieces.","human_ref_B":"One other piece not covered in other answers is that big cubes are a *lot* bigger than you think.  Start up Minecraft and lay out 100 blocks. That's not so hard. It'll take you, I dunno, a minute or two? And while it's not *short*, 100 blocks isn't some ridiculous distance, either.  Now, lay a 100 x 100 square of blocks. That's a hassle and a half. It's a minute for each row, so 100 rows is 100 minutes is about an hour and a half. That's a pretty big undertaking, even if you've got all the blocks.  Now, lay out a 100 x 100 x 100 *cube* of blocks. Uh-oh. That's 100 times your hour and a half, or 150 hours. That's more time than I've invested, total, on just about all the games on my Steam list. It's a *million* blocks.  A 1000 block line would take you ten minutes or so. A 1000x1000x1000 cube would take you 51 **years** of working on it eight hours a day.  If you make a cube twice as big on each side, you have 8x the volume. Ten times longer, you have *1000* times the volume.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":4359.0,"score_ratio":2.1851851852}
{"post_id":"um1wi8","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"eli5: how is there only enough gold in the world to fit a cube under the Eiffel tower, when countries have gold reserves, gold jewellery is common and gold is frequently used in industrial appliances?","c_root_id_A":"i7yzwi5","c_root_id_B":"i7zaufz","created_at_utc_A":1652132205,"created_at_utc_B":1652137044,"score_A":8,"score_B":59,"human_ref_A":"https:\/\/www.visualcapitalist.com\/chart-how-much-gold-is-in-the-world\/  Most countries don't have much in the way of gold deposits.    Industry uses very little gold.   We're still mining it, but they think we'll run out of gold to mine in 18 years or something, if we don't find new sources.","human_ref_B":"One other piece not covered in other answers is that big cubes are a *lot* bigger than you think.  Start up Minecraft and lay out 100 blocks. That's not so hard. It'll take you, I dunno, a minute or two? And while it's not *short*, 100 blocks isn't some ridiculous distance, either.  Now, lay a 100 x 100 square of blocks. That's a hassle and a half. It's a minute for each row, so 100 rows is 100 minutes is about an hour and a half. That's a pretty big undertaking, even if you've got all the blocks.  Now, lay out a 100 x 100 x 100 *cube* of blocks. Uh-oh. That's 100 times your hour and a half, or 150 hours. That's more time than I've invested, total, on just about all the games on my Steam list. It's a *million* blocks.  A 1000 block line would take you ten minutes or so. A 1000x1000x1000 cube would take you 51 **years** of working on it eight hours a day.  If you make a cube twice as big on each side, you have 8x the volume. Ten times longer, you have *1000* times the volume.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":4839.0,"score_ratio":7.375}
{"post_id":"um1wi8","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"eli5: how is there only enough gold in the world to fit a cube under the Eiffel tower, when countries have gold reserves, gold jewellery is common and gold is frequently used in industrial appliances?","c_root_id_A":"i7zaufz","c_root_id_B":"i7z1ehg","created_at_utc_A":1652137044,"created_at_utc_B":1652132840,"score_A":59,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"One other piece not covered in other answers is that big cubes are a *lot* bigger than you think.  Start up Minecraft and lay out 100 blocks. That's not so hard. It'll take you, I dunno, a minute or two? And while it's not *short*, 100 blocks isn't some ridiculous distance, either.  Now, lay a 100 x 100 square of blocks. That's a hassle and a half. It's a minute for each row, so 100 rows is 100 minutes is about an hour and a half. That's a pretty big undertaking, even if you've got all the blocks.  Now, lay out a 100 x 100 x 100 *cube* of blocks. Uh-oh. That's 100 times your hour and a half, or 150 hours. That's more time than I've invested, total, on just about all the games on my Steam list. It's a *million* blocks.  A 1000 block line would take you ten minutes or so. A 1000x1000x1000 cube would take you 51 **years** of working on it eight hours a day.  If you make a cube twice as big on each side, you have 8x the volume. Ten times longer, you have *1000* times the volume.","human_ref_B":"1. The Eiffel Tower is pretty damn big  2. This number is for pure gold  3. Jewelry is not made from pure gold as pure gold is as maliable as soft clay, you can easily press your fingerprint into it.  4. As an example the typical IPhone, while it does contain gold, contains only .034 grams of gold.  5. Worldwide the amount of mined\/used gold is estimated at 187,000 metric tons (or 412,264,430 lbs) with another 57,000 (or 125,663,340 lbs) metric tons discovered but unmined.  6. All the pure gold mined in the world would fit into roughly 2 Olympic sized swimming pools.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":4204.0,"score_ratio":11.8}
{"post_id":"um1wi8","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"eli5: how is there only enough gold in the world to fit a cube under the Eiffel tower, when countries have gold reserves, gold jewellery is common and gold is frequently used in industrial appliances?","c_root_id_A":"i7zaufz","c_root_id_B":"i7yzlza","created_at_utc_A":1652137044,"created_at_utc_B":1652132077,"score_A":59,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"One other piece not covered in other answers is that big cubes are a *lot* bigger than you think.  Start up Minecraft and lay out 100 blocks. That's not so hard. It'll take you, I dunno, a minute or two? And while it's not *short*, 100 blocks isn't some ridiculous distance, either.  Now, lay a 100 x 100 square of blocks. That's a hassle and a half. It's a minute for each row, so 100 rows is 100 minutes is about an hour and a half. That's a pretty big undertaking, even if you've got all the blocks.  Now, lay out a 100 x 100 x 100 *cube* of blocks. Uh-oh. That's 100 times your hour and a half, or 150 hours. That's more time than I've invested, total, on just about all the games on my Steam list. It's a *million* blocks.  A 1000 block line would take you ten minutes or so. A 1000x1000x1000 cube would take you 51 **years** of working on it eight hours a day.  If you make a cube twice as big on each side, you have 8x the volume. Ten times longer, you have *1000* times the volume.","human_ref_B":"How big is this cube? It is estimated that there are about 250,000 tonnes of known gold in the world (of which 200,000 tonne have been mined). That could fit into a cube if that cube is large enough.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":4967.0,"score_ratio":29.5}
{"post_id":"um1wi8","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"eli5: how is there only enough gold in the world to fit a cube under the Eiffel tower, when countries have gold reserves, gold jewellery is common and gold is frequently used in industrial appliances?","c_root_id_A":"i7z11dq","c_root_id_B":"i7yzwi5","created_at_utc_A":1652132685,"created_at_utc_B":1652132205,"score_A":27,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"Someone years ago posted a handy infographic that I've seen linked a few times since - it's helpful to see exactly how valuable and dense gold is.  Countries do have gold reserves, but these are maintained in bars or coins, which naturally leave a lot of space between each other.  I'm not sure if the cube at the bottom of that infographic would fit neatly under the Eiffel Tower, but it very well could - if you haven't been, the tower is freaking huge and the space below is a lot to take in.  You could fit a surprisingly huge cube in that span.  Keep in mind that while lots of people own gold jewelry and gold is used in electronics and stuff, it's only a tiny amount, often less than an ounce, used in each case, and it's often mixed with other metals (meaning it's less that 24 karat or pure gold), taking down the amount in total.  I'd be willing to bet that if you took all of the gold present (jewelry, appliances, etc) in the houses of a few city blocks and melted them, keeping just the pure gold, that amount would fit comfortably into your palm.  That's how little is actually used in everything but *really* extravagant jewelry, or actual coins and bars that are either kept in reserve or valued as investments or collectors' pieces.","human_ref_B":"https:\/\/www.visualcapitalist.com\/chart-how-much-gold-is-in-the-world\/  Most countries don't have much in the way of gold deposits.    Industry uses very little gold.   We're still mining it, but they think we'll run out of gold to mine in 18 years or something, if we don't find new sources.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":480.0,"score_ratio":3.375}
{"post_id":"um1wi8","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"eli5: how is there only enough gold in the world to fit a cube under the Eiffel tower, when countries have gold reserves, gold jewellery is common and gold is frequently used in industrial appliances?","c_root_id_A":"i7yzlza","c_root_id_B":"i7z11dq","created_at_utc_A":1652132077,"created_at_utc_B":1652132685,"score_A":2,"score_B":27,"human_ref_A":"How big is this cube? It is estimated that there are about 250,000 tonnes of known gold in the world (of which 200,000 tonne have been mined). That could fit into a cube if that cube is large enough.","human_ref_B":"Someone years ago posted a handy infographic that I've seen linked a few times since - it's helpful to see exactly how valuable and dense gold is.  Countries do have gold reserves, but these are maintained in bars or coins, which naturally leave a lot of space between each other.  I'm not sure if the cube at the bottom of that infographic would fit neatly under the Eiffel Tower, but it very well could - if you haven't been, the tower is freaking huge and the space below is a lot to take in.  You could fit a surprisingly huge cube in that span.  Keep in mind that while lots of people own gold jewelry and gold is used in electronics and stuff, it's only a tiny amount, often less than an ounce, used in each case, and it's often mixed with other metals (meaning it's less that 24 karat or pure gold), taking down the amount in total.  I'd be willing to bet that if you took all of the gold present (jewelry, appliances, etc) in the houses of a few city blocks and melted them, keeping just the pure gold, that amount would fit comfortably into your palm.  That's how little is actually used in everything but *really* extravagant jewelry, or actual coins and bars that are either kept in reserve or valued as investments or collectors' pieces.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":608.0,"score_ratio":13.5}
{"post_id":"um1wi8","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"eli5: how is there only enough gold in the world to fit a cube under the Eiffel tower, when countries have gold reserves, gold jewellery is common and gold is frequently used in industrial appliances?","c_root_id_A":"i7yzlza","c_root_id_B":"i7yzwi5","created_at_utc_A":1652132077,"created_at_utc_B":1652132205,"score_A":2,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"How big is this cube? It is estimated that there are about 250,000 tonnes of known gold in the world (of which 200,000 tonne have been mined). That could fit into a cube if that cube is large enough.","human_ref_B":"https:\/\/www.visualcapitalist.com\/chart-how-much-gold-is-in-the-world\/  Most countries don't have much in the way of gold deposits.    Industry uses very little gold.   We're still mining it, but they think we'll run out of gold to mine in 18 years or something, if we don't find new sources.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":128.0,"score_ratio":4.0}
{"post_id":"um1wi8","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"eli5: how is there only enough gold in the world to fit a cube under the Eiffel tower, when countries have gold reserves, gold jewellery is common and gold is frequently used in industrial appliances?","c_root_id_A":"i7yzlza","c_root_id_B":"i7z1ehg","created_at_utc_A":1652132077,"created_at_utc_B":1652132840,"score_A":2,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"How big is this cube? It is estimated that there are about 250,000 tonnes of known gold in the world (of which 200,000 tonne have been mined). That could fit into a cube if that cube is large enough.","human_ref_B":"1. The Eiffel Tower is pretty damn big  2. This number is for pure gold  3. Jewelry is not made from pure gold as pure gold is as maliable as soft clay, you can easily press your fingerprint into it.  4. As an example the typical IPhone, while it does contain gold, contains only .034 grams of gold.  5. Worldwide the amount of mined\/used gold is estimated at 187,000 metric tons (or 412,264,430 lbs) with another 57,000 (or 125,663,340 lbs) metric tons discovered but unmined.  6. All the pure gold mined in the world would fit into roughly 2 Olympic sized swimming pools.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":763.0,"score_ratio":2.5}
{"post_id":"ptyk7f","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.81,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If soap breaks down oil, why can\u2019t oil be broken down with soap and then diluted to go down the drain?","c_root_id_A":"hdzemsp","c_root_id_B":"hdz9od5","created_at_utc_A":1632415672,"created_at_utc_B":1632413633,"score_A":128,"score_B":18,"human_ref_A":"Soap\/detergents don't break oil down.  They simply emulsify it, or hold it in suspension.  It is still 100% oil, just distributed differently... in the water rather than on the water.","human_ref_B":"It can, and is, all the time.  Do you ever wash your dishes?  Wash a pan you cooked with?  When you do that, you use dish soap, and then the soap helps break down the oils, and washes down the drain.    If you've ever worked on a car and got your hands all greasy, then you go inside and you use hot water and soap and you wash your hands really good, all those oils go down your drain.  Where you run into problems, is when people pour oil and grease down their drain.  Because it's not diluted enough, and it will then solidify in your pipes and cause them to clog.  Then you pay big bucks to have it fixed.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2039.0,"score_ratio":7.1111111111}
{"post_id":"ptyk7f","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.81,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If soap breaks down oil, why can\u2019t oil be broken down with soap and then diluted to go down the drain?","c_root_id_A":"hdzemsp","c_root_id_B":"hdzehi6","created_at_utc_A":1632415672,"created_at_utc_B":1632415613,"score_A":128,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"Soap\/detergents don't break oil down.  They simply emulsify it, or hold it in suspension.  It is still 100% oil, just distributed differently... in the water rather than on the water.","human_ref_B":"When you say \"why can't **oil** be broken down with soap\", what sort of oil do you mean? If you mean cooking oils, they certainly can be washed down the drain in moderate amounts with soap and hot water.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":59.0,"score_ratio":21.3333333333}
{"post_id":"ptyk7f","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.81,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If soap breaks down oil, why can\u2019t oil be broken down with soap and then diluted to go down the drain?","c_root_id_A":"hdzehi6","c_root_id_B":"hdzi0eg","created_at_utc_A":1632415613,"created_at_utc_B":1632417040,"score_A":6,"score_B":12,"human_ref_A":"When you say \"why can't **oil** be broken down with soap\", what sort of oil do you mean? If you mean cooking oils, they certainly can be washed down the drain in moderate amounts with soap and hot water.","human_ref_B":"Soap works by binding to hydrophobic molecules which can then be washed away by running water.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1427.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"bu22h7","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: what happens with a donor organ's DNA after a successful transplant? My assumption is that over time the organ regenerates new cells with the host's DNA. Or do the two stay distinct for life, or do they merge into a mix of the two? If they stay separate, is there a definite boundary, and does the host's future offspring bear the DNA of three bloodlines instead of two?","c_root_id_A":"ep6xx4o","c_root_id_B":"ep6rpya","created_at_utc_A":1559074921,"created_at_utc_B":1559072766,"score_A":16,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"The donor organ retains the donor's DNA. As it regenerates new cells, those cells will retain the origin owner's DNA, as all the new cells are created from the donor's cells. None of the recipients' other organs are effected.   &#x200B;  For this reason recipients of organ transplants typically need to be on immunosuppressants for the remainder of their lives. Otherwise the body will try to attack the new organ, and the patient will die.  &#x200B;  This has no effect on the DNA of their offspring. The offspring gets their DNA from their parent's sex cells (gametes), which are created in their sex organs.  Since these organs can't be transplanted, their DNA will always be the patient's original DNA.","human_ref_B":"An organ will regenerate by splitting some of its existing cells into two \"new\" cells in a process called mitosis. When a cell is preparing for mitosis, it first creates a second replicate copy of its DNA. Its more complex than this but as mitosis progresses, the two replicate copies of DNA get moved to opposite ends of the cell. The cell divides in the middle and now you have two cells, each with its own copy of DNA.  So to answer your question, since the cells of the donor organ will under go mitosis and split, the donor's DNA will always persist in the organs cells and remain separate to that of the recipient.  I'm not sure what you mean by boundary, but donor DNA would only be found in cells that originated from the donor organ. The recipients offspring would only get DNA from the recipient, as sperm\/egg DNA is not derived from the organ donors dna","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2155.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"2pf2mq","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If the US unemployment rate is less than 10%, why do i keep hearing that every job posting gets hundreds of applicants?","c_root_id_A":"cmw9s4x","c_root_id_B":"cmw3iss","created_at_utc_A":1418705130,"created_at_utc_B":1418693305,"score_A":68,"score_B":61,"human_ref_A":"Because:  * Job applicants are not necessarily unemployed * A person is not limited to apply to one job at a time, and many people apply for quite a few positions","human_ref_B":"I can speak to this from a slightly different angle... We get probably in excess of 50 applications for every position we post, and we're lucky if 5 of them are actually meet the qualifications. People look at job hunting like firing a shotgun blindfolded - just pull the trigger randomly and hope that you'll hit something...","labels":1,"seconds_difference":11825.0,"score_ratio":1.1147540984}
{"post_id":"2pf2mq","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If the US unemployment rate is less than 10%, why do i keep hearing that every job posting gets hundreds of applicants?","c_root_id_A":"cmw9s4x","c_root_id_B":"cmw4iy0","created_at_utc_A":1418705130,"created_at_utc_B":1418695163,"score_A":68,"score_B":21,"human_ref_A":"Because:  * Job applicants are not necessarily unemployed * A person is not limited to apply to one job at a time, and many people apply for quite a few positions","human_ref_B":"An additional point: wages in the US have been stagnant for some time now. I suspect lots of people who are currently employed are also looking, as the prospects for a raise in their current job are pretty slim. It's a truism that in a lot of fields, the fastest route to a raise is by changing jobs.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":9967.0,"score_ratio":3.2380952381}
{"post_id":"2pf2mq","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If the US unemployment rate is less than 10%, why do i keep hearing that every job posting gets hundreds of applicants?","c_root_id_A":"cmw9s4x","c_root_id_B":"cmw2nxn","created_at_utc_A":1418705130,"created_at_utc_B":1418691695,"score_A":68,"score_B":18,"human_ref_A":"Because:  * Job applicants are not necessarily unemployed * A person is not limited to apply to one job at a time, and many people apply for quite a few positions","human_ref_B":"Firstly, the unemployment rate measures the number of people who are still in the job market.  If you stopped collecting unemployment, and stopped going to the unemployment office to have them help you look for work, you're not being counted in that number.  Second, If there are hundreds of people in the job market, each job opening can get hundreds of applicants (with a lot of overlap.  People don't just apply for one job).  Also, people who are working can also apply for a job if they think it's better than what they currently have.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":13435.0,"score_ratio":3.7777777778}
{"post_id":"2pf2mq","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If the US unemployment rate is less than 10%, why do i keep hearing that every job posting gets hundreds of applicants?","c_root_id_A":"cmw8m0z","c_root_id_B":"cmw9s4x","created_at_utc_A":1418702734,"created_at_utc_B":1418705130,"score_A":9,"score_B":68,"human_ref_A":"10% is a quite high rate of unemployment.  It's also a complex subject without a good Explain like I'm five years old answer.  There are several measures of unemployment but only 1 gets reported in the news. http:\/\/economics.about.com\/od\/unemployment-category\/a\/Statistical-Measures-Of-Unemployment.htm    plus unemployment number only captures people participating in the job market.  There are other measures like labor force participation which tracks people who could work relative to how many actually are working.  http:\/\/data.bls.gov\/timeseries\/LNS11300000  Our participation rate is lower than normal so there are likely lots of people who would work if they could find a job.  So maybe the Explain like I'm five years old answer is that the unemployment number is a very squishy number.  You have to take into account how the economy looks overall to decide what it really means.","human_ref_B":"Because:  * Job applicants are not necessarily unemployed * A person is not limited to apply to one job at a time, and many people apply for quite a few positions","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2396.0,"score_ratio":7.5555555556}
{"post_id":"2pf2mq","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If the US unemployment rate is less than 10%, why do i keep hearing that every job posting gets hundreds of applicants?","c_root_id_A":"cmw2nxn","c_root_id_B":"cmw3iss","created_at_utc_A":1418691695,"created_at_utc_B":1418693305,"score_A":18,"score_B":61,"human_ref_A":"Firstly, the unemployment rate measures the number of people who are still in the job market.  If you stopped collecting unemployment, and stopped going to the unemployment office to have them help you look for work, you're not being counted in that number.  Second, If there are hundreds of people in the job market, each job opening can get hundreds of applicants (with a lot of overlap.  People don't just apply for one job).  Also, people who are working can also apply for a job if they think it's better than what they currently have.","human_ref_B":"I can speak to this from a slightly different angle... We get probably in excess of 50 applications for every position we post, and we're lucky if 5 of them are actually meet the qualifications. People look at job hunting like firing a shotgun blindfolded - just pull the trigger randomly and hope that you'll hit something...","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1610.0,"score_ratio":3.3888888889}
{"post_id":"2pf2mq","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If the US unemployment rate is less than 10%, why do i keep hearing that every job posting gets hundreds of applicants?","c_root_id_A":"cmw4iy0","c_root_id_B":"cmw2nxn","created_at_utc_A":1418695163,"created_at_utc_B":1418691695,"score_A":21,"score_B":18,"human_ref_A":"An additional point: wages in the US have been stagnant for some time now. I suspect lots of people who are currently employed are also looking, as the prospects for a raise in their current job are pretty slim. It's a truism that in a lot of fields, the fastest route to a raise is by changing jobs.","human_ref_B":"Firstly, the unemployment rate measures the number of people who are still in the job market.  If you stopped collecting unemployment, and stopped going to the unemployment office to have them help you look for work, you're not being counted in that number.  Second, If there are hundreds of people in the job market, each job opening can get hundreds of applicants (with a lot of overlap.  People don't just apply for one job).  Also, people who are working can also apply for a job if they think it's better than what they currently have.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3468.0,"score_ratio":1.1666666667}
{"post_id":"2pf2mq","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If the US unemployment rate is less than 10%, why do i keep hearing that every job posting gets hundreds of applicants?","c_root_id_A":"cmwc3t4","c_root_id_B":"cmwe8sg","created_at_utc_A":1418710791,"created_at_utc_B":1418718164,"score_A":5,"score_B":7,"human_ref_A":"The number of applicants is an indication of the problem. When i was seeking a job i applied at over 30 locations, and was granted a total of 3 interviews before getting my current job. I have a Master's degree. The competition is harsh, and there are far too many qualified yet unemployed applicants for our economy to handle.","human_ref_B":"I think another aspect of this is that really for the first time in history it's incredibly easy for anyone to apply to many jobs very quickly and easily in many geographic locations thanks to the internet. As little as 10-20 years ago job hunting meant mailing\/faxing resumes, actually calling people, researching classifieds, researching companies in your field, etc. That certainly exists but it's hugely supplanted and even overshadowed by being able to go on any of the job websites and apply very quickly and easily to jobs both near you and very far away.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":7373.0,"score_ratio":1.4}
{"post_id":"2pf2mq","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If the US unemployment rate is less than 10%, why do i keep hearing that every job posting gets hundreds of applicants?","c_root_id_A":"cmwe8sg","c_root_id_B":"cmwd1ht","created_at_utc_A":1418718164,"created_at_utc_B":1418713645,"score_A":7,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"I think another aspect of this is that really for the first time in history it's incredibly easy for anyone to apply to many jobs very quickly and easily in many geographic locations thanks to the internet. As little as 10-20 years ago job hunting meant mailing\/faxing resumes, actually calling people, researching classifieds, researching companies in your field, etc. That certainly exists but it's hugely supplanted and even overshadowed by being able to go on any of the job websites and apply very quickly and easily to jobs both near you and very far away.","human_ref_B":"Also, if you look at things like Australian Statistics.  If you work for your parents for $0.00 you are \"Gainfully employed\".  If you earn money on a recurring basis per fortnight, you are employed.  Doesn't matter if it's 1c or $1million.   Are you a volunteer?  You do a certain number of hours\/fortnight?  In Australia you are listed as \"Employed\".   Statistics are evil things.  I'd love to see a govt that reports \"Full-time paid employment\".  Things would go to hell in a handbasket if they did.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":4519.0,"score_ratio":1.4}
{"post_id":"2pf2mq","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If the US unemployment rate is less than 10%, why do i keep hearing that every job posting gets hundreds of applicants?","c_root_id_A":"cmwbylj","c_root_id_B":"cmwe8sg","created_at_utc_A":1418710393,"created_at_utc_B":1418718164,"score_A":3,"score_B":7,"human_ref_A":"It really depends where you live. In Omaha businesses are desperate for workers, there's hiring signs everywhere, and we just raised the minimum wage above the federal.","human_ref_B":"I think another aspect of this is that really for the first time in history it's incredibly easy for anyone to apply to many jobs very quickly and easily in many geographic locations thanks to the internet. As little as 10-20 years ago job hunting meant mailing\/faxing resumes, actually calling people, researching classifieds, researching companies in your field, etc. That certainly exists but it's hugely supplanted and even overshadowed by being able to go on any of the job websites and apply very quickly and easily to jobs both near you and very far away.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":7771.0,"score_ratio":2.3333333333}
{"post_id":"2pf2mq","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If the US unemployment rate is less than 10%, why do i keep hearing that every job posting gets hundreds of applicants?","c_root_id_A":"cmwc3t4","c_root_id_B":"cmwbylj","created_at_utc_A":1418710791,"created_at_utc_B":1418710393,"score_A":5,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"The number of applicants is an indication of the problem. When i was seeking a job i applied at over 30 locations, and was granted a total of 3 interviews before getting my current job. I have a Master's degree. The competition is harsh, and there are far too many qualified yet unemployed applicants for our economy to handle.","human_ref_B":"It really depends where you live. In Omaha businesses are desperate for workers, there's hiring signs everywhere, and we just raised the minimum wage above the federal.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":398.0,"score_ratio":1.6666666667}
{"post_id":"2pf2mq","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If the US unemployment rate is less than 10%, why do i keep hearing that every job posting gets hundreds of applicants?","c_root_id_A":"cmwbylj","c_root_id_B":"cmwd1ht","created_at_utc_A":1418710393,"created_at_utc_B":1418713645,"score_A":3,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"It really depends where you live. In Omaha businesses are desperate for workers, there's hiring signs everywhere, and we just raised the minimum wage above the federal.","human_ref_B":"Also, if you look at things like Australian Statistics.  If you work for your parents for $0.00 you are \"Gainfully employed\".  If you earn money on a recurring basis per fortnight, you are employed.  Doesn't matter if it's 1c or $1million.   Are you a volunteer?  You do a certain number of hours\/fortnight?  In Australia you are listed as \"Employed\".   Statistics are evil things.  I'd love to see a govt that reports \"Full-time paid employment\".  Things would go to hell in a handbasket if they did.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":3252.0,"score_ratio":1.6666666667}
{"post_id":"88snod","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.81,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How can food and drinks that are advertised as 0 calories still be metabolized and used as energy by your body?","c_root_id_A":"dwnmevh","c_root_id_B":"dwmxqnv","created_at_utc_A":1522634598,"created_at_utc_B":1522605995,"score_A":29,"score_B":26,"human_ref_A":"Biochemist here. As someone mentioned, most things are advertised as 0 calories actually have some minuscule caloric content, but the FDA allows things to be less than 5 calories to be listed as 0 instead. This pertains to things like cooking spray, which is literally aerosol fat but its serving size is so small it is \"practically\" 0 calories.  With regard to artificial sweeteners, lets use aspartame as an example. If you are familiar with organic chemistry and you take a look at its structure, you'll actually see that it's almost exactly a dipeptide of phenylalanine and aspartate, with a methyl ester on the phenylalanine. Coincidentally, this small compound of 2 amino acids causes a sweet taste instead of an expected protein\/savory one. However, like a protein\/polypeptide, it will digest into simple components of aspartate, phenylalanine, and accompanying methanol. The first 2 are normal amino acids and will be easily utilized by the body. The latter can actually form a toxic metabolite of formic acid, but since aspartame is potent in sweetening and therefore used in very small amounts in products, the amount that forms is negligible and not a concern unless taken in extreme excess.   Other artificial caloric replacements usually work on the principle of having similar structures to activate \"flavor\" receptors but are modified enough so that they can't be targeted by human digestive enzymes. As a background, enzymes tend to have very specific substrate\/structure specificity, so just modifying the way 2 monomers are connected slightly or even just changing an alpha bond to a beta bond in a structure are enough to prevent the vulnerability to digestion. An example of nature of how specific enzymes can be can be seen in glucose polymers. Glucose polymers in alpha bond configurations are what most organisms digest for easy carbohydrate energy. Fiber\/Cellulose is exactly the same as those glucose polymers except they monomers are linked in beta conformation. These type of compounds (for the most part) just can't be metabolized and just go through unaffected. One humorous example one of my professors told me about was a artificial zero calorie fat they were attempting to use in potato chips. It was a compound of fatty acids with some modifications, most prominently attached to a carbohydrate. The structure was similar enough to trigger similar taste receptors but different enough to prevent digestion. A concern was, since the substance was still rather oily, that lack of digestion would cause the slick substance to build up and cause a leaky, well lubricated bowel in individuals that consume too much. \"Clean Underwear\" tests seemed to show the fear was unfounded, but I still have my doubts.  When the body can't digest and utilize substances, they usually just pass through from one end to the other. If they are absorbed but are xenobiotics (organic structures that are not harmful but not beneficial either), CYP enzymes in the liver usually metabolize them to inert substances that are just passed through as well.","human_ref_B":"They aren't. For instance water is 0 calories. It provides no energy. Most drinks are 95+% water. So if you add things that don't get metabolized to produce energy, they can actually burn some calories since your body had to work to absorb it. For instance, vitamin C has flavor but few or no calories. Or stevia as an i gradient tastes sweet but cannot be digested. So our body just poops it out.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":28603.0,"score_ratio":1.1153846154}
{"post_id":"nbuw00","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.81,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Since plastic doesn't biodegrade, why aren't more houses built with plastic instead of wood parts?","c_root_id_A":"gy1h0zo","c_root_id_B":"gy1gzjy","created_at_utc_A":1620949803,"created_at_utc_B":1620949782,"score_A":36,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"It might not biodegrade but it does degrade. Especially many plastics are extremely susceptible to UV, going weak and brittle in comparatively little time.","human_ref_B":"Because heating\/cooling your home would be problematic.   I don't want to end up like a leftover in the back of the fridge.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":21.0,"score_ratio":12.0}
{"post_id":"nbuw00","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.81,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Since plastic doesn't biodegrade, why aren't more houses built with plastic instead of wood parts?","c_root_id_A":"gy1h2zl","c_root_id_B":"gy1iu2d","created_at_utc_A":1620949831,"created_at_utc_B":1620950740,"score_A":9,"score_B":10,"human_ref_A":"Structural plastic is softer (weaker) and more expensive (or at least it was until the recent lumber shortage), and it's also susceptible to damage from UV rays in sunlight (plastic exposed to sunlight will become brittle and crack and break). Plastic with additives to deal with the UV are even more expensive.  We do use a lot of plastic in home construction, just not structurally. Plastic sheeting for moisture barrier, plastic water pipes, plastic (or more accurately polymer) electrical junction boxes, plastic (polymer) wire insulation, kitchen cabinet veneers are sometimes made of plastics, etc.","human_ref_B":"Plastic is not biodegradable but it is not particularly strong not it isolates heat very well. Also, since it is not biodegradable, it would make ecological catastrophe.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":909.0,"score_ratio":1.1111111111}
{"post_id":"nbuw00","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.81,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Since plastic doesn't biodegrade, why aren't more houses built with plastic instead of wood parts?","c_root_id_A":"gy1gzjy","c_root_id_B":"gy1iu2d","created_at_utc_A":1620949782,"created_at_utc_B":1620950740,"score_A":3,"score_B":10,"human_ref_A":"Because heating\/cooling your home would be problematic.   I don't want to end up like a leftover in the back of the fridge.","human_ref_B":"Plastic is not biodegradable but it is not particularly strong not it isolates heat very well. Also, since it is not biodegradable, it would make ecological catastrophe.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":958.0,"score_ratio":3.3333333333}
{"post_id":"nbuw00","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.81,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Since plastic doesn't biodegrade, why aren't more houses built with plastic instead of wood parts?","c_root_id_A":"gy1h2zl","c_root_id_B":"gy1gzjy","created_at_utc_A":1620949831,"created_at_utc_B":1620949782,"score_A":9,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"Structural plastic is softer (weaker) and more expensive (or at least it was until the recent lumber shortage), and it's also susceptible to damage from UV rays in sunlight (plastic exposed to sunlight will become brittle and crack and break). Plastic with additives to deal with the UV are even more expensive.  We do use a lot of plastic in home construction, just not structurally. Plastic sheeting for moisture barrier, plastic water pipes, plastic (or more accurately polymer) electrical junction boxes, plastic (polymer) wire insulation, kitchen cabinet veneers are sometimes made of plastics, etc.","human_ref_B":"Because heating\/cooling your home would be problematic.   I don't want to end up like a leftover in the back of the fridge.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":49.0,"score_ratio":3.0}
{"post_id":"nbuw00","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.81,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Since plastic doesn't biodegrade, why aren't more houses built with plastic instead of wood parts?","c_root_id_A":"gy1s057","c_root_id_B":"gy1gzjy","created_at_utc_A":1620955547,"created_at_utc_B":1620949782,"score_A":4,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"Plastic degrades when exposed to UV light, which a building would be. Plastic also doesn't like to hold up to consistent loading; even a slight weight, applied for a long time, will cause plastic to sag. That said, a lot of a building is plastic: the vinyl siding and flooring, the moisture barriers, the glues inside engineered lumber, the insulation; just not the structural elements.","human_ref_B":"Because heating\/cooling your home would be problematic.   I don't want to end up like a leftover in the back of the fridge.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":5765.0,"score_ratio":1.3333333333}
{"post_id":"nbuw00","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.81,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Since plastic doesn't biodegrade, why aren't more houses built with plastic instead of wood parts?","c_root_id_A":"gy1s057","c_root_id_B":"gy1m0k0","created_at_utc_A":1620955547,"created_at_utc_B":1620952397,"score_A":4,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"Plastic degrades when exposed to UV light, which a building would be. Plastic also doesn't like to hold up to consistent loading; even a slight weight, applied for a long time, will cause plastic to sag. That said, a lot of a building is plastic: the vinyl siding and flooring, the moisture barriers, the glues inside engineered lumber, the insulation; just not the structural elements.","human_ref_B":"It should be noted that wood used in the construction of houses is treated to make it harder to biodegrade. It may also be protected with a varnish or polycoat if it will be exposed to the elements. The vast majority of wood in a home will *not* be exposed to elements beyond some humidity. There's also not a whole lot of organisms that are good at destroying and decomposing wood that don't require a ton of moisture (like fungi) and usually aren't immediately dangerous as long as you take care of your home even a little bit. Homeowners go through a lot of trouble to prevent the ones that *are* immediately dangerous (like termites) from getting into the home.  Houses can survive even pretty substantial natural disasters like flooding and still remain structurally sound. There are centuries-old houses with the original wood structure that are still standing today. The biodegradability of wood just isn't a concern when it comes to making houses out of the stuff, provided you take care of it properly.  On the other hand, wood is cheap (current shortage notwithstanding), pretty lightweight, flexible, easy to cut, often aesthetically appealing, sustainable (when properly managed), and ubiquitous in many countries. There's no reason *not* to use wood framing when it's available and affordable.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3150.0,"score_ratio":1.3333333333}
{"post_id":"nbuw00","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.81,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Since plastic doesn't biodegrade, why aren't more houses built with plastic instead of wood parts?","c_root_id_A":"gy1s057","c_root_id_B":"gy1m1ty","created_at_utc_A":1620955547,"created_at_utc_B":1620952416,"score_A":4,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"Plastic degrades when exposed to UV light, which a building would be. Plastic also doesn't like to hold up to consistent loading; even a slight weight, applied for a long time, will cause plastic to sag. That said, a lot of a building is plastic: the vinyl siding and flooring, the moisture barriers, the glues inside engineered lumber, the insulation; just not the structural elements.","human_ref_B":"Wood is cheaper.  That is all.  You could make plastic equivalents to the structural timber used for houses but lengths of 4-by-2 are amazingly cheap.  Plastic replacements would have issues to overcome but you can be that, if there was money in it, the industry would find a way.  Two that occur to me are that: nailing plastic wouldn't work well and you'd need to change the fixing systems used; and sunlight kills plastic so you'd have to take care to make sure it didn't penetrate to strutural members.  Of course using plastic to replace wood would be an environmental disaster but that factor still loses out economics.  There's a huge amount of plastic already used in home construction.  My house is clad with foamed polystyrene 4\" thick.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3131.0,"score_ratio":1.3333333333}
{"post_id":"wj6l87","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered. How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered? Is it too difficult for other companies to understand how the chips and boards were made and try to come up with how to make it themselves?","c_root_id_A":"ijg0iax","c_root_id_B":"ijfyst8","created_at_utc_A":1659968488,"created_at_utc_B":1659967773,"score_A":15,"score_B":9,"human_ref_A":"Deconstructing something and looking at its parts doesn't tell you how it was made. Just like with jet turbines, the secret sauce is in the manufacturing process.   Its institutional knowledge combined with a relatively small handful of incredibly intelligent people who understand the full process. Companies jealously guard their abilities because they were developed over decades of iterations and billions in funding.","human_ref_B":"They don't - the bulk of the difficulty is in the manufacturing process and in building the machines for manufacturing those, and that knowledge is public and available.  It's all patented, which means any company can go out and see what their competition is doing.  But they can't copy it, or they'd be in violation of the law and would owe fines and penalties.  The patents don't last forever, but they last longer than the machines are state-of-the-art, so there's no issue.  If someone wants to invest millions into making a lab that can manufacture 20 year old chips they're perfectly free to do so.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":715.0,"score_ratio":1.6666666667}
{"post_id":"wj6l87","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered. How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered? Is it too difficult for other companies to understand how the chips and boards were made and try to come up with how to make it themselves?","c_root_id_A":"ijfvr8j","c_root_id_B":"ijg0iax","created_at_utc_A":1659966467,"created_at_utc_B":1659968488,"score_A":6,"score_B":15,"human_ref_A":"The trick to making chips is mostly in the actual fabrication. Transistor technology has remained basically the same since the 60s, so anyone could design a powerful processor with all the information out there. What most cannot do is buy\/make the ludicrous machines needed to actually create that design. And the only real way to make a chip \"better\" is to simply make the Transistors even smaller than they already are.","human_ref_B":"Deconstructing something and looking at its parts doesn't tell you how it was made. Just like with jet turbines, the secret sauce is in the manufacturing process.   Its institutional knowledge combined with a relatively small handful of incredibly intelligent people who understand the full process. Companies jealously guard their abilities because they were developed over decades of iterations and billions in funding.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2021.0,"score_ratio":2.5}
{"post_id":"wj6l87","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered. How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered? Is it too difficult for other companies to understand how the chips and boards were made and try to come up with how to make it themselves?","c_root_id_A":"ijfyapk","c_root_id_B":"ijg0iax","created_at_utc_A":1659967560,"created_at_utc_B":1659968488,"score_A":2,"score_B":15,"human_ref_A":"With reverse engineering you can only learn how the final product looks like, but not how it\u2019s done. Sometimes chips are layouted in a special way, especially MEMS, which are basically small mechanical chips with moving parts, very frequently built as sensors for measuring various stuff  You cannot see how they made it possible to have this structure, only that it is there.  What you can do, and what is also frequently done, is to buy the final product the chip is built in and exchange the part with your own chip to find out how it would behave in the field and if you could do it better with your design (better as in less losses, faster switching for power converters, etc.)","human_ref_B":"Deconstructing something and looking at its parts doesn't tell you how it was made. Just like with jet turbines, the secret sauce is in the manufacturing process.   Its institutional knowledge combined with a relatively small handful of incredibly intelligent people who understand the full process. Companies jealously guard their abilities because they were developed over decades of iterations and billions in funding.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":928.0,"score_ratio":7.5}
{"post_id":"wj6l87","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered. How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered? Is it too difficult for other companies to understand how the chips and boards were made and try to come up with how to make it themselves?","c_root_id_A":"ijg202m","c_root_id_B":"ijg5jx5","created_at_utc_A":1659969112,"created_at_utc_B":1659970565,"score_A":9,"score_B":11,"human_ref_A":"When I did chip design at uni, the professor (who was one of the early designers for intel, and has trained most of the designers at ARM) said he never worried about cheating, because it's really easy to tell.  Even for the exact same circuit, 30 people will draw 30 different mask setups so any 2 that are the same, were copying. The more complex, the more options, not less.  Thus reverse engineering (basically copying the masking) would be obvious.","human_ref_B":"Chip manufacturers primarily use patents to protect both their devices and the methods for creating them. Trade secrets are rarely used, but they still play a worthwhile role in many companies.  The details of these strategies and implementations can be incredibly complicated, but it really only comes down to patents and sometimes trade secrets. I\u2019m happy to answer any follow up questions you might have.   Source: I used to be a patent attorney for companies like Qualcomm, Qorvo, and many others. I now manage an IP portfolio for an entity that recently won a $1 billion dollar judgment against a manufacturer for infringing on a memory-related circuit patent.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1453.0,"score_ratio":1.2222222222}
{"post_id":"wj6l87","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered. How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered? Is it too difficult for other companies to understand how the chips and boards were made and try to come up with how to make it themselves?","c_root_id_A":"ijg5jx5","c_root_id_B":"ijfyst8","created_at_utc_A":1659970565,"created_at_utc_B":1659967773,"score_A":11,"score_B":9,"human_ref_A":"Chip manufacturers primarily use patents to protect both their devices and the methods for creating them. Trade secrets are rarely used, but they still play a worthwhile role in many companies.  The details of these strategies and implementations can be incredibly complicated, but it really only comes down to patents and sometimes trade secrets. I\u2019m happy to answer any follow up questions you might have.   Source: I used to be a patent attorney for companies like Qualcomm, Qorvo, and many others. I now manage an IP portfolio for an entity that recently won a $1 billion dollar judgment against a manufacturer for infringing on a memory-related circuit patent.","human_ref_B":"They don't - the bulk of the difficulty is in the manufacturing process and in building the machines for manufacturing those, and that knowledge is public and available.  It's all patented, which means any company can go out and see what their competition is doing.  But they can't copy it, or they'd be in violation of the law and would owe fines and penalties.  The patents don't last forever, but they last longer than the machines are state-of-the-art, so there's no issue.  If someone wants to invest millions into making a lab that can manufacture 20 year old chips they're perfectly free to do so.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2792.0,"score_ratio":1.2222222222}
{"post_id":"wj6l87","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered. How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered? Is it too difficult for other companies to understand how the chips and boards were made and try to come up with how to make it themselves?","c_root_id_A":"ijg5jx5","c_root_id_B":"ijfvr8j","created_at_utc_A":1659970565,"created_at_utc_B":1659966467,"score_A":11,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"Chip manufacturers primarily use patents to protect both their devices and the methods for creating them. Trade secrets are rarely used, but they still play a worthwhile role in many companies.  The details of these strategies and implementations can be incredibly complicated, but it really only comes down to patents and sometimes trade secrets. I\u2019m happy to answer any follow up questions you might have.   Source: I used to be a patent attorney for companies like Qualcomm, Qorvo, and many others. I now manage an IP portfolio for an entity that recently won a $1 billion dollar judgment against a manufacturer for infringing on a memory-related circuit patent.","human_ref_B":"The trick to making chips is mostly in the actual fabrication. Transistor technology has remained basically the same since the 60s, so anyone could design a powerful processor with all the information out there. What most cannot do is buy\/make the ludicrous machines needed to actually create that design. And the only real way to make a chip \"better\" is to simply make the Transistors even smaller than they already are.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":4098.0,"score_ratio":1.8333333333}
{"post_id":"wj6l87","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered. How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered? Is it too difficult for other companies to understand how the chips and boards were made and try to come up with how to make it themselves?","c_root_id_A":"ijfyapk","c_root_id_B":"ijg5jx5","created_at_utc_A":1659967560,"created_at_utc_B":1659970565,"score_A":2,"score_B":11,"human_ref_A":"With reverse engineering you can only learn how the final product looks like, but not how it\u2019s done. Sometimes chips are layouted in a special way, especially MEMS, which are basically small mechanical chips with moving parts, very frequently built as sensors for measuring various stuff  You cannot see how they made it possible to have this structure, only that it is there.  What you can do, and what is also frequently done, is to buy the final product the chip is built in and exchange the part with your own chip to find out how it would behave in the field and if you could do it better with your design (better as in less losses, faster switching for power converters, etc.)","human_ref_B":"Chip manufacturers primarily use patents to protect both their devices and the methods for creating them. Trade secrets are rarely used, but they still play a worthwhile role in many companies.  The details of these strategies and implementations can be incredibly complicated, but it really only comes down to patents and sometimes trade secrets. I\u2019m happy to answer any follow up questions you might have.   Source: I used to be a patent attorney for companies like Qualcomm, Qorvo, and many others. I now manage an IP portfolio for an entity that recently won a $1 billion dollar judgment against a manufacturer for infringing on a memory-related circuit patent.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":3005.0,"score_ratio":5.5}
{"post_id":"wj6l87","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered. How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered? Is it too difficult for other companies to understand how the chips and boards were made and try to come up with how to make it themselves?","c_root_id_A":"ijgkdyu","c_root_id_B":"ijg202m","created_at_utc_A":1659976346,"created_at_utc_B":1659969112,"score_A":11,"score_B":9,"human_ref_A":"for a second, i thought we were talking about potato chios and i just went \"ooo food science\"","human_ref_B":"When I did chip design at uni, the professor (who was one of the early designers for intel, and has trained most of the designers at ARM) said he never worried about cheating, because it's really easy to tell.  Even for the exact same circuit, 30 people will draw 30 different mask setups so any 2 that are the same, were copying. The more complex, the more options, not less.  Thus reverse engineering (basically copying the masking) would be obvious.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":7234.0,"score_ratio":1.2222222222}
{"post_id":"wj6l87","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered. How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered? Is it too difficult for other companies to understand how the chips and boards were made and try to come up with how to make it themselves?","c_root_id_A":"ijg202m","c_root_id_B":"ijfvr8j","created_at_utc_A":1659969112,"created_at_utc_B":1659966467,"score_A":9,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"When I did chip design at uni, the professor (who was one of the early designers for intel, and has trained most of the designers at ARM) said he never worried about cheating, because it's really easy to tell.  Even for the exact same circuit, 30 people will draw 30 different mask setups so any 2 that are the same, were copying. The more complex, the more options, not less.  Thus reverse engineering (basically copying the masking) would be obvious.","human_ref_B":"The trick to making chips is mostly in the actual fabrication. Transistor technology has remained basically the same since the 60s, so anyone could design a powerful processor with all the information out there. What most cannot do is buy\/make the ludicrous machines needed to actually create that design. And the only real way to make a chip \"better\" is to simply make the Transistors even smaller than they already are.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2645.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"wj6l87","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered. How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered? Is it too difficult for other companies to understand how the chips and boards were made and try to come up with how to make it themselves?","c_root_id_A":"ijfyapk","c_root_id_B":"ijg202m","created_at_utc_A":1659967560,"created_at_utc_B":1659969112,"score_A":2,"score_B":9,"human_ref_A":"With reverse engineering you can only learn how the final product looks like, but not how it\u2019s done. Sometimes chips are layouted in a special way, especially MEMS, which are basically small mechanical chips with moving parts, very frequently built as sensors for measuring various stuff  You cannot see how they made it possible to have this structure, only that it is there.  What you can do, and what is also frequently done, is to buy the final product the chip is built in and exchange the part with your own chip to find out how it would behave in the field and if you could do it better with your design (better as in less losses, faster switching for power converters, etc.)","human_ref_B":"When I did chip design at uni, the professor (who was one of the early designers for intel, and has trained most of the designers at ARM) said he never worried about cheating, because it's really easy to tell.  Even for the exact same circuit, 30 people will draw 30 different mask setups so any 2 that are the same, were copying. The more complex, the more options, not less.  Thus reverse engineering (basically copying the masking) would be obvious.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1552.0,"score_ratio":4.5}
{"post_id":"wj6l87","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered. How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered? Is it too difficult for other companies to understand how the chips and boards were made and try to come up with how to make it themselves?","c_root_id_A":"ijfyst8","c_root_id_B":"ijgkdyu","created_at_utc_A":1659967773,"created_at_utc_B":1659976346,"score_A":9,"score_B":11,"human_ref_A":"They don't - the bulk of the difficulty is in the manufacturing process and in building the machines for manufacturing those, and that knowledge is public and available.  It's all patented, which means any company can go out and see what their competition is doing.  But they can't copy it, or they'd be in violation of the law and would owe fines and penalties.  The patents don't last forever, but they last longer than the machines are state-of-the-art, so there's no issue.  If someone wants to invest millions into making a lab that can manufacture 20 year old chips they're perfectly free to do so.","human_ref_B":"for a second, i thought we were talking about potato chios and i just went \"ooo food science\"","labels":0,"seconds_difference":8573.0,"score_ratio":1.2222222222}
{"post_id":"wj6l87","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered. How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered? Is it too difficult for other companies to understand how the chips and boards were made and try to come up with how to make it themselves?","c_root_id_A":"ijgkdyu","c_root_id_B":"ijfvr8j","created_at_utc_A":1659976346,"created_at_utc_B":1659966467,"score_A":11,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"for a second, i thought we were talking about potato chios and i just went \"ooo food science\"","human_ref_B":"The trick to making chips is mostly in the actual fabrication. Transistor technology has remained basically the same since the 60s, so anyone could design a powerful processor with all the information out there. What most cannot do is buy\/make the ludicrous machines needed to actually create that design. And the only real way to make a chip \"better\" is to simply make the Transistors even smaller than they already are.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":9879.0,"score_ratio":1.8333333333}
{"post_id":"wj6l87","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered. How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered? Is it too difficult for other companies to understand how the chips and boards were made and try to come up with how to make it themselves?","c_root_id_A":"ijgkdyu","c_root_id_B":"ijg7pen","created_at_utc_A":1659976346,"created_at_utc_B":1659971431,"score_A":11,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"for a second, i thought we were talking about potato chios and i just went \"ooo food science\"","human_ref_B":"There is a difference between knowing what an end product is, and efficiently being able to create those same products at scale.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":4915.0,"score_ratio":3.6666666667}
{"post_id":"wj6l87","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered. How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered? Is it too difficult for other companies to understand how the chips and boards were made and try to come up with how to make it themselves?","c_root_id_A":"ijgkdyu","c_root_id_B":"ijfyapk","created_at_utc_A":1659976346,"created_at_utc_B":1659967560,"score_A":11,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"for a second, i thought we were talking about potato chios and i just went \"ooo food science\"","human_ref_B":"With reverse engineering you can only learn how the final product looks like, but not how it\u2019s done. Sometimes chips are layouted in a special way, especially MEMS, which are basically small mechanical chips with moving parts, very frequently built as sensors for measuring various stuff  You cannot see how they made it possible to have this structure, only that it is there.  What you can do, and what is also frequently done, is to buy the final product the chip is built in and exchange the part with your own chip to find out how it would behave in the field and if you could do it better with your design (better as in less losses, faster switching for power converters, etc.)","labels":1,"seconds_difference":8786.0,"score_ratio":5.5}
{"post_id":"wj6l87","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered. How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered? Is it too difficult for other companies to understand how the chips and boards were made and try to come up with how to make it themselves?","c_root_id_A":"ijgkdyu","c_root_id_B":"ijgk087","created_at_utc_A":1659976346,"created_at_utc_B":1659976203,"score_A":11,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"for a second, i thought we were talking about potato chios and i just went \"ooo food science\"","human_ref_B":"Reverse engineering the process of how a chip was made is next to impossible. It's like 3D printing at a microscopic level with a plethora of different chemicals, metals and lasers. Then you have to scale and replicate while also having similar precision to what you're trying to copy. You'd have to have detailed data and plans and a lot of them copied, to get something that could be similar. Also lots of money.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":143.0,"score_ratio":5.5}
{"post_id":"wj6l87","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered. How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered? Is it too difficult for other companies to understand how the chips and boards were made and try to come up with how to make it themselves?","c_root_id_A":"ijfyst8","c_root_id_B":"ijfvr8j","created_at_utc_A":1659967773,"created_at_utc_B":1659966467,"score_A":9,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"They don't - the bulk of the difficulty is in the manufacturing process and in building the machines for manufacturing those, and that knowledge is public and available.  It's all patented, which means any company can go out and see what their competition is doing.  But they can't copy it, or they'd be in violation of the law and would owe fines and penalties.  The patents don't last forever, but they last longer than the machines are state-of-the-art, so there's no issue.  If someone wants to invest millions into making a lab that can manufacture 20 year old chips they're perfectly free to do so.","human_ref_B":"The trick to making chips is mostly in the actual fabrication. Transistor technology has remained basically the same since the 60s, so anyone could design a powerful processor with all the information out there. What most cannot do is buy\/make the ludicrous machines needed to actually create that design. And the only real way to make a chip \"better\" is to simply make the Transistors even smaller than they already are.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1306.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"wj6l87","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered. How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered? Is it too difficult for other companies to understand how the chips and boards were made and try to come up with how to make it themselves?","c_root_id_A":"ijfyst8","c_root_id_B":"ijfyapk","created_at_utc_A":1659967773,"created_at_utc_B":1659967560,"score_A":9,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"They don't - the bulk of the difficulty is in the manufacturing process and in building the machines for manufacturing those, and that knowledge is public and available.  It's all patented, which means any company can go out and see what their competition is doing.  But they can't copy it, or they'd be in violation of the law and would owe fines and penalties.  The patents don't last forever, but they last longer than the machines are state-of-the-art, so there's no issue.  If someone wants to invest millions into making a lab that can manufacture 20 year old chips they're perfectly free to do so.","human_ref_B":"With reverse engineering you can only learn how the final product looks like, but not how it\u2019s done. Sometimes chips are layouted in a special way, especially MEMS, which are basically small mechanical chips with moving parts, very frequently built as sensors for measuring various stuff  You cannot see how they made it possible to have this structure, only that it is there.  What you can do, and what is also frequently done, is to buy the final product the chip is built in and exchange the part with your own chip to find out how it would behave in the field and if you could do it better with your design (better as in less losses, faster switching for power converters, etc.)","labels":1,"seconds_difference":213.0,"score_ratio":4.5}
{"post_id":"wj6l87","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered. How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered? Is it too difficult for other companies to understand how the chips and boards were made and try to come up with how to make it themselves?","c_root_id_A":"ijg7pen","c_root_id_B":"ijgvm7a","created_at_utc_A":1659971431,"created_at_utc_B":1659980568,"score_A":3,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"There is a difference between knowing what an end product is, and efficiently being able to create those same products at scale.","human_ref_B":"I worked at Mostek in the 70s and 80s and we reverse engineered the 8086 and 68000 families.  Our RAM and calculator chips were copied by many others. There was no law against it as copyright only covered the aesthetics and not function.  Congress passed a law allowing copyright of photomask's and that ended it.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":9137.0,"score_ratio":1.3333333333}
{"post_id":"wj6l87","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered. How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered? Is it too difficult for other companies to understand how the chips and boards were made and try to come up with how to make it themselves?","c_root_id_A":"ijgvm7a","c_root_id_B":"ijfyapk","created_at_utc_A":1659980568,"created_at_utc_B":1659967560,"score_A":4,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"I worked at Mostek in the 70s and 80s and we reverse engineered the 8086 and 68000 families.  Our RAM and calculator chips were copied by many others. There was no law against it as copyright only covered the aesthetics and not function.  Congress passed a law allowing copyright of photomask's and that ended it.","human_ref_B":"With reverse engineering you can only learn how the final product looks like, but not how it\u2019s done. Sometimes chips are layouted in a special way, especially MEMS, which are basically small mechanical chips with moving parts, very frequently built as sensors for measuring various stuff  You cannot see how they made it possible to have this structure, only that it is there.  What you can do, and what is also frequently done, is to buy the final product the chip is built in and exchange the part with your own chip to find out how it would behave in the field and if you could do it better with your design (better as in less losses, faster switching for power converters, etc.)","labels":1,"seconds_difference":13008.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"wj6l87","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered. How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered? Is it too difficult for other companies to understand how the chips and boards were made and try to come up with how to make it themselves?","c_root_id_A":"ijgk087","c_root_id_B":"ijgvm7a","created_at_utc_A":1659976203,"created_at_utc_B":1659980568,"score_A":2,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"Reverse engineering the process of how a chip was made is next to impossible. It's like 3D printing at a microscopic level with a plethora of different chemicals, metals and lasers. Then you have to scale and replicate while also having similar precision to what you're trying to copy. You'd have to have detailed data and plans and a lot of them copied, to get something that could be similar. Also lots of money.","human_ref_B":"I worked at Mostek in the 70s and 80s and we reverse engineered the 8086 and 68000 families.  Our RAM and calculator chips were copied by many others. There was no law against it as copyright only covered the aesthetics and not function.  Congress passed a law allowing copyright of photomask's and that ended it.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":4365.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"wj6l87","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered. How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered? Is it too difficult for other companies to understand how the chips and boards were made and try to come up with how to make it themselves?","c_root_id_A":"ijfyapk","c_root_id_B":"ijg7pen","created_at_utc_A":1659967560,"created_at_utc_B":1659971431,"score_A":2,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"With reverse engineering you can only learn how the final product looks like, but not how it\u2019s done. Sometimes chips are layouted in a special way, especially MEMS, which are basically small mechanical chips with moving parts, very frequently built as sensors for measuring various stuff  You cannot see how they made it possible to have this structure, only that it is there.  What you can do, and what is also frequently done, is to buy the final product the chip is built in and exchange the part with your own chip to find out how it would behave in the field and if you could do it better with your design (better as in less losses, faster switching for power converters, etc.)","human_ref_B":"There is a difference between knowing what an end product is, and efficiently being able to create those same products at scale.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":3871.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"wj6l87","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered. How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered? Is it too difficult for other companies to understand how the chips and boards were made and try to come up with how to make it themselves?","c_root_id_A":"ijgz8vb","c_root_id_B":"ijfyapk","created_at_utc_A":1659981921,"created_at_utc_B":1659967560,"score_A":3,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"There are companies that will reverse engineer silicon structures. You send them a chip and they photograph and de-process it, layer by layer. The structures are covered under patents. But the process methodology and recipes are critical to get a working part, and they're trade secrets. If a company wanted to make a carbon copy, they'd need to pay a fab willing to work with them to break patents, then make all the masks, then tune all the processes... And make it cheaper. And as they're working on a copy, then the original company is well on its way to the next version... Being late to market is a killer.","human_ref_B":"With reverse engineering you can only learn how the final product looks like, but not how it\u2019s done. Sometimes chips are layouted in a special way, especially MEMS, which are basically small mechanical chips with moving parts, very frequently built as sensors for measuring various stuff  You cannot see how they made it possible to have this structure, only that it is there.  What you can do, and what is also frequently done, is to buy the final product the chip is built in and exchange the part with your own chip to find out how it would behave in the field and if you could do it better with your design (better as in less losses, faster switching for power converters, etc.)","labels":1,"seconds_difference":14361.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"wj6l87","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered. How do chip manufacturers keep their IP from being reversed engineered? Is it too difficult for other companies to understand how the chips and boards were made and try to come up with how to make it themselves?","c_root_id_A":"ijgz8vb","c_root_id_B":"ijgk087","created_at_utc_A":1659981921,"created_at_utc_B":1659976203,"score_A":3,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"There are companies that will reverse engineer silicon structures. You send them a chip and they photograph and de-process it, layer by layer. The structures are covered under patents. But the process methodology and recipes are critical to get a working part, and they're trade secrets. If a company wanted to make a carbon copy, they'd need to pay a fab willing to work with them to break patents, then make all the masks, then tune all the processes... And make it cheaper. And as they're working on a copy, then the original company is well on its way to the next version... Being late to market is a killer.","human_ref_B":"Reverse engineering the process of how a chip was made is next to impossible. It's like 3D printing at a microscopic level with a plethora of different chemicals, metals and lasers. Then you have to scale and replicate while also having similar precision to what you're trying to copy. You'd have to have detailed data and plans and a lot of them copied, to get something that could be similar. Also lots of money.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":5718.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"vzpa99","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How does honey relieve a sore throat\/cough? It's interesting how despite all differences, a great variety of cultures all share the same remedy for cough and\/or sore throat: honey. Whether they make you drink it in tea, or give it to you straight with a spoon. The best thing: it works. But how does it work? And how did so many different peoples come to the same conclusion?","c_root_id_A":"igav4d1","c_root_id_B":"ig9ywen","created_at_utc_A":1657912666,"created_at_utc_B":1657899891,"score_A":500,"score_B":89,"human_ref_A":"People have mentioned protease, which is awesome! Not only that! But it\u2019s also an antibiotic! So if somethings trying to grow, it\u2019ll mostly kill it off.  It basically sucks the water out of bacteria unlucky enough to be trapped in the honey, and then through some chemical reactions, becomes super toxic and really kills the bacteria if the dehydration didn\u2019t! Honey is amazing.   (Not so Explain like I'm five years old: The reason for this is because it\u2019s an amazingly \u201cdry\u201d liquid. It\u2019s super saturated with sugar so when a bacteria cell is introduce in honey, it dehydrates the cell, causing another chemical reaction that forms hydrogen peroxide (it\u2019s a small amount), further destroying the bacteria cell membrane.)","human_ref_B":"Sugar is a mild short-term pain reliever. It also helps temporarily cause your mouth to water, increasing saliva and bringing some additional fluids to dry or sore tissues in your throat. Sucking on a spoon full of honey (or sucking or licking a lollipop or hard candy, or chewing on gum) also increases saliva production and is a popular remedy for sore throats.   In terms of alleviating congestion, hot water or hot tea is more likely the active ingredient. The steam and hot liquid can help loosen up congestion and open your sinuses. The honey makes the liquid taste better and the sugar in the honey helps relief a bit of discomfort while you\u2019re drinking it.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":12775.0,"score_ratio":5.6179775281}
{"post_id":"31wpnu","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:What is it about doing actual homework, studying, work etc, that makes us not want to do it? Why do I have no problem\"reading\" stuff on reddit, but dread reading my homework which is arguably equally as interesting! I would imagine it has something to do with the psychology behind HAVING to do it, versus reading things on reddit is by my own choice....any insight?  Maybe the answer will help improve my productivity and help me with this problem of getting distracted","c_root_id_A":"cq5q0l5","c_root_id_B":"cq63kjm","created_at_utc_A":1428523783,"created_at_utc_B":1428545726,"score_A":175,"score_B":485,"human_ref_A":"Homework is stuff you have do to yourself. Either by writing text or solving equations or by memorizing things.  If you just browse reddit then you don't need to do either of that.  If you had to memorize the top 100 captions on the front page right now to recite them tomorrow then that would be equally as boring as memorizing the capitals of each state.  If you had to write a long comment about something in \/r\/askscience without having a scientific background and with the need to provide proof to back up your comment, it would be equally as boring as writing something for your biology class.","human_ref_B":"I read a really interesting article on procrastination not too long ago. It brought out how, for some people, it's not about boredom, laziness, or distraction, but a fear of failure. you avoid doing things you know you \"have\" to do, or that make you feel pressured (work, school, etc.) because of an underlying, even unconscious, fear that you won't succeed at them. So instead you do other things that really have no stakes, or consequences for messing up, and therefore no pressure at all.  When I read that it suddenly made sense why I could procrastinate by reading when I needed to be working. but procrastinate by doing something related to work when i needed to be reading.  You naturally have a tendency to want to avoid doing whatever you feel you \"have\" to do at that moment. Because you don't want to risk failing at it.  edit: obligatory thanks for the gold, generous stranger! glad that I get to reap the benefits of copying someone else's idea haha.  edit 2: A few people asked for the article I read. for the record, in trying to find the specific article I was talking about it seems that there are ALOT of sources out there that say the same basic thing. But if anyone's interested this is the one I read: http:\/\/www.raptitude.com\/2011\/05\/procrastination-is-not-laziness\/","labels":0,"seconds_difference":21943.0,"score_ratio":2.7714285714}
{"post_id":"31wpnu","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:What is it about doing actual homework, studying, work etc, that makes us not want to do it? Why do I have no problem\"reading\" stuff on reddit, but dread reading my homework which is arguably equally as interesting! I would imagine it has something to do with the psychology behind HAVING to do it, versus reading things on reddit is by my own choice....any insight?  Maybe the answer will help improve my productivity and help me with this problem of getting distracted","c_root_id_A":"cq63kjm","c_root_id_B":"cq5zfvs","created_at_utc_A":1428545726,"created_at_utc_B":1428538834,"score_A":485,"score_B":23,"human_ref_A":"I read a really interesting article on procrastination not too long ago. It brought out how, for some people, it's not about boredom, laziness, or distraction, but a fear of failure. you avoid doing things you know you \"have\" to do, or that make you feel pressured (work, school, etc.) because of an underlying, even unconscious, fear that you won't succeed at them. So instead you do other things that really have no stakes, or consequences for messing up, and therefore no pressure at all.  When I read that it suddenly made sense why I could procrastinate by reading when I needed to be working. but procrastinate by doing something related to work when i needed to be reading.  You naturally have a tendency to want to avoid doing whatever you feel you \"have\" to do at that moment. Because you don't want to risk failing at it.  edit: obligatory thanks for the gold, generous stranger! glad that I get to reap the benefits of copying someone else's idea haha.  edit 2: A few people asked for the article I read. for the record, in trying to find the specific article I was talking about it seems that there are ALOT of sources out there that say the same basic thing. But if anyone's interested this is the one I read: http:\/\/www.raptitude.com\/2011\/05\/procrastination-is-not-laziness\/","human_ref_B":"Browsing the Internet may stimulate reward pathways that cracking a book doesn't. It's a highly stimulating behavior. I don't know for sure, but I think it's likely that it stimulates the same pathways as gaming or gambling, releasing dopamine and other reward neurotransmitters.   You also have the option of communicating with others, sharing ideas.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":6892.0,"score_ratio":21.0869565217}
{"post_id":"31wpnu","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:What is it about doing actual homework, studying, work etc, that makes us not want to do it? Why do I have no problem\"reading\" stuff on reddit, but dread reading my homework which is arguably equally as interesting! I would imagine it has something to do with the psychology behind HAVING to do it, versus reading things on reddit is by my own choice....any insight?  Maybe the answer will help improve my productivity and help me with this problem of getting distracted","c_root_id_A":"cq63cfz","c_root_id_B":"cq63kjm","created_at_utc_A":1428545350,"created_at_utc_B":1428545726,"score_A":23,"score_B":485,"human_ref_A":"For me it's about reward.  I have no problem at all working until super late to close a deal if necessary. Why? Because there is a real tangible reward coming soon.  With homework? The reward is nothing more than your grade fluctuating a few points. Even with all the homework, 16+ YEARS worth, your reward at the end of the day is what? A piece of paper that doesn't even remotely guarantee anything?  It's difficult to give incentives to homework. Even if you've never gotten below a 95% in your entire life and scored a 2400 on the SATs, big deal. You're still being passed over in favor of someone who knows someone, a minority, or someone whose parents also went to the school and they donated some money. Basically, somehow subconsciously, we don't see a point to it.  Speaking of point - most of the homework given in school, especially k-12, is busy work. We don't care about half the stuff we learned in school. It will not apply in the least to our actual life. In real life we have computers and calculators. In real life if you DON'T use them, you will get in trouble. If it's not documented with a source, it might as well not even exist. No one wants to hear \"oh, from I remember in school, I think this is done this way\". So really, why bother drilling it into our heads?   In school I always hated English classes. It was always the same thing. Read some stupid fiction book, write what the teacher wants to hear, move on to the next book. Guess what happened? I have not read a fiction book since my second year of college. I hate fiction books with a burning passion. I do love to read - I'm a bit over halfway through reading a 600something page technical text - again for fun. I dreaded doing it because I thought it was nothing more than busy work.","human_ref_B":"I read a really interesting article on procrastination not too long ago. It brought out how, for some people, it's not about boredom, laziness, or distraction, but a fear of failure. you avoid doing things you know you \"have\" to do, or that make you feel pressured (work, school, etc.) because of an underlying, even unconscious, fear that you won't succeed at them. So instead you do other things that really have no stakes, or consequences for messing up, and therefore no pressure at all.  When I read that it suddenly made sense why I could procrastinate by reading when I needed to be working. but procrastinate by doing something related to work when i needed to be reading.  You naturally have a tendency to want to avoid doing whatever you feel you \"have\" to do at that moment. Because you don't want to risk failing at it.  edit: obligatory thanks for the gold, generous stranger! glad that I get to reap the benefits of copying someone else's idea haha.  edit 2: A few people asked for the article I read. for the record, in trying to find the specific article I was talking about it seems that there are ALOT of sources out there that say the same basic thing. But if anyone's interested this is the one I read: http:\/\/www.raptitude.com\/2011\/05\/procrastination-is-not-laziness\/","labels":0,"seconds_difference":376.0,"score_ratio":21.0869565217}
{"post_id":"31wpnu","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:What is it about doing actual homework, studying, work etc, that makes us not want to do it? Why do I have no problem\"reading\" stuff on reddit, but dread reading my homework which is arguably equally as interesting! I would imagine it has something to do with the psychology behind HAVING to do it, versus reading things on reddit is by my own choice....any insight?  Maybe the answer will help improve my productivity and help me with this problem of getting distracted","c_root_id_A":"cq63kjm","c_root_id_B":"cq60j1v","created_at_utc_A":1428545726,"created_at_utc_B":1428540642,"score_A":485,"score_B":9,"human_ref_A":"I read a really interesting article on procrastination not too long ago. It brought out how, for some people, it's not about boredom, laziness, or distraction, but a fear of failure. you avoid doing things you know you \"have\" to do, or that make you feel pressured (work, school, etc.) because of an underlying, even unconscious, fear that you won't succeed at them. So instead you do other things that really have no stakes, or consequences for messing up, and therefore no pressure at all.  When I read that it suddenly made sense why I could procrastinate by reading when I needed to be working. but procrastinate by doing something related to work when i needed to be reading.  You naturally have a tendency to want to avoid doing whatever you feel you \"have\" to do at that moment. Because you don't want to risk failing at it.  edit: obligatory thanks for the gold, generous stranger! glad that I get to reap the benefits of copying someone else's idea haha.  edit 2: A few people asked for the article I read. for the record, in trying to find the specific article I was talking about it seems that there are ALOT of sources out there that say the same basic thing. But if anyone's interested this is the one I read: http:\/\/www.raptitude.com\/2011\/05\/procrastination-is-not-laziness\/","human_ref_B":"We are cognitively lazy. Reading reddit requires minimal effort for stimulation, while homework and such requires use of cognitive resources and effort.  The fix is willpower and training good work habits.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":5084.0,"score_ratio":53.8888888889}
{"post_id":"31wpnu","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:What is it about doing actual homework, studying, work etc, that makes us not want to do it? Why do I have no problem\"reading\" stuff on reddit, but dread reading my homework which is arguably equally as interesting! I would imagine it has something to do with the psychology behind HAVING to do it, versus reading things on reddit is by my own choice....any insight?  Maybe the answer will help improve my productivity and help me with this problem of getting distracted","c_root_id_A":"cq63kjm","c_root_id_B":"cq5ocl1","created_at_utc_A":1428545726,"created_at_utc_B":1428521330,"score_A":485,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"I read a really interesting article on procrastination not too long ago. It brought out how, for some people, it's not about boredom, laziness, or distraction, but a fear of failure. you avoid doing things you know you \"have\" to do, or that make you feel pressured (work, school, etc.) because of an underlying, even unconscious, fear that you won't succeed at them. So instead you do other things that really have no stakes, or consequences for messing up, and therefore no pressure at all.  When I read that it suddenly made sense why I could procrastinate by reading when I needed to be working. but procrastinate by doing something related to work when i needed to be reading.  You naturally have a tendency to want to avoid doing whatever you feel you \"have\" to do at that moment. Because you don't want to risk failing at it.  edit: obligatory thanks for the gold, generous stranger! glad that I get to reap the benefits of copying someone else's idea haha.  edit 2: A few people asked for the article I read. for the record, in trying to find the specific article I was talking about it seems that there are ALOT of sources out there that say the same basic thing. But if anyone's interested this is the one I read: http:\/\/www.raptitude.com\/2011\/05\/procrastination-is-not-laziness\/","human_ref_B":"I can't necessarily give you the scientific answer, but for me and people I know, it's boring as hell. Its highly dependent on subject as well, psych homework? Pleased no. Stats homework, shoot me. History reading? I'm interested. Multivariable calculus? I'm ok with it. Etc.  The other part of it being boring is how irrelevant it is. I want to learn about how the increaee in dept ceiling affect the global economy, stop making me do homework about Jenny buying 30 condoms and Bill buying 40 pineapples.   Maybe I'm a big nerd and found certain topic interesting, but my procrastination comes from finding the work boring.   That's my 2 cents.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":24396.0,"score_ratio":121.25}
{"post_id":"31wpnu","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:What is it about doing actual homework, studying, work etc, that makes us not want to do it? Why do I have no problem\"reading\" stuff on reddit, but dread reading my homework which is arguably equally as interesting! I would imagine it has something to do with the psychology behind HAVING to do it, versus reading things on reddit is by my own choice....any insight?  Maybe the answer will help improve my productivity and help me with this problem of getting distracted","c_root_id_A":"cq5ocl1","c_root_id_B":"cq5q0l5","created_at_utc_A":1428521330,"created_at_utc_B":1428523783,"score_A":4,"score_B":175,"human_ref_A":"I can't necessarily give you the scientific answer, but for me and people I know, it's boring as hell. Its highly dependent on subject as well, psych homework? Pleased no. Stats homework, shoot me. History reading? I'm interested. Multivariable calculus? I'm ok with it. Etc.  The other part of it being boring is how irrelevant it is. I want to learn about how the increaee in dept ceiling affect the global economy, stop making me do homework about Jenny buying 30 condoms and Bill buying 40 pineapples.   Maybe I'm a big nerd and found certain topic interesting, but my procrastination comes from finding the work boring.   That's my 2 cents.","human_ref_B":"Homework is stuff you have do to yourself. Either by writing text or solving equations or by memorizing things.  If you just browse reddit then you don't need to do either of that.  If you had to memorize the top 100 captions on the front page right now to recite them tomorrow then that would be equally as boring as memorizing the capitals of each state.  If you had to write a long comment about something in \/r\/askscience without having a scientific background and with the need to provide proof to back up your comment, it would be equally as boring as writing something for your biology class.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2453.0,"score_ratio":43.75}
{"post_id":"31wpnu","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:What is it about doing actual homework, studying, work etc, that makes us not want to do it? Why do I have no problem\"reading\" stuff on reddit, but dread reading my homework which is arguably equally as interesting! I would imagine it has something to do with the psychology behind HAVING to do it, versus reading things on reddit is by my own choice....any insight?  Maybe the answer will help improve my productivity and help me with this problem of getting distracted","c_root_id_A":"cq5zfvs","c_root_id_B":"cq5ocl1","created_at_utc_A":1428538834,"created_at_utc_B":1428521330,"score_A":23,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"Browsing the Internet may stimulate reward pathways that cracking a book doesn't. It's a highly stimulating behavior. I don't know for sure, but I think it's likely that it stimulates the same pathways as gaming or gambling, releasing dopamine and other reward neurotransmitters.   You also have the option of communicating with others, sharing ideas.","human_ref_B":"I can't necessarily give you the scientific answer, but for me and people I know, it's boring as hell. Its highly dependent on subject as well, psych homework? Pleased no. Stats homework, shoot me. History reading? I'm interested. Multivariable calculus? I'm ok with it. Etc.  The other part of it being boring is how irrelevant it is. I want to learn about how the increaee in dept ceiling affect the global economy, stop making me do homework about Jenny buying 30 condoms and Bill buying 40 pineapples.   Maybe I'm a big nerd and found certain topic interesting, but my procrastination comes from finding the work boring.   That's my 2 cents.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":17504.0,"score_ratio":5.75}
{"post_id":"31wpnu","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:What is it about doing actual homework, studying, work etc, that makes us not want to do it? Why do I have no problem\"reading\" stuff on reddit, but dread reading my homework which is arguably equally as interesting! I would imagine it has something to do with the psychology behind HAVING to do it, versus reading things on reddit is by my own choice....any insight?  Maybe the answer will help improve my productivity and help me with this problem of getting distracted","c_root_id_A":"cq63cfz","c_root_id_B":"cq60j1v","created_at_utc_A":1428545350,"created_at_utc_B":1428540642,"score_A":23,"score_B":9,"human_ref_A":"For me it's about reward.  I have no problem at all working until super late to close a deal if necessary. Why? Because there is a real tangible reward coming soon.  With homework? The reward is nothing more than your grade fluctuating a few points. Even with all the homework, 16+ YEARS worth, your reward at the end of the day is what? A piece of paper that doesn't even remotely guarantee anything?  It's difficult to give incentives to homework. Even if you've never gotten below a 95% in your entire life and scored a 2400 on the SATs, big deal. You're still being passed over in favor of someone who knows someone, a minority, or someone whose parents also went to the school and they donated some money. Basically, somehow subconsciously, we don't see a point to it.  Speaking of point - most of the homework given in school, especially k-12, is busy work. We don't care about half the stuff we learned in school. It will not apply in the least to our actual life. In real life we have computers and calculators. In real life if you DON'T use them, you will get in trouble. If it's not documented with a source, it might as well not even exist. No one wants to hear \"oh, from I remember in school, I think this is done this way\". So really, why bother drilling it into our heads?   In school I always hated English classes. It was always the same thing. Read some stupid fiction book, write what the teacher wants to hear, move on to the next book. Guess what happened? I have not read a fiction book since my second year of college. I hate fiction books with a burning passion. I do love to read - I'm a bit over halfway through reading a 600something page technical text - again for fun. I dreaded doing it because I thought it was nothing more than busy work.","human_ref_B":"We are cognitively lazy. Reading reddit requires minimal effort for stimulation, while homework and such requires use of cognitive resources and effort.  The fix is willpower and training good work habits.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":4708.0,"score_ratio":2.5555555556}
{"post_id":"31wpnu","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:What is it about doing actual homework, studying, work etc, that makes us not want to do it? Why do I have no problem\"reading\" stuff on reddit, but dread reading my homework which is arguably equally as interesting! I would imagine it has something to do with the psychology behind HAVING to do it, versus reading things on reddit is by my own choice....any insight?  Maybe the answer will help improve my productivity and help me with this problem of getting distracted","c_root_id_A":"cq5ocl1","c_root_id_B":"cq63cfz","created_at_utc_A":1428521330,"created_at_utc_B":1428545350,"score_A":4,"score_B":23,"human_ref_A":"I can't necessarily give you the scientific answer, but for me and people I know, it's boring as hell. Its highly dependent on subject as well, psych homework? Pleased no. Stats homework, shoot me. History reading? I'm interested. Multivariable calculus? I'm ok with it. Etc.  The other part of it being boring is how irrelevant it is. I want to learn about how the increaee in dept ceiling affect the global economy, stop making me do homework about Jenny buying 30 condoms and Bill buying 40 pineapples.   Maybe I'm a big nerd and found certain topic interesting, but my procrastination comes from finding the work boring.   That's my 2 cents.","human_ref_B":"For me it's about reward.  I have no problem at all working until super late to close a deal if necessary. Why? Because there is a real tangible reward coming soon.  With homework? The reward is nothing more than your grade fluctuating a few points. Even with all the homework, 16+ YEARS worth, your reward at the end of the day is what? A piece of paper that doesn't even remotely guarantee anything?  It's difficult to give incentives to homework. Even if you've never gotten below a 95% in your entire life and scored a 2400 on the SATs, big deal. You're still being passed over in favor of someone who knows someone, a minority, or someone whose parents also went to the school and they donated some money. Basically, somehow subconsciously, we don't see a point to it.  Speaking of point - most of the homework given in school, especially k-12, is busy work. We don't care about half the stuff we learned in school. It will not apply in the least to our actual life. In real life we have computers and calculators. In real life if you DON'T use them, you will get in trouble. If it's not documented with a source, it might as well not even exist. No one wants to hear \"oh, from I remember in school, I think this is done this way\". So really, why bother drilling it into our heads?   In school I always hated English classes. It was always the same thing. Read some stupid fiction book, write what the teacher wants to hear, move on to the next book. Guess what happened? I have not read a fiction book since my second year of college. I hate fiction books with a burning passion. I do love to read - I'm a bit over halfway through reading a 600something page technical text - again for fun. I dreaded doing it because I thought it was nothing more than busy work.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":24020.0,"score_ratio":5.75}
{"post_id":"31wpnu","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.91,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:What is it about doing actual homework, studying, work etc, that makes us not want to do it? Why do I have no problem\"reading\" stuff on reddit, but dread reading my homework which is arguably equally as interesting! I would imagine it has something to do with the psychology behind HAVING to do it, versus reading things on reddit is by my own choice....any insight?  Maybe the answer will help improve my productivity and help me with this problem of getting distracted","c_root_id_A":"cq60j1v","c_root_id_B":"cq5ocl1","created_at_utc_A":1428540642,"created_at_utc_B":1428521330,"score_A":9,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"We are cognitively lazy. Reading reddit requires minimal effort for stimulation, while homework and such requires use of cognitive resources and effort.  The fix is willpower and training good work habits.","human_ref_B":"I can't necessarily give you the scientific answer, but for me and people I know, it's boring as hell. Its highly dependent on subject as well, psych homework? Pleased no. Stats homework, shoot me. History reading? I'm interested. Multivariable calculus? I'm ok with it. Etc.  The other part of it being boring is how irrelevant it is. I want to learn about how the increaee in dept ceiling affect the global economy, stop making me do homework about Jenny buying 30 condoms and Bill buying 40 pineapples.   Maybe I'm a big nerd and found certain topic interesting, but my procrastination comes from finding the work boring.   That's my 2 cents.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":19312.0,"score_ratio":2.25}
{"post_id":"3yqmwa","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do cologne\/fragrance commercials make absolutely no sense or tell you at all about what it smells like? Every cologne commercial I've seen just has the same structure: weird music, model giving Blue Steel looks, then a French name and that's it. Nothing about how the cologne actually smells or anything. How is that effective advertising at all?","c_root_id_A":"cyfsgvw","c_root_id_B":"cyfyygi","created_at_utc_A":1451448836,"created_at_utc_B":1451464626,"score_A":688,"score_B":4561,"human_ref_A":"Honestly, even if they DID tell us precisely what it smelled like, it would mean nothing significant to a lot of people.  Here's an example of a fragrance description:  >*TOP* >Mint gives its explosive flavour to a surprising and unusual top note. Spearmint, peppermint and wild mint create an unexpected bouquet, its incredible freshness providing a stunning effect.  >*HEART* >The heart of the fragrance reveals the seductive power, introduced by citrus fruits. Like a crisp coating of ice, hibernal underlines these contrasts and prolongs the dialogue between icy crispness and sensual breath, giving the fragrance an almost unlimited life.   >*BASE* >The woody and distinguished character of vetiver from Haiti is both wet and dry, with fresh and hot nuances. This ambivalence creates a particular sensuality and vibrancy, very attractive on men's skin. Communicating self-confidence and charm, vetiver provides a very intimate comfort. Ginger from Nigeria illuminates the base note and brings a crackling and woody vibrancy.  That's a description for **Armani Code Sport**.   My boyfriend wears that cologne. I *know* what it smells like. I smell it all the time! I love that cologne, and I love it on him.   But if I read\/heard that description without knowing which cologne it's referring to, I would never say, *\"Oh, hey, that's totally what my guy wears!\"* It wouldn't even register that I knew it at all. If I can't match a description to a cologne I know intimately, there's really no way a commercial describing a fragrance I've never smelled would impart any useful information to me whatsoever. I'd still have no earthly idea what it smells like.","human_ref_B":"I happen to be a semi-professional perfumer (or at least, I have fragrances available in real, live brick and mortar stores that people buy).  I can't tell you why they do commercials like they do, but I can tell you that even if they were to tell you what a fragrance smelled like, it wouldn't be particularly helpful.   If you look up \"fragrance notes,\" you can find a list of things that a particular fragrance is supposed to smell like...but they're mostly wrong.  Why is that?  Is seems pretty straightforward saying that a fragrance smells like violets and oranges and sandalwood, right?  Well...it's not really.    Most of the ingredients in fragrances are things that people have never smelled on their own.  Some of the most common fragrance ingredients now (in everything from drugstore cheapies to $300\/bottle niche fragrances) are aromachemicals.  If it doesn't smell like it was made in the 1920s, chances are it's 60-90% synthetic...and if it does, it's still probably 50% synthetic.  Here are some of the common ones:  * Iso E Super * Hedione * Coumarin (90%+ of all fragrances made in the last 100 years have this one) * Linalool * Galaxolide * Ambroxan * Hydroxycitronellal * Calone  Even if they are using naturals, many of the commonly used ones in perfumery are uncommon outside of it, such as  * vetiver * oakmoss * clary sage (not the same as the sage in your kitchen) * benzoin * labdanum  Since very few people outside of the fragrance industry have heard of these (much less smelled them on their own), they can't say that Cool Water smells like \"Calone, dihydromyrcenol, Evernyl, coumarin, etc\" instead they have to find things that the fragrance kind of smells like to list in the notes.  Hedione becomes jasmine.  Coumarin becomes tonka bean (which most people still haven't smelled). Calone becomes \"aquatic notes.\"   Remember how I mentioned violets and sandalwood?  Natural violet flower absolute oil (kind of like an essential oil...but extracted in a different way) hasn't been produced in large volumes in more than a century because it takes about a million flowers to get 1 kg of it...and then it doesn't even smell much like violets.  Instead, just about every violet flower scented thing you've ever smelled (and your grandma has ever smelled) came from a mixture of synthetic ionones.  This is not a new thing  The violet formula I use is from the 1940s.  Sandalwood was heavily overharvested and is very expensive now, so most sandalwood scents come from synthetic aromachemicals like javanol and ebanol and sandalore.    Really, most of what makes a fragrance smell the way is smells are ingredients that almost no one has ever smelled by themselves and are only a little bit similar to things that people have actually smelled.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":15790.0,"score_ratio":6.6293604651}
{"post_id":"3yqmwa","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do cologne\/fragrance commercials make absolutely no sense or tell you at all about what it smells like? Every cologne commercial I've seen just has the same structure: weird music, model giving Blue Steel looks, then a French name and that's it. Nothing about how the cologne actually smells or anything. How is that effective advertising at all?","c_root_id_A":"cyfyygi","c_root_id_B":"cyfunzn","created_at_utc_A":1451464626,"created_at_utc_B":1451453139,"score_A":4561,"score_B":145,"human_ref_A":"I happen to be a semi-professional perfumer (or at least, I have fragrances available in real, live brick and mortar stores that people buy).  I can't tell you why they do commercials like they do, but I can tell you that even if they were to tell you what a fragrance smelled like, it wouldn't be particularly helpful.   If you look up \"fragrance notes,\" you can find a list of things that a particular fragrance is supposed to smell like...but they're mostly wrong.  Why is that?  Is seems pretty straightforward saying that a fragrance smells like violets and oranges and sandalwood, right?  Well...it's not really.    Most of the ingredients in fragrances are things that people have never smelled on their own.  Some of the most common fragrance ingredients now (in everything from drugstore cheapies to $300\/bottle niche fragrances) are aromachemicals.  If it doesn't smell like it was made in the 1920s, chances are it's 60-90% synthetic...and if it does, it's still probably 50% synthetic.  Here are some of the common ones:  * Iso E Super * Hedione * Coumarin (90%+ of all fragrances made in the last 100 years have this one) * Linalool * Galaxolide * Ambroxan * Hydroxycitronellal * Calone  Even if they are using naturals, many of the commonly used ones in perfumery are uncommon outside of it, such as  * vetiver * oakmoss * clary sage (not the same as the sage in your kitchen) * benzoin * labdanum  Since very few people outside of the fragrance industry have heard of these (much less smelled them on their own), they can't say that Cool Water smells like \"Calone, dihydromyrcenol, Evernyl, coumarin, etc\" instead they have to find things that the fragrance kind of smells like to list in the notes.  Hedione becomes jasmine.  Coumarin becomes tonka bean (which most people still haven't smelled). Calone becomes \"aquatic notes.\"   Remember how I mentioned violets and sandalwood?  Natural violet flower absolute oil (kind of like an essential oil...but extracted in a different way) hasn't been produced in large volumes in more than a century because it takes about a million flowers to get 1 kg of it...and then it doesn't even smell much like violets.  Instead, just about every violet flower scented thing you've ever smelled (and your grandma has ever smelled) came from a mixture of synthetic ionones.  This is not a new thing  The violet formula I use is from the 1940s.  Sandalwood was heavily overharvested and is very expensive now, so most sandalwood scents come from synthetic aromachemicals like javanol and ebanol and sandalore.    Really, most of what makes a fragrance smell the way is smells are ingredients that almost no one has ever smelled by themselves and are only a little bit similar to things that people have actually smelled.","human_ref_B":"There's an old advertising maxim: don't sell the steak, sell the sizzle. Perfume is just smelly water. How do you effectively sell that? You don't, you sell the *mystique* of the stuff.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":11487.0,"score_ratio":31.4551724138}
{"post_id":"7cjt6e","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.74,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do we forget bad memories or long periods of trauma? I have forgotten some of the most traumatic details of my life, things that you'd think would be burned into the brain. I struggle trying to recount things to my therapist and it frustrates me and makes me almost believe i'm incorrect when i'm not. Why is this?","c_root_id_A":"dpqn973","c_root_id_B":"dpqq8f2","created_at_utc_A":1510546640,"created_at_utc_B":1510551228,"score_A":4,"score_B":7,"human_ref_A":"Not sure - I have found the complete opposite. The memories don't fade. Instead, I remember something else just about every day. Just adds to the pile.","human_ref_B":"This is a process known as \"dissociative amnesia)\" \u2014 that is, your mind is actively suppressing your recall of these memories in order to avoid experiencing the trauma again. A good strategy for working with repression is propping up the details on either side, and hopefully the memories will return.  Alternatively, sometimes the memories are never coded into long-term memory at all, due to their nature. This type of trauma usually resurfaces as PTSD once your mind finally writes the trauma into long-term memory. You can't recall memories that aren't in there to begin with.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":4588.0,"score_ratio":1.75}
{"post_id":"7cjt6e","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.74,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do we forget bad memories or long periods of trauma? I have forgotten some of the most traumatic details of my life, things that you'd think would be burned into the brain. I struggle trying to recount things to my therapist and it frustrates me and makes me almost believe i'm incorrect when i'm not. Why is this?","c_root_id_A":"dpqphqx","c_root_id_B":"dpqq8f2","created_at_utc_A":1510550003,"created_at_utc_B":1510551228,"score_A":5,"score_B":7,"human_ref_A":"I am the opposite.  I remember traumatic events but find it hard to remember the happy moments","human_ref_B":"This is a process known as \"dissociative amnesia)\" \u2014 that is, your mind is actively suppressing your recall of these memories in order to avoid experiencing the trauma again. A good strategy for working with repression is propping up the details on either side, and hopefully the memories will return.  Alternatively, sometimes the memories are never coded into long-term memory at all, due to their nature. This type of trauma usually resurfaces as PTSD once your mind finally writes the trauma into long-term memory. You can't recall memories that aren't in there to begin with.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1225.0,"score_ratio":1.4}
{"post_id":"7cjt6e","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.74,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do we forget bad memories or long periods of trauma? I have forgotten some of the most traumatic details of my life, things that you'd think would be burned into the brain. I struggle trying to recount things to my therapist and it frustrates me and makes me almost believe i'm incorrect when i'm not. Why is this?","c_root_id_A":"dpqn973","c_root_id_B":"dpqphqx","created_at_utc_A":1510546640,"created_at_utc_B":1510550003,"score_A":4,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"Not sure - I have found the complete opposite. The memories don't fade. Instead, I remember something else just about every day. Just adds to the pile.","human_ref_B":"I am the opposite.  I remember traumatic events but find it hard to remember the happy moments","labels":0,"seconds_difference":3363.0,"score_ratio":1.25}
{"post_id":"qfztot","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.73,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Cherenkov radiation, how can something move faster than light?","c_root_id_A":"hi2zuhe","c_root_id_B":"hi30cjo","created_at_utc_A":1635227884,"created_at_utc_B":1635228275,"score_A":8,"score_B":25,"human_ref_A":"It can move faster than light in a specific medium.  Nothing is faster than light in a vacuum. But in water or glass light is slowed down by interacting with it electromagnetically.  So if light comes from a vacuum and hits water it must slow down. And because energy has to go somewhere it releases radiation.","human_ref_B":"Speed of light in medium, such as air, water or glass, is lower than speed of light in vacuum. The higher refractive index of the material, the lower the speed of light in it. Refractive index of water is \\~ 1.33, so speed of light in water is \\~ 75% of speed of light in vacuum.  When a charge particle, such as electron, is emitted in a nuclear reactor, its speed can be close to speed of light in vacuum. When that particle hits water, it suddenly ends up in situation where its speed would exceed speed of light in the medium it is entering. This causes the charged particle to excite molecules in the medium, transferring energy to them. As a result, 2 things happen:  1. Particle loses energy and slows down to below speed of light in the medium. 2. Some molecules in the medium will end up in excited state.  So, water molecules in excited state will relax to ground state of water. Ground state is lower energy than the excited state. When this relaxation happens, energy difference between two states will be released as a photon. When energy of that photon falls in a visible light range, it will be seen as visible light. That light is called Cherenkov radiation.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":391.0,"score_ratio":3.125}
{"post_id":"qfztot","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.73,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Cherenkov radiation, how can something move faster than light?","c_root_id_A":"hi30cjo","c_root_id_B":"hi2zumk","created_at_utc_A":1635228275,"created_at_utc_B":1635227887,"score_A":25,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"Speed of light in medium, such as air, water or glass, is lower than speed of light in vacuum. The higher refractive index of the material, the lower the speed of light in it. Refractive index of water is \\~ 1.33, so speed of light in water is \\~ 75% of speed of light in vacuum.  When a charge particle, such as electron, is emitted in a nuclear reactor, its speed can be close to speed of light in vacuum. When that particle hits water, it suddenly ends up in situation where its speed would exceed speed of light in the medium it is entering. This causes the charged particle to excite molecules in the medium, transferring energy to them. As a result, 2 things happen:  1. Particle loses energy and slows down to below speed of light in the medium. 2. Some molecules in the medium will end up in excited state.  So, water molecules in excited state will relax to ground state of water. Ground state is lower energy than the excited state. When this relaxation happens, energy difference between two states will be released as a photon. When energy of that photon falls in a visible light range, it will be seen as visible light. That light is called Cherenkov radiation.","human_ref_B":"When we say the speed of light we are referring to the speed of light in a vacuum.  Light is slower through a medium.  With this in mind there are cases where light is slower through a medium than other particles and in those cases those particles move through that medium faster than light can move through it.  This results in Cherenkov radiation.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":388.0,"score_ratio":12.5}
{"post_id":"qfztot","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.73,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Cherenkov radiation, how can something move faster than light?","c_root_id_A":"hi2zumk","c_root_id_B":"hi31z3u","created_at_utc_A":1635227887,"created_at_utc_B":1635229554,"score_A":2,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"When we say the speed of light we are referring to the speed of light in a vacuum.  Light is slower through a medium.  With this in mind there are cases where light is slower through a medium than other particles and in those cases those particles move through that medium faster than light can move through it.  This results in Cherenkov radiation.","human_ref_B":"It is a bit like wondering how your compass can point in a specific direction even though you are already standing on the north pole. (because there is a magnetic north pole and the actual one).  The problem here is that there are two different things that we mean when we say \"speed of light\".  One is \"c\" the speed at which the universe happens. It is the maximum speed anything can travel including light but also apparently anything else that happens as fast as possible like gravity.  The other is the actual measured speed of actual light. In a perfect vacuum the two are the same, but if you include a medium like air or water the measured speed goes down due to all the air or water in the air.  It is possible for some things to move faster than light does in water. Because light in water does not travel at the \"speed of light\".  It is a bit confusing. This is why sometimes you hear people talk about the speed of light in vacuum to be more clear.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1667.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"qfztot","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.73,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Cherenkov radiation, how can something move faster than light?","c_root_id_A":"hi31z3u","c_root_id_B":"hi30tch","created_at_utc_A":1635229554,"created_at_utc_B":1635228636,"score_A":3,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"It is a bit like wondering how your compass can point in a specific direction even though you are already standing on the north pole. (because there is a magnetic north pole and the actual one).  The problem here is that there are two different things that we mean when we say \"speed of light\".  One is \"c\" the speed at which the universe happens. It is the maximum speed anything can travel including light but also apparently anything else that happens as fast as possible like gravity.  The other is the actual measured speed of actual light. In a perfect vacuum the two are the same, but if you include a medium like air or water the measured speed goes down due to all the air or water in the air.  It is possible for some things to move faster than light does in water. Because light in water does not travel at the \"speed of light\".  It is a bit confusing. This is why sometimes you hear people talk about the speed of light in vacuum to be more clear.","human_ref_B":"Light travels at different speeds in different mediums. In a vacuum, light travels at 299,792km\/s. We call that c. \\*That\\* is the ultimate speed that nothing can ever exceed, but light can go slower than that. Let's say you have a medium in which light travels at 200,000km\/s. If an electron in that same medium was traveling at 250,000km\/s, it would be traveling faster than light \\*in that medium\\* but not faster than c (299,792km\/s), which can never be exceeded.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":918.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"46cy3q","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Phone speakers are so incredibly tiny, but have an incredibly loud sound, and is usually pretty clear too. How?","c_root_id_A":"d04es7z","c_root_id_B":"d04n0yn","created_at_utc_A":1455798214,"created_at_utc_B":1455813328,"score_A":17,"score_B":106,"human_ref_A":"Also, phone speakers respond differently depending on the surface or environment. Try placing your phone on different surfaces. And you will notice a huge difference. If you are surrounded by stone or brick. Your phone will sound louder.","human_ref_B":"Audio engineer here.    There not.  They sound horrible.  Just compare them with real speakers.  It's not hard to make a small driver blast out loud shit when it's band passed to only midrange.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":15114.0,"score_ratio":6.2352941176}
{"post_id":"46cy3q","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Phone speakers are so incredibly tiny, but have an incredibly loud sound, and is usually pretty clear too. How?","c_root_id_A":"d04fp26","c_root_id_B":"d04n0yn","created_at_utc_A":1455800820,"created_at_utc_B":1455813328,"score_A":10,"score_B":106,"human_ref_A":"When there's no bass and barely any low-mids you're left with mids and highs.  Most of the 'clarity' or 'brightness' comes from the high end,  Phone speakers are good for YouTube videos IMO, that's about it, at least iPhones.","human_ref_B":"Audio engineer here.    There not.  They sound horrible.  Just compare them with real speakers.  It's not hard to make a small driver blast out loud shit when it's band passed to only midrange.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":12508.0,"score_ratio":10.6}
{"post_id":"zq9wcf","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.8,"history":"eli5: How are many male prisoners very muscular whilst in prison despite prison food often being very poor and small? Doesn't make sense to me as many prisoners have said that meals are \"about as big enough for a 5-year-old\" and often are lacking in healthy elements","c_root_id_A":"j0x110p","c_root_id_B":"j0x1g6k","created_at_utc_A":1671499193,"created_at_utc_B":1671499383,"score_A":7,"score_B":83,"human_ref_A":"Commissary. You can supplement your diet with all kinds of foods bought in the prison commissary.","human_ref_B":"Prisoner opinion on nutrition isn't valid data. Also, you can get more calories than the meals being served by various means - swapping portions, favors, commissary, brown-nosing, etc.  The main reason is that prison is BORING and working out fills the time. So many inmates work out a lot.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":190.0,"score_ratio":11.8571428571}
{"post_id":"zq9wcf","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.8,"history":"eli5: How are many male prisoners very muscular whilst in prison despite prison food often being very poor and small? Doesn't make sense to me as many prisoners have said that meals are \"about as big enough for a 5-year-old\" and often are lacking in healthy elements","c_root_id_A":"j0x3cen","c_root_id_B":"j0x110p","created_at_utc_A":1671500245,"created_at_utc_B":1671499193,"score_A":15,"score_B":7,"human_ref_A":"If you are in prison and have the mentality to exercise, you have a whole lot more time on your hands than someone on the outside with better nutrition and less time due to the constraints of work and family life, prisons will normally provide gym facilities to allow inmates to work out their tensions, and also inmates will use their environment to create workouts and heavier gym equipment  &#x200B;  money coming in from friends and family can aid what you eat, coupled with the time you have to focus on getting and staying physically fit","human_ref_B":"Commissary. You can supplement your diet with all kinds of foods bought in the prison commissary.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1052.0,"score_ratio":2.1428571429}
{"post_id":"zq9wcf","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.8,"history":"eli5: How are many male prisoners very muscular whilst in prison despite prison food often being very poor and small? Doesn't make sense to me as many prisoners have said that meals are \"about as big enough for a 5-year-old\" and often are lacking in healthy elements","c_root_id_A":"j0zgjhy","c_root_id_B":"j0x110p","created_at_utc_A":1671551371,"created_at_utc_B":1671499193,"score_A":8,"score_B":7,"human_ref_A":"As a former CO, prison meals are not portioned for children. Quality is not poor, it's typical mass made cafeteria style food, just blander than most prefer.   In my state, if you're in prison and of a functional age, you're being forced to work out. Gang\/race intimidation and preparation to \"help your own\" when a large fight pops off.  Inmates also get at least 2 hours of outdoor recreation time to workout, as well as time spent in their pods or cells to work out as well.","human_ref_B":"Commissary. You can supplement your diet with all kinds of foods bought in the prison commissary.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":52178.0,"score_ratio":1.1428571429}
{"post_id":"zq9wcf","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.8,"history":"eli5: How are many male prisoners very muscular whilst in prison despite prison food often being very poor and small? Doesn't make sense to me as many prisoners have said that meals are \"about as big enough for a 5-year-old\" and often are lacking in healthy elements","c_root_id_A":"j0x9klb","c_root_id_B":"j0zgjhy","created_at_utc_A":1671503055,"created_at_utc_B":1671551371,"score_A":3,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"Prison food is actually not that bad. Its jail food that sucks. In jail you will likely lose weight only eating meager portions of something i wouldn\u2019t give a stray dog. In prison to keep the inmates more content to prevent further violence you get what i would call real food. Its not 5 star quality by no means, but you get actual meats and vegetables. In the jail for my county they serve green bologna. If you complain about the bologna being green their response is, and i quote \u201c It\u2019s not bologna, its protein loaf.\u201d","human_ref_B":"As a former CO, prison meals are not portioned for children. Quality is not poor, it's typical mass made cafeteria style food, just blander than most prefer.   In my state, if you're in prison and of a functional age, you're being forced to work out. Gang\/race intimidation and preparation to \"help your own\" when a large fight pops off.  Inmates also get at least 2 hours of outdoor recreation time to workout, as well as time spent in their pods or cells to work out as well.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":48316.0,"score_ratio":2.6666666667}
{"post_id":"zq9wcf","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.8,"history":"eli5: How are many male prisoners very muscular whilst in prison despite prison food often being very poor and small? Doesn't make sense to me as many prisoners have said that meals are \"about as big enough for a 5-year-old\" and often are lacking in healthy elements","c_root_id_A":"j0zgjhy","c_root_id_B":"j0yl0kz","created_at_utc_A":1671551371,"created_at_utc_B":1671534358,"score_A":8,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"As a former CO, prison meals are not portioned for children. Quality is not poor, it's typical mass made cafeteria style food, just blander than most prefer.   In my state, if you're in prison and of a functional age, you're being forced to work out. Gang\/race intimidation and preparation to \"help your own\" when a large fight pops off.  Inmates also get at least 2 hours of outdoor recreation time to workout, as well as time spent in their pods or cells to work out as well.","human_ref_B":"Not an expert but when locked down for covid, I actually needed to workout to feel better. Being stuck in a room is so bad and there\u2019s very little you can do\u2026 workout is one of those things you can do to spend time and be happy.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":17013.0,"score_ratio":1.6}
{"post_id":"zq9wcf","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.8,"history":"eli5: How are many male prisoners very muscular whilst in prison despite prison food often being very poor and small? Doesn't make sense to me as many prisoners have said that meals are \"about as big enough for a 5-year-old\" and often are lacking in healthy elements","c_root_id_A":"j0yl0kz","c_root_id_B":"j0x9klb","created_at_utc_A":1671534358,"created_at_utc_B":1671503055,"score_A":5,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"Not an expert but when locked down for covid, I actually needed to workout to feel better. Being stuck in a room is so bad and there\u2019s very little you can do\u2026 workout is one of those things you can do to spend time and be happy.","human_ref_B":"Prison food is actually not that bad. Its jail food that sucks. In jail you will likely lose weight only eating meager portions of something i wouldn\u2019t give a stray dog. In prison to keep the inmates more content to prevent further violence you get what i would call real food. Its not 5 star quality by no means, but you get actual meats and vegetables. In the jail for my county they serve green bologna. If you complain about the bologna being green their response is, and i quote \u201c It\u2019s not bologna, its protein loaf.\u201d","labels":1,"seconds_difference":31303.0,"score_ratio":1.6666666667}
{"post_id":"xebkue","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.95,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: What's happening when you think there's a bug crawling on your leg, but nothing's there?","c_root_id_A":"iog3nay","c_root_id_B":"iogbhlb","created_at_utc_A":1663189319,"created_at_utc_B":1663192628,"score_A":1194,"score_B":10075,"human_ref_A":"Your brain has the ability to filter what it thinks is not important sensation, called sensory gating -- like how you don't feel facial hair after a few weeks of having it, or not feeling your shoes constantly, etc.  There are various optical illusions related to this function.    There probably isn't anyone that fully understands what criteria is required before the brain passes data to the sentient thought portions, but it's definitely affected by mood -- like when people watch a movie with bugs in it and are creeped out and swear they feel them.  Chances are, some sensation your body would typically ignore failed the vibe check.  IE., sometimes it's leg hair.","human_ref_B":"Your nerves often send random false signals but the brain decides to ignore some of them when they're not important.  however, some signals that are more important than others are not ignored.   feeling a bug crawling on your leg is not something to be ignored even if it's a false sensation, because bugs can be poisonous or carry disease, so the brain would rather be safe than sorry.  another example is the false sensation of something vibrating on your skin: historically the brain would ignore such feelings when there was no reason for them to exist. However, since the invention of the mobile phone, vibrations on your legs are now an important signal because a vibration in your pocket means you're receiving a call.  so nowadays the brain no longer ignores such sensations which leads to phantom vibrations in your legs, particularly on the side of the body where you normally keep you phone.  https:\/\/www.webmd.com\/a-to-z-guides\/news\/20160111\/phones-phantom-vibration","labels":0,"seconds_difference":3309.0,"score_ratio":8.4380234506}
{"post_id":"vrchlh","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: What happens when a man orgasms after he's had a vasectomy? Is it just like a poof and dust comes out? If a vasectomy is reversible, then isn't the sperm still being released inside the body? Where does it go?","c_root_id_A":"ieua5au","c_root_id_B":"ieuc2sx","created_at_utc_A":1656955472,"created_at_utc_B":1656956268,"score_A":295,"score_B":1428,"human_ref_A":"Semen comes out. Just like before the vasectomy. There's just no sperm inside the semen. So it isn't noticeably any different. You'll only notice the different under a microscope.  The sperm dies and gets absorbed by the body, just like other unused sperm before a vasectomy.  Reversing a vasectomy will reconnect the tube that was cut. So sperm can travel through it and come out again.","human_ref_B":"The whitish fluid that is released during ejaculation is produced separately from the sperm. Before a man ejaculates, the sperm mixes with this fluid. After a vasectomy, however, the sperm can no longer mix with the fluid. Ejaculation still occurs the same as before \u2014 the only difference is that there is no sperm present. Is looks and feels exactly the same.   The sperm that are not ejaculated eventually die and are reabsorbed by your body. At the same time, your body is constantly producing new sperm to replace the sperm that has died. This may sound odd, but it actually occurs all the time even in men who have not had a vasectomy.   Since your testicles don\u2019t release all sperm into your ejaculate, some sperm inevitably die. Even before a vasectomy, your body is producing new sperm to replenish sperm that have been ejaculated *and* sperm that have died. Since your body is already used to this process, you won\u2019t notice anything different after a vasectomy. It\u2019s exactly the same as when a man goes without sex or masturbation for a couple of months.   As a side note, a vasectomy does not interfere with your hormones in any way.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":796.0,"score_ratio":4.8406779661}
{"post_id":"vrchlh","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: What happens when a man orgasms after he's had a vasectomy? Is it just like a poof and dust comes out? If a vasectomy is reversible, then isn't the sperm still being released inside the body? Where does it go?","c_root_id_A":"ieuc2sx","c_root_id_B":"ieuax3i","created_at_utc_A":1656956268,"created_at_utc_B":1656955788,"score_A":1428,"score_B":194,"human_ref_A":"The whitish fluid that is released during ejaculation is produced separately from the sperm. Before a man ejaculates, the sperm mixes with this fluid. After a vasectomy, however, the sperm can no longer mix with the fluid. Ejaculation still occurs the same as before \u2014 the only difference is that there is no sperm present. Is looks and feels exactly the same.   The sperm that are not ejaculated eventually die and are reabsorbed by your body. At the same time, your body is constantly producing new sperm to replace the sperm that has died. This may sound odd, but it actually occurs all the time even in men who have not had a vasectomy.   Since your testicles don\u2019t release all sperm into your ejaculate, some sperm inevitably die. Even before a vasectomy, your body is producing new sperm to replenish sperm that have been ejaculated *and* sperm that have died. Since your body is already used to this process, you won\u2019t notice anything different after a vasectomy. It\u2019s exactly the same as when a man goes without sex or masturbation for a couple of months.   As a side note, a vasectomy does not interfere with your hormones in any way.","human_ref_B":"I've had a vasectomy and I still produce ejaculate. There is no noticeable difference since the majority of the volume of liquid is produced in the prostate not the testicals.   A vasectomy simply severs the plumbing from the testicals thus restricting the release of sperm which is simply absorbed back into the body.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":480.0,"score_ratio":7.3608247423}
{"post_id":"vrchlh","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: What happens when a man orgasms after he's had a vasectomy? Is it just like a poof and dust comes out? If a vasectomy is reversible, then isn't the sperm still being released inside the body? Where does it go?","c_root_id_A":"ieub20u","c_root_id_B":"ieuc2sx","created_at_utc_A":1656955845,"created_at_utc_B":1656956268,"score_A":24,"score_B":1428,"human_ref_A":"The organs that make the fluid itself are still intact. The only thing that they cut is the little \"on-ramp\" that lets sperm cells enter the mix.","human_ref_B":"The whitish fluid that is released during ejaculation is produced separately from the sperm. Before a man ejaculates, the sperm mixes with this fluid. After a vasectomy, however, the sperm can no longer mix with the fluid. Ejaculation still occurs the same as before \u2014 the only difference is that there is no sperm present. Is looks and feels exactly the same.   The sperm that are not ejaculated eventually die and are reabsorbed by your body. At the same time, your body is constantly producing new sperm to replace the sperm that has died. This may sound odd, but it actually occurs all the time even in men who have not had a vasectomy.   Since your testicles don\u2019t release all sperm into your ejaculate, some sperm inevitably die. Even before a vasectomy, your body is producing new sperm to replenish sperm that have been ejaculated *and* sperm that have died. Since your body is already used to this process, you won\u2019t notice anything different after a vasectomy. It\u2019s exactly the same as when a man goes without sex or masturbation for a couple of months.   As a side note, a vasectomy does not interfere with your hormones in any way.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":423.0,"score_ratio":59.5}
{"post_id":"vrchlh","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: What happens when a man orgasms after he's had a vasectomy? Is it just like a poof and dust comes out? If a vasectomy is reversible, then isn't the sperm still being released inside the body? Where does it go?","c_root_id_A":"ieub20u","c_root_id_B":"ieut3s2","created_at_utc_A":1656955845,"created_at_utc_B":1656963576,"score_A":24,"score_B":71,"human_ref_A":"The organs that make the fluid itself are still intact. The only thing that they cut is the little \"on-ramp\" that lets sperm cells enter the mix.","human_ref_B":"I think everyone else has done a really good job of explaining but i wanted to add a visual. Think of the penis as a water slide for sea monkeys. The water starts in a different section than the sea monkeys enter the water slide. Now the sea monkeys are blocked off from going on the water slide, but the water slide is still running. The water remains the same, just without microscopic sea monkeys.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":7731.0,"score_ratio":2.9583333333}
{"post_id":"u9qtg7","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do grid operator have to pay customer to use up the excess electricity to avoid the potential blackout. But can't they ground it into the literal ground\/earth?","c_root_id_A":"i5tkhcg","c_root_id_B":"i5t8n5a","created_at_utc_A":1650674543,"created_at_utc_B":1650669019,"score_A":193,"score_B":41,"human_ref_A":"Can someone eli5 the question?","human_ref_B":"Couple of reasons for this, main one is if you ground a live circuit to earth you induce earth fault currents which will cause nearby generation to feed the \"fault\". This would then lead to cascade of protection relay events which would cause substations to power down and lead to a blackout.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":5524.0,"score_ratio":4.7073170732}
{"post_id":"u9qtg7","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do grid operator have to pay customer to use up the excess electricity to avoid the potential blackout. But can't they ground it into the literal ground\/earth?","c_root_id_A":"i5td7oy","c_root_id_B":"i5tkhcg","created_at_utc_A":1650671137,"created_at_utc_B":1650674543,"score_A":8,"score_B":193,"human_ref_A":"Electricity producers can\u2019t turn the supply up and down linearly. They can bring a generator online or shut one down, but there\u2019s no in-between. Generators, or more specifically, alternators create voltage at a fixed frequency and amplitude. It\u2019s fed directly to the grid - not regulated to DC and back to AC.","human_ref_B":"Can someone eli5 the question?","labels":0,"seconds_difference":3406.0,"score_ratio":24.125}
{"post_id":"jfj33v","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.72,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If I'm holding a stick that is light years long but has weight of just a gram. If I move my hand slighty, would the end of the stick also move at the same time?","c_root_id_A":"g9knnew","c_root_id_B":"g9kiqy6","created_at_utc_A":1603309300,"created_at_utc_B":1603306944,"score_A":10,"score_B":7,"human_ref_A":"That would be one heck of a trick:  Let's just assume that we are at 1 light year long, since that's not even technically light year*s*.  1 light year is 9.461e+15 (or 9,461,000,000,000,000) meters and if we assume the stick is a cylinder, and that it is a solid, then the least dense solid material we know of is graphene aerogel at 0.16 mg\/cm\u00b3  Since density = mass\/volume we know that 0.16 mg\/cm^3 = 1000mg\/ n cm^3 which we can then divide both sides by 1000mg and get 0.00625 m^3  (note that we converted to meters cubed here)  Now that we have the volume and the length, we can get the diameter by playing with the volume of a cylinder formula: V = (pi) * r^2 * h where v is volume (known), r^2 is the radius squared (unknown, and 2*r will be our diameter) and h is the height (known at 1 light year, or 9.461 * 10^15 meters)  Plugging that into WolframAlpha, we get r\u22481.4501\u00d710^-10 meters, which is about .145 nanometers, which makes the diameter about 0.29 nanometers. For reference, a DNA strand is about 2.5 nanometers.  I have a feeling that that would not necessarily be easy to... well, see, but also to manipulate with your hand. I'm not sure if it's able to be held, but even assuming it is, I don't know if it would break or slice through your hand or what rather than actually move if you pushed it; since yeah you only have to impart a millinewton of force to accelerate it by 1 meter per second, but that would apply pressure on your hand equal to 0.001 newtons over a cross-section of 0.066 square nanometers, which comes out to a pressure of 15151515200000000 newtons per square meter, which I'm pretty sure is enough to pierce skin if you push straight on. Holding on to part of the long end might help, but my guess is not by much.  **All that said**, if we ignore all of that and assume that it's made of unobtanium that is about 9 orders of magnitude less dense than graphite aerogel and is the diameter\/circumference of a small dowel rod, then it would send a wave of pressure up the stick at whatever the speed of sound in that medium is, per the other notes.","human_ref_B":"You can try this yourself. Hold a rope that is several feet long. Now flick the rope, like cracking a whip. Notice that there's a delay between the time of you moving one end of the rope and other end moving. It takes time for your flick action to affect the other end. And you can actually *see* the wave traveling down the length of the rope, so clearly, it's moving at less than the speed of light.  The same thing is true in your rope experiment, only you have a relatively inflexible stick instead of a rope, and it's much (much!) longer. But the principle is exactly the same.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2356.0,"score_ratio":1.4285714286}
{"post_id":"jfj33v","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.72,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If I'm holding a stick that is light years long but has weight of just a gram. If I move my hand slighty, would the end of the stick also move at the same time?","c_root_id_A":"g9kilbd","c_root_id_B":"g9knnew","created_at_utc_A":1603306869,"created_at_utc_B":1603309300,"score_A":7,"score_B":10,"human_ref_A":"No. Nothing is perfectly rigid. The entire reason the other end of the stick would move at all is because it is connected, via atomic and intermolecular forces, to the end of the stick in your hand. It takes a non-zero amount of time for the forces you impart onto the stick by your hand to reach the other end of the stick to cause it to move. The fastest those forces can move is the speed of light.","human_ref_B":"That would be one heck of a trick:  Let's just assume that we are at 1 light year long, since that's not even technically light year*s*.  1 light year is 9.461e+15 (or 9,461,000,000,000,000) meters and if we assume the stick is a cylinder, and that it is a solid, then the least dense solid material we know of is graphene aerogel at 0.16 mg\/cm\u00b3  Since density = mass\/volume we know that 0.16 mg\/cm^3 = 1000mg\/ n cm^3 which we can then divide both sides by 1000mg and get 0.00625 m^3  (note that we converted to meters cubed here)  Now that we have the volume and the length, we can get the diameter by playing with the volume of a cylinder formula: V = (pi) * r^2 * h where v is volume (known), r^2 is the radius squared (unknown, and 2*r will be our diameter) and h is the height (known at 1 light year, or 9.461 * 10^15 meters)  Plugging that into WolframAlpha, we get r\u22481.4501\u00d710^-10 meters, which is about .145 nanometers, which makes the diameter about 0.29 nanometers. For reference, a DNA strand is about 2.5 nanometers.  I have a feeling that that would not necessarily be easy to... well, see, but also to manipulate with your hand. I'm not sure if it's able to be held, but even assuming it is, I don't know if it would break or slice through your hand or what rather than actually move if you pushed it; since yeah you only have to impart a millinewton of force to accelerate it by 1 meter per second, but that would apply pressure on your hand equal to 0.001 newtons over a cross-section of 0.066 square nanometers, which comes out to a pressure of 15151515200000000 newtons per square meter, which I'm pretty sure is enough to pierce skin if you push straight on. Holding on to part of the long end might help, but my guess is not by much.  **All that said**, if we ignore all of that and assume that it's made of unobtanium that is about 9 orders of magnitude less dense than graphite aerogel and is the diameter\/circumference of a small dowel rod, then it would send a wave of pressure up the stick at whatever the speed of sound in that medium is, per the other notes.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2431.0,"score_ratio":1.4285714286}
{"post_id":"jfj33v","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.72,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If I'm holding a stick that is light years long but has weight of just a gram. If I move my hand slighty, would the end of the stick also move at the same time?","c_root_id_A":"g9knnew","c_root_id_B":"g9kiqkn","created_at_utc_A":1603309300,"created_at_utc_B":1603306939,"score_A":10,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"That would be one heck of a trick:  Let's just assume that we are at 1 light year long, since that's not even technically light year*s*.  1 light year is 9.461e+15 (or 9,461,000,000,000,000) meters and if we assume the stick is a cylinder, and that it is a solid, then the least dense solid material we know of is graphene aerogel at 0.16 mg\/cm\u00b3  Since density = mass\/volume we know that 0.16 mg\/cm^3 = 1000mg\/ n cm^3 which we can then divide both sides by 1000mg and get 0.00625 m^3  (note that we converted to meters cubed here)  Now that we have the volume and the length, we can get the diameter by playing with the volume of a cylinder formula: V = (pi) * r^2 * h where v is volume (known), r^2 is the radius squared (unknown, and 2*r will be our diameter) and h is the height (known at 1 light year, or 9.461 * 10^15 meters)  Plugging that into WolframAlpha, we get r\u22481.4501\u00d710^-10 meters, which is about .145 nanometers, which makes the diameter about 0.29 nanometers. For reference, a DNA strand is about 2.5 nanometers.  I have a feeling that that would not necessarily be easy to... well, see, but also to manipulate with your hand. I'm not sure if it's able to be held, but even assuming it is, I don't know if it would break or slice through your hand or what rather than actually move if you pushed it; since yeah you only have to impart a millinewton of force to accelerate it by 1 meter per second, but that would apply pressure on your hand equal to 0.001 newtons over a cross-section of 0.066 square nanometers, which comes out to a pressure of 15151515200000000 newtons per square meter, which I'm pretty sure is enough to pierce skin if you push straight on. Holding on to part of the long end might help, but my guess is not by much.  **All that said**, if we ignore all of that and assume that it's made of unobtanium that is about 9 orders of magnitude less dense than graphite aerogel and is the diameter\/circumference of a small dowel rod, then it would send a wave of pressure up the stick at whatever the speed of sound in that medium is, per the other notes.","human_ref_B":"Even aside from the flex, the center of gravity of that stick is half a lightyear away.  Even a half a gram at that distance would require an enormous force to accelerate it even a little.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2361.0,"score_ratio":3.3333333333}
{"post_id":"jfj33v","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.72,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If I'm holding a stick that is light years long but has weight of just a gram. If I move my hand slighty, would the end of the stick also move at the same time?","c_root_id_A":"g9kiqy6","c_root_id_B":"g9kiqkn","created_at_utc_A":1603306944,"created_at_utc_B":1603306939,"score_A":7,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"You can try this yourself. Hold a rope that is several feet long. Now flick the rope, like cracking a whip. Notice that there's a delay between the time of you moving one end of the rope and other end moving. It takes time for your flick action to affect the other end. And you can actually *see* the wave traveling down the length of the rope, so clearly, it's moving at less than the speed of light.  The same thing is true in your rope experiment, only you have a relatively inflexible stick instead of a rope, and it's much (much!) longer. But the principle is exactly the same.","human_ref_B":"Even aside from the flex, the center of gravity of that stick is half a lightyear away.  Even a half a gram at that distance would require an enormous force to accelerate it even a little.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":5.0,"score_ratio":2.3333333333}
{"post_id":"tq1rsb","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do Diesel engines have that distinctive sound to them when compared to gasoline engines?","c_root_id_A":"i2eprlp","c_root_id_B":"i2enqmx","created_at_utc_A":1648448590,"created_at_utc_B":1648447093,"score_A":1852,"score_B":209,"human_ref_A":"Yet another question for an engineer  Diesel engines don't use a spark plug, instead igniting their air-fuel mixture via pressure and heat.  With a gasoline engine, the mixture is well mixed before the ignition happens. If it gets too hot, you get pre-ignition, or knock. (The technical term for that mixture is that it's homogenous, meaning it's the same throughout)  Diesel engines are NOT well mixed (meaning their air-fuel is heterogeneous, or not the same throughout). In the spots that are mixing early combust (explode) before the actual power stroke. The clicking and clacking is the SAME pre-ignition\/knock you hear from a gas engine, but in small pockets as the pressure is raised to combust the main body of the mix.  Those early, smaller combustions travel back through the engine mounts and drivetrain and we hear them.  On older diesels, you could also hear the mechanical fuel injectors clacking away.","human_ref_B":"Diesels create combustion by compressing fuel rather than using spark plugs like in a petrol car.  It's why diesels sound like a wooshy-thump, compared to petrol which sounds more like thousands of tiny little explosions in short sequence.  Extra: Diesel-type fuels are non-flammable at ambient pressures, but become incredibly volatile at extreme pressures inside a combustion chamber. The engines need to be built stronger with heavier materials, this makes them more sluggish in power delivery and consequently in noise as well.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1497.0,"score_ratio":8.8612440191}
{"post_id":"tq1rsb","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do Diesel engines have that distinctive sound to them when compared to gasoline engines?","c_root_id_A":"i2etgx9","c_root_id_B":"i2ew1ar","created_at_utc_A":1648451488,"created_at_utc_B":1648453656,"score_A":19,"score_B":88,"human_ref_A":"Have you heard of 'pinging' and 'knocking' in petrol engines? It is called 'pre-ignition', where a hot engine has some contaminants in the cylinders that ignites the petrol before the spark does. If ignition happens a bit before the piston reaches the top, you have a pressure pulse. You also have shocks caused when the flame front from the spark meets the flame front from the secondary ignition.  With a diesel engine, with no spark plug, pinging and knocking is the normal running condition! So the engine always sounds like it is knocking.","human_ref_B":"Here\u2019s the simple concept most of these are skipping that Explain like I'm five years old wouldn\u2019t understand, there\u2019s a basic but interesting bit of physics that allows a diesel to operate.   If you take a volume of air the size of a beach ball, and in less than 0.04 seconds (not 4 seconds) you squeeze that air to the size of a golf ball it\u2019s going to get super heated from all the loose air molecules getting suddenly and roughly squeezed together very tightly. Basically a lot of friction in those air molecules in that short time span make a sudden burst of heat.   That\u2019s the basis of how diesels work, at the precise moment that air is super heated it sprays in diesel fuel in a fine mist. Think like a perfume bottle on steroids.   Diesel in liquid form is hard to light on fire where gas has fumes that are explosive.   Well if you mist diesel it actually becomes more explosive than the same amount of gas.   The knocking that an older diesel makes is basically a combination of poorly timed combustion when it\u2019s cold, these bigger valves all rattling back and forth, the mechanical fuel injectors have to work hard to spray diesel into a chamber that is at 300-500 psi, think how it\u2019s harder to pump up a bicycle tire with a hand pump when the pressure get up to 30-45psi. Now imagine pumping into something at 500psi 325 times a minute and that just to idle. For one cylinder most diesels are 6.    Also another reason for the \u201ccharacteristic diesel sound\u201d is the layout of the engine. Most diesels are 6 pistons and cylinders in a straight line OOOOOO  Most car engines can be inline 4   OOOO   V8   OOOO   OOOO   V6   OOO   OOO    If you find an older Jeep or ford truck with an inline 6 it\u2019s going to have a similar sound minus the rattle of the diesels.   And with technology things are getting quieter and more powerful, I had a 2015 Ford F-350 for a while that was whisper quiet but could tear it\u2019s own rear end out under a load. Some new chevys are so quiet the turbocharger whistling is all you hear from the exhaust","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2168.0,"score_ratio":4.6315789474}
{"post_id":"3ahe8n","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.76,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: When I swallow a pill, why is there sometimes a heavy feeling in the back of my throat?","c_root_id_A":"cscojnf","c_root_id_B":"cscpal7","created_at_utc_A":1434779547,"created_at_utc_B":1434781980,"score_A":3,"score_B":14,"human_ref_A":"I don't know if this is it, but I always assumed it was an \"afterfeeling\" of the pill going down. Similar to if you pinch or flick yourself, you \"feel\" it for a while.","human_ref_B":"I used to get that feeling a lot when I first started taking my daily pills. Turns out I wasn't getting the pill \"stuck\" in my throat exactly, but I was not swallowing them with enough water.   When someone swallows pills without proper salivation or lubricant the object can \"scrape\" itself on the back of your throat, leaving you with that heavy and sometimes painful feeling that doesn't go away for a while. It may feel like it's lodged in there, which could be possible, but it's most likely just pain from the pills contact.   Long story short, always drink water before and with pills.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2433.0,"score_ratio":4.6666666667}
{"post_id":"3ahe8n","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.76,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: When I swallow a pill, why is there sometimes a heavy feeling in the back of my throat?","c_root_id_A":"cscpal7","c_root_id_B":"cscp9xw","created_at_utc_A":1434781980,"created_at_utc_B":1434781918,"score_A":14,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"I used to get that feeling a lot when I first started taking my daily pills. Turns out I wasn't getting the pill \"stuck\" in my throat exactly, but I was not swallowing them with enough water.   When someone swallows pills without proper salivation or lubricant the object can \"scrape\" itself on the back of your throat, leaving you with that heavy and sometimes painful feeling that doesn't go away for a while. It may feel like it's lodged in there, which could be possible, but it's most likely just pain from the pills contact.   Long story short, always drink water before and with pills.","human_ref_B":"Globus hystericus? You might have acid reflux.   Explain like I'm five years old: Your throat may be inflamed from stomach acid. You are feeling its sensitivity when you swallow.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":62.0,"score_ratio":7.0}
{"post_id":"z9ofsn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.71,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old Why do people get sick when they mix their liquors? I\u2019m one of those people. My entire adulthood, I refuse to mix them cuz it\u2019s a 100% chance of puke. Lol","c_root_id_A":"iyhrlr8","c_root_id_B":"iyhrd34","created_at_utc_A":1669905083,"created_at_utc_B":1669904973,"score_A":18,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"There are many possible reasons, but the most common problem is mixing drinks of different alcohol contents at the same rate, so you get more alcohol than you expect, and the body recognizes the problem, but a bit too late.  Drinking hard liquor with beer or wine often results in this.  Hard liquor, even if cut with a mixer, can be several times stronger than beer (for example), so drinking that stuff is like drinking several beers in terms of alcohol but not in volume, so don't drink it as fast as you would beer, or bad things can happen.  Many alcoholic beverages are mixed or flavored with some secondary, often sweet, additives, and the additives from two different sources do not play together well.  Can be like eating too much candy.  Yech.  Some beverages, like some foods, don't mix well in the stomach.  I don't much like mixing wine and beer, myself.  Upsets my stomach.  One, or the other, but not both.  I don't know if it is the acidity of the wine mixed with the carbonation of the beer or what, but it doesn't go together well if in larger volumes.  Could also be partly psychosomatic, a learned behavior of sorts.  You expect to get sick, so you do.","human_ref_B":"Alcohol has a wide variety of effects on the human body, from the additional calories consumed to the loss of balance due to actions in the inner ear. A factor in hangovers is dehydration, but acetaldehyde production and congeners are greater influencers. Substantial liver damage can occur as a result of excessive drinking along with other serious medical conditions, so the advice is moderation. https:\/\/youtu.be\/UfDdfRZmy1E","labels":1,"seconds_difference":110.0,"score_ratio":6.0}
{"post_id":"z9ofsn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.71,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old Why do people get sick when they mix their liquors? I\u2019m one of those people. My entire adulthood, I refuse to mix them cuz it\u2019s a 100% chance of puke. Lol","c_root_id_A":"iyhrd34","c_root_id_B":"iyhug3d","created_at_utc_A":1669904973,"created_at_utc_B":1669906367,"score_A":3,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"Alcohol has a wide variety of effects on the human body, from the additional calories consumed to the loss of balance due to actions in the inner ear. A factor in hangovers is dehydration, but acetaldehyde production and congeners are greater influencers. Substantial liver damage can occur as a result of excessive drinking along with other serious medical conditions, so the advice is moderation. https:\/\/youtu.be\/UfDdfRZmy1E","human_ref_B":"I am not sure it's scientifically confirmed that this is a thing. Do you have a source that it is, or are you just parroting something you heard in college?   Keep in mind though, that in order to \"mix liquors\" that means you have to have at least two strong drinks in one evening, which increases the likelihood of puking no matter what.  I suspect that most anecdotes are more based on this than anything.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1394.0,"score_ratio":1.3333333333}
{"post_id":"uwhn6s","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How can whispering still sound like that person's voice even though they're not using their vocal cords?","c_root_id_A":"i9rlwc2","c_root_id_B":"i9rn5ih","created_at_utc_A":1653363054,"created_at_utc_B":1653363773,"score_A":13,"score_B":77,"human_ref_A":"You still use your larynx while whispering.  In fact, it's harder on your larynx to whisper than to talk normal.","human_ref_B":"The dimensions of your whole vocal tract are unique to you, not just your vocal cords. Your voice's sound is a result of your vocal cords, larynx, throat dimensions, mouth dimensions, sinus (and other head resonator-space) dimensions.  So when you're not using your unique vocal cords to whisper, you're still using your unique larynx, throat, mouth, sinuses etc. so a lot of the characteristics of your voice are preserved.  Also as others said, your speech patterns themselves (aka the way you talk - inflection patterns, speed\/rhythm, vocabulary, etc) is also still there when you're whispering, helping it sound \"like you\".","labels":0,"seconds_difference":719.0,"score_ratio":5.9230769231}
{"post_id":"uwhn6s","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How can whispering still sound like that person's voice even though they're not using their vocal cords?","c_root_id_A":"i9rn5ih","c_root_id_B":"i9rm1mr","created_at_utc_A":1653363773,"created_at_utc_B":1653363138,"score_A":77,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"The dimensions of your whole vocal tract are unique to you, not just your vocal cords. Your voice's sound is a result of your vocal cords, larynx, throat dimensions, mouth dimensions, sinus (and other head resonator-space) dimensions.  So when you're not using your unique vocal cords to whisper, you're still using your unique larynx, throat, mouth, sinuses etc. so a lot of the characteristics of your voice are preserved.  Also as others said, your speech patterns themselves (aka the way you talk - inflection patterns, speed\/rhythm, vocabulary, etc) is also still there when you're whispering, helping it sound \"like you\".","human_ref_B":"People have unique speech patterns. That speech pattern still exists when whispering which is why you recognize their \"voice\" when they whisper.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":635.0,"score_ratio":15.4}
{"post_id":"uwhn6s","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How can whispering still sound like that person's voice even though they're not using their vocal cords?","c_root_id_A":"i9rn5ih","c_root_id_B":"i9rmqgx","created_at_utc_A":1653363773,"created_at_utc_B":1653363531,"score_A":77,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"The dimensions of your whole vocal tract are unique to you, not just your vocal cords. Your voice's sound is a result of your vocal cords, larynx, throat dimensions, mouth dimensions, sinus (and other head resonator-space) dimensions.  So when you're not using your unique vocal cords to whisper, you're still using your unique larynx, throat, mouth, sinuses etc. so a lot of the characteristics of your voice are preserved.  Also as others said, your speech patterns themselves (aka the way you talk - inflection patterns, speed\/rhythm, vocabulary, etc) is also still there when you're whispering, helping it sound \"like you\".","human_ref_B":"The specific sound of a voice is not created only by the vocal coards. The way sounds resonate in the cavities of the head affecte the sound quites a bit. Also the prononciations and speech patterns are mostly the same.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":242.0,"score_ratio":25.6666666667}
{"post_id":"uwhn6s","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How can whispering still sound like that person's voice even though they're not using their vocal cords?","c_root_id_A":"i9rlwc2","c_root_id_B":"i9rvc5j","created_at_utc_A":1653363054,"created_at_utc_B":1653368956,"score_A":13,"score_B":18,"human_ref_A":"You still use your larynx while whispering.  In fact, it's harder on your larynx to whisper than to talk normal.","human_ref_B":"You can turn this on its side: try reading something out loud using only your vocal cords, jaw open, without moving your lips, teeth, or tongue (both the tip and the base). Yep, you kind of sound like some incoherent drunk with strong opinions. At best, you can raise or lower your pitch, but it all just comes out as throaty sounds.  Pretty much everything in your mouth above your throat is responsible for shaping sound. Many consonants come from other sounds make by your mouth, whether it bursts out like P or B, is made by friction like H or Z, or vibrates your palate like M and N.  Even the ability to modify tone is not unique to your vocal cords\u2014your tongue can constrain the airway to make higher pitches, kind of an axis going from O to E, and another going from U to S. These all work the same whether you're whispering or yelling.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":5902.0,"score_ratio":1.3846153846}
{"post_id":"uwhn6s","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How can whispering still sound like that person's voice even though they're not using their vocal cords?","c_root_id_A":"i9rvc5j","c_root_id_B":"i9rm1mr","created_at_utc_A":1653368956,"created_at_utc_B":1653363138,"score_A":18,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"You can turn this on its side: try reading something out loud using only your vocal cords, jaw open, without moving your lips, teeth, or tongue (both the tip and the base). Yep, you kind of sound like some incoherent drunk with strong opinions. At best, you can raise or lower your pitch, but it all just comes out as throaty sounds.  Pretty much everything in your mouth above your throat is responsible for shaping sound. Many consonants come from other sounds make by your mouth, whether it bursts out like P or B, is made by friction like H or Z, or vibrates your palate like M and N.  Even the ability to modify tone is not unique to your vocal cords\u2014your tongue can constrain the airway to make higher pitches, kind of an axis going from O to E, and another going from U to S. These all work the same whether you're whispering or yelling.","human_ref_B":"People have unique speech patterns. That speech pattern still exists when whispering which is why you recognize their \"voice\" when they whisper.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":5818.0,"score_ratio":3.6}
{"post_id":"uwhn6s","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How can whispering still sound like that person's voice even though they're not using their vocal cords?","c_root_id_A":"i9rmqgx","c_root_id_B":"i9rvc5j","created_at_utc_A":1653363531,"created_at_utc_B":1653368956,"score_A":3,"score_B":18,"human_ref_A":"The specific sound of a voice is not created only by the vocal coards. The way sounds resonate in the cavities of the head affecte the sound quites a bit. Also the prononciations and speech patterns are mostly the same.","human_ref_B":"You can turn this on its side: try reading something out loud using only your vocal cords, jaw open, without moving your lips, teeth, or tongue (both the tip and the base). Yep, you kind of sound like some incoherent drunk with strong opinions. At best, you can raise or lower your pitch, but it all just comes out as throaty sounds.  Pretty much everything in your mouth above your throat is responsible for shaping sound. Many consonants come from other sounds make by your mouth, whether it bursts out like P or B, is made by friction like H or Z, or vibrates your palate like M and N.  Even the ability to modify tone is not unique to your vocal cords\u2014your tongue can constrain the airway to make higher pitches, kind of an axis going from O to E, and another going from U to S. These all work the same whether you're whispering or yelling.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":5425.0,"score_ratio":6.0}
{"post_id":"vsj2d1","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:What causes muscles to gradually lose their ability to function during repetitive lifting exercise? When doing bicep curls, the first rep is relatively easy but eventually it becomes impossible to do a single curl.  After a rest, the muscle resets and can once again lift.  What is causing the muscle exhaustion and what is it that \"resets\" within the muscle?","c_root_id_A":"if2i26q","c_root_id_B":"if1o1s9","created_at_utc_A":1657112399,"created_at_utc_B":1657090638,"score_A":73,"score_B":14,"human_ref_A":"In order for your muscles to move, they require energy. Energy at a cellular level is provided by \u201cburning\u201d glucose to make energy carrier ATP (the technical term is aerobic glycolysis). Like normal burning this proces requires a lot of oxygen that is provided through red blood cells. If the exercise is demanding enough you require more ATP than your cells can produce with the supply of oxygen being a limiting factor. At that point your cells will produce extra ATP through a proces that doesn\u2019t require oxygen. Known as anaerobic glycolysis or the lactic acid cycle. This has lactic acid as a byproduct, which builds up in your muscles creating a less ideal environment therefore you lose strength.   So buildup of lactic acid due to insufficient oxygen supply causes your muscles to fatigue.   The reset happens when all the lactic acid is removed from your muscles and the ATP is again supplied through aerobic glycolysis.  If your muscles and stamina improve over time your muscles will improve blood supply and therefore more oxygen, giving you more clean burning to supply ATP. That is a reason some athletes take performance enhancing drugs like EPO which stimulate red blood cell production, delaying the build up of lactic acid in the muscles.  Fun fact; some organisms, like yeast, have a different anaerobic glycolysis system. When yeast is deprived of oxygen it will also produce ATP through anaerobic glycolysis, but instead of lactic acid the byproduct is ethanol i.e. alcohol. Therefore you have to make sure that when brewing beer or wine there is no oxygen coming into the fermentation vessel, otherwise the yeast will switch to the more efficient aerobic glycolysis and not produce any alcohol.","human_ref_B":"Muscles store some energy in the form of glycogen for quick and easy access. Glycogen is important for the energy needed for strength exercises such as lifting. Repeated use of a muscle depletes these glycogen stores, so even when the rest of your body feels rested, the muscle takes a bit longer to recover (like hours, compared to minutes for your heart rate to go down).","labels":1,"seconds_difference":21761.0,"score_ratio":5.2142857143}
{"post_id":"vsj2d1","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.89,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old:What causes muscles to gradually lose their ability to function during repetitive lifting exercise? When doing bicep curls, the first rep is relatively easy but eventually it becomes impossible to do a single curl.  After a rest, the muscle resets and can once again lift.  What is causing the muscle exhaustion and what is it that \"resets\" within the muscle?","c_root_id_A":"if2i26q","c_root_id_B":"if1ukpf","created_at_utc_A":1657112399,"created_at_utc_B":1657096019,"score_A":73,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"In order for your muscles to move, they require energy. Energy at a cellular level is provided by \u201cburning\u201d glucose to make energy carrier ATP (the technical term is aerobic glycolysis). Like normal burning this proces requires a lot of oxygen that is provided through red blood cells. If the exercise is demanding enough you require more ATP than your cells can produce with the supply of oxygen being a limiting factor. At that point your cells will produce extra ATP through a proces that doesn\u2019t require oxygen. Known as anaerobic glycolysis or the lactic acid cycle. This has lactic acid as a byproduct, which builds up in your muscles creating a less ideal environment therefore you lose strength.   So buildup of lactic acid due to insufficient oxygen supply causes your muscles to fatigue.   The reset happens when all the lactic acid is removed from your muscles and the ATP is again supplied through aerobic glycolysis.  If your muscles and stamina improve over time your muscles will improve blood supply and therefore more oxygen, giving you more clean burning to supply ATP. That is a reason some athletes take performance enhancing drugs like EPO which stimulate red blood cell production, delaying the build up of lactic acid in the muscles.  Fun fact; some organisms, like yeast, have a different anaerobic glycolysis system. When yeast is deprived of oxygen it will also produce ATP through anaerobic glycolysis, but instead of lactic acid the byproduct is ethanol i.e. alcohol. Therefore you have to make sure that when brewing beer or wine there is no oxygen coming into the fermentation vessel, otherwise the yeast will switch to the more efficient aerobic glycolysis and not produce any alcohol.","human_ref_B":"Until someone more knowledgable can answer: It\u2019s probably because ATP (short-term energy source) gets depleted and lactic acid builds up (when it\u2019s anaerobic exercise).  IIRC for some reason there is also a neurological component where your nervous system get \u201cexhausted\u201d for reasons which are not fully understood.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":16380.0,"score_ratio":18.25}
{"post_id":"kqdnxl","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.83,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why don\u2019t you feel the effects of a car crash (like sore muscles or strain) immediately instead of a day or two after?","c_root_id_A":"gi3745a","c_root_id_B":"gi3993d","created_at_utc_A":1609782732,"created_at_utc_B":1609783717,"score_A":7,"score_B":51,"human_ref_A":"Adrenaline kicks in when we are in danger - so whenever we are, or believe we are, hurt, adrenaline is released. Our bodies then enter a stressful fight or flight mode where we feel no pain, can run faster and lift heavier. This lasts, usually, for a few minutes and then shock kicks in if we are severely hurt. Shock is the opposite of adrenaline where we are weaknd. Blood vessels contact to stop potential bloodloss and that leads to even less energy and oxygen reaching the muscles - Futher weakening the body to conserve all essential energy.","human_ref_B":"I'll second what the other poster said about adrenaline keeping you going for the first few minutes, but there's more to it than that. First, you most certainly *can and will* feel pain from a traumatic injury right away, even with adrenaline. This happens when severe structural damage has been done -- for example a broken bone, a ruptured muscle body, torn ligament\/tendon, or large amounts of blunt force trauma. Adrenaline will only cover up so much in these situations. You will be in immediate pain, and as the adrenaline wears off the pain will get worse. Adrenaline diverts blood flow away from your (potentially damaged) extremities, but it also puts your brain into fight-or-flight, where the instinct to stay physically active overrides the debilitating effects of pain.  As for the pain that presents a day or two after -- this is due to inflammation in the tissues which gradually builds up as part of the healing process. Your damaged tissues release inflammatory markers that promote blood flow, and that swelling is painful. This is no different than how your muscles don't immediately hurt after working out, but the next day may be extremely sore.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":985.0,"score_ratio":7.2857142857}
{"post_id":"kqdnxl","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.83,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why don\u2019t you feel the effects of a car crash (like sore muscles or strain) immediately instead of a day or two after?","c_root_id_A":"gi38ttm","c_root_id_B":"gi3993d","created_at_utc_A":1609783518,"created_at_utc_B":1609783717,"score_A":5,"score_B":51,"human_ref_A":"There is no drug like adrenaline.  Your body is flooded with the hormone right after a wreck blocking pain receptors and increasing your energy levels.    This can give us the capacity to manage or remove ourselves from a traumatic situation increasing our odds of survival.  So even if you are feeling no pain you still need to see a doctor anyway.  Many years ago I was hit by a car while crossing the street.  I saw a doctor and had no broken bones but my clothes were torn all to shit and not just a little bloody.  I felt incredibly energetic and hungry so I grabbed a friend for lunch, which changing.    It was an idiot move and the next day after my fight\/flight response settled down because I was in a safe environment, the pain hit me hard and I took a long time to physically function normally again.","human_ref_B":"I'll second what the other poster said about adrenaline keeping you going for the first few minutes, but there's more to it than that. First, you most certainly *can and will* feel pain from a traumatic injury right away, even with adrenaline. This happens when severe structural damage has been done -- for example a broken bone, a ruptured muscle body, torn ligament\/tendon, or large amounts of blunt force trauma. Adrenaline will only cover up so much in these situations. You will be in immediate pain, and as the adrenaline wears off the pain will get worse. Adrenaline diverts blood flow away from your (potentially damaged) extremities, but it also puts your brain into fight-or-flight, where the instinct to stay physically active overrides the debilitating effects of pain.  As for the pain that presents a day or two after -- this is due to inflammation in the tissues which gradually builds up as part of the healing process. Your damaged tissues release inflammatory markers that promote blood flow, and that swelling is painful. This is no different than how your muscles don't immediately hurt after working out, but the next day may be extremely sore.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":199.0,"score_ratio":10.2}
{"post_id":"v6khqz","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If a baby and mother have unique DNA, what DNA does the umbilical cord have?","c_root_id_A":"ibg1ggu","c_root_id_B":"ibfzz7j","created_at_utc_A":1654570739,"created_at_utc_B":1654569946,"score_A":57,"score_B":31,"human_ref_A":"Fetal DNA. It is fetal stem cells. I spent some time working in a labor and delivery unit and a section of the umbilical cord is saved to run any potential tests, including maternal drug abuse, which has remnants in the umbilical cord","human_ref_B":"The umbilical cord is the connection between what becomes the fetus and what becomes the placenta. The plancenta develops from the ball of cells that becomes the fetus, so it and the cord are genetically part of the baby.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":793.0,"score_ratio":1.8387096774}
{"post_id":"v6khqz","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If a baby and mother have unique DNA, what DNA does the umbilical cord have?","c_root_id_A":"ibfzys9","c_root_id_B":"ibg1ggu","created_at_utc_A":1654569940,"created_at_utc_B":1654570739,"score_A":10,"score_B":57,"human_ref_A":"About 10% of the DNA fragments floating in the mother's blood comes from the fetus, from dying placental or fetal cells, but functionally the blood in the umbilical cord is the mother's.  Nutrients and gases pass between the mother's blood any the baby's through diffusion, but they are kept apart.","human_ref_B":"Fetal DNA. It is fetal stem cells. I spent some time working in a labor and delivery unit and a section of the umbilical cord is saved to run any potential tests, including maternal drug abuse, which has remnants in the umbilical cord","labels":0,"seconds_difference":799.0,"score_ratio":5.7}
{"post_id":"v6khqz","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.79,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If a baby and mother have unique DNA, what DNA does the umbilical cord have?","c_root_id_A":"ibfzys9","c_root_id_B":"ibfzz7j","created_at_utc_A":1654569940,"created_at_utc_B":1654569946,"score_A":10,"score_B":31,"human_ref_A":"About 10% of the DNA fragments floating in the mother's blood comes from the fetus, from dying placental or fetal cells, but functionally the blood in the umbilical cord is the mother's.  Nutrients and gases pass between the mother's blood any the baby's through diffusion, but they are kept apart.","human_ref_B":"The umbilical cord is the connection between what becomes the fetus and what becomes the placenta. The plancenta develops from the ball of cells that becomes the fetus, so it and the cord are genetically part of the baby.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":6.0,"score_ratio":3.1}
{"post_id":"6lmktn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How are restaurants that have buffets or \"eat-all-you-can\" promos able to sustain themselves, and break-even? Being a very heavy eater with a huge appetite, I usually like taking advantage of these promos. After recently victimizing a restaurant with unlimited sushi, tempura, and a whole lot of Japanese food, it got me thinking: how are they even earning from this?   I'm pretty sure I'm not the only one who takes advantage of these promos, as there are thousands of people out there who probably eat more than I do, and take even more advantage of these promos. It seems almost impossible how they're able to refill dish after dish on the buffet table, and *still* be able to pay their restaurants' bills.   How is this all possible?","c_root_id_A":"djuwr7o","c_root_id_B":"djv41ox","created_at_utc_A":1499356304,"created_at_utc_B":1499363540,"score_A":28,"score_B":60,"human_ref_A":"Suppose you order a spicy tuna roll at a typical Japanese restaurant. The raw ingredients are probably $0.50 - yes, sushi-grade tuna is expensive, but the amount in a single roll is tiny. Most of what you're paying for is the time for the staff to take your order, for the sushi chef to individually prepare your roll, and bring it to your table, then adding it to your bill, and everything else that goes with table service.  At a buffet, the chef is making dozens of spicy tuna rolls at the same time, which is far more efficient. They may even be using a machine to help make the rolls more quickly. They're probably also using lower-quality fish, so maybe $0.35 for the raw ingredients and a tiny fraction of the human labor. There's no table service and everyone pays the same amount so paying for your meal is very fast and efficient.  Finally, all-you-can-eat restaurants know that not everybody eats the same amount. Perhaps they lose a bit of money when you come in to eat, but if you like it a lot, maybe you bring your friends and many of your friends don't eat nearly as much so the restaurant comes out ahead on average.","human_ref_B":"All the current comments about pricing to the average appetite, buying in bulk, reducing the number of dishes and the rest are all correct. One factor not mentioned here is psychology. A well run buffet is really carefully laid out, and every dish and decoration is there for a specific reason: to get you to eat more of the cheaper ingredients.  First thing you see when you get to a typical buffet? Soups (one of the great \"trash disposal\" dishes), breads, and a salad bar and\/or cold veggie dishes (sometimes cold meat dishes as well, but these tend to be \"trash disposal\" dishes like terrines). These cost pennies and fill you up fast.   Next up? The hot food. The meat dishes (the expensive stuff) will be displayed REALLY well, as that has been shown to discourage a lot of people from \"ruining\" the display by taking a lot, and they are surrounded by really delicious carbs and veggies. Effect? You take a lot of side dishes, and little meat.  Also, if the designer\/chef is doing it right, clearly visible is going to be a bright and attractive dessert area. This adds the \"I've got to save room for dessert\" element which again reduces how much of the expensive main dishes you consume.  When you finally get to desserts you are full of soup, bread, salad and hot veggies. The desserts are all cut really small so you feel like you are getting a ton of dessert by picking 5 different kinds, but they actually only equal one normal dessert.   Lastly, the restaurant (as mentioned elsewhere) does mark up drinks way more than standard, but the will make sure that your water is full all the time. You take a sip? A waiter is there filling it up. Water makes you feel full faster, and makes you eat less. They want you drinking as much water as possible (assuming you aren't buying their overpriced drinks).  There are a hundred other little tricks that chefs use (directing your eyes using garnishes to dishes that cost less, using bone-in meats to increase the apparent volume of your food while reducing prices, using dishes that have lower-cost ingredients, saucing everything they can, etc) but those are the main ones. You couple that with clever pricing and knowing the average consumption and buffets can make you a killing, and tend to have way higher profits than plated restaurants.  Even those of us who consider ourselves to have a huge appetite, the likelihood of you actually costing the restaurant money is really low (at one place I worked, it would take 7 full plates of food to hurt us at all, and whenever someone managed it, they were such an outlier as to not matter at all to the bottom line)  The one thing that could potentially cost the place money? Time. Restaurants live on the fastest turnover of seats possible, and buffets tend to get people to linger. That is why you will never see a buffet without a time limit. That is not to stop people from over-eating, it is to get them out the door so another paying customer can sit in their seat.  Source: is chef, worked at two restaurants with high-end buffets as well as plated restaurants.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":7236.0,"score_ratio":2.1428571429}
{"post_id":"6lmktn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How are restaurants that have buffets or \"eat-all-you-can\" promos able to sustain themselves, and break-even? Being a very heavy eater with a huge appetite, I usually like taking advantage of these promos. After recently victimizing a restaurant with unlimited sushi, tempura, and a whole lot of Japanese food, it got me thinking: how are they even earning from this?   I'm pretty sure I'm not the only one who takes advantage of these promos, as there are thousands of people out there who probably eat more than I do, and take even more advantage of these promos. It seems almost impossible how they're able to refill dish after dish on the buffet table, and *still* be able to pay their restaurants' bills.   How is this all possible?","c_root_id_A":"djuwxs0","c_root_id_B":"djv41ox","created_at_utc_A":1499356483,"created_at_utc_B":1499363540,"score_A":9,"score_B":60,"human_ref_A":"All of the responses I've read so far are accurate, but I'd also add that in these places there is often a big mark up on drinks as well, and the food can occasionally be a touch salty - so on top of the other answers, they're making a really good profit on stuff that's not included, especially soft drinks.","human_ref_B":"All the current comments about pricing to the average appetite, buying in bulk, reducing the number of dishes and the rest are all correct. One factor not mentioned here is psychology. A well run buffet is really carefully laid out, and every dish and decoration is there for a specific reason: to get you to eat more of the cheaper ingredients.  First thing you see when you get to a typical buffet? Soups (one of the great \"trash disposal\" dishes), breads, and a salad bar and\/or cold veggie dishes (sometimes cold meat dishes as well, but these tend to be \"trash disposal\" dishes like terrines). These cost pennies and fill you up fast.   Next up? The hot food. The meat dishes (the expensive stuff) will be displayed REALLY well, as that has been shown to discourage a lot of people from \"ruining\" the display by taking a lot, and they are surrounded by really delicious carbs and veggies. Effect? You take a lot of side dishes, and little meat.  Also, if the designer\/chef is doing it right, clearly visible is going to be a bright and attractive dessert area. This adds the \"I've got to save room for dessert\" element which again reduces how much of the expensive main dishes you consume.  When you finally get to desserts you are full of soup, bread, salad and hot veggies. The desserts are all cut really small so you feel like you are getting a ton of dessert by picking 5 different kinds, but they actually only equal one normal dessert.   Lastly, the restaurant (as mentioned elsewhere) does mark up drinks way more than standard, but the will make sure that your water is full all the time. You take a sip? A waiter is there filling it up. Water makes you feel full faster, and makes you eat less. They want you drinking as much water as possible (assuming you aren't buying their overpriced drinks).  There are a hundred other little tricks that chefs use (directing your eyes using garnishes to dishes that cost less, using bone-in meats to increase the apparent volume of your food while reducing prices, using dishes that have lower-cost ingredients, saucing everything they can, etc) but those are the main ones. You couple that with clever pricing and knowing the average consumption and buffets can make you a killing, and tend to have way higher profits than plated restaurants.  Even those of us who consider ourselves to have a huge appetite, the likelihood of you actually costing the restaurant money is really low (at one place I worked, it would take 7 full plates of food to hurt us at all, and whenever someone managed it, they were such an outlier as to not matter at all to the bottom line)  The one thing that could potentially cost the place money? Time. Restaurants live on the fastest turnover of seats possible, and buffets tend to get people to linger. That is why you will never see a buffet without a time limit. That is not to stop people from over-eating, it is to get them out the door so another paying customer can sit in their seat.  Source: is chef, worked at two restaurants with high-end buffets as well as plated restaurants.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":7057.0,"score_ratio":6.6666666667}
{"post_id":"6lmktn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How are restaurants that have buffets or \"eat-all-you-can\" promos able to sustain themselves, and break-even? Being a very heavy eater with a huge appetite, I usually like taking advantage of these promos. After recently victimizing a restaurant with unlimited sushi, tempura, and a whole lot of Japanese food, it got me thinking: how are they even earning from this?   I'm pretty sure I'm not the only one who takes advantage of these promos, as there are thousands of people out there who probably eat more than I do, and take even more advantage of these promos. It seems almost impossible how they're able to refill dish after dish on the buffet table, and *still* be able to pay their restaurants' bills.   How is this all possible?","c_root_id_A":"djv1f6s","c_root_id_B":"djv41ox","created_at_utc_A":1499360925,"created_at_utc_B":1499363540,"score_A":11,"score_B":60,"human_ref_A":"Buffets are profitable because:  * the food is usually lower quality * they can get by with less staff * it is cheaper to prepare the food in bulk, rather than cooking and plating it per order  Remember, food is usually not the biggest cost for a restaurant, the $10 meal might be $3 of food and rest is rent and labor.  Sure, if some Joey Chestnut wannabe shows up and gorges themselves, they might lose money on that one person.  Most people eat a normal amount or a little more than normal, and the restaurant comes out ahead.","human_ref_B":"All the current comments about pricing to the average appetite, buying in bulk, reducing the number of dishes and the rest are all correct. One factor not mentioned here is psychology. A well run buffet is really carefully laid out, and every dish and decoration is there for a specific reason: to get you to eat more of the cheaper ingredients.  First thing you see when you get to a typical buffet? Soups (one of the great \"trash disposal\" dishes), breads, and a salad bar and\/or cold veggie dishes (sometimes cold meat dishes as well, but these tend to be \"trash disposal\" dishes like terrines). These cost pennies and fill you up fast.   Next up? The hot food. The meat dishes (the expensive stuff) will be displayed REALLY well, as that has been shown to discourage a lot of people from \"ruining\" the display by taking a lot, and they are surrounded by really delicious carbs and veggies. Effect? You take a lot of side dishes, and little meat.  Also, if the designer\/chef is doing it right, clearly visible is going to be a bright and attractive dessert area. This adds the \"I've got to save room for dessert\" element which again reduces how much of the expensive main dishes you consume.  When you finally get to desserts you are full of soup, bread, salad and hot veggies. The desserts are all cut really small so you feel like you are getting a ton of dessert by picking 5 different kinds, but they actually only equal one normal dessert.   Lastly, the restaurant (as mentioned elsewhere) does mark up drinks way more than standard, but the will make sure that your water is full all the time. You take a sip? A waiter is there filling it up. Water makes you feel full faster, and makes you eat less. They want you drinking as much water as possible (assuming you aren't buying their overpriced drinks).  There are a hundred other little tricks that chefs use (directing your eyes using garnishes to dishes that cost less, using bone-in meats to increase the apparent volume of your food while reducing prices, using dishes that have lower-cost ingredients, saucing everything they can, etc) but those are the main ones. You couple that with clever pricing and knowing the average consumption and buffets can make you a killing, and tend to have way higher profits than plated restaurants.  Even those of us who consider ourselves to have a huge appetite, the likelihood of you actually costing the restaurant money is really low (at one place I worked, it would take 7 full plates of food to hurt us at all, and whenever someone managed it, they were such an outlier as to not matter at all to the bottom line)  The one thing that could potentially cost the place money? Time. Restaurants live on the fastest turnover of seats possible, and buffets tend to get people to linger. That is why you will never see a buffet without a time limit. That is not to stop people from over-eating, it is to get them out the door so another paying customer can sit in their seat.  Source: is chef, worked at two restaurants with high-end buffets as well as plated restaurants.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2615.0,"score_ratio":5.4545454545}
{"post_id":"6lmktn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How are restaurants that have buffets or \"eat-all-you-can\" promos able to sustain themselves, and break-even? Being a very heavy eater with a huge appetite, I usually like taking advantage of these promos. After recently victimizing a restaurant with unlimited sushi, tempura, and a whole lot of Japanese food, it got me thinking: how are they even earning from this?   I'm pretty sure I'm not the only one who takes advantage of these promos, as there are thousands of people out there who probably eat more than I do, and take even more advantage of these promos. It seems almost impossible how they're able to refill dish after dish on the buffet table, and *still* be able to pay their restaurants' bills.   How is this all possible?","c_root_id_A":"djv41ox","c_root_id_B":"djuxcep","created_at_utc_A":1499363540,"created_at_utc_B":1499356885,"score_A":60,"score_B":9,"human_ref_A":"All the current comments about pricing to the average appetite, buying in bulk, reducing the number of dishes and the rest are all correct. One factor not mentioned here is psychology. A well run buffet is really carefully laid out, and every dish and decoration is there for a specific reason: to get you to eat more of the cheaper ingredients.  First thing you see when you get to a typical buffet? Soups (one of the great \"trash disposal\" dishes), breads, and a salad bar and\/or cold veggie dishes (sometimes cold meat dishes as well, but these tend to be \"trash disposal\" dishes like terrines). These cost pennies and fill you up fast.   Next up? The hot food. The meat dishes (the expensive stuff) will be displayed REALLY well, as that has been shown to discourage a lot of people from \"ruining\" the display by taking a lot, and they are surrounded by really delicious carbs and veggies. Effect? You take a lot of side dishes, and little meat.  Also, if the designer\/chef is doing it right, clearly visible is going to be a bright and attractive dessert area. This adds the \"I've got to save room for dessert\" element which again reduces how much of the expensive main dishes you consume.  When you finally get to desserts you are full of soup, bread, salad and hot veggies. The desserts are all cut really small so you feel like you are getting a ton of dessert by picking 5 different kinds, but they actually only equal one normal dessert.   Lastly, the restaurant (as mentioned elsewhere) does mark up drinks way more than standard, but the will make sure that your water is full all the time. You take a sip? A waiter is there filling it up. Water makes you feel full faster, and makes you eat less. They want you drinking as much water as possible (assuming you aren't buying their overpriced drinks).  There are a hundred other little tricks that chefs use (directing your eyes using garnishes to dishes that cost less, using bone-in meats to increase the apparent volume of your food while reducing prices, using dishes that have lower-cost ingredients, saucing everything they can, etc) but those are the main ones. You couple that with clever pricing and knowing the average consumption and buffets can make you a killing, and tend to have way higher profits than plated restaurants.  Even those of us who consider ourselves to have a huge appetite, the likelihood of you actually costing the restaurant money is really low (at one place I worked, it would take 7 full plates of food to hurt us at all, and whenever someone managed it, they were such an outlier as to not matter at all to the bottom line)  The one thing that could potentially cost the place money? Time. Restaurants live on the fastest turnover of seats possible, and buffets tend to get people to linger. That is why you will never see a buffet without a time limit. That is not to stop people from over-eating, it is to get them out the door so another paying customer can sit in their seat.  Source: is chef, worked at two restaurants with high-end buffets as well as plated restaurants.","human_ref_B":"While there are always some people who eat more than the value of the food there are even more people who eat less.  Keep in mind that restaurants with buffets don't need as many employees on at the time.  If they normally have 3 waitresses and one hostess, maybe on buffet nights they can get away with just 2 waitresses or 1 waitress and one hostess.    It's easier for the chefs too.  They don't have to fart around making things as they are ordered, they just make enough of whatever is needed to fill the pans, so maybe they can have one less chef on as well.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":6655.0,"score_ratio":6.6666666667}
{"post_id":"6lmktn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How are restaurants that have buffets or \"eat-all-you-can\" promos able to sustain themselves, and break-even? Being a very heavy eater with a huge appetite, I usually like taking advantage of these promos. After recently victimizing a restaurant with unlimited sushi, tempura, and a whole lot of Japanese food, it got me thinking: how are they even earning from this?   I'm pretty sure I'm not the only one who takes advantage of these promos, as there are thousands of people out there who probably eat more than I do, and take even more advantage of these promos. It seems almost impossible how they're able to refill dish after dish on the buffet table, and *still* be able to pay their restaurants' bills.   How is this all possible?","c_root_id_A":"djv41ox","c_root_id_B":"djuwh7m","created_at_utc_A":1499363540,"created_at_utc_B":1499356024,"score_A":60,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"All the current comments about pricing to the average appetite, buying in bulk, reducing the number of dishes and the rest are all correct. One factor not mentioned here is psychology. A well run buffet is really carefully laid out, and every dish and decoration is there for a specific reason: to get you to eat more of the cheaper ingredients.  First thing you see when you get to a typical buffet? Soups (one of the great \"trash disposal\" dishes), breads, and a salad bar and\/or cold veggie dishes (sometimes cold meat dishes as well, but these tend to be \"trash disposal\" dishes like terrines). These cost pennies and fill you up fast.   Next up? The hot food. The meat dishes (the expensive stuff) will be displayed REALLY well, as that has been shown to discourage a lot of people from \"ruining\" the display by taking a lot, and they are surrounded by really delicious carbs and veggies. Effect? You take a lot of side dishes, and little meat.  Also, if the designer\/chef is doing it right, clearly visible is going to be a bright and attractive dessert area. This adds the \"I've got to save room for dessert\" element which again reduces how much of the expensive main dishes you consume.  When you finally get to desserts you are full of soup, bread, salad and hot veggies. The desserts are all cut really small so you feel like you are getting a ton of dessert by picking 5 different kinds, but they actually only equal one normal dessert.   Lastly, the restaurant (as mentioned elsewhere) does mark up drinks way more than standard, but the will make sure that your water is full all the time. You take a sip? A waiter is there filling it up. Water makes you feel full faster, and makes you eat less. They want you drinking as much water as possible (assuming you aren't buying their overpriced drinks).  There are a hundred other little tricks that chefs use (directing your eyes using garnishes to dishes that cost less, using bone-in meats to increase the apparent volume of your food while reducing prices, using dishes that have lower-cost ingredients, saucing everything they can, etc) but those are the main ones. You couple that with clever pricing and knowing the average consumption and buffets can make you a killing, and tend to have way higher profits than plated restaurants.  Even those of us who consider ourselves to have a huge appetite, the likelihood of you actually costing the restaurant money is really low (at one place I worked, it would take 7 full plates of food to hurt us at all, and whenever someone managed it, they were such an outlier as to not matter at all to the bottom line)  The one thing that could potentially cost the place money? Time. Restaurants live on the fastest turnover of seats possible, and buffets tend to get people to linger. That is why you will never see a buffet without a time limit. That is not to stop people from over-eating, it is to get them out the door so another paying customer can sit in their seat.  Source: is chef, worked at two restaurants with high-end buffets as well as plated restaurants.","human_ref_B":"Everyone pays a flat price-per-seat at a buffet and, in my experience, it's usually higher than if I had ordered a one-time meal from a similar quality place. Therefore the people who pay the fee and eat little are subsidizing people like you who eat more.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":7516.0,"score_ratio":10.0}
{"post_id":"6lmktn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How are restaurants that have buffets or \"eat-all-you-can\" promos able to sustain themselves, and break-even? Being a very heavy eater with a huge appetite, I usually like taking advantage of these promos. After recently victimizing a restaurant with unlimited sushi, tempura, and a whole lot of Japanese food, it got me thinking: how are they even earning from this?   I'm pretty sure I'm not the only one who takes advantage of these promos, as there are thousands of people out there who probably eat more than I do, and take even more advantage of these promos. It seems almost impossible how they're able to refill dish after dish on the buffet table, and *still* be able to pay their restaurants' bills.   How is this all possible?","c_root_id_A":"djuwpch","c_root_id_B":"djv41ox","created_at_utc_A":1499356254,"created_at_utc_B":1499363540,"score_A":4,"score_B":60,"human_ref_A":"Most people eat 2-3 servings of food. They charge enough to break even at around 5-7 servings of food. This means that they make a massive amount of money on most and make more than enough profits to compensate for the people who eat 10 servings.","human_ref_B":"All the current comments about pricing to the average appetite, buying in bulk, reducing the number of dishes and the rest are all correct. One factor not mentioned here is psychology. A well run buffet is really carefully laid out, and every dish and decoration is there for a specific reason: to get you to eat more of the cheaper ingredients.  First thing you see when you get to a typical buffet? Soups (one of the great \"trash disposal\" dishes), breads, and a salad bar and\/or cold veggie dishes (sometimes cold meat dishes as well, but these tend to be \"trash disposal\" dishes like terrines). These cost pennies and fill you up fast.   Next up? The hot food. The meat dishes (the expensive stuff) will be displayed REALLY well, as that has been shown to discourage a lot of people from \"ruining\" the display by taking a lot, and they are surrounded by really delicious carbs and veggies. Effect? You take a lot of side dishes, and little meat.  Also, if the designer\/chef is doing it right, clearly visible is going to be a bright and attractive dessert area. This adds the \"I've got to save room for dessert\" element which again reduces how much of the expensive main dishes you consume.  When you finally get to desserts you are full of soup, bread, salad and hot veggies. The desserts are all cut really small so you feel like you are getting a ton of dessert by picking 5 different kinds, but they actually only equal one normal dessert.   Lastly, the restaurant (as mentioned elsewhere) does mark up drinks way more than standard, but the will make sure that your water is full all the time. You take a sip? A waiter is there filling it up. Water makes you feel full faster, and makes you eat less. They want you drinking as much water as possible (assuming you aren't buying their overpriced drinks).  There are a hundred other little tricks that chefs use (directing your eyes using garnishes to dishes that cost less, using bone-in meats to increase the apparent volume of your food while reducing prices, using dishes that have lower-cost ingredients, saucing everything they can, etc) but those are the main ones. You couple that with clever pricing and knowing the average consumption and buffets can make you a killing, and tend to have way higher profits than plated restaurants.  Even those of us who consider ourselves to have a huge appetite, the likelihood of you actually costing the restaurant money is really low (at one place I worked, it would take 7 full plates of food to hurt us at all, and whenever someone managed it, they were such an outlier as to not matter at all to the bottom line)  The one thing that could potentially cost the place money? Time. Restaurants live on the fastest turnover of seats possible, and buffets tend to get people to linger. That is why you will never see a buffet without a time limit. That is not to stop people from over-eating, it is to get them out the door so another paying customer can sit in their seat.  Source: is chef, worked at two restaurants with high-end buffets as well as plated restaurants.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":7286.0,"score_ratio":15.0}
{"post_id":"6lmktn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How are restaurants that have buffets or \"eat-all-you-can\" promos able to sustain themselves, and break-even? Being a very heavy eater with a huge appetite, I usually like taking advantage of these promos. After recently victimizing a restaurant with unlimited sushi, tempura, and a whole lot of Japanese food, it got me thinking: how are they even earning from this?   I'm pretty sure I'm not the only one who takes advantage of these promos, as there are thousands of people out there who probably eat more than I do, and take even more advantage of these promos. It seems almost impossible how they're able to refill dish after dish on the buffet table, and *still* be able to pay their restaurants' bills.   How is this all possible?","c_root_id_A":"djuwh7m","c_root_id_B":"djuwr7o","created_at_utc_A":1499356024,"created_at_utc_B":1499356304,"score_A":6,"score_B":28,"human_ref_A":"Everyone pays a flat price-per-seat at a buffet and, in my experience, it's usually higher than if I had ordered a one-time meal from a similar quality place. Therefore the people who pay the fee and eat little are subsidizing people like you who eat more.","human_ref_B":"Suppose you order a spicy tuna roll at a typical Japanese restaurant. The raw ingredients are probably $0.50 - yes, sushi-grade tuna is expensive, but the amount in a single roll is tiny. Most of what you're paying for is the time for the staff to take your order, for the sushi chef to individually prepare your roll, and bring it to your table, then adding it to your bill, and everything else that goes with table service.  At a buffet, the chef is making dozens of spicy tuna rolls at the same time, which is far more efficient. They may even be using a machine to help make the rolls more quickly. They're probably also using lower-quality fish, so maybe $0.35 for the raw ingredients and a tiny fraction of the human labor. There's no table service and everyone pays the same amount so paying for your meal is very fast and efficient.  Finally, all-you-can-eat restaurants know that not everybody eats the same amount. Perhaps they lose a bit of money when you come in to eat, but if you like it a lot, maybe you bring your friends and many of your friends don't eat nearly as much so the restaurant comes out ahead on average.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":280.0,"score_ratio":4.6666666667}
{"post_id":"6lmktn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How are restaurants that have buffets or \"eat-all-you-can\" promos able to sustain themselves, and break-even? Being a very heavy eater with a huge appetite, I usually like taking advantage of these promos. After recently victimizing a restaurant with unlimited sushi, tempura, and a whole lot of Japanese food, it got me thinking: how are they even earning from this?   I'm pretty sure I'm not the only one who takes advantage of these promos, as there are thousands of people out there who probably eat more than I do, and take even more advantage of these promos. It seems almost impossible how they're able to refill dish after dish on the buffet table, and *still* be able to pay their restaurants' bills.   How is this all possible?","c_root_id_A":"djuwr7o","c_root_id_B":"djuwpch","created_at_utc_A":1499356304,"created_at_utc_B":1499356254,"score_A":28,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"Suppose you order a spicy tuna roll at a typical Japanese restaurant. The raw ingredients are probably $0.50 - yes, sushi-grade tuna is expensive, but the amount in a single roll is tiny. Most of what you're paying for is the time for the staff to take your order, for the sushi chef to individually prepare your roll, and bring it to your table, then adding it to your bill, and everything else that goes with table service.  At a buffet, the chef is making dozens of spicy tuna rolls at the same time, which is far more efficient. They may even be using a machine to help make the rolls more quickly. They're probably also using lower-quality fish, so maybe $0.35 for the raw ingredients and a tiny fraction of the human labor. There's no table service and everyone pays the same amount so paying for your meal is very fast and efficient.  Finally, all-you-can-eat restaurants know that not everybody eats the same amount. Perhaps they lose a bit of money when you come in to eat, but if you like it a lot, maybe you bring your friends and many of your friends don't eat nearly as much so the restaurant comes out ahead on average.","human_ref_B":"Most people eat 2-3 servings of food. They charge enough to break even at around 5-7 servings of food. This means that they make a massive amount of money on most and make more than enough profits to compensate for the people who eat 10 servings.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":50.0,"score_ratio":7.0}
{"post_id":"6lmktn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How are restaurants that have buffets or \"eat-all-you-can\" promos able to sustain themselves, and break-even? Being a very heavy eater with a huge appetite, I usually like taking advantage of these promos. After recently victimizing a restaurant with unlimited sushi, tempura, and a whole lot of Japanese food, it got me thinking: how are they even earning from this?   I'm pretty sure I'm not the only one who takes advantage of these promos, as there are thousands of people out there who probably eat more than I do, and take even more advantage of these promos. It seems almost impossible how they're able to refill dish after dish on the buffet table, and *still* be able to pay their restaurants' bills.   How is this all possible?","c_root_id_A":"djv1f6s","c_root_id_B":"djuwxs0","created_at_utc_A":1499360925,"created_at_utc_B":1499356483,"score_A":11,"score_B":9,"human_ref_A":"Buffets are profitable because:  * the food is usually lower quality * they can get by with less staff * it is cheaper to prepare the food in bulk, rather than cooking and plating it per order  Remember, food is usually not the biggest cost for a restaurant, the $10 meal might be $3 of food and rest is rent and labor.  Sure, if some Joey Chestnut wannabe shows up and gorges themselves, they might lose money on that one person.  Most people eat a normal amount or a little more than normal, and the restaurant comes out ahead.","human_ref_B":"All of the responses I've read so far are accurate, but I'd also add that in these places there is often a big mark up on drinks as well, and the food can occasionally be a touch salty - so on top of the other answers, they're making a really good profit on stuff that's not included, especially soft drinks.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":4442.0,"score_ratio":1.2222222222}
{"post_id":"6lmktn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How are restaurants that have buffets or \"eat-all-you-can\" promos able to sustain themselves, and break-even? Being a very heavy eater with a huge appetite, I usually like taking advantage of these promos. After recently victimizing a restaurant with unlimited sushi, tempura, and a whole lot of Japanese food, it got me thinking: how are they even earning from this?   I'm pretty sure I'm not the only one who takes advantage of these promos, as there are thousands of people out there who probably eat more than I do, and take even more advantage of these promos. It seems almost impossible how they're able to refill dish after dish on the buffet table, and *still* be able to pay their restaurants' bills.   How is this all possible?","c_root_id_A":"djuwh7m","c_root_id_B":"djuwxs0","created_at_utc_A":1499356024,"created_at_utc_B":1499356483,"score_A":6,"score_B":9,"human_ref_A":"Everyone pays a flat price-per-seat at a buffet and, in my experience, it's usually higher than if I had ordered a one-time meal from a similar quality place. Therefore the people who pay the fee and eat little are subsidizing people like you who eat more.","human_ref_B":"All of the responses I've read so far are accurate, but I'd also add that in these places there is often a big mark up on drinks as well, and the food can occasionally be a touch salty - so on top of the other answers, they're making a really good profit on stuff that's not included, especially soft drinks.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":459.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"6lmktn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How are restaurants that have buffets or \"eat-all-you-can\" promos able to sustain themselves, and break-even? Being a very heavy eater with a huge appetite, I usually like taking advantage of these promos. After recently victimizing a restaurant with unlimited sushi, tempura, and a whole lot of Japanese food, it got me thinking: how are they even earning from this?   I'm pretty sure I'm not the only one who takes advantage of these promos, as there are thousands of people out there who probably eat more than I do, and take even more advantage of these promos. It seems almost impossible how they're able to refill dish after dish on the buffet table, and *still* be able to pay their restaurants' bills.   How is this all possible?","c_root_id_A":"djuwpch","c_root_id_B":"djuwxs0","created_at_utc_A":1499356254,"created_at_utc_B":1499356483,"score_A":4,"score_B":9,"human_ref_A":"Most people eat 2-3 servings of food. They charge enough to break even at around 5-7 servings of food. This means that they make a massive amount of money on most and make more than enough profits to compensate for the people who eat 10 servings.","human_ref_B":"All of the responses I've read so far are accurate, but I'd also add that in these places there is often a big mark up on drinks as well, and the food can occasionally be a touch salty - so on top of the other answers, they're making a really good profit on stuff that's not included, especially soft drinks.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":229.0,"score_ratio":2.25}
{"post_id":"6lmktn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How are restaurants that have buffets or \"eat-all-you-can\" promos able to sustain themselves, and break-even? Being a very heavy eater with a huge appetite, I usually like taking advantage of these promos. After recently victimizing a restaurant with unlimited sushi, tempura, and a whole lot of Japanese food, it got me thinking: how are they even earning from this?   I'm pretty sure I'm not the only one who takes advantage of these promos, as there are thousands of people out there who probably eat more than I do, and take even more advantage of these promos. It seems almost impossible how they're able to refill dish after dish on the buffet table, and *still* be able to pay their restaurants' bills.   How is this all possible?","c_root_id_A":"djuxcep","c_root_id_B":"djv1f6s","created_at_utc_A":1499356885,"created_at_utc_B":1499360925,"score_A":9,"score_B":11,"human_ref_A":"While there are always some people who eat more than the value of the food there are even more people who eat less.  Keep in mind that restaurants with buffets don't need as many employees on at the time.  If they normally have 3 waitresses and one hostess, maybe on buffet nights they can get away with just 2 waitresses or 1 waitress and one hostess.    It's easier for the chefs too.  They don't have to fart around making things as they are ordered, they just make enough of whatever is needed to fill the pans, so maybe they can have one less chef on as well.","human_ref_B":"Buffets are profitable because:  * the food is usually lower quality * they can get by with less staff * it is cheaper to prepare the food in bulk, rather than cooking and plating it per order  Remember, food is usually not the biggest cost for a restaurant, the $10 meal might be $3 of food and rest is rent and labor.  Sure, if some Joey Chestnut wannabe shows up and gorges themselves, they might lose money on that one person.  Most people eat a normal amount or a little more than normal, and the restaurant comes out ahead.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":4040.0,"score_ratio":1.2222222222}
{"post_id":"6lmktn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How are restaurants that have buffets or \"eat-all-you-can\" promos able to sustain themselves, and break-even? Being a very heavy eater with a huge appetite, I usually like taking advantage of these promos. After recently victimizing a restaurant with unlimited sushi, tempura, and a whole lot of Japanese food, it got me thinking: how are they even earning from this?   I'm pretty sure I'm not the only one who takes advantage of these promos, as there are thousands of people out there who probably eat more than I do, and take even more advantage of these promos. It seems almost impossible how they're able to refill dish after dish on the buffet table, and *still* be able to pay their restaurants' bills.   How is this all possible?","c_root_id_A":"djuwh7m","c_root_id_B":"djv1f6s","created_at_utc_A":1499356024,"created_at_utc_B":1499360925,"score_A":6,"score_B":11,"human_ref_A":"Everyone pays a flat price-per-seat at a buffet and, in my experience, it's usually higher than if I had ordered a one-time meal from a similar quality place. Therefore the people who pay the fee and eat little are subsidizing people like you who eat more.","human_ref_B":"Buffets are profitable because:  * the food is usually lower quality * they can get by with less staff * it is cheaper to prepare the food in bulk, rather than cooking and plating it per order  Remember, food is usually not the biggest cost for a restaurant, the $10 meal might be $3 of food and rest is rent and labor.  Sure, if some Joey Chestnut wannabe shows up and gorges themselves, they might lose money on that one person.  Most people eat a normal amount or a little more than normal, and the restaurant comes out ahead.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":4901.0,"score_ratio":1.8333333333}
{"post_id":"6lmktn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How are restaurants that have buffets or \"eat-all-you-can\" promos able to sustain themselves, and break-even? Being a very heavy eater with a huge appetite, I usually like taking advantage of these promos. After recently victimizing a restaurant with unlimited sushi, tempura, and a whole lot of Japanese food, it got me thinking: how are they even earning from this?   I'm pretty sure I'm not the only one who takes advantage of these promos, as there are thousands of people out there who probably eat more than I do, and take even more advantage of these promos. It seems almost impossible how they're able to refill dish after dish on the buffet table, and *still* be able to pay their restaurants' bills.   How is this all possible?","c_root_id_A":"djv1f6s","c_root_id_B":"djuwpch","created_at_utc_A":1499360925,"created_at_utc_B":1499356254,"score_A":11,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"Buffets are profitable because:  * the food is usually lower quality * they can get by with less staff * it is cheaper to prepare the food in bulk, rather than cooking and plating it per order  Remember, food is usually not the biggest cost for a restaurant, the $10 meal might be $3 of food and rest is rent and labor.  Sure, if some Joey Chestnut wannabe shows up and gorges themselves, they might lose money on that one person.  Most people eat a normal amount or a little more than normal, and the restaurant comes out ahead.","human_ref_B":"Most people eat 2-3 servings of food. They charge enough to break even at around 5-7 servings of food. This means that they make a massive amount of money on most and make more than enough profits to compensate for the people who eat 10 servings.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":4671.0,"score_ratio":2.75}
{"post_id":"6lmktn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How are restaurants that have buffets or \"eat-all-you-can\" promos able to sustain themselves, and break-even? Being a very heavy eater with a huge appetite, I usually like taking advantage of these promos. After recently victimizing a restaurant with unlimited sushi, tempura, and a whole lot of Japanese food, it got me thinking: how are they even earning from this?   I'm pretty sure I'm not the only one who takes advantage of these promos, as there are thousands of people out there who probably eat more than I do, and take even more advantage of these promos. It seems almost impossible how they're able to refill dish after dish on the buffet table, and *still* be able to pay their restaurants' bills.   How is this all possible?","c_root_id_A":"djuxcep","c_root_id_B":"djuwh7m","created_at_utc_A":1499356885,"created_at_utc_B":1499356024,"score_A":9,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"While there are always some people who eat more than the value of the food there are even more people who eat less.  Keep in mind that restaurants with buffets don't need as many employees on at the time.  If they normally have 3 waitresses and one hostess, maybe on buffet nights they can get away with just 2 waitresses or 1 waitress and one hostess.    It's easier for the chefs too.  They don't have to fart around making things as they are ordered, they just make enough of whatever is needed to fill the pans, so maybe they can have one less chef on as well.","human_ref_B":"Everyone pays a flat price-per-seat at a buffet and, in my experience, it's usually higher than if I had ordered a one-time meal from a similar quality place. Therefore the people who pay the fee and eat little are subsidizing people like you who eat more.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":861.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"6lmktn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How are restaurants that have buffets or \"eat-all-you-can\" promos able to sustain themselves, and break-even? Being a very heavy eater with a huge appetite, I usually like taking advantage of these promos. After recently victimizing a restaurant with unlimited sushi, tempura, and a whole lot of Japanese food, it got me thinking: how are they even earning from this?   I'm pretty sure I'm not the only one who takes advantage of these promos, as there are thousands of people out there who probably eat more than I do, and take even more advantage of these promos. It seems almost impossible how they're able to refill dish after dish on the buffet table, and *still* be able to pay their restaurants' bills.   How is this all possible?","c_root_id_A":"djuwpch","c_root_id_B":"djuxcep","created_at_utc_A":1499356254,"created_at_utc_B":1499356885,"score_A":4,"score_B":9,"human_ref_A":"Most people eat 2-3 servings of food. They charge enough to break even at around 5-7 servings of food. This means that they make a massive amount of money on most and make more than enough profits to compensate for the people who eat 10 servings.","human_ref_B":"While there are always some people who eat more than the value of the food there are even more people who eat less.  Keep in mind that restaurants with buffets don't need as many employees on at the time.  If they normally have 3 waitresses and one hostess, maybe on buffet nights they can get away with just 2 waitresses or 1 waitress and one hostess.    It's easier for the chefs too.  They don't have to fart around making things as they are ordered, they just make enough of whatever is needed to fill the pans, so maybe they can have one less chef on as well.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":631.0,"score_ratio":2.25}
{"post_id":"6lmktn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How are restaurants that have buffets or \"eat-all-you-can\" promos able to sustain themselves, and break-even? Being a very heavy eater with a huge appetite, I usually like taking advantage of these promos. After recently victimizing a restaurant with unlimited sushi, tempura, and a whole lot of Japanese food, it got me thinking: how are they even earning from this?   I'm pretty sure I'm not the only one who takes advantage of these promos, as there are thousands of people out there who probably eat more than I do, and take even more advantage of these promos. It seems almost impossible how they're able to refill dish after dish on the buffet table, and *still* be able to pay their restaurants' bills.   How is this all possible?","c_root_id_A":"djuwpch","c_root_id_B":"djvdeh3","created_at_utc_A":1499356254,"created_at_utc_B":1499373076,"score_A":4,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"Most people eat 2-3 servings of food. They charge enough to break even at around 5-7 servings of food. This means that they make a massive amount of money on most and make more than enough profits to compensate for the people who eat 10 servings.","human_ref_B":"Fellow pig here. I've cost some of these places money too. But they average their costs out with the grandmas that eat three tiny pieces and enjoy the ambience of the yutes stuffing themselves. Prices are set bases on expected costs and the competition. A number of the places I used to frequent did go out of business. Don't blame me.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":16822.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"6lmktn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How are restaurants that have buffets or \"eat-all-you-can\" promos able to sustain themselves, and break-even? Being a very heavy eater with a huge appetite, I usually like taking advantage of these promos. After recently victimizing a restaurant with unlimited sushi, tempura, and a whole lot of Japanese food, it got me thinking: how are they even earning from this?   I'm pretty sure I'm not the only one who takes advantage of these promos, as there are thousands of people out there who probably eat more than I do, and take even more advantage of these promos. It seems almost impossible how they're able to refill dish after dish on the buffet table, and *still* be able to pay their restaurants' bills.   How is this all possible?","c_root_id_A":"djvdeh3","c_root_id_B":"djv77q9","created_at_utc_A":1499373076,"created_at_utc_B":1499366726,"score_A":6,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"Fellow pig here. I've cost some of these places money too. But they average their costs out with the grandmas that eat three tiny pieces and enjoy the ambience of the yutes stuffing themselves. Prices are set bases on expected costs and the competition. A number of the places I used to frequent did go out of business. Don't blame me.","human_ref_B":"Restaurants make their real money on alcohol, not food. More food means you can drink more alcohol. AYCE keeps you there for longer, and oftentimes customers pay for alcohol. If they only make 30% on the food, they can still make much more by getting you to buy another drink or two while you're enjoying your ridiculously sized meal that you think you got a discount on.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":6350.0,"score_ratio":3.0}
{"post_id":"6lmktn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How are restaurants that have buffets or \"eat-all-you-can\" promos able to sustain themselves, and break-even? Being a very heavy eater with a huge appetite, I usually like taking advantage of these promos. After recently victimizing a restaurant with unlimited sushi, tempura, and a whole lot of Japanese food, it got me thinking: how are they even earning from this?   I'm pretty sure I'm not the only one who takes advantage of these promos, as there are thousands of people out there who probably eat more than I do, and take even more advantage of these promos. It seems almost impossible how they're able to refill dish after dish on the buffet table, and *still* be able to pay their restaurants' bills.   How is this all possible?","c_root_id_A":"djvdeh3","c_root_id_B":"djvbhyy","created_at_utc_A":1499373076,"created_at_utc_B":1499371108,"score_A":6,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"Fellow pig here. I've cost some of these places money too. But they average their costs out with the grandmas that eat three tiny pieces and enjoy the ambience of the yutes stuffing themselves. Prices are set bases on expected costs and the competition. A number of the places I used to frequent did go out of business. Don't blame me.","human_ref_B":"I went to a Brazilian BBQ and yea all this sounds right.  They give a ton of free sides.  You want more rice?  Potatos?  Fries?     Another thing.  They could slow down the rate at which they replace the more expensive items on the Buffett.  That could impact how much of the expensive items are consumed.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1968.0,"score_ratio":3.0}
{"post_id":"y3jjjx","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old How can we detect something even smaller than electron and photons","c_root_id_A":"is99x73","c_root_id_B":"is933vz","created_at_utc_A":1665727787,"created_at_utc_B":1665723074,"score_A":4,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"So for a lot of it you don't measure single electrons or atoms or whatever to get their properties. Instead you measure a bazillion of them of them and math out the smaller values.   Take for example the oil drop experiment that measured the elementary charge of the electron. That experiment was sensitive enough that you could get a bunch of different ratios of charge to weight. And by finding what number they are all multiples of can calculate the smallest charge without having to measure just one electron.  The mass to charge ratio of an electron can be determined by measuring deflection of electron beams in a cathode ray tube.  And from that you know the electrons mass by combining the two. All this happened with quite a lot less tech than we had today, even though now we can go down to scanning atoms directly.   In a similar vein with modern stuff like particle accelerators they don't just smash two specific particles together. The groups of particles being accelerated around are in bunches of like 100 billion. Only about 20 of them collide. Those bunches cross 40 Million times a second, and spit out over 600million sets of data a second. A lot of that isn't even that useful, off center collisions that don't convert their energy into interesting stuff, overlapping data, collisions where the release particles mostly miss the detectors, etc, and gets filtered out by really fast computers looking for only \"interesting\" collisions.  And that runs over multiple months before the massive amount of data is crunched into so that we can reasonably say we've found the higgs and it's mass is X.  Basically you throw enough tiny things at each other eventually they hit no matter how small\/weakly interacting they are.  Same with the massive underground neutrino detectors. As big as they are they only get a couple hundred detected events a day despite 10s of billions of the things whooshing through every cubic centimeter of the earth a second. The way we figure how many we are detecting out of all of them is by the small difference in the amount detected when the sun is on the other side of the earth vs when it's not, and knowing the mass of earth that is blocking them. Neutrinos are just crazy hard to detect like that.","human_ref_B":"In general, depends on the probe you use. The smaller and smaller stuff you want to probe, the smaller the probe you use to detect it with. Basically, we scatter stuff of of the thing we want to look at. You want the wavelength of the thing you're using to probe with to be smaller than the thing you're looking at.  For instance, normal microscopes use light, which has a wavelengths on the order of hundreds of nanometers. When we wanted to do better, we made microscopes that use electrons, which have an even smaller wavelength, which can get us down to nanometers or angstroms. There are limitations though, as going to smaller wavelengths typically means using a higher energy probe.    That said, we currently don't know the size of an electron, so it's hard to say anything is 'smaller' than it. According to our current probing methods, the electron radius looks like a point particle. This could either mean that it truly is a point, or that our current methods do not have enough resolution to resolve it. (other fundamental particles also have this issue, they look point-like).   tldr: Smash it with something that has a wavelength that is smaller than the thing you're trying to look at.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":4713.0,"score_ratio":2.0}
{"post_id":"w4de47","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.66,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: The universe was smaller and more dense in the past. Why we can see the oldest galaxies in the world when we look at the outskirts then? I just can't wrap my mind around this. Can we see them anywhere? Why, if the universe was smaller? Or is there like one place in space where the aftermath big bang happened (I know there was no space at the time and big bang kinda went everywhere ofc) and we are pointing our telescopes at it?  Using human logic we should see the youngest galaxies (as their images in the past) far away and just won't be able to spot the elders.","c_root_id_A":"ih18lfn","c_root_id_B":"ih200xt","created_at_utc_A":1658400463,"created_at_utc_B":1658414118,"score_A":3,"score_B":9,"human_ref_A":"Two reasons, the farther something is away the longer it's taken the light to reach us, so when we see something that's millions of light years away we're actually seeing what happened millions of years ago.  Because the things we see normally are so close we don't realize that light is not instantaneous, so a way to visualize it in your mind is to think about when lightning hits, there's a delay with the sound. The time that it takes the sound wave to reach her ears is analogous to the time it takes light from an object millions of miles away to reach your eyes. Also the universe is expanding so everything is getting farther apart, so while certain things that would have been seeable eventually we will not actually be able to see because they are receding, other things we are able to see a little bit more in the past so to speak because that light has been delayed getting to us because that object is receding from us.","human_ref_B":"Okay here\u2019s a mind bender for you \u2014 the Big Bang did not happen at a point in space, it happened to space itself. Which is very confusing but let\u2019s look at it another way:  *Every* line of sight looking away from the earth is looking back in time toward the Big Bang, no matter which direction you\u2019re looking. It\u2019s weird but it *has* to be true, because every photon also emerged from the Big Bang \u2014 so if we can see it, it came from the same place. If you traced any two rays of light that reach our eyes (or telescopes) backwards along their timeline, they will get closer together than they are now, because the universe was smaller. If the Big Bang itself actually happened at a singular point (this is a huge \u201cif\u201d by the way), then those two rays would *have* to converge at that point at the moment of the Big Bang, because there is nowhere else for them to *be.* But we could (theoretically) see that single point no matter which direction we looked, as long as we looked far enough back \u2014 it would be stretched out across the entire night sky, like the inside of a sphere surrounding our observable universe.  So from our perspective, the past smaller, denser universe is not in a specific region of space that we have to look toward. That earlier state of the universe *surrounds us* like a shell. No matter where we look, if we look far enough away, we see younger stars and galaxies that are clustered together more closely than the older stars and galaxies closer to us. The furthest away we can see, the first light emitted by the universe, is the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation, which shows a picture of a universe so dense that it basically looks like the inside of a star. The fluctuations in temperature are about one part in a thousand. At the time the CMB was emitted, the observable universe was only about 100 million light years across, but from our perspective the CMB appears to create a sphere around us that is ~80 *billion* light years across, due to the expansion of the universe since then.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":13655.0,"score_ratio":3.0}
{"post_id":"w4de47","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.66,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: The universe was smaller and more dense in the past. Why we can see the oldest galaxies in the world when we look at the outskirts then? I just can't wrap my mind around this. Can we see them anywhere? Why, if the universe was smaller? Or is there like one place in space where the aftermath big bang happened (I know there was no space at the time and big bang kinda went everywhere ofc) and we are pointing our telescopes at it?  Using human logic we should see the youngest galaxies (as their images in the past) far away and just won't be able to spot the elders.","c_root_id_A":"ih20o72","c_root_id_B":"ih2taqv","created_at_utc_A":1658414373,"created_at_utc_B":1658425089,"score_A":2,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"They are moving away from us faster than the light travelling towards us so we will never see them.  The rate of expansion of the universe over very large scales is faster than the speed of light, so once you get far enough away the light cannot travel fast enough to reach us and there is no way we could ever see those very far away, very young galaxies.","human_ref_B":"The universe probably goes on forever in every direction - it doesn\u2019t have an \u2018outskirts\u2019.  If true, this means that when the universe was young, it was denser but not \u2018smaller\u2019 - it still went on forever in every direction.  Here\u2019s a neat fact - the Milky Way is just as old as the oldest galaxies you see in those telescope photos, you\u2019re just seeing those galaxies as they looked when they were young (because info about their youth is just now able to reach us).  Your last sentence: >Using human logic we should see the youngest galaxies (as their images in the past) far away and just won't be able to spot the elders.  Is pretty spot-on.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":10716.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"bcqke4","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.71,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: why are rockets launched in parabolic trajectory? Wouldn't we be spending less rocket fuel, if we launch it straight up, reach the desired altitude, reorient the rocket to be parallel to the ground and fire boosters again? Kind ok like the vertical take of fighter jets.","c_root_id_A":"ekso1we","c_root_id_B":"eksoa0q","created_at_utc_A":1555163294,"created_at_utc_B":1555163495,"score_A":2,"score_B":48,"human_ref_A":"No, that requires more fuel. It makes more sense if you think of rockets as traveling *outward* from the earth rather than upward.","human_ref_B":"Imagine being on your bicycle in a giant concrete bowl. Try to ride out by going straight up one side. Your body and bicycle would be ill-designed (including heavier) to provide the burst of power needed to go that way. Next, imagine riding in an ever-growing circular path. It may take several rotations, but you'll expend less energy that way in the long run. There would certainly be less need to hit the gym for years in preparation.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":201.0,"score_ratio":24.0}
{"post_id":"bcqke4","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.71,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: why are rockets launched in parabolic trajectory? Wouldn't we be spending less rocket fuel, if we launch it straight up, reach the desired altitude, reorient the rocket to be parallel to the ground and fire boosters again? Kind ok like the vertical take of fighter jets.","c_root_id_A":"ekso1we","c_root_id_B":"ekt5ea4","created_at_utc_A":1555163294,"created_at_utc_B":1555176472,"score_A":2,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"No, that requires more fuel. It makes more sense if you think of rockets as traveling *outward* from the earth rather than upward.","human_ref_B":"Rockets are used to put things into orbit. In order to be in a stable orbit, you need to be moving sideways, and fast. Only part of the energy used in a launch is to move your payload up. A bunch of the energy also goes into moving the payload sideways so it's fast enough to stay in orbit. If you launch straight up, you're only doing half the job.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":13178.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"wfd3d8","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.72,"history":"Eli5: What is a money market bank account and what are the benefits of having one?","c_root_id_A":"iit9ill","c_root_id_B":"iiudnsi","created_at_utc_A":1659550310,"created_at_utc_B":1659567197,"score_A":4,"score_B":7,"human_ref_A":"You might have heard about the stock market where stock brokers trade shares of the ownership of companies. The money market is a similar concept but the brokers are trading money. Not currency but different types of money such as promises to pay money in the future. This includes things like loans and company bonds. The money market is a lot more stable then the stock market and it is very rare that a bond does not return a profit. However this also means that the yields are not as high as in the stock market.  Banks will typically take your deposits and invest it on the money market. But this does expose them to some risk as while the money market is very stable it can sometimes go down, or at least not cover the deposit interest rate. So the bank will keep most of the profits from these money market investments for themselves. That allows them to take the occasional money market losses without going bankrupt.  A money market account however does not have any fixed interest rate. You get the same rate as the money market is doing minus a fee. It might even be negative sometimes so you lose money. But since there is no risk to the bank they charge a much lower fee then for a regular deposit account.","human_ref_B":"It's like a cross between a savings account, a checking account and a certificate of deposit.  It pays a bit better interest than a regular checking or savings, you are required to keep a higher balance,  you can write checks on it, but you are usually limited on the number of withdrawls\/checks in a given period.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":16887.0,"score_ratio":1.75}
{"post_id":"wfd3d8","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.72,"history":"Eli5: What is a money market bank account and what are the benefits of having one?","c_root_id_A":"iiudnsi","c_root_id_B":"iit8wrn","created_at_utc_A":1659567197,"created_at_utc_B":1659550068,"score_A":7,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"It's like a cross between a savings account, a checking account and a certificate of deposit.  It pays a bit better interest than a regular checking or savings, you are required to keep a higher balance,  you can write checks on it, but you are usually limited on the number of withdrawls\/checks in a given period.","human_ref_B":"It depends on your institution, but the distinctions are starting to fade over time.   Originally, a money market account is like a cross between a savings and checking account, you got interest like a savings account but could write checks and use a debit card like a checking account. You might also have regulations around how you transfer money into\/out of the account that are stricter with a savings account.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":17129.0,"score_ratio":2.3333333333}
{"post_id":"wfd3d8","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.72,"history":"Eli5: What is a money market bank account and what are the benefits of having one?","c_root_id_A":"iit8wrn","c_root_id_B":"iiugj6s","created_at_utc_A":1659550068,"created_at_utc_B":1659568488,"score_A":3,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"It depends on your institution, but the distinctions are starting to fade over time.   Originally, a money market account is like a cross between a savings and checking account, you got interest like a savings account but could write checks and use a debit card like a checking account. You might also have regulations around how you transfer money into\/out of the account that are stricter with a savings account.","human_ref_B":"Many years ago (say, the Reagan years), money markets were based on buying very short term debt - mostly treasuries - because they had higher interest rates than savings accounts. But the last decade or so, government bonds have had such low interest rates that money markets really had no advantage over regular savings. It will be interesting to see if money markets start coming back as interest rates continue to rise.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":18420.0,"score_ratio":1.3333333333}
{"post_id":"wfd3d8","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.72,"history":"Eli5: What is a money market bank account and what are the benefits of having one?","c_root_id_A":"iit8wrn","c_root_id_B":"iit9ill","created_at_utc_A":1659550068,"created_at_utc_B":1659550310,"score_A":3,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"It depends on your institution, but the distinctions are starting to fade over time.   Originally, a money market account is like a cross between a savings and checking account, you got interest like a savings account but could write checks and use a debit card like a checking account. You might also have regulations around how you transfer money into\/out of the account that are stricter with a savings account.","human_ref_B":"You might have heard about the stock market where stock brokers trade shares of the ownership of companies. The money market is a similar concept but the brokers are trading money. Not currency but different types of money such as promises to pay money in the future. This includes things like loans and company bonds. The money market is a lot more stable then the stock market and it is very rare that a bond does not return a profit. However this also means that the yields are not as high as in the stock market.  Banks will typically take your deposits and invest it on the money market. But this does expose them to some risk as while the money market is very stable it can sometimes go down, or at least not cover the deposit interest rate. So the bank will keep most of the profits from these money market investments for themselves. That allows them to take the occasional money market losses without going bankrupt.  A money market account however does not have any fixed interest rate. You get the same rate as the money market is doing minus a fee. It might even be negative sometimes so you lose money. But since there is no risk to the bank they charge a much lower fee then for a regular deposit account.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":242.0,"score_ratio":1.3333333333}
{"post_id":"cu43at","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.87,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How is spiciness processed by the body? how can one pepper be so much \"hotter\" than another? why does the taste produce a burning sensation?","c_root_id_A":"exr2kua","c_root_id_B":"exr6njf","created_at_utc_A":1566510329,"created_at_utc_B":1566512022,"score_A":3,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"Why spiciness creates a burning sensation is actually because it is your taste buds dying. Don't worry, they grow back after about two weeks. That is, however, the reason why if you continuously eat spicy food you don't really feel how spicy it is. However, if you stop for a while to let your tongue recover and then go back to it it will feel spicier than it did before.  *\\[edit\\] take the above paragraph with a pinch of salt as what I learned may have been erroneous, and I apologize for perpetuating information that may not have been wholly correct. I thank those who have corrected me below except those who obviously cannot keep a civil tone, you know who you are.*  Why some peppers are hotter than others is because of how high capsaicin content it has. That is the active chemical that is responsible for making peppers feel hot. The higher the level the spicier the food and the higher it rates on the Scoville grade for spicy food. However, other spicy compounds do exist, such as allyl isothiocyanate which is found in mustard, horse radish or wasabi. They have a very different kind of heat, one that hits you like a punch and then goes away rather quickly, as opposed to peppers which can linger for a long time.","human_ref_B":"Each taste bud in your tongue is covered with loads of receptors, but the receptors don't just sense tastes. There are receptors for texture, temperature, temperature changes, and chemical damage etc. There are many different receptors to enable us to sense many different stimuli and many of the receptors can be activated by more than one thing. (Imagine a lock that is built to open to a couple of different keys without knowing what the keys might be shaped like).   One receptor is the VR1 receptor. It seems to primarily be geared toward damage to help us protect our tongue. It can be activated by acid or high temperatures, and when it is activated our brains interpret is as burning pain. As a fluke, peppers have a chemical in them which binds to the VR1 receptor. Because this receptor is made for sensing damage, your brain can only interpret the signals it sends as damage.   But capsaicin is not damaging the receptor just by binding to it. The reason someone becomes desensitized to capsaicin over prolonged exposure is because the receptor stops responding to it as much, so more capsaicin is needed to get the message through.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1693.0,"score_ratio":2.6666666667}
{"post_id":"s671mv","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.85,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why are we able to develop lifelong immunity to some infectious diseases like measles but not others like syphilis, gonorrhea, or throat infections\/strep throat? Does our immune system not work with STDs? I am learning about our immune system and how our antibodies work. I don't understand what happens in which we are able to get re-infected with certain infectious disease if we should have immunity. Im guessing our immune system just doesn't work properly against these infections?","c_root_id_A":"ht2cj2c","c_root_id_B":"ht2antx","created_at_utc_A":1642442360,"created_at_utc_B":1642441660,"score_A":5,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"What I'm reading here is not exactly correct and more importantly does not correctly answer your question. Bacteria and viruses *can both* be candidates for lifelong immunity or limited\/no lasting immunity. The reasons for this come down to antigenic variation- ie the ID tags that the bacteria\/virus carry that your body use to identify it. Basically some viruses and bacteria are stable in design. They look the same. Measles is measles is measles (To be comprehensive, over 20 types of measles have been identified per the WHO, but they all show the same ID tags, so our body recognizes them as all the same). However, some bacteria or viruses have lots and lots of variations of ID tags, often ones that recombine and mix together to make new ones (This is where the seasonal flu comes from) (Sometimes the genetics of species specific strains mix and create those really really bad flu outbreaks like the \"swine flue\" and \"bird flu\" pandemics that happens years ago.)  With Neisseria gonorrhoeae, it regularly changes its ID tags (It's pili genes get spliced into new, novel ones). The end result is that every gonorrhea infection is unique. Or at least unique enough that you haven't had it before. I've never looked into just how many variations of pili antigens it can express but safe to say its way more than the number of times any given human would contract gonorrhea (I hope....). The viruses that cause Hepatitis C work the same way. They regularly change their external ID tags so that our bodies can't recognize them if they were to infect us again (though Hep C tends to be a very chronic disease). This is the main reason there is no effective vaccine for Hep C (but there is for A and B).  Syphilis is an interesting one. I had to read a little bit to answer but in layman's terms. Syphilis is hard to study, incredibly invasive, and also has enough genetic variation that making a vaccine is challenging (but not impossible), however, because it responds so well to penicillin, need for a vaccine is lessened so it's taken a bit of a back seat. Someone can feel free to correct me if I'm wrong. Additionally, regarding syphilis, it can establish a 'latent infection' in your body, essentially hiding for a time and then returning with a vengeance. While this means nothing on its own, it does speak to the resilience syphilis has as a bacteria and its ability to evade your immune system. I think an easy way to think about this is that something that can hide in the belly of the beast can certainly find its way in again. Common herpes viruses work the same way. If you have chicken pox as a kid, that virus never goes away, it hides in your nerves and can come back out as shingles when you are older.  Finally, with Strep throat (which is caused by a group of bacteria called \"group A streptococcus,\" it's the similar issue to gonorrhea. The virus has too many subtypes, too many ID tags, and can change its ID tags over time. You never heard of a kid getting strep throat 200+ times. But that's what it would take to become immune to all the versions of it, rendering you properly \"immune\" to strep throat.  As bonus, the common cold works the same way. Typically caused by a class of viruses called rhinoviruses, there's simply way way too many types floating around, all carrying different ID tags so your body doesn't recognize them as the same punk kids who tried to sneak into the bar with fakes just last month. If someone caught the common cold enough times, you'd probably eventually become immune to all of them (assuming your immune system is healthy).  This in part explains the admittedly anecdotal phenomenon I've heard told time and time again by my medicine colleagues that pediatricians that just start out practice tend to get sick a lot in their first year of practice but then slowly stop getting sick over time. They see a bunch of kids with colds and other viruses and catch them themselves, but as they practice over time, they start to have caught most of the ones endemic to the area and so get sick very rarely. Hence many stories of the 70 year old pediatrician picking up sneezing, slobbering sick children and not getting sick while the new blood keeps their distance, washes their hands carefully and still gets it.  Anyways, hope that helps.  Edit: Clarity and a missing clause.","human_ref_B":"The short answer is : it has to do with your memory B cells and memory T cells, probably  The long answer : whenever our immune system comes in contact with a pathogen (disease causing micro-organism), neutrophils and lymphocytes ( among other WBCs) come into action and depending on the type of pathogen (bacteria vs virus) different cells come into play.  Neutrophils are fast acting and \u2018eat\u2019 (phagocytose) the foreign organism quickly and without any specificity IF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IS ABLE TO DETECT IT EARLY( will come back to this part later) \u2014\u2014 so it is called innate immunity.  Lymphocytes (both B and T) forms what we call active\/adaptive immunity. If exposed to a very specific pathogen (or a part of it\/its product called an antigen) they form antibodies which attack the said pathogen. Now the thing about these lymphocytes, when exposed to an antigen in a sufficient amount (by natural infection or vaccination) a small portion of them instead of forming antibody cells, form what we call memory cells which remembers that specific antigen\/pathogen and if encounters it again produces a MASSIVE response that the person won\u2019t even feel a little sick.  It just so happens that against measles, mumps and certain viruses these lymphocytes have a tendency to form more memory cells as compared to infections with bacteria like syphilis, gonorrhea and strep. Now why these memory cells choose to form memory cells for some pathogens and not others comes down to genetics and the individual\u2019s physiology.  The thing is and this is where speculation comes in ,bacterial infections (syphilis, strep, etc) don\u2019t really need these energy expensive memory cells because they are easy to detect and kill because they are living cells with easily detectable biological processes and life cycle and the way they cause the disease, so it\u2019s a lot easier to just attack them randomly with neutrophils and hence the immunity is short lasting and re-infection with the same strain might occur and different bacteria have some similarities in their structure so fast, non-specific approach works.  Viruses on the other hand are non-living until they infect a host cell when they become alive and part of the cell\/body they infected (us), since viruses assimilate their DNA into our cells it might have been harder for the immune system to detect that something is off or wrong because well the cell the virus infected TECHNICALLY belongs to us and by the time the immune system kicks in, virus has multiplied a lot and have killed the cell and spread to other parts through blood.   So evolutionarily, it might have made sense to save these memory cells for these kind of viruses\/pathogens that are not detectable easily, so if and when they get detected, the response is strong. Also, it might also be possible we keep getting infected with these from time to time and each time the memory cell kick in and kill them before we even get sick and the immunity kinda resets.  As I said it\u2019s mostly speculation after the genetics of the memory cells part. But these are my thoughts  Hope this helps, feel free to ask any questions:)","labels":1,"seconds_difference":700.0,"score_ratio":1.25}
{"post_id":"2dj3qg","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If the Stratocaster '57 and '62 were so legendary, and still today are so coveted, why don't they just manufacture their guitars in the same way they did back in 1957 and 1962?","c_root_id_A":"cjq4ysu","c_root_id_B":"cjqaprp","created_at_utc_A":1408033344,"created_at_utc_B":1408043409,"score_A":110,"score_B":263,"human_ref_A":"Some of the wood used in the 50's by Gibson was old, like from around when the company first started in the early 1900's.  I've heard that that the old growth wood in the 50's guitars may have been from a couple hundred year old trees already.  The lacquer the earlier luthiers used, nitrocellulose, was abandoned for cheaper methods but appears to be making a comeback.    I had a '03 Les Paul Rossington, aged by Tom Murphy, that felt so much like a vintage guitar, it was scary.  Even the smell was there.","human_ref_B":"I spent a year after college working at a high-end guitar store, where we sometimes sold instruments for five figures.     I see a lot of explanations in this thread that could cover just about any \"vintage\" item, but nothing that is targeting Electric Guitars and Fender in general.  So three things happened: technology got \"better\", Rock and Roll got very popular, and good guitar wood became more scarce. The critical year is actually 1965. Before that year, pretty much all Fenders ( and Gibsons ) were mostly made by hand. This included the pickups ( which were mostly hand-wound ), and the internal electric connections for your pots ( volume dials ).   When Rock and Roll got popular in the 60s, Fender and Gibson looked to capitalize, and industrialize their guitar making process. This necessitated two things:  1) Parts had to get cheaper ( wood, pickups, and electronics ). 2) Certain parts had to be swapped out because they couldn't be installed by a machine.  All of that would have been fine, however, when Fender and Gibson made the \"industrial switch\", they didn't keep a super-primo version of their guitars around. They ended up firing a lot of luthiers. This actually resulted in them FORGETTING certain processes that they used to make their guitars. And their guitars pretty much declined universally across the board in quality as a result, opening up the path for brands like PRS to dominate in the 80s and 90s. They have since realized their error, and newer Fender customs are close in quality to the ancient excellence.  EDIT: I forgot to explain the wood part, which is a little tangential to the above \"industrial process\" argument. So the first thing to keep in mind is that when you move to an industrial process in guitar-making, a lot of the selective pickiness that luthiers could employ in the past was no longer financially viable. You see each piece of wood used to be a part of a living being, and each living tree has a different cell structure. This corresponds to different \"wood densities\" in guitar bodies. These different densities naturally produce and sustain different sounds. Some have a wide range and are great for guitars. Some are actually full of \"dead spots\" and are sonically poor. This actually mostly remains true today! We still don't have machines that can analyze a big block of wood to find out where the \"perfect\" cuts for guitars are. It's actually for this reason that you can get what I like to call an \"Acci-strat\", or a Mexican or Chinese produced guitar that sounds incredible.     In addition, conservation efforts over the years have made it more difficult ( and rightly so ) to obtain some of the \"best\" woods for guitar making. Brazillian rosewood, for example, was used in a vast majority of guitars before its import was severely restricted in the 70s. When rosewood became scarcer, it also became more expensive, and started becoming exclusively used for acoustic guitars, where it \"mattered\" more. Even domestic woods, like Spruce, Alder, and Maple became harder to get as lumber supply got scarcer. Companies then began to switch to using \"exotic\" ( read: cheaper and more available ) woods like Swamp Ash, and it took them a while to figure out how to cure the woods to produce similar sounds.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":10065.0,"score_ratio":2.3909090909}
{"post_id":"2dj3qg","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If the Stratocaster '57 and '62 were so legendary, and still today are so coveted, why don't they just manufacture their guitars in the same way they did back in 1957 and 1962?","c_root_id_A":"cjqaprp","c_root_id_B":"cjq9qw3","created_at_utc_A":1408043409,"created_at_utc_B":1408041722,"score_A":263,"score_B":26,"human_ref_A":"I spent a year after college working at a high-end guitar store, where we sometimes sold instruments for five figures.     I see a lot of explanations in this thread that could cover just about any \"vintage\" item, but nothing that is targeting Electric Guitars and Fender in general.  So three things happened: technology got \"better\", Rock and Roll got very popular, and good guitar wood became more scarce. The critical year is actually 1965. Before that year, pretty much all Fenders ( and Gibsons ) were mostly made by hand. This included the pickups ( which were mostly hand-wound ), and the internal electric connections for your pots ( volume dials ).   When Rock and Roll got popular in the 60s, Fender and Gibson looked to capitalize, and industrialize their guitar making process. This necessitated two things:  1) Parts had to get cheaper ( wood, pickups, and electronics ). 2) Certain parts had to be swapped out because they couldn't be installed by a machine.  All of that would have been fine, however, when Fender and Gibson made the \"industrial switch\", they didn't keep a super-primo version of their guitars around. They ended up firing a lot of luthiers. This actually resulted in them FORGETTING certain processes that they used to make their guitars. And their guitars pretty much declined universally across the board in quality as a result, opening up the path for brands like PRS to dominate in the 80s and 90s. They have since realized their error, and newer Fender customs are close in quality to the ancient excellence.  EDIT: I forgot to explain the wood part, which is a little tangential to the above \"industrial process\" argument. So the first thing to keep in mind is that when you move to an industrial process in guitar-making, a lot of the selective pickiness that luthiers could employ in the past was no longer financially viable. You see each piece of wood used to be a part of a living being, and each living tree has a different cell structure. This corresponds to different \"wood densities\" in guitar bodies. These different densities naturally produce and sustain different sounds. Some have a wide range and are great for guitars. Some are actually full of \"dead spots\" and are sonically poor. This actually mostly remains true today! We still don't have machines that can analyze a big block of wood to find out where the \"perfect\" cuts for guitars are. It's actually for this reason that you can get what I like to call an \"Acci-strat\", or a Mexican or Chinese produced guitar that sounds incredible.     In addition, conservation efforts over the years have made it more difficult ( and rightly so ) to obtain some of the \"best\" woods for guitar making. Brazillian rosewood, for example, was used in a vast majority of guitars before its import was severely restricted in the 70s. When rosewood became scarcer, it also became more expensive, and started becoming exclusively used for acoustic guitars, where it \"mattered\" more. Even domestic woods, like Spruce, Alder, and Maple became harder to get as lumber supply got scarcer. Companies then began to switch to using \"exotic\" ( read: cheaper and more available ) woods like Swamp Ash, and it took them a while to figure out how to cure the woods to produce similar sounds.","human_ref_B":"I am a luthier who builds custom solid body electrics (www.Stinnettguitars.com), so I can speak with some authority I believe.  It's simple...most of the time. A whole lot of people are more impressed with what they're told about an instrument or what they believe to be true about that instrument rather than what they actually experience when playing it. The \"vibe\" you get from a guitar goes a long way toward determining how much you enjoy playing it, and as a result, how much you appreciate its sound - or how you \"interpret\" its sound. I use that word because you could take two guitars that sounded completely identical, one of them a vintage fender and one a Korean knockoff and interpret them differently. One might describe the knockoff as sounding \"sterile and lifeless\", but describe the fender as \"drenched in character' or something silly like that.   But for all of the BS that constitutes 99% of this argument, there is some truth to be found in there somewhere. I just don't have time to talk about it right now....maybe later!","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1687.0,"score_ratio":10.1153846154}
{"post_id":"2dj3qg","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If the Stratocaster '57 and '62 were so legendary, and still today are so coveted, why don't they just manufacture their guitars in the same way they did back in 1957 and 1962?","c_root_id_A":"cjq9abq","c_root_id_B":"cjqaprp","created_at_utc_A":1408040911,"created_at_utc_B":1408043409,"score_A":22,"score_B":263,"human_ref_A":"Ex-Vintage Guitar Store employee here!  I am surprised no one has mentioned one of the biggest reasons why any Fender guitar from 1964 or older is so desirable.   In 1965 Leo Fender sold Fender guitars to CBS (Yep, 2 Broke Girls and Big Bang Theory CBS).   While this helped push the Fender brand to new heights, it is also widely regarded that the quality of the instrument went down as well.  This adds to the collectablity of the instrument.   You could also say the same thing for Gibson Guitar's and their more desirable Patent Applied For (PAF) Pickups! Collectors go nuts for those!","human_ref_B":"I spent a year after college working at a high-end guitar store, where we sometimes sold instruments for five figures.     I see a lot of explanations in this thread that could cover just about any \"vintage\" item, but nothing that is targeting Electric Guitars and Fender in general.  So three things happened: technology got \"better\", Rock and Roll got very popular, and good guitar wood became more scarce. The critical year is actually 1965. Before that year, pretty much all Fenders ( and Gibsons ) were mostly made by hand. This included the pickups ( which were mostly hand-wound ), and the internal electric connections for your pots ( volume dials ).   When Rock and Roll got popular in the 60s, Fender and Gibson looked to capitalize, and industrialize their guitar making process. This necessitated two things:  1) Parts had to get cheaper ( wood, pickups, and electronics ). 2) Certain parts had to be swapped out because they couldn't be installed by a machine.  All of that would have been fine, however, when Fender and Gibson made the \"industrial switch\", they didn't keep a super-primo version of their guitars around. They ended up firing a lot of luthiers. This actually resulted in them FORGETTING certain processes that they used to make their guitars. And their guitars pretty much declined universally across the board in quality as a result, opening up the path for brands like PRS to dominate in the 80s and 90s. They have since realized their error, and newer Fender customs are close in quality to the ancient excellence.  EDIT: I forgot to explain the wood part, which is a little tangential to the above \"industrial process\" argument. So the first thing to keep in mind is that when you move to an industrial process in guitar-making, a lot of the selective pickiness that luthiers could employ in the past was no longer financially viable. You see each piece of wood used to be a part of a living being, and each living tree has a different cell structure. This corresponds to different \"wood densities\" in guitar bodies. These different densities naturally produce and sustain different sounds. Some have a wide range and are great for guitars. Some are actually full of \"dead spots\" and are sonically poor. This actually mostly remains true today! We still don't have machines that can analyze a big block of wood to find out where the \"perfect\" cuts for guitars are. It's actually for this reason that you can get what I like to call an \"Acci-strat\", or a Mexican or Chinese produced guitar that sounds incredible.     In addition, conservation efforts over the years have made it more difficult ( and rightly so ) to obtain some of the \"best\" woods for guitar making. Brazillian rosewood, for example, was used in a vast majority of guitars before its import was severely restricted in the 70s. When rosewood became scarcer, it also became more expensive, and started becoming exclusively used for acoustic guitars, where it \"mattered\" more. Even domestic woods, like Spruce, Alder, and Maple became harder to get as lumber supply got scarcer. Companies then began to switch to using \"exotic\" ( read: cheaper and more available ) woods like Swamp Ash, and it took them a while to figure out how to cure the woods to produce similar sounds.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":2498.0,"score_ratio":11.9545454545}
{"post_id":"2dj3qg","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If the Stratocaster '57 and '62 were so legendary, and still today are so coveted, why don't they just manufacture their guitars in the same way they did back in 1957 and 1962?","c_root_id_A":"cjq9abq","c_root_id_B":"cjq9qw3","created_at_utc_A":1408040911,"created_at_utc_B":1408041722,"score_A":22,"score_B":26,"human_ref_A":"Ex-Vintage Guitar Store employee here!  I am surprised no one has mentioned one of the biggest reasons why any Fender guitar from 1964 or older is so desirable.   In 1965 Leo Fender sold Fender guitars to CBS (Yep, 2 Broke Girls and Big Bang Theory CBS).   While this helped push the Fender brand to new heights, it is also widely regarded that the quality of the instrument went down as well.  This adds to the collectablity of the instrument.   You could also say the same thing for Gibson Guitar's and their more desirable Patent Applied For (PAF) Pickups! Collectors go nuts for those!","human_ref_B":"I am a luthier who builds custom solid body electrics (www.Stinnettguitars.com), so I can speak with some authority I believe.  It's simple...most of the time. A whole lot of people are more impressed with what they're told about an instrument or what they believe to be true about that instrument rather than what they actually experience when playing it. The \"vibe\" you get from a guitar goes a long way toward determining how much you enjoy playing it, and as a result, how much you appreciate its sound - or how you \"interpret\" its sound. I use that word because you could take two guitars that sounded completely identical, one of them a vintage fender and one a Korean knockoff and interpret them differently. One might describe the knockoff as sounding \"sterile and lifeless\", but describe the fender as \"drenched in character' or something silly like that.   But for all of the BS that constitutes 99% of this argument, there is some truth to be found in there somewhere. I just don't have time to talk about it right now....maybe later!","labels":0,"seconds_difference":811.0,"score_ratio":1.1818181818}
{"post_id":"b1nxs8","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do humans tend to increase the tempo when clapping, chanting, or keeping the beat?","c_root_id_A":"ein84ct","c_root_id_B":"ein93s0","created_at_utc_A":1552714421,"created_at_utc_B":1552715635,"score_A":68,"score_B":321,"human_ref_A":"The human brain keeps many \u201ctempos\u201d in and throughout our body. This typically applies to things we do unconsciously, such as our heartbeat, or things that we do semi-consciously, like our walking pace.  You know how your heart beat gets faster when you get excited? Typically all of the internal tempos in our brain start moving faster or slower depending on emotional state.  Songs that usually provoke clapping and chanting cause us to be excited, which is an emotional state that increases heart rate and other internal tempos.  One of the most difficult things for musicians to learn isn\u2019t a brand new song, but rather how to keep correct tempos among songs for just this reason. We use metronomes when learning music to attempt to override our internal tempos, because those internal tempos if untrained may increase or decrease depending on how comfortable they may be with different parts of songs.","human_ref_B":"Maybe another thing to consider is that slower tempos in general are harder to perform than faster.  The slower the tempo the greater the space in between each note.  That space is much more difficult to negotiate at 30 bpm than at 180 bpm.  We naturally move up to a more comfortable tempo that we don't feel like we're almost guessing at from one beat to the next because it's so slow.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1214.0,"score_ratio":4.7205882353}
{"post_id":"b1nxs8","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do humans tend to increase the tempo when clapping, chanting, or keeping the beat?","c_root_id_A":"ein82s1","c_root_id_B":"ein93s0","created_at_utc_A":1552714369,"created_at_utc_B":1552715635,"score_A":28,"score_B":321,"human_ref_A":"Musicians learn to mentally subdivide a beat into smaller divisions, which makes it easier to keep a steady tempo. This is especially important with slower tempos. Instead of counting \u201c1, 2, 3, 4,\u201d we count \u201c1  e & a, 2 e & a...\u201d (or something similar). Always thinking of the subdivisions keeps you from compressing the beats and speeding up. I don\u2019t think non-musicians necessarily do this, which may account for the speeding up with group clapping.","human_ref_B":"Maybe another thing to consider is that slower tempos in general are harder to perform than faster.  The slower the tempo the greater the space in between each note.  That space is much more difficult to negotiate at 30 bpm than at 180 bpm.  We naturally move up to a more comfortable tempo that we don't feel like we're almost guessing at from one beat to the next because it's so slow.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1266.0,"score_ratio":11.4642857143}
{"post_id":"b1nxs8","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do humans tend to increase the tempo when clapping, chanting, or keeping the beat?","c_root_id_A":"ein84ct","c_root_id_B":"ein82s1","created_at_utc_A":1552714421,"created_at_utc_B":1552714369,"score_A":68,"score_B":28,"human_ref_A":"The human brain keeps many \u201ctempos\u201d in and throughout our body. This typically applies to things we do unconsciously, such as our heartbeat, or things that we do semi-consciously, like our walking pace.  You know how your heart beat gets faster when you get excited? Typically all of the internal tempos in our brain start moving faster or slower depending on emotional state.  Songs that usually provoke clapping and chanting cause us to be excited, which is an emotional state that increases heart rate and other internal tempos.  One of the most difficult things for musicians to learn isn\u2019t a brand new song, but rather how to keep correct tempos among songs for just this reason. We use metronomes when learning music to attempt to override our internal tempos, because those internal tempos if untrained may increase or decrease depending on how comfortable they may be with different parts of songs.","human_ref_B":"Musicians learn to mentally subdivide a beat into smaller divisions, which makes it easier to keep a steady tempo. This is especially important with slower tempos. Instead of counting \u201c1, 2, 3, 4,\u201d we count \u201c1  e & a, 2 e & a...\u201d (or something similar). Always thinking of the subdivisions keeps you from compressing the beats and speeding up. I don\u2019t think non-musicians necessarily do this, which may account for the speeding up with group clapping.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":52.0,"score_ratio":2.4285714286}
{"post_id":"b1nxs8","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.93,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why do humans tend to increase the tempo when clapping, chanting, or keeping the beat?","c_root_id_A":"eind8at","c_root_id_B":"ein82s1","created_at_utc_A":1552721766,"created_at_utc_B":1552714369,"score_A":31,"score_B":28,"human_ref_A":"Drummer here. It\u2019s our heartbeats. As we keep tempo, we get more excited, our heartbeat increases, and we start to increase how fast we perform. This is why metronomes are helpful and why some drummers listen to metronomes during live performances. Our tempo can\u2019t always be trusted naturally.","human_ref_B":"Musicians learn to mentally subdivide a beat into smaller divisions, which makes it easier to keep a steady tempo. This is especially important with slower tempos. Instead of counting \u201c1, 2, 3, 4,\u201d we count \u201c1  e & a, 2 e & a...\u201d (or something similar). Always thinking of the subdivisions keeps you from compressing the beats and speeding up. I don\u2019t think non-musicians necessarily do this, which may account for the speeding up with group clapping.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":7397.0,"score_ratio":1.1071428571}
{"post_id":"uwdjjs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.69,"history":"eli5 if maps are inaccurate because we can't project spheres on 2d planes. what happens if we actually decide to map the earth \"by hand\"? Like let's say that we start on the cape of goodwill for example and follow the coast.   Represent each 1km with 1mm for example on our map (map size isn't a problem just for the sake of the argument). Getting the directions of drawing off a compass exactly. And just walk around all the coasts of the world.  What type of map do we end up with in this hypothetical?","c_root_id_A":"i9r2138","c_root_id_B":"i9r1pe3","created_at_utc_A":1653353230,"created_at_utc_B":1653353074,"score_A":22,"score_B":13,"human_ref_A":"Start at north pole. Walk 100km due south. Draw a 100mm line on your map. Turn 90 degrees left. Walk due east 100km. Draw a 100mm perpendicular to the first. Turn 90 degrees left and walk due north again. You are now at north pole again, but the map says you are 100km from north pole.","human_ref_B":"How do you intend to transcribe your motion onto paper?  By simple angle change?  The allow me to give you a simple path that should demonstrate the problem. You start at the north pole, and follow the prime meridian south. You turn 90 degrees left at the equator, and travel a quarter of the way around the Earth. You then turn left 90 degrees again, and walk another quarter.  You're back at the north pole, having followed a 'triangular' path. Each corner is 90 degrees. If you were to draw this path on flat paper, your map would have two north poles on it. Your path would look like 3 sides of a square, since each corner is 90 degrees, and each side would be 10 meters long. Your start point and end point were both the north pole, but on paper they're a quarter world (10 meters) apart.  If you were to try and trace a country using this system, walking its border, you would walk the full length and your drawing on paper would not be a full loop; your start and end points would be in different spots on your paper despite them being in the same place on Earth.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":156.0,"score_ratio":1.6923076923}
{"post_id":"uwdjjs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.69,"history":"eli5 if maps are inaccurate because we can't project spheres on 2d planes. what happens if we actually decide to map the earth \"by hand\"? Like let's say that we start on the cape of goodwill for example and follow the coast.   Represent each 1km with 1mm for example on our map (map size isn't a problem just for the sake of the argument). Getting the directions of drawing off a compass exactly. And just walk around all the coasts of the world.  What type of map do we end up with in this hypothetical?","c_root_id_A":"i9r2138","c_root_id_B":"i9qu6jv","created_at_utc_A":1653353230,"created_at_utc_B":1653349338,"score_A":22,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"Start at north pole. Walk 100km due south. Draw a 100mm line on your map. Turn 90 degrees left. Walk due east 100km. Draw a 100mm perpendicular to the first. Turn 90 degrees left and walk due north again. You are now at north pole again, but the map says you are 100km from north pole.","human_ref_B":"A globe happens when you keep everything to scale. You can't represent curved surfaces correctly proportioned on a flat plane","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3892.0,"score_ratio":11.0}
{"post_id":"uwdjjs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.69,"history":"eli5 if maps are inaccurate because we can't project spheres on 2d planes. what happens if we actually decide to map the earth \"by hand\"? Like let's say that we start on the cape of goodwill for example and follow the coast.   Represent each 1km with 1mm for example on our map (map size isn't a problem just for the sake of the argument). Getting the directions of drawing off a compass exactly. And just walk around all the coasts of the world.  What type of map do we end up with in this hypothetical?","c_root_id_A":"i9r2138","c_root_id_B":"i9qv93b","created_at_utc_A":1653353230,"created_at_utc_B":1653349868,"score_A":22,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"Start at north pole. Walk 100km due south. Draw a 100mm line on your map. Turn 90 degrees left. Walk due east 100km. Draw a 100mm perpendicular to the first. Turn 90 degrees left and walk due north again. You are now at north pole again, but the map says you are 100km from north pole.","human_ref_B":"How would your map deal with hills or mountains?","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3362.0,"score_ratio":7.3333333333}
{"post_id":"uwdjjs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.69,"history":"eli5 if maps are inaccurate because we can't project spheres on 2d planes. what happens if we actually decide to map the earth \"by hand\"? Like let's say that we start on the cape of goodwill for example and follow the coast.   Represent each 1km with 1mm for example on our map (map size isn't a problem just for the sake of the argument). Getting the directions of drawing off a compass exactly. And just walk around all the coasts of the world.  What type of map do we end up with in this hypothetical?","c_root_id_A":"i9quvqd","c_root_id_B":"i9qu6jv","created_at_utc_A":1653349688,"created_at_utc_B":1653349338,"score_A":22,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"If I'm reading you right, I think what you might end up with is something like an interrupted pseudocylindrical projection  https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Goode_homolosine_projection  If you accurately measure and draw everything to scale, then once you arrived \"back\" at the Cape of Good Hope, where you finished on the map would be wayyyyy off from where you started. You'd be sacrificing direction and orientation in favor of scale, and the only alternative would be to sacrifice scale in favor of direction\/orientation.","human_ref_B":"A globe happens when you keep everything to scale. You can't represent curved surfaces correctly proportioned on a flat plane","labels":1,"seconds_difference":350.0,"score_ratio":11.0}
{"post_id":"uwdjjs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.69,"history":"eli5 if maps are inaccurate because we can't project spheres on 2d planes. what happens if we actually decide to map the earth \"by hand\"? Like let's say that we start on the cape of goodwill for example and follow the coast.   Represent each 1km with 1mm for example on our map (map size isn't a problem just for the sake of the argument). Getting the directions of drawing off a compass exactly. And just walk around all the coasts of the world.  What type of map do we end up with in this hypothetical?","c_root_id_A":"i9qu6jv","c_root_id_B":"i9r1pe3","created_at_utc_A":1653349338,"created_at_utc_B":1653353074,"score_A":2,"score_B":13,"human_ref_A":"A globe happens when you keep everything to scale. You can't represent curved surfaces correctly proportioned on a flat plane","human_ref_B":"How do you intend to transcribe your motion onto paper?  By simple angle change?  The allow me to give you a simple path that should demonstrate the problem. You start at the north pole, and follow the prime meridian south. You turn 90 degrees left at the equator, and travel a quarter of the way around the Earth. You then turn left 90 degrees again, and walk another quarter.  You're back at the north pole, having followed a 'triangular' path. Each corner is 90 degrees. If you were to draw this path on flat paper, your map would have two north poles on it. Your path would look like 3 sides of a square, since each corner is 90 degrees, and each side would be 10 meters long. Your start point and end point were both the north pole, but on paper they're a quarter world (10 meters) apart.  If you were to try and trace a country using this system, walking its border, you would walk the full length and your drawing on paper would not be a full loop; your start and end points would be in different spots on your paper despite them being in the same place on Earth.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":3736.0,"score_ratio":6.5}
{"post_id":"uwdjjs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.69,"history":"eli5 if maps are inaccurate because we can't project spheres on 2d planes. what happens if we actually decide to map the earth \"by hand\"? Like let's say that we start on the cape of goodwill for example and follow the coast.   Represent each 1km with 1mm for example on our map (map size isn't a problem just for the sake of the argument). Getting the directions of drawing off a compass exactly. And just walk around all the coasts of the world.  What type of map do we end up with in this hypothetical?","c_root_id_A":"i9r1pe3","c_root_id_B":"i9qv93b","created_at_utc_A":1653353074,"created_at_utc_B":1653349868,"score_A":13,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"How do you intend to transcribe your motion onto paper?  By simple angle change?  The allow me to give you a simple path that should demonstrate the problem. You start at the north pole, and follow the prime meridian south. You turn 90 degrees left at the equator, and travel a quarter of the way around the Earth. You then turn left 90 degrees again, and walk another quarter.  You're back at the north pole, having followed a 'triangular' path. Each corner is 90 degrees. If you were to draw this path on flat paper, your map would have two north poles on it. Your path would look like 3 sides of a square, since each corner is 90 degrees, and each side would be 10 meters long. Your start point and end point were both the north pole, but on paper they're a quarter world (10 meters) apart.  If you were to try and trace a country using this system, walking its border, you would walk the full length and your drawing on paper would not be a full loop; your start and end points would be in different spots on your paper despite them being in the same place on Earth.","human_ref_B":"How would your map deal with hills or mountains?","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3206.0,"score_ratio":4.3333333333}
{"post_id":"uwdjjs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.69,"history":"eli5 if maps are inaccurate because we can't project spheres on 2d planes. what happens if we actually decide to map the earth \"by hand\"? Like let's say that we start on the cape of goodwill for example and follow the coast.   Represent each 1km with 1mm for example on our map (map size isn't a problem just for the sake of the argument). Getting the directions of drawing off a compass exactly. And just walk around all the coasts of the world.  What type of map do we end up with in this hypothetical?","c_root_id_A":"i9qu6jv","c_root_id_B":"i9qv93b","created_at_utc_A":1653349338,"created_at_utc_B":1653349868,"score_A":2,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"A globe happens when you keep everything to scale. You can't represent curved surfaces correctly proportioned on a flat plane","human_ref_B":"How would your map deal with hills or mountains?","labels":0,"seconds_difference":530.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"uwdjjs","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.69,"history":"eli5 if maps are inaccurate because we can't project spheres on 2d planes. what happens if we actually decide to map the earth \"by hand\"? Like let's say that we start on the cape of goodwill for example and follow the coast.   Represent each 1km with 1mm for example on our map (map size isn't a problem just for the sake of the argument). Getting the directions of drawing off a compass exactly. And just walk around all the coasts of the world.  What type of map do we end up with in this hypothetical?","c_root_id_A":"i9r2bj3","c_root_id_B":"i9qu6jv","created_at_utc_A":1653353369,"created_at_utc_B":1653349338,"score_A":3,"score_B":2,"human_ref_A":"Simply put, your method can't work.  In general, the line generated by traversing the coast of any continent wouldn't form a closed loop on the paper when you returned to your starting point.  As a simple example, imagine a three-sided continent that reaches a point at the north pole and two other points on the equator.  Two of its coast lines run due-north\/south and the third runs due east\/west.  Drawing those three lines on a flat piece of paper doesn't make a triangle.  Using the north pole is an extreme example but the same issue will occur for all the continents.  And think about what would happen if you tried to do Antarctica!","human_ref_B":"A globe happens when you keep everything to scale. You can't represent curved surfaces correctly proportioned on a flat plane","labels":1,"seconds_difference":4031.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"rdp7wh","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.9,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: What exactly happens when we feel the need to bounce our leg while sitting for too long?","c_root_id_A":"ho32tvu","c_root_id_B":"ho2x5go","created_at_utc_A":1639199232,"created_at_utc_B":1639196254,"score_A":84,"score_B":24,"human_ref_A":"The answers so far are either flat out false or too narrow.   If you do it a lot, it probably means you have RLS. It\u2019s a mild disorder where if you\u2019re not moving your legs you get a sense of discomfort, and shaking the leg removes that feeling. The cause is largely unknown, but iirc its genetic and worsened by caffeine for instance.   If you do it occasionally, it could be a form of self soothing. This happens to some people when they\u2019re stressed or when they\u2019re feeling anxious.   There are more causes to the leg-jig, but these are the most common as far as I know.","human_ref_B":"I bounce my leg as an anxiety outlet. Like fidgeting. Nothing to do with energy or how long I've been sitting.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2978.0,"score_ratio":3.5}
{"post_id":"rdp7wh","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.9,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: What exactly happens when we feel the need to bounce our leg while sitting for too long?","c_root_id_A":"ho32tvu","c_root_id_B":"ho2u7rm","created_at_utc_A":1639199232,"created_at_utc_B":1639194764,"score_A":84,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"The answers so far are either flat out false or too narrow.   If you do it a lot, it probably means you have RLS. It\u2019s a mild disorder where if you\u2019re not moving your legs you get a sense of discomfort, and shaking the leg removes that feeling. The cause is largely unknown, but iirc its genetic and worsened by caffeine for instance.   If you do it occasionally, it could be a form of self soothing. This happens to some people when they\u2019re stressed or when they\u2019re feeling anxious.   There are more causes to the leg-jig, but these are the most common as far as I know.","human_ref_B":"You\u2019re anxious either consciously or subconsciously, or you have more energy stored up than need and your brain is looking to do something with it. Your body needs to do something to exert that energy either to distract you from your anxiety or to expend the energy in order to satisfy your brain.  \u201cMe caveman. Have energy to hunt. Nothing to hunt or no current need to hunt. Me not go hunting, sit and talk with family, but brain still think \u2018hunt\u2019. Me need to do something\u201d *bounce bounce bounce bounce bounce*","labels":1,"seconds_difference":4468.0,"score_ratio":14.0}
{"post_id":"rdp7wh","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.9,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: What exactly happens when we feel the need to bounce our leg while sitting for too long?","c_root_id_A":"ho32tvu","c_root_id_B":"ho31v5d","created_at_utc_A":1639199232,"created_at_utc_B":1639198706,"score_A":84,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"The answers so far are either flat out false or too narrow.   If you do it a lot, it probably means you have RLS. It\u2019s a mild disorder where if you\u2019re not moving your legs you get a sense of discomfort, and shaking the leg removes that feeling. The cause is largely unknown, but iirc its genetic and worsened by caffeine for instance.   If you do it occasionally, it could be a form of self soothing. This happens to some people when they\u2019re stressed or when they\u2019re feeling anxious.   There are more causes to the leg-jig, but these are the most common as far as I know.","human_ref_B":"I'm very sensitive to vibrations - I can feel the house shaking from low planes flying overhead or freight trains passing nearby. Or the vibrations from the car engine. I've figured out that I bounce my knee because it masks those other vibrations so I don't feel them. There's probably more to it as well, but that's one thing I've noticed.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":526.0,"score_ratio":16.8}
{"post_id":"rdp7wh","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.9,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: What exactly happens when we feel the need to bounce our leg while sitting for too long?","c_root_id_A":"ho327sj","c_root_id_B":"ho32tvu","created_at_utc_A":1639198897,"created_at_utc_B":1639199232,"score_A":3,"score_B":84,"human_ref_A":"It can be a form of self-stimulation. Brains don\u2019t like to idle, they get bored and brains that are bored are uncomfortable, so our bodies do things to keep the brain entertained or calm. Plus, our bodies have evolved to be used, to go climb things and walk around and do all sorts of stuff we don\u2019t do so much of most of the time. Moving makes us feel better. Not moving means we\u2019re dead.","human_ref_B":"The answers so far are either flat out false or too narrow.   If you do it a lot, it probably means you have RLS. It\u2019s a mild disorder where if you\u2019re not moving your legs you get a sense of discomfort, and shaking the leg removes that feeling. The cause is largely unknown, but iirc its genetic and worsened by caffeine for instance.   If you do it occasionally, it could be a form of self soothing. This happens to some people when they\u2019re stressed or when they\u2019re feeling anxious.   There are more causes to the leg-jig, but these are the most common as far as I know.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":335.0,"score_ratio":28.0}
{"post_id":"rdp7wh","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.9,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: What exactly happens when we feel the need to bounce our leg while sitting for too long?","c_root_id_A":"ho2u7rm","c_root_id_B":"ho2x5go","created_at_utc_A":1639194764,"created_at_utc_B":1639196254,"score_A":6,"score_B":24,"human_ref_A":"You\u2019re anxious either consciously or subconsciously, or you have more energy stored up than need and your brain is looking to do something with it. Your body needs to do something to exert that energy either to distract you from your anxiety or to expend the energy in order to satisfy your brain.  \u201cMe caveman. Have energy to hunt. Nothing to hunt or no current need to hunt. Me not go hunting, sit and talk with family, but brain still think \u2018hunt\u2019. Me need to do something\u201d *bounce bounce bounce bounce bounce*","human_ref_B":"I bounce my leg as an anxiety outlet. Like fidgeting. Nothing to do with energy or how long I've been sitting.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1490.0,"score_ratio":4.0}
{"post_id":"idmpte","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.72,"history":"eli5: What does it actually mean when you \u201cburn\u201d fat? Are you literally melting it under your skin?","c_root_id_A":"g2a0y0q","c_root_id_B":"g2a02yl","created_at_utc_A":1597971764,"created_at_utc_B":1597971312,"score_A":15,"score_B":12,"human_ref_A":"The net chemical reaction is the same as what you'd get if you lit fat on fire - it's roughly C55H104O6 plus oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water.  The difference is, instead of that energy being released all at once as heat, in your cells it's done in a series of smaller steps and the energy is captured by other molecules so you don't get the big surge of heat like you would outside the body.","human_ref_B":"It \"burns\" in the sense that the fat, a mix of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen,   is converted to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).   So you lose most of your weight by *breathing* it out, which does seem a little bit like burning something up into smoke, doesn't it?","labels":1,"seconds_difference":452.0,"score_ratio":1.25}
{"post_id":"wdcf2v","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.9,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How exactly the symptom of rabies, the fear of water, the hydrophobia works? One of the rabies symptoms is a fear of water, also called a hydrophobia.  Wikipedia article on rabies even shows a diseased trying to drink water but still unable to.  My question is: how it works on the biological level? Is it happening in consciousness, subconsciousness, or where? How does the sickness knows the water is approaching the mouth? How? Can one trick the sickness by making person close their eyes? Or by putting water in a closed box and then moving it towards the patient? Etc?","c_root_id_A":"iihpild","c_root_id_B":"iihkx7s","created_at_utc_A":1659350141,"created_at_utc_B":1659346331,"score_A":146,"score_B":105,"human_ref_A":"The hydrophobic comes from the nerves in the throat being damaged. If anything touches the back of the throat; any water or saliva or food, all the muscles in the throat and neck suddenly tense up with maximum strength causing extreme pain and choking.  Because having anything in their mouth (including water) causes extreme pain, they can't drink and have to drool because even having saliva in their mouth will be incredibly painful.","human_ref_B":"I remember reading that it\u2019s not actually hydrophobia. The parasitic virus causes the host to experience extreme pain when trying to swallow anything. So it\u2019s a fear of pain from swallowing anything that the host experiences.  After reaching the brain the virus moves to the salivary glands and saliva where it waits to be transferred to another host.  The pain it creates from swallowing is to keep the mouth flooded with saliva so that the virus has the best chance of survival.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3810.0,"score_ratio":1.3904761905}
{"post_id":"wdcf2v","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.9,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How exactly the symptom of rabies, the fear of water, the hydrophobia works? One of the rabies symptoms is a fear of water, also called a hydrophobia.  Wikipedia article on rabies even shows a diseased trying to drink water but still unable to.  My question is: how it works on the biological level? Is it happening in consciousness, subconsciousness, or where? How does the sickness knows the water is approaching the mouth? How? Can one trick the sickness by making person close their eyes? Or by putting water in a closed box and then moving it towards the patient? Etc?","c_root_id_A":"iihpild","c_root_id_B":"iihjepc","created_at_utc_A":1659350141,"created_at_utc_B":1659345016,"score_A":146,"score_B":9,"human_ref_A":"The hydrophobic comes from the nerves in the throat being damaged. If anything touches the back of the throat; any water or saliva or food, all the muscles in the throat and neck suddenly tense up with maximum strength causing extreme pain and choking.  Because having anything in their mouth (including water) causes extreme pain, they can't drink and have to drool because even having saliva in their mouth will be incredibly painful.","human_ref_B":"Searching for 'hydrophobia' yields two earlier topics, of which \/r\/explainlikeimfive\/comments\/7n7g8i\/eli5_how_does_rabies_induce_hydrophobia\/ has a nice explanation that it just works on the muscles involved with swallowing. The hydrophobia is then developed autonomously by the victim.  Same way getting bitten by a dog can make you scared of dogs but that doesn't mean the bite itself had some biological\/neurological pathway directly to the brain to cause the fear, it's the person's observation and instinct that then forms this behavior.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":5125.0,"score_ratio":16.2222222222}
{"post_id":"wdcf2v","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.9,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How exactly the symptom of rabies, the fear of water, the hydrophobia works? One of the rabies symptoms is a fear of water, also called a hydrophobia.  Wikipedia article on rabies even shows a diseased trying to drink water but still unable to.  My question is: how it works on the biological level? Is it happening in consciousness, subconsciousness, or where? How does the sickness knows the water is approaching the mouth? How? Can one trick the sickness by making person close their eyes? Or by putting water in a closed box and then moving it towards the patient? Etc?","c_root_id_A":"iihjepc","c_root_id_B":"iihkx7s","created_at_utc_A":1659345016,"created_at_utc_B":1659346331,"score_A":9,"score_B":105,"human_ref_A":"Searching for 'hydrophobia' yields two earlier topics, of which \/r\/explainlikeimfive\/comments\/7n7g8i\/eli5_how_does_rabies_induce_hydrophobia\/ has a nice explanation that it just works on the muscles involved with swallowing. The hydrophobia is then developed autonomously by the victim.  Same way getting bitten by a dog can make you scared of dogs but that doesn't mean the bite itself had some biological\/neurological pathway directly to the brain to cause the fear, it's the person's observation and instinct that then forms this behavior.","human_ref_B":"I remember reading that it\u2019s not actually hydrophobia. The parasitic virus causes the host to experience extreme pain when trying to swallow anything. So it\u2019s a fear of pain from swallowing anything that the host experiences.  After reaching the brain the virus moves to the salivary glands and saliva where it waits to be transferred to another host.  The pain it creates from swallowing is to keep the mouth flooded with saliva so that the virus has the best chance of survival.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":1315.0,"score_ratio":11.6666666667}
{"post_id":"wdcf2v","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.9,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How exactly the symptom of rabies, the fear of water, the hydrophobia works? One of the rabies symptoms is a fear of water, also called a hydrophobia.  Wikipedia article on rabies even shows a diseased trying to drink water but still unable to.  My question is: how it works on the biological level? Is it happening in consciousness, subconsciousness, or where? How does the sickness knows the water is approaching the mouth? How? Can one trick the sickness by making person close their eyes? Or by putting water in a closed box and then moving it towards the patient? Etc?","c_root_id_A":"iij9wv2","c_root_id_B":"iii5ntx","created_at_utc_A":1659376379,"created_at_utc_B":1659359974,"score_A":9,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"Phobia isn't just fear, in this case it means aversion towards water.  It becomes very painful and so it is avoided.","human_ref_B":"The hydrophobia resulted from the rabies virus is due to esophageal spasming, which in turn causes the host to have an aversion to water or swallowing liquids in general.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":16405.0,"score_ratio":2.25}
{"post_id":"pbkc2f","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.73,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: if we have same tempature water and air, why does the water feel colder to the air when we go for a swim for example?","c_root_id_A":"hacippd","c_root_id_B":"hacbvm3","created_at_utc_A":1629928458,"created_at_utc_B":1629925592,"score_A":8,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"temperature and heat are not the same thing  heat your oven to 400 degrees and put a sheet of tin foil and a ceramic casserole dish in it  wait 30 minutes and take out the foil with your bare hands.  Toasty, maybe burns a little bit, but just little bit.    then grab the casserole dish with both hands.  After you get back from the ER and clean up the broken dish you dropped because it WAS SO DAMN HOT, consider:  both items were 400 degrees.  But the tinfoil was thin and did not have much mass so it did not contain that much heat energy.  The casserole dish is ceramic is dense and heavy and can contain a lot more heat energy  likewise water is denser than air and can contain more heat energy at the same temperature  conversely, water can also absorb a lot more heat energy than air at the same temperature","human_ref_B":"The cold feeling is the water taking your heat away with every interaction the molecules in the water have with your body. The air is a lot less dense and the molecules have a lot less interaction with your body than being submerged in a fluid like water. That\u2019s why it is also colder at the top of mount Everest than at see level, less air molecules per unit of volume at that altitude.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2866.0,"score_ratio":2.6666666667}
{"post_id":"pbkc2f","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.73,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: if we have same tempature water and air, why does the water feel colder to the air when we go for a swim for example?","c_root_id_A":"haccdxm","c_root_id_B":"hacbvm3","created_at_utc_A":1629925802,"created_at_utc_B":1629925592,"score_A":9,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"Our nerves don't actually sense the temperature of our surroundings. They are embedded in our flesh so technically they measure the temperature of our flesh, or more precisely the *change* in temperature of our flesh.  The speed of heat transfer varies depending on the difference in temperature between two objects; touching a hot stove for example will transfer heat into you much more quickly than one which is merely slightly warm. So our bodies recognize the temperature outside our flesh by gauging how quickly heat is transferred to or from the flesh in which the nerves reside.  Water has a much higher thermal conductivity than air (0.6 vs 0.025 W\/(m\u00b7K)) which is to say that heat transfers to and from water much more easily than via air. Air is a great insulator which is why we use fluffy things as insulation, as they trap air which doesn't conduct the heat very well.   So when you touch water heat leaves your body much more quickly than with air at the same temperature and your nerves will register this precipitous heat loss as implying a colder temperature. This phenomenon is the same as with touching metals as they tend to have high thermal conductivity, meaning metals will feel cooler despite being the same temperature as ambient.","human_ref_B":"The cold feeling is the water taking your heat away with every interaction the molecules in the water have with your body. The air is a lot less dense and the molecules have a lot less interaction with your body than being submerged in a fluid like water. That\u2019s why it is also colder at the top of mount Everest than at see level, less air molecules per unit of volume at that altitude.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":210.0,"score_ratio":3.0}
{"post_id":"9n92px","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.75,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: what is Law of Entropy (second law of thermodynamics)? Actually, explain like im three please","c_root_id_A":"e7kihmw","c_root_id_B":"e7kgsw5","created_at_utc_A":1539259750,"created_at_utc_B":1539257434,"score_A":5,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"In layman's terms, Entropy is the randomness or disorder of any system. And in the real world which we live in, you can say that any thing that needs some effort or work in order to be done, it definitely dissipates some form of energy into the surrounding area. This dissipation of energy increases the randomness of other particles around the said object, which we call the surrounding area, thus increasing the overall system's entropy. And this is essentially the second law of thermodynamics which says that for any system, entropy either stays constant or increases, but never decreases. As an example, think of a moving car. On applying brakes, I introduce a lot of friction between the road that the car is on and the tires of the car. This friction in turn causes heat dissipation into the surrounding area, thus increasing the energy of particles around it, even if it's by a small amount. And the more energy particles have, the more random they become, that is, the overall disorder increases implying 'entropy' has increased. Note that system here can be anything. It can be a hot glass of tea or a balloon filled with air or a moving car or anything. And anything else that is not the 'system' is the surroundings. Think of another example. Why does a hot cup of tea, kept in a surrounding area at room temperature, cool down and not get hotter? Intuition says that this does not happen, but why so? Here's where the second law comes in, which says that entropy can only increase, not decrease. So, if I assume that the hot tea absorbs heat(energy), this also means that the external surrounding has lost energy, thereby making the entire system's entropy reduce, which is not possible according to the second law. On the other hand, if I say that the tea loses heat, then the surrounding area absorbs this heat, thereby increasing entropy, which is fine by the second law and in accordance with what you see happening in real life. Essentially, the second law dictates in which direction any reaction will go in. Another example is a balloon filled with air. Over time, it deflates but not the other way around. It does not magically get air inside it unless you pump it up (use energy to do work). These were physical reactions where intuition is easily used to predict what will or will not happen. In chemical reactions, the second law helps a lot to determine whether a reaction between two things will actually happen or not based on calculations that can tell you if the entropy will increase or decrease.","human_ref_B":"Whenever energy exchange occurs some is lost in the process, it's unfortunately the law that makes perpetual motion machines theoretically impossible   Picture a full-to-the-brim glass of water, when you try to pour it into another glass some will inevitably spill over the side. Let's say the new glass matches the amount of water remaining perfectly, so it's once more filled to the brim, and you need to transfer it to yet another glass, losing a small amount and the cycle repeats again and again until there's simply too little water to reasonably transfer to another glass","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2316.0,"score_ratio":1.6666666667}
{"post_id":"9n92px","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.75,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: what is Law of Entropy (second law of thermodynamics)? Actually, explain like im three please","c_root_id_A":"e7ks9hl","c_root_id_B":"e7kz814","created_at_utc_A":1539269590,"created_at_utc_B":1539275345,"score_A":4,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"The current answers provide the macroscopic viewpoint of entropy (which was historically discovered first), so let me add the microscopic viewpoint, which I personally find more enlightening.  &#x200B;  Imagine you have an empty room with a wall in the middle. On one side is pure oxygen (O2). On the other is nitrogen (N2). Since these are gases, each molecule is zipping around with some random velocity. (You can also imagine a bunch of red and blue balls bouncing around, if you prefer). You remove the wall - what happens? In all likelihood, the gases begin to mix.  Because of the high, random velocities, this makes it extremely likely that some oxygen will move towards the nitrogen side, and vice versa. After a long enough time, the two gases should be entirely mixed (a homogenous mixture). This is an increase in entropy.  &#x200B;  Now, it's actually possible that after the gases are mixed, all the oxygen randomly moves to one side of the room while the nitrogen moves to the other, just due to their random velocities sending them in those directions. This would be a \\*decrease\\* in entropy. But this is extremely unlikely. Like, stupidly, ludicrously unlikely.  Even if you waited billions of years the chances would still be astronomically small. That's why entropy never decreases.","human_ref_B":"So entropy is a *weird* thermodynamic property that measures something. It's absolutely real (we can explicitly define and measure it mathematically), but we can't quite pin down precisely what it is, in layman's terms. Some say it's disorder, some say it's uselessness, some say it's decay, but ultimately it seems to defy understanding.  Ultimately, though; entropy is a thermodynamic quantity that is tied to the rate at which energy and \"order\" (for lack of a better word) is dissipated and made useless. Because entropy only ever seems to build up over time (as per the 2nd Law), so things tend towards a dissipated, useless state. Energy bleeds out into the background soup of the universe, and while it never actually goes away, it's no longer recoverable by any process.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":5755.0,"score_ratio":1.25}
{"post_id":"9n92px","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.75,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: what is Law of Entropy (second law of thermodynamics)? Actually, explain like im three please","c_root_id_A":"e7kgsw5","c_root_id_B":"e7ks9hl","created_at_utc_A":1539257434,"created_at_utc_B":1539269590,"score_A":3,"score_B":4,"human_ref_A":"Whenever energy exchange occurs some is lost in the process, it's unfortunately the law that makes perpetual motion machines theoretically impossible   Picture a full-to-the-brim glass of water, when you try to pour it into another glass some will inevitably spill over the side. Let's say the new glass matches the amount of water remaining perfectly, so it's once more filled to the brim, and you need to transfer it to yet another glass, losing a small amount and the cycle repeats again and again until there's simply too little water to reasonably transfer to another glass","human_ref_B":"The current answers provide the macroscopic viewpoint of entropy (which was historically discovered first), so let me add the microscopic viewpoint, which I personally find more enlightening.  &#x200B;  Imagine you have an empty room with a wall in the middle. On one side is pure oxygen (O2). On the other is nitrogen (N2). Since these are gases, each molecule is zipping around with some random velocity. (You can also imagine a bunch of red and blue balls bouncing around, if you prefer). You remove the wall - what happens? In all likelihood, the gases begin to mix.  Because of the high, random velocities, this makes it extremely likely that some oxygen will move towards the nitrogen side, and vice versa. After a long enough time, the two gases should be entirely mixed (a homogenous mixture). This is an increase in entropy.  &#x200B;  Now, it's actually possible that after the gases are mixed, all the oxygen randomly moves to one side of the room while the nitrogen moves to the other, just due to their random velocities sending them in those directions. This would be a \\*decrease\\* in entropy. But this is extremely unlikely. Like, stupidly, ludicrously unlikely.  Even if you waited billions of years the chances would still be astronomically small. That's why entropy never decreases.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":12156.0,"score_ratio":1.3333333333}
{"post_id":"9n92px","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.75,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: what is Law of Entropy (second law of thermodynamics)? Actually, explain like im three please","c_root_id_A":"e7kz814","c_root_id_B":"e7kgsw5","created_at_utc_A":1539275345,"created_at_utc_B":1539257434,"score_A":5,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"So entropy is a *weird* thermodynamic property that measures something. It's absolutely real (we can explicitly define and measure it mathematically), but we can't quite pin down precisely what it is, in layman's terms. Some say it's disorder, some say it's uselessness, some say it's decay, but ultimately it seems to defy understanding.  Ultimately, though; entropy is a thermodynamic quantity that is tied to the rate at which energy and \"order\" (for lack of a better word) is dissipated and made useless. Because entropy only ever seems to build up over time (as per the 2nd Law), so things tend towards a dissipated, useless state. Energy bleeds out into the background soup of the universe, and while it never actually goes away, it's no longer recoverable by any process.","human_ref_B":"Whenever energy exchange occurs some is lost in the process, it's unfortunately the law that makes perpetual motion machines theoretically impossible   Picture a full-to-the-brim glass of water, when you try to pour it into another glass some will inevitably spill over the side. Let's say the new glass matches the amount of water remaining perfectly, so it's once more filled to the brim, and you need to transfer it to yet another glass, losing a small amount and the cycle repeats again and again until there's simply too little water to reasonably transfer to another glass","labels":1,"seconds_difference":17911.0,"score_ratio":1.6666666667}
{"post_id":"7ryp93","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: What makes certain types of cardboard (like pizza boxes) un-recyclable?","c_root_id_A":"dt16urt","c_root_id_B":"dt0lai5","created_at_utc_A":1516576001,"created_at_utc_B":1516553516,"score_A":612,"score_B":514,"human_ref_A":"There is so many people giving away information on here that varies from city to city. Don't take any of it to heart CHECK YOUR CITY'S WEBSITE FOR RECYCLING INFORMATION. Just because the guy in Iowa can't recycle his soup cans\/milk cartons\/pizza box\/whatever doesn't mean your city can't.","human_ref_B":"From my understanding, the oils in foods causes problems for the recycling machinery and ruin the resultant pulp (the wet, soggy paper pieces) that end up getting dried and pressed into new sheets.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":22485.0,"score_ratio":1.1906614786}
{"post_id":"7ryp93","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: What makes certain types of cardboard (like pizza boxes) un-recyclable?","c_root_id_A":"dt0tecu","c_root_id_B":"dt16urt","created_at_utc_A":1516562735,"created_at_utc_B":1516576001,"score_A":123,"score_B":612,"human_ref_A":"The other thing that can make cardboard-like items (like milk cartons and oatmeal containers) is the thin layer of wax on the inside that keeps moisture in\/out.","human_ref_B":"There is so many people giving away information on here that varies from city to city. Don't take any of it to heart CHECK YOUR CITY'S WEBSITE FOR RECYCLING INFORMATION. Just because the guy in Iowa can't recycle his soup cans\/milk cartons\/pizza box\/whatever doesn't mean your city can't.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":13266.0,"score_ratio":4.9756097561}
{"post_id":"7ryp93","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.88,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: What makes certain types of cardboard (like pizza boxes) un-recyclable?","c_root_id_A":"dt0tlr4","c_root_id_B":"dt16urt","created_at_utc_A":1516562962,"created_at_utc_B":1516576001,"score_A":69,"score_B":612,"human_ref_A":"Another thing-if you are talking about frozen pizza boxes- those are sometimes wax coated, which also makes it hard to recycle, so not everywhere can take them.","human_ref_B":"There is so many people giving away information on here that varies from city to city. Don't take any of it to heart CHECK YOUR CITY'S WEBSITE FOR RECYCLING INFORMATION. Just because the guy in Iowa can't recycle his soup cans\/milk cartons\/pizza box\/whatever doesn't mean your city can't.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":13039.0,"score_ratio":8.8695652174}
{"post_id":"5siojz","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.73,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If electricity travels so fast, why does it take so long to charge a battery?","c_root_id_A":"ddff2p1","c_root_id_B":"ddfd2lc","created_at_utc_A":1486436793,"created_at_utc_B":1486434270,"score_A":36,"score_B":9,"human_ref_A":"You are thinking of charging a *capacitor,* which simply stores electric charge. It's incredibly fast, but doesn't hold a lot of energy per gram of equipment.  By contrast, a *battery* doesn't directly store electricity. Instead, it uses a chemical reaction to deliver electricity, and when recharging it runs this reaction in reverse (using energy to undo the chemical reaction). It's the movement of these chemicals that takes more time -- they don't move at the speed of electricity in a wire.","human_ref_B":"Because charging a battery is not just packing electricity into a box as fast as it can travel through a wire. It is causing a reversible chemical reaction which takes time and releases heat that can damage the battery itself.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":2523.0,"score_ratio":4.0}
{"post_id":"5siojz","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.73,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If electricity travels so fast, why does it take so long to charge a battery?","c_root_id_A":"ddff2p1","c_root_id_B":"ddfedh8","created_at_utc_A":1486436793,"created_at_utc_B":1486435868,"score_A":36,"score_B":8,"human_ref_A":"You are thinking of charging a *capacitor,* which simply stores electric charge. It's incredibly fast, but doesn't hold a lot of energy per gram of equipment.  By contrast, a *battery* doesn't directly store electricity. Instead, it uses a chemical reaction to deliver electricity, and when recharging it runs this reaction in reverse (using energy to undo the chemical reaction). It's the movement of these chemicals that takes more time -- they don't move at the speed of electricity in a wire.","human_ref_B":"The amount of energy going into the battery is limited as to not damage the cells. Imagine it like filling a balloon with water, you fill it slowly but consistently you'll be fine, however if you try to put too much water in too fast and you'll risk breaking the balloon","labels":1,"seconds_difference":925.0,"score_ratio":4.5}
{"post_id":"5siojz","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.73,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: If electricity travels so fast, why does it take so long to charge a battery?","c_root_id_A":"ddfq1jj","c_root_id_B":"ddfq9tu","created_at_utc_A":1486458250,"created_at_utc_B":1486458971,"score_A":2,"score_B":5,"human_ref_A":"If you think of a garden hose, when you turn the tap water comes out the other end instantly. The water did not travel the length of the hose in an instant, rather the water molecules push each other to create the flow. Electron flow of electricity acts in a similar way.","human_ref_B":"Actually the electricity travels slow.   It's the energy which travels fast.   Pipe full of tennis balls, where the balls are the electricity?  Push one ball into the pipe, and a different ball pops out of the far end.  Electricity is like pedaling a bike with a very loooong chain, and your rear wheel is at the end of a mile-long bike frame.   The chain is the electricity.  The bike wheel wheel still turns almost instantly as soon as you pedal.  In other words, all wires are already full of electricity, and \"charging\" a battery is only forcing electricity through it and back out again.   A battery is a chemically-powered electricity pump.  Charging a battery is converting some waste-products into the chemical fuel (it's usually a metal like zinc, lithium, lead.)  Battery charge rate, that's a separate issue.   Charging a battery is a bit like winding up an old-style watch or alarm clock.   You can turn the little winding key quite fast, but it still takes a whole lot of turns in order to wind the spring up all the way.  And if you spin it too fast, the gears will be damaged.  Hey, why don't we just charge batteries using much higher current?   After all, the more the amperes, the faster the battery drains out (and the faster it recharges.)    Only trouble is, batteries have a sort of \"internal friction.\"    If we run the electricity through them too quickly, they heat up inside.   That might be OK, but you take a chance in ruining the battery.  ALso, batteries are full of wet chemicals, and **don't let the water boil, or the battery will explode.**    That's where insurance companies come in.   In products for sale, the rate of charging is carefully controlled, and it's kept far from \"the edge.\"  Unsafe battery recharge, we might call it... \"edging?\"  To charge a battery at max rate, you'll want to have it right on the edge of a violent explosion.  (Cold water might help.)","labels":0,"seconds_difference":721.0,"score_ratio":2.5}
{"post_id":"sfo6wn","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.83,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do surgeons control bleeding at the point of incision? I cut my finger the other day and after an immediate bandage it occurred to me that I have no idea how surgeries are performed without significant blood loss.","c_root_id_A":"hur0m0u","c_root_id_B":"hurbr4l","created_at_utc_A":1643481610,"created_at_utc_B":1643486123,"score_A":27,"score_B":37,"human_ref_A":"Other comment is correct. There is also a tool called a harmonic scalpel that has a heated blade that cauterizes as it cuts.","human_ref_B":"1: Electrocautery. There are many types but they all use electricity to burn precise areas of tissue. At my facility we use monopolar, bipolar, and ligasure products.   2: Suture. Stitches absorbable or permanent that tie the vessel shut.  3: pressure. Sponges, hands, powder products, tourniquet, co2, etc.  4: Drugs. Blood pressure meds. Hemostatic agents (thrombin, etc)  The type we use varies quite a bit based on what the surgery is, the surgeon preferences, and what is currently happening. Eletrocautery is used on pretty much every surgery ever. It is very good at controlling small vessels. Permanent stitches or metal clips are often used for bigger vessels. Pressure products are typically used to stop oozing. Drugs are typically used in combination with other methods.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":4513.0,"score_ratio":1.3703703704}
{"post_id":"8vaos4","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do long term space projects (i.e. James Webb Telescope) that take decades, deal with technological advancement implementation within the time-frame of their deployment? The James Webb Telescope began in 1996. We've had significant advancements since then, and will probably continue to do so until it's launch in 2021. Is there a method for implementing these advancements, or is there a stage where it's \"frozen\" technologically?","c_root_id_A":"e1mm0yf","c_root_id_B":"e1mg0ro","created_at_utc_A":1530487134,"created_at_utc_B":1530480686,"score_A":38,"score_B":35,"human_ref_A":"I think one thing that isn't mentioned in the other responses is that the things that are rapidly improving are not things that are the driving technology of the project. A super fast cpu on the satellite is not going to result in better pictures. The limit here is the lenses and recording tech.  For something like the lenses\/mirrors, this project is the driving force behind the tech. Developing it is the project. No one else is making these and part of this project is to push the tech. Although the tech may be \"frozen\" at a certain point in the project, any more advancements that happen are probably part of the next super telescope project.","human_ref_B":"This is kinda repeating what a lot of people have already said, but often times the newest tech isn\u2019t necessary or even preferable to older stuff. For instance the new horizon probe that was launched in 2006 was guided by a PlayStation one cpu, which was 10 years old by that time, and the next generation Orion crafts, which in theory will take humans to mars in the future, are powered by a 2002 ibm cpu. This is because they know they are reliable, and because even if there are more powerful computers, they just need one powerful enough to get the job done.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":6448.0,"score_ratio":1.0857142857}
{"post_id":"8vaos4","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do long term space projects (i.e. James Webb Telescope) that take decades, deal with technological advancement implementation within the time-frame of their deployment? The James Webb Telescope began in 1996. We've had significant advancements since then, and will probably continue to do so until it's launch in 2021. Is there a method for implementing these advancements, or is there a stage where it's \"frozen\" technologically?","c_root_id_A":"e1mm0yf","c_root_id_B":"e1mij7d","created_at_utc_A":1530487134,"created_at_utc_B":1530483290,"score_A":38,"score_B":17,"human_ref_A":"I think one thing that isn't mentioned in the other responses is that the things that are rapidly improving are not things that are the driving technology of the project. A super fast cpu on the satellite is not going to result in better pictures. The limit here is the lenses and recording tech.  For something like the lenses\/mirrors, this project is the driving force behind the tech. Developing it is the project. No one else is making these and part of this project is to push the tech. Although the tech may be \"frozen\" at a certain point in the project, any more advancements that happen are probably part of the next super telescope project.","human_ref_B":"faster-than-light spaceships have it worse. the crew leaves earth one year and when they return Earth has all this crazy technology","labels":1,"seconds_difference":3844.0,"score_ratio":2.2352941176}
{"post_id":"8vaos4","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do long term space projects (i.e. James Webb Telescope) that take decades, deal with technological advancement implementation within the time-frame of their deployment? The James Webb Telescope began in 1996. We've had significant advancements since then, and will probably continue to do so until it's launch in 2021. Is there a method for implementing these advancements, or is there a stage where it's \"frozen\" technologically?","c_root_id_A":"e1mm0yf","c_root_id_B":"e1luhod","created_at_utc_A":1530487134,"created_at_utc_B":1530459976,"score_A":38,"score_B":10,"human_ref_A":"I think one thing that isn't mentioned in the other responses is that the things that are rapidly improving are not things that are the driving technology of the project. A super fast cpu on the satellite is not going to result in better pictures. The limit here is the lenses and recording tech.  For something like the lenses\/mirrors, this project is the driving force behind the tech. Developing it is the project. No one else is making these and part of this project is to push the tech. Although the tech may be \"frozen\" at a certain point in the project, any more advancements that happen are probably part of the next super telescope project.","human_ref_B":"They include estimated extra time to the time-frame, and some times new technology makes them push the launch even further. This is also why its really important for the scientists to follow up on the scientific papers released on a daily basis","labels":1,"seconds_difference":27158.0,"score_ratio":3.8}
{"post_id":"8vaos4","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do long term space projects (i.e. James Webb Telescope) that take decades, deal with technological advancement implementation within the time-frame of their deployment? The James Webb Telescope began in 1996. We've had significant advancements since then, and will probably continue to do so until it's launch in 2021. Is there a method for implementing these advancements, or is there a stage where it's \"frozen\" technologically?","c_root_id_A":"e1mg0ro","c_root_id_B":"e1luhod","created_at_utc_A":1530480686,"created_at_utc_B":1530459976,"score_A":35,"score_B":10,"human_ref_A":"This is kinda repeating what a lot of people have already said, but often times the newest tech isn\u2019t necessary or even preferable to older stuff. For instance the new horizon probe that was launched in 2006 was guided by a PlayStation one cpu, which was 10 years old by that time, and the next generation Orion crafts, which in theory will take humans to mars in the future, are powered by a 2002 ibm cpu. This is because they know they are reliable, and because even if there are more powerful computers, they just need one powerful enough to get the job done.","human_ref_B":"They include estimated extra time to the time-frame, and some times new technology makes them push the launch even further. This is also why its really important for the scientists to follow up on the scientific papers released on a daily basis","labels":1,"seconds_difference":20710.0,"score_ratio":3.5}
{"post_id":"8vaos4","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.94,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: How do long term space projects (i.e. James Webb Telescope) that take decades, deal with technological advancement implementation within the time-frame of their deployment? The James Webb Telescope began in 1996. We've had significant advancements since then, and will probably continue to do so until it's launch in 2021. Is there a method for implementing these advancements, or is there a stage where it's \"frozen\" technologically?","c_root_id_A":"e1luhod","c_root_id_B":"e1mij7d","created_at_utc_A":1530459976,"created_at_utc_B":1530483290,"score_A":10,"score_B":17,"human_ref_A":"They include estimated extra time to the time-frame, and some times new technology makes them push the launch even further. This is also why its really important for the scientists to follow up on the scientific papers released on a daily basis","human_ref_B":"faster-than-light spaceships have it worse. the crew leaves earth one year and when they return Earth has all this crazy technology","labels":0,"seconds_difference":23314.0,"score_ratio":1.7}
{"post_id":"nf9ej4","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.69,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why can't single-use plastics just be mixed together, melted down, and used to make any other plastic products?","c_root_id_A":"gyk98u0","c_root_id_B":"gyka5ki","created_at_utc_A":1621341879,"created_at_utc_B":1621342351,"score_A":9,"score_B":41,"human_ref_A":"Firstly plastic is not all a single chemical. There are thousands of different chemicals which can all be described as plastic. They all have different properties and do not work well when mixed together. It is hard to sort plastic as well since while they have different properties these are not easy to distinguish. There are some expensive big robots which use a number of different techniques to sort plastics but these are not common as they can be quite expensive investments.  Another huge problem with sorting plastic is that most single use plastic products are composed of multiple different types of plastic and even other materials. It is very hard to seperate these materials from each other to sort them individually. Just imagine a plastic bottle which have a different type of platic for its cap and then the label is made up of yet another type of plastic with a forth type of plastic used for the printing on the label. And then yet another material is used to glue the label onto the bottle. That makes it almost impossible to recycle the bottle. And it is not just different types of plastic but you see a lot of packages combining metal foil, plastic and paper to get the properties they want. And you do not want metal foil or paper in your plastic that you want to recycle. You might just bearly accept the color pigments that is in the plastic as it is.  And then another issue is that some plastics can not actually be melted down and recycled. Their melting temperature is higher then their self-combustion temperature. So even if you put it in a vaccuum and heat it up you will just end up with charcoal instead of molten plastic. The way these plastic products are made in the first place is through chemical reactions for exapmple by mixing two compounts together which will harden into plastic or by heating up a compound, sumbiting it to UV radiation or just give it a nucleation point. Even those plastics that can be remelted will often degrade a bit every time you do this so recycled plastic have a worse quality then freshly made plastic.","human_ref_B":"Polymer Chemist here. Plastics which are single use plastics are normally commodity polymers such as Polyethylene, Polypropylene, PET, Polystyrene, PVC etc. Problem is that these different types of plastics cannot be mixed together because they tend to melt at different temperatures and also if you try to melt them together they all degrade and you are left with nothing but mess that is useless.    Therefore, unless these plastics must be segregated based on their recycling class (the small triangle at the bottom of all recycling bottles for examples) and then melted together only with plastics which match same class you get useful recycling out of them.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":472.0,"score_ratio":4.5555555556}
{"post_id":"nf9ej4","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.69,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why can't single-use plastics just be mixed together, melted down, and used to make any other plastic products?","c_root_id_A":"gyka5ki","c_root_id_B":"gyk8onf","created_at_utc_A":1621342351,"created_at_utc_B":1621341578,"score_A":41,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"Polymer Chemist here. Plastics which are single use plastics are normally commodity polymers such as Polyethylene, Polypropylene, PET, Polystyrene, PVC etc. Problem is that these different types of plastics cannot be mixed together because they tend to melt at different temperatures and also if you try to melt them together they all degrade and you are left with nothing but mess that is useless.    Therefore, unless these plastics must be segregated based on their recycling class (the small triangle at the bottom of all recycling bottles for examples) and then melted together only with plastics which match same class you get useful recycling out of them.","human_ref_B":"Plastics are a material class, this contains many different kinds of plastics.  The same way that metals contain iron, aluminium, copper, titanium, and others.  You *could* mix them all together and make something out of it, but you would have no idea what it would be and you wouldn't know its properties (strength, colour, melting point) so cannot make anything specific or useful.  There are many other reasons such as:  * Making sure you have plastics and only plastics (no contamination). * Required properties for a product (such as meeting food safety standards, resistant to chemical attack, see through or not). * Cost - it would be expensive to do.  It is not very useful or practical, basically.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":773.0,"score_ratio":6.8333333333}
{"post_id":"nf9ej4","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.69,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why can't single-use plastics just be mixed together, melted down, and used to make any other plastic products?","c_root_id_A":"gyka5ki","c_root_id_B":"gyk86pf","created_at_utc_A":1621342351,"created_at_utc_B":1621341308,"score_A":41,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"Polymer Chemist here. Plastics which are single use plastics are normally commodity polymers such as Polyethylene, Polypropylene, PET, Polystyrene, PVC etc. Problem is that these different types of plastics cannot be mixed together because they tend to melt at different temperatures and also if you try to melt them together they all degrade and you are left with nothing but mess that is useless.    Therefore, unless these plastics must be segregated based on their recycling class (the small triangle at the bottom of all recycling bottles for examples) and then melted together only with plastics which match same class you get useful recycling out of them.","human_ref_B":"Singe use is not about the plastic but abut the product that is designed for a single use and later disposal.  Plastic is a type of material and the properties of all are not the same. So you need to sort them and that the impractical for small plastic products.    Lost of single use plastic produce are recycled. Plastic soda bottle are single use plastic produce and they are the most recycled plastic product.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":1043.0,"score_ratio":13.6666666667}
{"post_id":"nf9ej4","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.69,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why can't single-use plastics just be mixed together, melted down, and used to make any other plastic products?","c_root_id_A":"gyk98u0","c_root_id_B":"gyk8onf","created_at_utc_A":1621341879,"created_at_utc_B":1621341578,"score_A":9,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"Firstly plastic is not all a single chemical. There are thousands of different chemicals which can all be described as plastic. They all have different properties and do not work well when mixed together. It is hard to sort plastic as well since while they have different properties these are not easy to distinguish. There are some expensive big robots which use a number of different techniques to sort plastics but these are not common as they can be quite expensive investments.  Another huge problem with sorting plastic is that most single use plastic products are composed of multiple different types of plastic and even other materials. It is very hard to seperate these materials from each other to sort them individually. Just imagine a plastic bottle which have a different type of platic for its cap and then the label is made up of yet another type of plastic with a forth type of plastic used for the printing on the label. And then yet another material is used to glue the label onto the bottle. That makes it almost impossible to recycle the bottle. And it is not just different types of plastic but you see a lot of packages combining metal foil, plastic and paper to get the properties they want. And you do not want metal foil or paper in your plastic that you want to recycle. You might just bearly accept the color pigments that is in the plastic as it is.  And then another issue is that some plastics can not actually be melted down and recycled. Their melting temperature is higher then their self-combustion temperature. So even if you put it in a vaccuum and heat it up you will just end up with charcoal instead of molten plastic. The way these plastic products are made in the first place is through chemical reactions for exapmple by mixing two compounts together which will harden into plastic or by heating up a compound, sumbiting it to UV radiation or just give it a nucleation point. Even those plastics that can be remelted will often degrade a bit every time you do this so recycled plastic have a worse quality then freshly made plastic.","human_ref_B":"Plastics are a material class, this contains many different kinds of plastics.  The same way that metals contain iron, aluminium, copper, titanium, and others.  You *could* mix them all together and make something out of it, but you would have no idea what it would be and you wouldn't know its properties (strength, colour, melting point) so cannot make anything specific or useful.  There are many other reasons such as:  * Making sure you have plastics and only plastics (no contamination). * Required properties for a product (such as meeting food safety standards, resistant to chemical attack, see through or not). * Cost - it would be expensive to do.  It is not very useful or practical, basically.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":301.0,"score_ratio":1.5}
{"post_id":"nf9ej4","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.69,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why can't single-use plastics just be mixed together, melted down, and used to make any other plastic products?","c_root_id_A":"gyk98u0","c_root_id_B":"gyk86pf","created_at_utc_A":1621341879,"created_at_utc_B":1621341308,"score_A":9,"score_B":3,"human_ref_A":"Firstly plastic is not all a single chemical. There are thousands of different chemicals which can all be described as plastic. They all have different properties and do not work well when mixed together. It is hard to sort plastic as well since while they have different properties these are not easy to distinguish. There are some expensive big robots which use a number of different techniques to sort plastics but these are not common as they can be quite expensive investments.  Another huge problem with sorting plastic is that most single use plastic products are composed of multiple different types of plastic and even other materials. It is very hard to seperate these materials from each other to sort them individually. Just imagine a plastic bottle which have a different type of platic for its cap and then the label is made up of yet another type of plastic with a forth type of plastic used for the printing on the label. And then yet another material is used to glue the label onto the bottle. That makes it almost impossible to recycle the bottle. And it is not just different types of plastic but you see a lot of packages combining metal foil, plastic and paper to get the properties they want. And you do not want metal foil or paper in your plastic that you want to recycle. You might just bearly accept the color pigments that is in the plastic as it is.  And then another issue is that some plastics can not actually be melted down and recycled. Their melting temperature is higher then their self-combustion temperature. So even if you put it in a vaccuum and heat it up you will just end up with charcoal instead of molten plastic. The way these plastic products are made in the first place is through chemical reactions for exapmple by mixing two compounts together which will harden into plastic or by heating up a compound, sumbiting it to UV radiation or just give it a nucleation point. Even those plastics that can be remelted will often degrade a bit every time you do this so recycled plastic have a worse quality then freshly made plastic.","human_ref_B":"Singe use is not about the plastic but abut the product that is designed for a single use and later disposal.  Plastic is a type of material and the properties of all are not the same. So you need to sort them and that the impractical for small plastic products.    Lost of single use plastic produce are recycled. Plastic soda bottle are single use plastic produce and they are the most recycled plastic product.","labels":1,"seconds_difference":571.0,"score_ratio":3.0}
{"post_id":"nf9ej4","domain":"explainlikeimfive_validation","upvote_ratio":0.69,"history":"Explain like I'm five years old: Why can't single-use plastics just be mixed together, melted down, and used to make any other plastic products?","c_root_id_A":"gyk86pf","c_root_id_B":"gyk8onf","created_at_utc_A":1621341308,"created_at_utc_B":1621341578,"score_A":3,"score_B":6,"human_ref_A":"Singe use is not about the plastic but abut the product that is designed for a single use and later disposal.  Plastic is a type of material and the properties of all are not the same. So you need to sort them and that the impractical for small plastic products.    Lost of single use plastic produce are recycled. Plastic soda bottle are single use plastic produce and they are the most recycled plastic product.","human_ref_B":"Plastics are a material class, this contains many different kinds of plastics.  The same way that metals contain iron, aluminium, copper, titanium, and others.  You *could* mix them all together and make something out of it, but you would have no idea what it would be and you wouldn't know its properties (strength, colour, melting point) so cannot make anything specific or useful.  There are many other reasons such as:  * Making sure you have plastics and only plastics (no contamination). * Required properties for a product (such as meeting food safety standards, resistant to chemical attack, see through or not). * Cost - it would be expensive to do.  It is not very useful or practical, basically.","labels":0,"seconds_difference":270.0,"score_ratio":2.0}